Project Gutenberg Australia a treasure-trove of literature treasure found hidden with no evidence of ownership

BROWSE the site for other works by this author (and our other authors) or SEARCH the entire site with Google Site Search

Project Gutenberg Australia
Title: The Dictionary of Australasian Biography
Author: Philip Mennell
eBook No.: .html
Language: English
Date first posted: November 2022
Most recent update: November 2022

This eBook was produced by: Colin Choat

View our licence and header

The Dictionary of Australasian Biography

Comprising
notices of eminent colonists
from the inauguration of responsible government
down to the present time.
[1855-1892]

by

Phillip Mennell, F.R.G.S.

London:
Hutchinson & Co.,
25 Paternoster Square.
1892.

Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.

Production Note:

A supplementary list of biographies appeared in the book, beginning at page 529, following the main list. Entries in the supplementary section which refer to a person who already appears in the main list, have been incorporated into the main entry, together with a note that the extra information appeared in the book in the supplementary list.

Entries in the supplementary list which relate to as person not already in the main list have been placed in alphabetical order in the main list, with a note that the entry appeared in the book in the supplementary list

Go to index of biographical entries.

Go to beginning of biographical entries.

Preface

It is unnecessary to enter into any lengthened exposition of the objects and utility of a work such as the present, either from an English or an Australasian point of view. The public appetite for such publications is evidenced by the issue of innumerable "Biographical Dictionaries" and the success of such a work as the "National Dictionary of Biography," and there seems no valid reason why what Sir Thomas McIlwraith calls "the future Australasian empire" should not have the careers of its publicists in various walks of distinction recorded in permanent and concise form. Owing to the increase of federal feeling in the various colonies, the present moment seems an opportune one for the presentation of a work which "federalises," so to speak, the mass of what previous writers have produced in a similar direction in regard to the separate colonies. I have often had occasion to remark on the limited knowledge which the public men of one colony possess of the public men of another, and in a period which has produced the "Commonwealth of Australasia Bill" I may perhaps be excused for endeavouring to contribute my mite towards the extension of that intercommunity of knowledge which is to a large extent the necessary condition precedent to intercommunity of sympathy and action.

Not only has the federal feeling in Australasia witnessed a wonderful growth of recent years, but the interest in and desire for knowledge about the Australasian colonies has been quickened to at least an equal extent at the centre of the empire. It is hoped therefore that the "Dictionary of Australasian Biography" may at the present juncture equally meet the acceptance of large classes both in England and at the Antipodes. It has been one of the most difficult parts of an arduous task to combine that particularity which local biography for local circulation demands with that more comprehensive, if at the same time more condensed, treatment which is likely to suit the taste of readers twelve thousand miles away from the stage on which the actors whose achievements are set forth have played their parts. In the attempt to furnish a book which will be equally satisfactory to English and colonial readers, I cannot hope to have entirely succeeded; but I have at least kept this object in view, and am sanguine enough to believe that I have fulfilled my aim in so far as the contrarieties of the case will permit.

As to the scope of the work, it records the careers of the majority of the eminent Australasian colonists who survived to see the inauguration of responsible government in 1855, and who have died in the interval of thirty-seven years which has elapsed since that epoch-making era. It also includes the biographies of living persons, and thus contains the class of information which is to be found in the usual run of biographical dictionaries regarding deceased worthies, in addition to the more recent data respecting living persons which are afforded by such publications as the English "Men of the Time." The extent of the information presented will be best gathered when I state that the "Dictionary" comprises nearly two thousand biographies, including those of the governors of the several colonies, the prelates of the Anglican and Roman Catholic communions, the heads of the principal religious denominations and of the several universities, as well as notices of all politicians, with a few unavoidable exceptions, who have held Ministerial office in the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and Tasmania since the year 1855. The principal members of the Civil Service and the explorers, authors, scientists, musicians, and actors who have won distinction in the colonial arena have been dealt with as adequately as circumstances permitted; and the work also includes lives of a number of the pastoral, mercantile, and industrial pioneers of the various colonies, as well as of those who have distinguished themselves in the domain of sport and athleticism.

There are one or two special points to which I should like to draw attention. In the first place, the titles of honour and office given to the several subjects of biography are those which they are entitled to bear in their respective colonies, though, by a strange anomaly in the constitutional formularies of a country which will mainly go down to history in connection with the glories of its colonial empire, the most commonly borne title in the last-mentioned portion of her Majesty's dominions—that of "Honourable" — is not conceded recognition outside of the colony in which the public services of which it is the reward have been rendered. If therefore the present work should do anything to "imperialise"—if I may use the word—a title to which there is really no valid democratic objection, and to promote its recognition and that of the good service which it typifies in every part of the empire, I shall take pride in having contributed even in this humble way to the disappearance of the last vestige of that hateful doctrine of colonial inferiority which comes to us from the dark, but unfortunately not yet very distant, ages of Colonial Office ineptitude and insular presumption.

With regard to the incidence of this title of "Honourable," some confusion may arise in the minds of English, and even Australasian readers. Broadly speaking, the Australasian public man is entitled to bear the title of "Honourable" within his own colony during his actual tenure of office as a member of the Upper House or as a member of the Ministry of the day in such colony. In all the Australasian colonies members of the Ministry are members for the time being of the Executive Council, which corresponds somewhat to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, and it is to their membership of this body that they owe the title of "Honourable," which they cannot assume until they have been sworn into its privileged precincts. In all these colonies, except Victoria and Tasmania, the members of a retiring Ministry cease to be members of the Executive Council, and would thus lose the title of "Honourable" were it not that, under the Duke of Newcastle's despatch dealing with the case, any member of the Executive Council who has served as a member of the Government either consecutively or cumulatively for three years may by royal warrant be permitted to retain the title of "Honourable" within his particular colony for the term of his life. In Victoria and, it would also seem, in Tasmania, when once a public man has been sworn a member of the Executive Council, he remains one for life, and thus retains the degree of "Honourable" for life also. The Speaker of the Lower House in each colony assumes the title whilst he occupies the chair, and it is a moot point whether the judges of the Supreme Court are not entitled to the distinction, though the preponderance of local custom gives them (including even the Chief Justice) the designation of "His Honour" in common with the District and County Court judiciary.

There may be some confusion, too, in the English mind as to the designation of members of Parliament in the various Australasian colonies. Membership of the Upper House in each of the colonies is signified by the addition of the letters "M.L.C."; but with regard to the Lower House a good deal of contrariety prevails. In New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Western Australia the Lower House is called the Legislative Assembly, and except in the case of South Australia the members are styled "M.L.A." In the case of the latter colony, however, the more pretentious affix of "M.P." is employed. In this regard there is a general tendency in all the colonies to give the title of "M.P." to members of the Lower House, especially where it is desired to be particularly complimentary; but in South Australia alone does the designation "M.P." appear to have crystallised into normal official and social use. In Tasmania the Lower House is called the House of Assembly, and members are styled "M.H.A." In New Zealand what is known as the Legislative Assembly in most of the other colonies is styled the House of Representatives, and the letters "M.H.R." are appended to the names of members.

It now remains for me to return my grateful thanks to the various gentlemen but for whose aid, even after eighteen months of almost continuous labour, it would have been impossible for me to give my work to the public at so early a date. Here it may be premised that all occurrences in the present volume have as far as possible been brought down to July 1892. Mr. J. Henniker Heaton, M.P., so well known in connection with the universally interesting question of postal reform, must have the credit of having been the first to explore in any comprehensive manner the mine of Australasian biography, in his "Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time," published in 1879. "Much," however, "has happened" during the thirteen years which have elapsed since this book saw the light, and as regards the biographical portion it is now completely out of date, except in the case of those "worthies" whose careers had been closed by death prior to 1879. Even as regards these, however, their lives are given in the present volume in almost every instance in an expanded and revised form, the result of much laborious personal research. In addition to the valuable aid derived from his "Men of the Time," I am indebted to Mr. Heaton for a considerable amount of information deduced from his valuable stores of Australasian data in print and manuscript.

I have to return my sincere thanks for much assistance afforded me by the present Agents-General, as well as by their immediate predecessors, and by the able and courteous Secretaries to their several offices. In this connection I may especially mention the late Sir Arthur Blyth, the predecessor of Sir John Bray in the London representation of South Australia. That gentleman kindly revised my list of "worthies" of that colony, and covered it with copious annotations drawn from his long experience of South Australia and his special aptitude for biographical investigation and local chronology. As regards Tasmania, Sir E. N. C. Braddon performed for me much the same services, and in the case of South Australia and Queensland I am specially indebted to Mr. S. Deering, the Assistant Agent-General of the former colony, and to Mr. C. S. Dicken, C.M.G., Secretary to the Agent-General for the latter, both of whom bring to bear on all matters connected with their several colonies a very accurate personal knowledge of their history and circumstances. I am also under considerable obligations to Mr. S. Yardley, of the New South Wales, Mr. W. Kennaway, C.M.G., of the New Zealand, and to Mr. S. B. H. Rodgerson, of the Victoria office.

The most substantial contribution in the way of literary assistance I have received from Mr. James Backhouse Walker, of Hobart, whose equally accurate memory and memoranda have enabled him, as his kindness prompted him, to supply me with a number of admirably compiled biographies, which add an element of real historical value to the department of the work which he generously undertook, and which, in addition to much original matter, comprised the laborious revision of the biographies of eminent Tasmanians which I already had in print, when I had the good fortune to be introduced to him by a member of the eminent firm of Tasmanian publishers, Messrs. Walch and Co., of Hobart.

Next in order I must acknowledge my obligations to my friends Mr. A. Patchett Martin and Mr. H. B. Marriott Watson, both of whom have not only contributed a number of complete lives, but have greatly aided me in the selection of names and the revision of proofs. In this connection, as very valuable and substantial helpers, I must also mention Mr. G. W. Rusden, the distinguished historian of Australia and New Zealand, who has supplemented the stores of information which I have derived from his works with much valuable data personally conveyed; my old friend Mr. A. M. Topp, of the Melbourne Argus; Mr. Alexander Sutherland, the well-known Australian litt?rateur; and Mr. J. F. Hogan, whose "Irish in Australia" is a mine of biographical detail, and to whose personal assistance I am also greatly beholden. My South Australian biographies would have been sadly incomplete but for the aid I derived from my friend Mr. J. L. Bonython, of the Adelaide Advertiser, and from Mr. F. Johns, of the South Australian Register, who, through the medium of the proprietor of that paper, Mr. R. Kyffin Thomas, kindly cleared up for me a number of troublesome queries and essential dates. The New Zealand portion of my work owes a heavy debt to Mr. Leys, of the Auckland Star, who kindly forwarded a number of biographies and carefully checked others. Mr. George Fenwick, of the Otago Daily Times, has also helped me materially; and I have to thank Sir Walter Buller for a valuable element in the insertion of a number of Maori biographies. Through Mr. Fenwick I was fortunate enough to enlist the aid of Dr. Hocken, of Dunedin, an expert and enthusiast in all that concerns New Zealand history and antiquities, and who kindly placed his fine library at my disposal. To my wife I owe thanks for invaluable aid in the work of transcription, and to Mr. David and Mr. Joseph Cowen Syme, of Melbourne, for much kindly assistance in promoting the success of the work.

Taking the colonies separately, I have to acknowledge valuable help as regards New South Wales from Mr. F. W. Ward, the late editor of the Sydney Daily Telegraph, from Mrs. Ward, and from Mr. C. A. W. Lett and Mr. Gilbert Parker; Victoria: Hon. J. F. Vesey Fitzgerald, Hon. Alfred Deakin, Mr. George Syme, Mr. T. S. Townend, and Mr. Charles Short, of the Melbourne Argus, Mr. Julian Thomas, and Mr. H. Britton; Queensland: Mr. Buzacott, Mr. Brentnall, and Mr. Gresley Lukin; Western Australia: Sir John and Lady Forrest, Sir James G. Lee Steere, Hon. G. W. Leake, M.L.C., Hon. J. W. Hackett, M.L.C.,and Mr. F. Hart; New Zealand: Mr. H. Brett, Mr. W. L. Rees, M.H.R., Rev. H. C. M. Watson, Christchurch; Mr. T. E. Richardson, Wellington; Mr. Hart, The Press, Christchurch; and Mr. Ahearne, Lyttelton Times, Christchurch.

In regard to matter drawn from books, my first acknowledgments are due to Mr. David Blair's "Encyclop?dia of Australasia," of which a second edition is much called for. I must also mention, as having supplied me with much excellent material, Mr. George Rusden's "History of Australia" and "History of New Zealand," "Victorian Men of the Time," "Victoria and its Metropolis," McCombie's "History of the Colony of Victoria," Mr. James Bonwick's "Port Phillip Settlement," Mr. George E. Loyau's "Representative Men of South Australia," Stow's "South Australia," "The Statistical Register of South Australia," Mr. H. Brett's "Heroes of New Zealand" and "The Early History of New Zealand," Mr. Gisborne's "New Zealand Balers and Statesmen," Mr. Alfred Cox's "Men of Mark of New Zealand" and "Recollections"; the admirable annual "Blue-books" of the several colonies, which are in every case a credit to those responsible for their production; Messrs. Gordon and Gotch's "Australian Handbook" and Mr. Greville's "Year-book of Australia." Amongst works of a more general character, I must confess my great indebtedness to "The National Dictionary of Biography," Mr. F. Boase's "Modern English Biography," to "The Colonial Office List," Burke's "Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage" and "Colonial Gentry," Debrett's "Baronetage, Knightage, and Companionage" and "House of Commons and the Judicial Bench, Mr. Joseph Foster's "Men-at-the-Bar," Messrs. Routledge's "Men and Women of the Time" and "Men of the Reign," Crockford's "Clerical Directory" and "The Annual Register."

PHILIP MENNELL.
St Stephen's Club, S.W.,
August 1st, 1892.

Index of Biographical Entries

The Dictionary of Australasian Biography

A

Abbott, Hon. Sir Joseph Palmer, M.L.A., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, was born at Muswellbrook, N.S.W., on Sep. 29th, 1842. From his youth Mr. Abbott has been engaged in pastoral pursuits; but he is also a solicitor by profession. He was M.L.A. for the district of Gunnedah from 1880 to 1885, and has since represented Wentworth. Mr. Abbott was Secretary for Mines in the Stuart Government from Jan. 7th, 1883, to Oct. 7th, 1885; and held the post of Secretary for Lands in the Dibbs Ministry from Nov. 7th to Dec. 22nd, 1885. Subsequently Mr. Abbott sat with Mr. Dibbs in Opposition. He, however, found occasion to take an independent stand, and separated himself from the main body of protectionists, and was looked upon as leader of the Third Party in the Assembly—a section also known as the Independent and the "Law and Order" party. He was a member of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888; and in Oct. 1890 he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly on the retirement of Mr. Young. He was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in 1891. During the shearers' strike in 1891 he offered his intervention. He was re-elected Speaker later in the year, and was gazetted to a knighthood on May 25th, 1892.

Abbott, Robert Palmer, J.P., was born in Ireland, and came to Sydney when a boy with his parents. He was admitted a solicitor in 1854. Mr. Abbott entered the Legislative Assembly in 1872 as member for Tenterfield, and was returned for Hartley in 1880. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in 1885, and sat till March 1st, 1888, when he resigned, owing to his objection to certain appointments. He was Secretary for Mines in the first Parkes Administration from July 27th, 1874, to Feb. 8th, 1875, and a member of the New South Wales Commission in London for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

a'Beckett, His Honour Thomas, puisne judge, Victoria, is the eldest son of Mr. Thomas Turner a'Beckett (q.v.) and was born in 1836. He went to Victoria with his father, and returned to London in 1856, entering as a student of Lincoln's Inn on May 18th, 1857. He won a studentship in Nov. 1859, and was called to the bar on Nov. 17th of the same year. Judge a'Beckett returned to Victoria, and was admitted to the bar there on Aug. 16th, 1860, and practised before the Supreme Court in Melbourne. He married, in 1875, Isabella, daughter of Sir Archibald Michie, K.C.M.G., Q.C. (q.v.) and was appointed a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Victoria on Sept. 30th, 1886. Mr. Justice a'Beckett was formerly a law lecturer in Melbourne University, but resigned in 1880. He is still a member of the Faculty of Law in the University, and was elected a member of the Council on Jan. 10th, 1887.

a'Beckett, Hon. Thomas Turner, J.P., comes of a well-known Wiltshire family, long settled at West Lavington, in that county. He is the son of the late William a'Beckett, a solicitor in London, and a brother of the late Sir William a'Beckett (q.v.), and of the late Gilbert Abbott a'Beckett, the well-known London police magistrate, comic author, and contributor to Punch. Another brother, Arthur Martin a'Beckett, F.R.C.S., was a prominent resident in Sydney, and died there on May 23rd, 1871. Mr. a'Beckett was born on Sept. 18th, 1808, and educated at Westminster School. After leaving he was articled to his father, and admitted a solicitor and attorney in 1829, when he joined his father in practice. Mr. a'Beckett wrote a number of able pamphlets advocating legal reforms, and was a member of the Council of the Law Amendment Society down to 1850, when he emigrated to Victoria, being admitted to practise as a solicitor in Melbourne in 1851, and was registrar of the diocese from 1854 to 1887. During the gold fever he published a pamphlet entitled "Gold and the Government," and was nominated to the Legislative Council on July 14th, 1852. On the inauguration of responsible government in 1855 he unsuccessfully attempted to enter the Lower House for Collingwood, but was elected to the Legislative Council for the central province, and sat from 1858 to 1878, when he retired from political life, in the course of which he opposed the ballot, the abolition of state aid to religion and the export duty on gold, and gave his adhesion to payment of members. Mr. a'Beckett was a member of the Heales Ministry without portfolio from Nov. 26th, 1860, to Nov. 11th, 1861, and was sworn of the Executive Council on Jan. 7th, 1861. In April 1868, on the resignation of Sir James McCulloch during the Darling Grant crisis, Mr. a'Beckett was applied to by Lord Canterbury to form a conciliation ministry; but this, after considerable negotiation, he found himself unable to do, and in the result the Sladen Ministry was formed. Mr. a'Beckett was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the third McCulloch Administration, from April 9th, 1870, to June 19th, 1871. He was a member of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service in 1862, and Chairman of that of 1870. Mr. a'Beckett was also for many years a member of the Council of Melbourne University, and a trustee of the Public Library. He was Chairman of the Hobson's Bay Railway Company down to the time when the line became absorbed in the Government railway system. Before leaving London, Mr. a'Beckett published "Remarks on the Present State of the Law of Debtor and Creditor," 1844; "Railway Litigation, and How to Check It," 1846; "Law-reforming Difficulties: a Letter to Lord Brougham," 1849. After his arrival in Victoria he published "A Comparative View of Court Fees and Attorneys' Charges," 1854; "A Defence of State Aid to Religion," 1856; "State Aid Question—Strictures on Pamphlets of Dr. Cairns," 1856. Mr. a'Beckett from time to time delivered lectures at the Industrial and Technological Museum, Melbourne. Several of these, including "Painting and Painters," have been published. [Hon. Thomas Turner ? Becket died in Melbourne on July 1st, 1892. Appended in Supplement, p. 529]

a'Beckett, Sir William, first Chief Justice of Victoria, was the eldest son of William a'Beckett, and the brother of T. T. a'Beckett (q.v.). He was born in London on July 28th, 1806, and educated at Westminster School, where, in conjunction with his brother Gilbert Abbott a'Beckett, he started two periodicals of very promising ability, entitled the Censor and Literary Beacon. He was called to the English bar in 1827, went to New South Wales in 1837, and was in 1841 appointed Solicitor-General, and subsequently Puisne Judge. He became judge of the Supreme Court for the district of Port Phillip on Feb. 3rd, 1846, and on Jan. 19th, 1851 was made first Chief Justice of the newly constituted colony of Victoria. In the same year the reckless abandonment of the population to the excitement of the gold fever called forth a cautionary pamphlet from Sir William. It was published under the pseudonym "Colonus," and was entitled, "Does the Discovery of Gold in Victoria, viewed in relation to its Moral and Social Effects as hitherto developed, deserve to be considered a National Blessing or a National Curse?" The judge evidently leant to the latter view. The experiences of a holiday trip to Europe are contained in a volume by Sir William, published in London in 1854 entitled "Out of Harness," containing notes on a tour through Switzerland and Italy. Sir William's health failed, but he postponed his retirement to suit the convenience of the Haines Ministry. In 1857, however, he left the bench and returned to reside in England in 1863, where he published in London "The Earl's Choice, and other Poems." Sir William died at Upper Norwood, in Surrey, on June 27th, 1869. In 1832 he married Emily, daughter of Edward Hayley, who died in 1841. In addition to the works already mentioned, Sir William published "The Siege of Dumbarton Castle and other Poems," 1824, a large number of biographies in "The Georgian Era" (4 vols., 1834-4): "A Universal Biography; including Scriptural, Classical, and Mythological Memoirs, together with Accounts of many Eminent Living Characters" (3 vols., London, 1835); and "The Magistrates' Manual for the Colony of Victoria" (Melbourne, 1852).

a'Beckett, Hon. William Arthur Callendar, J.P., eldest son of the late Sir William a'Beckett (q.v.), was in the Legislative Council of Victoria from 1868 to 1876, and held office without portfolio in the Administration of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy from June 1871 to June 10th, 1872. He was sworn in as a member of the Executive Council on July 31st, 1871. He represented the first Berry Government in the Legislative Council, being a member of the Ministry without office from Aug. 7th to Oct. 20th, 1875. He was admitted to the Victorian bar on Sept. 15th, 1875. Mr. a'Beckett, who was born at Kensington on July 7th, 1833, and educated at King's College, London, and at Downing College, Cambridge, where he was a Fellow Commoner, has also been called to the English (Inner Temple) and New South Wales bars. He married, in Sept. 1855, Emma, only child and heiress of John Mills, of Melbourne. He has been a magistrate of the colony of Victoria since 1862, but now resides at Penleigh House, Westbury, Wilts.

Abigail, Francis, J.P., son of the late William Abigail, was born in London in 1840. He emigrated to Sydney in 1860, and married there, in 1861. Mr. Abigail was M.L.A. for West Sydney from 1880 to June 1891, when he was defeated. He was Minister of Mines in Sir Henry Parkes' Administration from Jan. 20th, 1887, to Jan. 10th, 1889, and is a J.P. of the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. He was a member of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888, and for the Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy, held at the Crystal Palace in 1890, in which year he visited England, and received a cordial welcome from the various Orange bodies in England and the north of Ireland. Whilst in London he gave valuable evidence before the Royal Commission on Mines.

Abraham, Right Reverend Charles John, M.A., D.D., the son of the late Captain Abraham, R.N., of Farnborough, Hants, was born in 1815, and educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge, of which he was successively Scholar and Fellow. He was admitted to the degree of B.A. in 1837, M.A. in 1840, B.D. in 1849, and received the degree of D.D. in 1859. He was ordained deacon in 1838, and priest in the following year. He was Assistant Master at Eton until 1850, when he went out to New Zealand to become Master of the English department of St. John's College, Auckland. In 1853 he was appointed Archdeacon of Waitemata by the Bishop (Selwyn) of New Zealand. The Bishop had for two or three years been offering to members of the Church of England a Church Constitution, whereby they were to govern themselves; and during the two years which followed, while absent in England, he left Archdeacon Abraham to propagate and expound the principles of the Church Constitution. In 1857 a convention of representative churchmen from all parts of the colony was held in Auckland, which resulted in the framing of the Constitution now in force. In the following year Archdeacon Abraham, who had also been acting as chaplain to the Bishop, was consecrated first Bishop of Wellington by the Archbishop (Sumner) of Canterbury and Bishops (Wilberforce) of Oxford and (Lonsdale) of Lichfield. When the Maori war broke out by reason of the purchase by the Government of the Waitara block, Bishop Abraham presented a protest to the Governor, claiming for the Maoris as British subjects the right to be heard in the Supreme Court. In 1870 he resigned his see, and, returning to England, was made coadjutor to Dr. Selwyn, then Bishop of Lichfield. This office he held until the death of Bishop Selwyn, in 1878. From 1872 to 1876 he was Prebendary of Bobenhall in Lichfield Cathedral, and in 1875-6 was rector of Tattenhill, Staffordshire. Since 1876 he has been Canon and Precentor of Lichfield Cathedral. He married in 1850 Caroline Harriet, daughter of Sir Charles Thomas Palmer, Bart., of Wanlip Hall, Leicestershire, and cousin of the wife of Bishop Selwyn. She died in 1877. Bishop Abraham is the author of "Festival and Lenten Lectures in St. George's Chapel, Windsor," 1848-9 (Parker), and other works.

Adams, Francis William Leith, is the son of the late Professor Andrew Leith Adams, F.R.S., F.G.S., and grandson of Francis Adams, M.D., LL.D., a distinguished Scotch physician and classical scholar. His mother is the well-known authoress, Mrs. Bertha Leith Adams (now Mrs. B. S. de Courcy Laffan), of Stratford-on-Avon. Mr. Adams resided in Queensland and various other parts of Australia, and published his "poetical works" in Brisbane. He has also written "Leicester, an Autobiography" (London, 1885); "Australian Essays" (Melbourne, 1886); "Songs of the Army of Night" (London, 1890). The next year he contributed a series of remarkable articles on Australia to the Fortnightly Review, and early in 1892 published in London a collection of Australian tales.

Adams, Philip Francis, ex-Surveyor General, New South Wales, was born in Suffolk in 1828. Ten years later his family removed to the north of Ireland, and he was educated at the Belfast Institution. In 1851 he emigrated to Canada, and subsequently had an unlucky experience at the Californian diggings. He came to Sydney in 1854, and was Government Land Surveyor for the Maitland district till 1857. He was afterwards connected with the Trigonometrical Survey of New South Wales. In 1864 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor General, and Surveyor General on March 17th, 1868. Mr. Adams retired on a pension, and was a member of the New South Wales Commission in Sydney for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Adams, Robert Dudley, was born on July 9th, 1829, on board the Rotterdam packet, in which his mother was travelling to England. He was for a time private secretary to the Hon. Sidney Herbert (afterwards Lord Herbert of Lea), the popular War Minister. He arrived in New South Wales on Sept. 21st, 1851, and engaged in commercial and pastoral pursuits, in the intervals of which, between 1860 and 1880, he wrote a series of articles on "Australian Finance and Resource" for the English press and magazines, also for the colonial press, numerous political sketches, reviews, and essays, also two poems, the "Psalm of Time" and "Song of the Stars" (the latter subject suggested to him by the late Prince Albert). He has been a member of all the New South Wales Exhibition Commissions (except one), including that for Chicago.

Adams, Hon. Robert Patten, puisne judge, Tasmania, third son of James White Adams, of Martook, Somerset, and Mary Anne Elizabeth his wife, was born on March 4th, 1831, and educated at Martock grammar school and at King's College School, London. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1851, and was called to the bar on May 1st, 1854. Mr. Justice Adams emigrated to Tasmania, and was called to the bar there on Sept. 25th, 1856. He subsequently became Chairman of Quarter Sessions and a Commissioner of the Court of Requests for the northern division of Tasmania. Having embraced political life, he entered the House of Assembly, and was returned for Hobart in 1859, 1861, and from 1862-6. He became Solicitor-General in 1867, and held the appointment till 1887, when on March 14th he was appointed a puisne judge. He is Chancellor of the Diocese of Tasmania, and has been twice married; his first wife, who died in 1867, being Harriett Matilda, daughter of the late Captain George King, R.N. He married secondly Kate, daughter of the late George Francis Huston, J. P., of New Norfolk, Tasmania.

Adamson, Travers, was called to the Irish bar at King's Inn in April 1850, and admitted to practise at the Victorian bar on Nov. 24th, 1852. He represented the Murray district in the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria, which assembled in Nov. 1856. Mr. Adamson was Solicitor-General in the Nicholson Administration from Oct. 27th, 1859, to March 5th, 1860, and was for many years Crown prosecutor.

Addis, William E., B.A., son of the late Rev. Thomas Addis, of Edinburgh, minister of the Free Church, was born in 1844, and was Snell Exhibitioner to Balliol College, Oxford. He matriculated on Oct. 12th, 1861, and took a first class in Classical Moderations in 1863, and a first class in the final classical schools in 1865. He took his B.A. degree in 1866, and very shortly afterwards became a convert to the Roman Catholic Church, and a member of the congregation of St. Philip Neri at the Brompton Oratory. He left the Oratory, and became priest in charge of Lower Sydenham. In 1888 he resigned the priesthood, after issuing a circular to his parishioners announcing his abjuration of Roman Catholic doctrines, and was married, at St. John's, Notting Hill, to Miss Flood. At the end of the year he accepted the post of assistant to the Rev. Charles Strong, of the Australian Church, Melbourne. Mr. Addis is the author of "Anglicanism and the Fathers," "Anglican Misrepresentation," and of the "Catholic Dictionary," compiled in conjunction with Thomas Arnold (q.v.), which was published in 1884. Since his residence in Melbourne Mr. Addis has published some articles on Biblical criticism, displaying an acquaintance with the more advanced school of German theologians.

Agg, Alfred John, sometime Commissioner of Railways, Victoria, was born in 1830 at Evesham, Worcestershire. He was educated at the Worcester grammar school, and entered the service of the Great Western Railway Company as a clerk at Reading in 1845, where he remained until 1850, when he emigrated to Australia. He arrived in Victoria in 1851, and was employed in the Chief Secretary's office and the Immigration Department. He was afterwards appointed Government Storekeeper, which position he resigned in 1856, and became president of the new department created to supersede the old system of commissariat control. His abilities in this office were rewarded by his appointment as Under Treasurer, and on Oct. 13th, 1857, he was made Commissioner of Audit. In 1883 he was granted a year's leave, which he spent in making a tour of the world, and in his absence he was nominated to act under Mr. Speight as a commissioner under the Railways Management Act. Mr. Agg was admitted to the Victorian bar on Dec. 6th, 1860, and died on Oct 16th, 1886.

Agnew, Hon. James Wilson, M.D., J.P., ex-Premier of Tasmania, was admitted a member of the Royal College of Surgeons (England) in 1838, and M.D. of Glasgow University in 1839. Soon afterwards he emigrated to Tasmania, and for many years practised his profession in Hobart Dr. Agnew was made a J.P. for Tasmania on Feb. 10th, 1862. He was a member of the Legislative Council 1877-81, and from 1884 to July 1887, when he resigned. He was a member of Mr. Fysh's Ministry without office from Aug. 9th, 1877 (on which date he was sworn of the Executive Council) to March 5th, 1878, and of the Giblin Ministry, which succeeded, from March 5th to Dec. 20th, 1878. He again took office with Mr. Giblin, without portfolio, on Oct. 30th, 1879; but resigned on Feb. 5th, 1881. Dr. Agnew became Premier and Chief Secretary of the Colony on March 8th, 1886. On March 1st, 1887, Mr. Rooke was taken into the Ministry as Chief Secretary, Dr. Agnew remaining Premier until the 29th of the month, when he resigned with his colleagues. Dr. Agnew is Vice-President and Honorary Secretary of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and a member of the Council. He was for many years a member of the Tasmanian Council of Education, and on the establishment of the Tasmanian University was elected a member of the Council, but, in consequence of absence from the colony, resigned in 1891. He was President of the Tasmanian Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880.

Ahearne, Surgeon-Major Joseph, L.R.C.P., L.R.C.S., is a native of Ireland, and was admitted L.R.C.S. (Ireland) in 1871, and L.R.C.P. (London) in 1878. He emigrated to Queensland, and was appointed Government Medical Officer at Townsville in Nov. 1879. He was appointed Surgeon-Major and Principal Medical Officer of the defence force for the Northern District in Nov. 1886, and Health Officer at Townsville on Nov. 25th, 1886. In that year he visited England as the representative of the North Queensland Separation League; and much of the progress which has since attended the operations of the League is to be ascribed to the impetus given to it by Dr. Ahearne's exertions. Dr. Ahearne married Miss Cunningham, the daughter of Edward Cunningham, a Queensland squatter.

Airy, Major Henry Park, D.S.O., of the New South Wales Artillery, was formerly in the 101st Foot; and having become attached to the New South Wales military forces, of which he became captain in March 1885, served in the Soudan campaign with the colonial contingent, receiving a medal, with clasp, for the advance on Tamai. He served with the British army in Burmah in 1886 and 1887, and having behaved with great gallantry and been severely wounded, was created a Companion of the Distinguished Service Order (in 1888), was mentioned in despatches, and pensioned by the Government of India. In further recognition of his brilliant services in Burmah, he was, in June 1887, appointed a brevet-major in the New South Wales forces by Lord Carrington, then Governor of that colony.

Akhurst, William, the actor, was born at Hammersmith on Dec. 29th, 1822, and went to Melbourne, Australia, in 1850. Here he joined the Melbourne Argus as sub-editor and musical critic. Subsequently he wrote fourteen pantomimes, one of his burlesques, the "Siege of Troy," running sixty nights. In 1870 he returned to England, and wrote pantomimes for Astley's, the Pavilion, and the Elephant and Castle Theatres. He died on board of the Patriarch, whilst on his way out to Sydney, on June 7th, 1878.

Alexander, Samuel, M.A., Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, son of Samuel Alexander and Eliza [Sloman] his wife, was born in Sydney on Jan. 6th, 1859. He was educated at Wesley College, Melbourne, and Melbourne University, where he matriculated in 1875, winning three exhibitions. During the next two years he won five exhibitions in the arts course, in classics, mathematics, and natural science. Mr. Alexander was elected scholar of Balliol College, Oxford, in Nov. 1877; was Prox. Acc. University Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1878; and was first class in Classical Moderations, and first class in Mathematical Moderations in 1879. He was first class in the Final School of Litter? Humaniores in 1881. He received the degree of B.A. in 1881, and of M.A. in 1884. Since taking his degree Mr. Alexander has devoted himself to the study of philosophy. He was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1882, and from 1883 to the end of 1888 lectured on philosophy at Lincoln College. In 1885 he was appointed examiner in the Final School of Litter? Humaniores, a position which he held till 1887, when he was awarded the Green Memorial Prize for Moral Philosophy. In 1889 he published a treatise on Ethics, entitled "Moral Order and Progress" (London, Tr?bner). This had been partly founded on a prize essay. Mr. Alexander is the author of various smaller contributions in Mind, and elsewhere; an article on Hegel's "Conception of Nature," in Mind for 1886, being especially worthy of notice.

Allen, Hon. George, M.L.C., was the son of Dr. Richard Allen, physician to George III., and was born in London in Nov. 1800. He arrived in New South Wales in Jan. 1816, and was the first attorney and solicitor admitted by the Supreme Court of New South Wales. This took place on July 26th, 1822, and he had much difficulty in maintaining his status against the English-bred attorneys who desired to monopolise the practice. He married in 1823, and was elected Alderman of the Brisbane Ward in the first corporation of the city of Sydney in 1842, acting as third Mayor of the city in 1845. In the latter year he was nominated to a seat in the old Legislative Council, and was appointed honorary Police Magistrate of the City and Port. In 1856 he became a member of the present Legislative Council, and was elected Chairman of Committees, an office which he resigned in 1873, along with his membership of the Council of Education, which he had held since 1866. He assisted in founding Sydney College, and held office on the governing body for many years. In 1859 he was elected a member of the Senate of the University, to which he bequeathed ?1000 for a scholarship for proficiency in mathematics in the second year. Mr. Allen, who was a prominent member of the Wesleyan-Methodist body, died at Toxteth Park Glebe on Nov. 3rd, 1877.

Allen, Hon. Sir George Wigram, K.C.M.G., son of the late Hon. George Allen, M.L.C. (q.v.), was born in Sydney on May 16th, 1824. He was educated at Cape's school and at Sydney College where he distinguished himself in classics and mathematics. He was articled to his father, and admitted an attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1846. He married, in July 1851, Marian, eldest daughter of the late Rev. William Billington Boyce, first President of the Australian Wesleyan Conference, who survived him. He was a Commissioner of National Education from 1853 to 1866, and became a member of the Council of Education in 1873. In 1859 he was made a magistrate, and chosen first Mayor of The Glebe, an office to which he was many times consecutively re-elected. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council in 1860, but resigned his seat; and was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for The Glebe in 1869. He was chosen President of the Law Institute in 1870; and on Dec. 9th, 1873, he accepted office in the Parkes Ministry, becoming the first Minister of Justice and Public Instruction appointed after the creation of the office. He retired with his colleagues on Feb. 8th, 1875, and was chosen Speaker of the Legislative Assembly on March 23rd, 1875, being re-elected on Nov. 27th, 1877 (in which year he was knighted), and Dec. 15th, 1880. In the next parliament he was displaced by Mr. Barton (Jan. 3rd, 1883). In 1878 Sir George was elected to the Senate of Sydney University, to fill the vacancy created by the death of his father. Sir George was one of the vice-presidents of the Royal Commission for the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879, and also of the New South Wales Commission for the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. In 1884 Sir George was created K.C.M.G., and died on July 23rd, 1885.

Allen, Harry Brookes, M.D., Professor of Anatomy and Pathology in Melbourne University, graduated M.B. at Melbourne University in 1876, M.D. in 1878, and Ch.B. in 1879. He was appointed Professor of Descriptive and Surgical Anatomy and Pathology in the University in Nov. 1882. He is President of the Melbourne Medical Students' Society and of the Melbourne University Boat Club. He was president of the Commission which sat in 1889 to inquire into the sanitary state of Melbourne; and, having received a year's leave of absence, visited Europe in 1890 to inquire into the management of the various medical schools of the United Kingdom and the Continent. At Dr. Allen's instance the General Medical Council in England agreed to recognise Melbourne medical degrees, and he was himself the first M.D. of the University to be registered in accordance with the new arrangement. He was married at Sutton Forest, Sydney, to Miss Ada Rose Elizabeth Mason.

Allen, James, was born at Birmingham in 1806, and educated at Horton College. He was for some time a reporter on the Morning Post, but emigrated to Adelaide, South Australia, where he started the Times and aided in establishing the South Australian Register. In the year 1857 he went to Melbourne, where he edited the Herald and started the Mail, the first penny evening paper issued in that city. In 1865 Mr. Allen removed to Hobart, Tasmania, and edited the Mercury, afterwards starting the Evening Mail. Mr. Allen then went to New Zealand, and conducted the Auckland Evening News till 1870, when he returned to Victoria and purchased the Camperdown Chronicle, of which he remained owner till 1880. Mr. Allen, who died in 1886, published a "History of Australia" in 1882.

Allen, Captain William, was for many years a commander in the Hon. East India Company's marine, in which he greatly distinguished himself. He arrived in Adelaide in 1839, and, in conjunction with Mr. John Ellis, bought a portion of the "Milner Estate," in the neighbourhood of Port Gawler. In 1845 he became associated in the purchase of the Burra Mine, and assisted in forming the South Australian Mining Association, of which he became chairman. Captain Allen was a member of the Church of England, but contributed liberally to the funds of various Protestant bodies. He helped to establish St. Peter's College in 1849, and was a benefactor to its funds to the extent of ?7000. Captain Allen revisited England in 1853, returning in 1855. He died suddenly on Oct. 17th, 1856, and by his will bequeathed ?5000 for pastoral aid purposes in connection with the Anglican Church in South Australia, the disposition of the amount being left to the discretion of the Bishop of Adelaide, as trustee.

Allen, Rev. William, was born on Nov. 4th, 1847, at Betchworth, Surrey, and was taken to Victoria in 1852. He was educated at the Scotch and Congregational colleges in Melbourne, and matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1869. He became pastor of the Sandhurst Congregational church in Jan. 1871, was transferred to Maryborough in Jan. 1875, and in Jan. 1880 was appointed to his present living at Carlton. Since 1871 Mr. Allen has written for the religious press; he was Chairman of the "Congregational Union and Mission of Victoria" in 1886 and 1886, and in the latter year published "Random Rhymes." Mr. Allen gained the first prize for the cantata which he composed for the opening of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888.

Allport, Morton, F.L.S., son of Joseph Allport, was born in England on Dec. 4th, 1830. The family emigrated to Tasmania when Mr. Allport was an infant. He was educated in the colony, and chose his father's profession, being admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court in 1852. Mr. Allport was an ardent and accomplished naturalist, and by his original work added largely to the knowledge of the zoology and botany of Tasmania. To the study of the fishes of the colony he gave special attention. He introduced the perch and tench into Tasmanian waters, and was a zealous promoter of the acclimatisation of salmon and trout, an experiment which he lived to see a splendid success. He also introduced the English water-lily into the colony. Mr. Allport was a Fellow of the Linn?an Society of London and of the Zoological Society, corresponding member of the Anthropological Institute, life member of the Entomological and Malacological Societies, and foreign member of several Continental scientific societies. He was a Vice-President of the Royal Society of Tasmania, to the Proceedings of which last-named Society he contributed a number of valuable papers on the subjects of his favourite studies. He was a member of the Council of Education for many years. He died at Hobart on Sept. 10th, 1878.

Allwood, Rev. Canon Robert, B.A., ex-Vice-Chancellor of Sydney University, was the son of Chief Justice Allwood, of Jamaica, and was educated at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1825. He took holy orders, and was ordained deacon in 1826 by the Bishop of Bath and Wells, and priest in 1827 by the Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. He was a minor canon of Bristol Cathedral from 1826 to 1839, and curate of Clifton from 1829 to 1839. In the latter year he emigrated to New South Wales, arriving in Sydney on Dec. 8th. From 1840 to 1884 he was incumbent of St. James's, Sydney, and was appointed canon of St. Andrew's Cathedral in 1852. Canon Allwood was Chancellor of the diocese of Sydney from 1876 to 1884, and Vice-Chancellor of the University in 1869. In 1843 he published a brochure entitled "The Papal Claim of Jurisdiction" (in Australia). He died on Oct. 27th, 1891.

Anderson, George, Deputy-Master Melbourne Mint, is the son of the late George Anderson, of Luscar, Fifeshire, Scotland. He was born in 1819, and educated at Edinburgh and St. Andrew's Universities. He was formerly Major 4th Lanark Rifle Volunteers. He represented the City of Glasgow in the House of Commons from 1868 to 1885. On March 13th of the latter year he was appointed Deputy-Master of the Mint at Melbourne, in succession to Mr. V. D. Broughton (q.v.), a position he still holds.

Anderson, John Gerard, M.A., J.P., Under Secretary for Public Instruction Queensland, son of the late Rev. James Anderson, M.A., of Orphir, Orkney, was born on Feb. 12th, 1836, and graduated M.A. at Aberdeen University, afterwards remaining there as a student of divinity. He emigrated to Queensland in 1862, and became connected with the Education Service in Sept. 1863 as first District Inspector of Schools. He was appointed Senior Inspector in June 1869, Acting General Inspector in Sept. 1874, General Inspector in 1876, and Under Secretary in Nov. 1878—a position he still holds.

Anderson, Lieut.-Colonel Joseph, C.B., K.H., was born in 1789, and joined the army in 1805 as ensign in the 78th Regiment. He served with singular bravery and distinction, being on several occasions severely wounded in Egypt and at Talavera, Busaco and Torres Vedras in the Peninsular War. Having become major of the 50th Regiment he was in 1834 appointed by Governor Sir Richard Bourke, of New South Wales, to take charge of the convict establishment at Norfolk Island, as Military Commandant and Civil Superintendent. The miserable felons were then in a state of chronic mutiny, and steeped in every species of crime. At imminent personal risk, Major Anderson, whilst maintaining rigid discipline, introduced a kindlier and more humanising system, and with the best results. In 1837 Major Anderson was created K.H., and subsequently became lieut.-colonel After leaving Norfolk Island, he saw active service in India, and commanded a brigade in the Gwalior campaign in 1843, during which he was severely wounded, and for which he received the C.B. in 1844. In 1848 he retired from the army, and took up his permanent residence in Port Phillip, where he engaged in squatting pursuits on the Goulburn River. In 1852 he was nominated to the first Legislative Council of Victoria, to fill a vacancy in the list of non-official nominee members, caused by the death of Mr. Dunlop. In this capacity he supported the Convicts Act Prevention Bill, which was designed to prevent the influx of convicts from Tasmania into Victoria; and when the measure, having been disallowed by the Imperial authorities, was again adopted by the Council in the ensuing session, Colonel Anderson was the mover of an address to the Queen, setting forth the reasons which induced the Legislative Council to again pass the bill. In 1854 Colonel Anderson served on the Colonial Defence Committee, and in the following year in a debate on the immigration question strongly advocated the adoption of prohibitive legislation, with the view of stopping the influx of Chinese. Colonel Anderson died at South Yarra, Melbourne, on July 18th, 1877.

Anderson, Hon. Robert Stirling Hore, M.L.C., was a native of Coleraine, Londonderry, Ireland, and was educated at the Belfast Academy and at the University of Dublin, where he graduated. After practising as a solicitor in Dublin for eight years he decided to emigrate, and arrived in Victoria in June 1854. Whilst practising as a solicitor in Melbourne he resided in the suburb of Emerald Hill, and was Chairman of the Municipal Council and representative of the district in Parliament. Mr. Anderson was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the Heales Ministry from November 1860 to January 1861, when he resigned, owing to the policy of the Ministry being dictated by the opposition, Mr. Heales revising his budget in accordance with Sir John O'Shanassy's resolution that the public expenditure should be kept down to ?3,000,000 per annum. Mr. Anderson, however, took office in the O'Shanassy Ministry which succeeded the Heales Government, being Commissioner of Trade and Customs from November 1861 to June 1863. When Mr. Haines died in 1864 Mr. Anderson succeeded him as member for the Eastern Province in the Legislative Council, and he was Commissioner of Public Works and vice-president of the Board of Land and Works in the Francis Ministry from May to July 1874, when the Cabinet was reconstructed under the premiership of the late Mr. Kerferd, under whom Mr. Anderson held the same offices till August 1875, when the first Berry Ministry was formed. The latter having been defeated, Mr. Anderson came back to office under Sir James McCulloch in October 1875 as Commissioner of Trade and Customs, and held that post till the Ministry was again displaced by Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry in May 1877. From March to August 1880 Mr. Anderson was a member of Mr. Service's first cabinet, but held no portfolio. When the Service-Berry coalition was formed in March 1883 Mr. Anderson became Minister of Justice, and retained the post until his death on Oct. 26th of the same year.

Anderson, Hon. William, J.P., son of James Anderson and Hannah his wife, was born at Montrose, Scotland, on Jan. 3rd, 1828, and was taken to Launceston, Tasmania, in Oct. 1841, arriving on April 1st of the following year. The family removed to Port Fairy in Victoria, in 1844; and in 1849 he took over his father's business as a builder, which he managed until 1854, when he joined his father in purchasing Rosemount Farm, his present home. He became a member of the first Belfast Road Board, was elected president of the Belfast Shire Council, made a justice of the peace in 1864, and sat in the Assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury from 1880 till April 1892, when he was defeated. In 1854 he was elected an elder of the Presbyterian church, and was for two years president of the Protection of Aborigines Society. He succeeded the late Chief Justice Stawell as president of the Royal Horticultural Society of Victoria. In 1887 he was awarded the Minister of Agriculture's prize for the best managed farm in southern Victoria. He was appointed Minister of Public Works in the Gillies Government on Sept. 2nd, 1890, and resigned with the rest of his colleagues in the following November.

Anderson, Colonel William Acland Douglas, C.M.G., son of Lieut.-Colonel Joseph Anderson (q.v.), was born in 1829, was an ensign in his father's regiment, the 50th, but sold his commission after a few years' service, and was appointed a Commissioner of Goldfields in Victoria. He was at one time member for Evelyn in the old Legislative Council, and succeeded Major-General Dean Pitt in the chief command of the Victorian Volunteer force in 1862. He was created C.M.G. in 1878, and died on Jan. 23rd, 1882.

Andrew, Professor Henry Martyn, M.A., son of Rev. M. Andrew, was born at Bridgenorth, on Jan. 3rd, 1846, and educated at several English and Continental schools, and after his arrival in Victoria in 1857, at the Church of England grammar school, Melbourne, under the Rev. Dr. Bromby. He entered the Melbourne University in 1861, and graduated B.A. in 1864, with the scholarship in mathematics and natural philosophy, and first-class honours in natural science. He was appointed in June of that year Lecturer on Civil Engineering, being the first graduate of Melbourne to be appointed to office in the University, and resigned the position in June 1868 on his departure for England. He also resigned the second mastership of Wesley College, which he had accepted in 1866; and on his arrival in England in Oct. 1868 he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, where in 1870 he was second foundation scholar and a Wright's prizeman. He graduated B.A. as 27th wrangler in Jan. 1872, accepted the professorship of mathematics and natural philosophy at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, took his M.A. degree in 1875, returned to Wesley College, Melbourne, in the same year as second master under Professor Irving, whom he succeeded as head master at Christmas 1875. In 1882 he left Wesley College to succeed Mr. Pirani as Lecturer on Natural Philosophy in Melbourne University, where he became first professor on the establishment of the chair on that subject, and continued in this position until his death at Suez on Sept. 18th, 1888, whilst on leave. Professor Andrew was author of a paper on "Brain Waves," joint author with the late Mr. F. J. Pirani, M.A., C.E., of an edition of the first three books of Euclid, graduated M.A. at Melbourne University in 1867, and acted as joint secretary of the University Senate. He was three times elected a member of the University Council between 1867 and 1886. Professor Andrew was ensign in the St. John's company of the Cambridge University Volunteer Corps, and captain of the Melbourne University company; and both as a musician and a contributor to the press he did valuable work. His widow has adopted the dramatic profession, under the name of Miss Constance Edwards.

Andrew, Rev. John Chapman, M.A., J.P., was born on March 7th, 1822, at Whitby, in Yorkshire, his father, the Rev. James Andrew, being then rector of the parish. He was educated first at Whitby, and then at St. Peter's school, York, from which latter, having taken an exhibition, he proceeded to University College, Oxford. Having graduated B.A. in 1840, taking second-class honours in both classics and mathematics, Mr. Andrew was appointed one of the masters to the new school at Rossal, in Lancashire. In 1845 he was elected Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford; and, having proceeded to the degree of M.A. in 1847, was ordained deacon in the same year, and priest in 1848, being vicar of St. Michael's, Oxford, 1848-9. At Lincoln College Mr. Andrew acted as mathematical lecturer, Greek lecturer, and tutor successively; and in 1857 went out to Wellington, New Zealand, where he had a sheep station on the Waitangi for some years. He was a member of the Provincial Council of Wellington from 1868 until the abolition of the provincial system in 1875. In 1870 Mr. Andrew was returned as one of the two members for Wairarapa in the General Assembly, as also in 1876. In the latter year he migrated to Nelson, and in 1880 was appointed principal of Nelson College. He has always been actively interested in educational matters in New Zealand, and from 1868 to 1876 was a member of the Wellington Education Board. In 1878 he was appointed to the Senate of the New Zealand University, and is now the Vice-Chancellor. He was appointed J. P. by Sir Edward Stafford's Government.

Andrews, Henry James, J.P., sometime Under Secretary and Government Statist, South Australia, was at one time a teller in the Bank of Australasia. He entered the Civil Service of South Australia in 1852 as assistant in the Assay Office, and in the next year became cashier and accountant. In 1860 he was appointed Secretary to the Central Road Board; in 1874 Secretary to the Commissioner for Public Works; in 1875 Secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands; and in Feb. 1882 Under Secretary and Government Statist. He died on April 25th, 1890.

Andrews, Hon. Richard Bullock, sometime Puisne Judge South Australia, was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1855, and was member for Yatala in the Assembly from 1857 to 1860, and for Blurt from 1863 to 1869. Mr. Andrews was Attorney-General in the Torrens Ministry for a few weeks in Sept. 1857, and in the still more short-lived Dutton Administration in July 1863. He filled the same post in Mr. (now Sir) Henry Ayers' Government from July 1863 to July 1864, and in the second Dutton and third Ayers Ministries from March to Oct. 1865. He was also Attorney-General in the fourth and fifth Ayers Ministries from May 1867 to Sept. 1868, and from Oct. to Nov. 1868. In March 1865 he was appointed Q.C., Crown Solicitor and Public Prosecutor in 1870, and Puisne Judge in 1881. He died at Hobart on June 28th, 1885.

Andrews, Walter Boyd Tate, J.P., late Registrar-General South Australia, elder brother of Henry James Andrews (q.v.) entered the South Australian Civil Service in 1848; was appointed Deputy Registrar-General of the Colony in 1856, and Registrar-General in 1865. He retired in Sept. 1889.

Angas, George Fife, J.P., was the seventh son of Caleb Angas, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, a coachbuilder, merchant and shipowner in a largo way of business in that town, where he was born on May 1st, 1789. The family was of Scotch origin, and the first of its representatives to settle on Tyneside was one Alexander Angus, about the year 1584. This Alexander, from whom Caleb was fifth in lineal descent, ultimately located himself at Raw House, near Hexham, in Northumberland, where his descendants were farmers for several generations. It was John Angus, of Scotland, Hexham, the grandfather of the subject of this notice, who first changed the spelling of the family name from Angus to Angas. Caleb Angas wished his son on leaving school to embrace the legal profession; but he preferred entering his father's business, and was duly apprenticed to the coachbuilding, working his way through the various grades of the craft, and ultimately supplementing his local experience by serving as a journeyman in a London factory, which he left in 1809 to assume the oversight of his father's establishment Shortly after his return to Newcastle he was admitted a member of the Baptist Church, a religious body to whose tenets he ever afterwards remained attached. Mr. Angas married, on April 8th, 1812, Rosetta, daughter of Mr. French, of Hutton. His father's firm was largely interested in the trade of British Honduras, where they had an agency, and from whence they were large importers of mahogany and dyewoods. Mr. Angas, at an early period, took a deep interest in the welfare of the Indian aborigines, who, in defiance of the law, were held in slavery, and deprived of all means of improvement and civilisation. Mainly through his persevering efforts their freedom was assured, and means of instruction provided by the establishment of missions. Mr. Angas also took a deep interest in educational matters at home, and was one of the founders of the Newcastle Sunday School Union, a history of the successful operations of which body was many years later (1869) published at his expense. In 1823 Mr. Angas became greatly impressed with the importance to British interests of cutting a canal through the Isthmus of Darien, on the lines recently adopted by the Nicaragua Canal Company. In the result, however, the scheme dropped through, as far as any practical action on Mr. Angas's part was concerned. A project for the establishment of a society for promoting Christianity and civilisation through the medium of commercial, scientific and professional agency was also mooted in 1825 by Mr. Angas, who thought that trade and evangelisation should go hand in hand; but this scheme, too, had to be dropped from want of encouragement on the part of the mercantile community. About this time the foreign trade of the firm rendered it necessary to open an office in London, and Mr. Angas, who had been for some time in partnership with his father and brothers, removed to the south, in order to superintend the working of the new departure. His capacity and resources were strained to the uttermost by the commercial panic of 1826, and at the end of that year he retired from connection with the coachbuilding establishment at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and carried on a distinct mercantile and shipping business, under the style of "G. F. Angas & Co.," of London, and "Angas & Co.," of Newcastle-on-Tyne. He was strongly interested in the reform agitation, and when the passage of the bill of 1832 was assured he was pressed to stand for his native town, and subsequently for the borough of Sunderland. Both these invitations he, however, declined. In 1833 Mr. Angas took an active part in founding the National Provincial Bank of England, of which his cousin, Mr. Joplin, was the originator. Of this eminently successful concern Mr. Angas was for three years a director, resigning his seat on the board in 1836, when, having taken up his residence at Dawlish, in Devonshire, he desired to restrict his commercial responsibilities in London as far as possible to his own business. In the meantime Mr. Angas had prospered in his various concerns, and became a wealthy man. In the year 1829 Mr. Robert Gouger formed the idea of founding the colony of South Australia, on the principles of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, but the project did not get beyond the appointment of a provisional committee. Two years later Mr. Gouger recurred to his previous design, and formulated a scheme for starting a "South Australian Land Company." Of the provisional committee of this company, Mr. Angas, who had all along been an ardent advocate of emigration and colonisation, became a member, and subscribed for a sufficient number of shares to qualify himself as a director. His first steps were to enter a protest against paupers being sent out, to express the hope that the appointment of a governor would be left in the hands of the Company until the population reached 10,000, and secured a Legislative Assembly, and that "Bible truth should be given unfettered, and without State aid." In the event of his associates not approving of these views, he begged that his name might be struck out of the list of promoters. As the colonisation scheme shaped itself more clearly in his mind, the platform of Mr. Angas was enlarged, and he stood out for the following distinctive points: 1. The exclusion of convicts; 2. The concentration of the settlers; 3. The taking out of persons of capital and intelligence, and especially men of piety; 4. The emigration of young couples of good character; 5. Free trade, free government, and freedom in matters of religion. Though the prospects at first appeared favourable, the minister of the day, Lord Goderich, ultimately declined to adopt the draft charter submitted to him, or to suggest an alternative scheme; with the result that the second attempt to found the colony fell to the ground, and Mr. Angas made up his mind not to take part in any future attempts to settle South Australia. Events were, however, too strong for him, for in 1834, spurred on by the indefatigable Mr. Gouger, a number of influential public and commercial men formed themselves into "The South Australian Association," with Mr. W. W. Whitmore, M.P., as chairman, and Mr. George Grote, M.P., as treasurer. The new combination succeeded in securing the passing of an Act constituting the colony of South Australia, and conferring the power of disposing of the lands of the territory on a Board of Commissioners to be appointed under it Mr. Angas, at the request of Mr. Gouger, consented to join the Board if the Government approved; and in May 1835 the names of himself and his colleagues were gazetted, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Rowland Hill becoming secretary to the Commissioners. Amongst other things the Act stipulated that ?35,000 worth of land must be disposed of, and a loan of ?20,000 raised, with the view of guaranteeing the Home Government against possible outlay, before the colony could occupied, or the Commissioners exercise their powers. Mr. Angas insisted that the only way in which these conditions could be satisfied would be by forming a joint stock company, to buy the stipulated quantity of land and take over the whole of the pecuniary responsibility. To this the majority of the Commissioners could not at first be induced to assent; but, all other methods proving fruitless, they, after a prolonged period of indecision and delay, allowed Mr. Angas to have his way. He, with two others, agreed to find the necessary purchase-money, on condition that the price of the land was reduced to 12s. per acre from 20s., at which it had been fixed. This was agreed to, the Company was formed, and the ?35,000 worth of land was then transferred to them at cost price, Mr. Angas being appointed chairman of the first Board of Directors. This was the origin of the South Australian Company, which started in Oct. 1835 with a capital of ?200,000. Mr. Angas now found that the Government considered the duties of a commissioner and of a director of the Company incompatible. As, however, his colleagues on both boards were desirous of retaining his services, Lord Glenelg was interviewed upon the matter, but ultimately decided, with great reluctance, that if Mr. Angas remained a director of the Company he could not continue a member of the Board of Commissioners. He thought, however, that there could be no objection to Mr. Angas remaining on the Board of Commissioners till his successor was appointed, or for a limited period, say of three months. This decision Mr. Angas accepted, and then resigned in Dec. 1836. In the meantime the success of the Company's operations was almost wholly due to the individual energy of Mr. Angas, under whose auspices the first shiploads of emigrants were despatched in Feb. 1836, the colony being proclaimed by Captain Hindmarsh, the first Governor, in December following. At Mr. Angas's suggestion, and almost entirely on the lines he sketched out, a banking department was instituted, and proved of immense use in affording financial facilities to the early settlers. In 1841 the department (again at Mr. Angas's instigation) was formed into a separate concern, with the title of the "South Australian Banking Company," which latter was in 1867 again transmogrified into the "Bank of South Australia." In 1837 Mr. Angas became one of the founders of the Union Bank of Australia, and was the first chairman of the Board of Directors, all of whom were appointed on his personal selection. Amongst the stipulations in the deed of settlement of the Union Bank was one restricting them from opening a branch in South Australia without the assent of the South Australian Company. In the same and the next year Mr. Angas laid the foundation of German emigration to South Australia by advancing a large sum of money to enable several hundreds of Prussian Lutherans to seek refuge in the new colony from the persecution with which they were threatened, in consequence of their opposition to the Government scheme for uniting the Reformed and Lutheran Churches. In 1838 Mr. Angas cautioned the British Government against the danger of having New Zealand exposed to the risk of a French annexation; and, as the result of his expostulations, Captain Hobson, R.N., was sent out to treat with the natives for the acceptance of the Queen's sovereignty only just in time to avert the action on the part of the French Government which Mr. Angas had foreseen. For the next few years Mr. Angas was plunged in financial embarrassments, owing, in a large degree, to the unauthorised action of his confidential agent, Mr. Flaxman, who had gone out with the first batch of German emigrants, in buying considerable tracts of Land in South Australia, and then drawing on his employer for large sums to meet the purchase-money. Just at the pressing moment the German emigrants, to whom he looked for partial relief, failed to pay up the instalments of the money advanced them as stipulated, and thus added greatly to their benefactor's difficulties. Amidst his own distresses he was, however, able to lend a helping hand to South Australia when her affairs became involved, through the dishonour of Governor Gawler's drafts on the Home Government; it being greatly owing to his exposition of her resources and prospects before the select committee which was appointed, that the Imperial authorities were induced to come to the assistance of the nascent colony. Mr. Angas was, in the meantime, indefatigable in his efforts to popularise South Australia as an emigration field; delivering lectures on the subject in various parts of the country, and starting two weekly newspapers, The South Australian Colonist and The South Australian Weekly News, at a heavy financial loss, in order to disseminate reliable data. Mr. Angas's two eldest sons had already proceeded to South Australia, and as his prospects darkened in England they appeared to be brightening at the antipodes. Having resigned his seat on the Board of the South Australian Company in 1848, he determined to take up his residence on his Australian property, and, fortunately, was able to dispose of his English concerns on advantageous terms. He sailed for Adelaide by the ship Ascendant on Oct. 3rd, 1850, with his wife and youngest son, William Henry, who died in 1879. He was cordially welcomed on his arrival as the virtual father and founder of South Australia, and seemed never able to divest himself of the idea that the colony was still in as much need as in the days of its initiation of his paternal care and control. There was thus a dictatorial tone in his speeches and addresses, which prevented his becoming a popular, though he was always a respected, publicist. Even in this direction he had his consolations, for the new constitution rendering the Legislative Council partially representative having gone out in the same ship as that by which he travelled, he was at once returned to the new body for Barossa, and, in his parliamentary capacity, had the privilege of assisting in giving the final death-stroke to the system of State aid to religion, to which he had all along been so strenuously opposed. In connection with the New Constitution Act an amusing story is told. It had been an ambition of Mr. Angas's to be the personal bearer of the official copy of the Act to the colony; but it was found to be contrary to precedent, and red-tape triumphed, the important document being sent from the Colonial Office in charge of a clerk, who gave the package to a steward, who, being very busy, thrust it into the nearest place of safety. On arrival in Adelaide the proper authorities came on board to demand their Constitution, and receive it with due honour. The captain, however, protested that he had seen nothing of it, and there was a great hue and cry for the lost Constitution, until one day shortly after, in turning out the captain's soiled linen for the laundress, it was found, to the great amusement of every one, at the bottom of the bag, the place in which the steward had hurriedly placed it for security. In 1855, when he was again re-elected, Mr. Angas assisted in framing the present Constitution Act, and thus participated in crowning the edifice of public freedom in the colony, whose foundations he had laid in fear and trembling, and amidst much of doubt and difficulty. In his worldly affairs his prosperity was great and growing; the property purchased by Mr. Flaxman turning out to have been admirably selected, and rendering its proprietor wealthy beyond any dreams of avarice in which he might have indulged. Mr. Angas was a liberal contributor to charitable and religious objects of a Protestant character. The Roman Catholic Church was the object of the strongest abhorrence, and it was doubtless a severe blow to him to witness its growth and progress under a r?gime of religious equality, which he had fondly believed would secure the undisputed predominance of Protestant Nonconformity. Even in his eighty-first year he flooded the colony with an issue of anti-papal literature, which certainly did not lack controversial vigour and pugnacity. Whatever may have been his faults of egotism and intolerance, they were the outcome of one of those strong and sturdy individualities which have made England what it is; and South Australia certainly owes it to Mr. Angas that she took her place in the ranks of civilised communities many years earlier than would otherwise have been the case. During the discussions on the present Constitution Act Mr. Angas, whilst opposing manhood suffrage and vote by ballot, was a staunch supporter of an elective as against a nominee Upper House, and this was the principle ultimately adopted. In 1857 he was elected a member of the new Council, and was absent for two years in England (Dec. 1857 to Sept. 1859) without resigning his seat. In 1865 he was re-elected on his seat becoming vacant by effuxion of time, but he retired from parliament in the following year, and died on Jan. 15th, 1879. Mrs. Angas died on Jan. 14th, 1867.

Angas, George French, F.L.S., eldest son of the late George Fife Angas (q.v.) and Rosetta [French], his wife, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and devoted himself to artistic pursuits. In Sept. 1843 he left London on an art tour through Australia and New Zealand, returning in March 1846 with a large collection of native costumes and implements, besides many portraits of natives which he had taken, as well as sketches of the places he had visited. These he had the honour of showing to Her Majesty and the Prince Consort, who became patrons of the illustrated volumes he subsequently published on South Australia and New Zealand. He subsequently returned to South Australia, where he was resident when his father went out in 1850. Returning to England, he died in London in Oct 1886. "South Australia Illustrated" and "New Zealand Illustrated," two illustrated folio works, were issued at intervals in 1847.

Angas, Hon. John Howard, M.L.C., second son of George Fife Angas (q.v.) and Rosetta [French], his wife, was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, on Oct. 5th, 1823. When but twenty years of age (April 1843) he left England for South Australia to assume the management of his father's affairs in that colony, and especially to develop his landed property, a mission he accomplished with eminent success. In 1854, four years after his father's arrival in the colony, he revisited England, and married, in 1855, Miss Susanna Collins, of Bowden, near Manchester. The next year he returned to South Australia, and became famous as a breeder of first-class sheep, cattle and horses. In Dec. 1871 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the district of Barossa, and sat till May 1875, when he resigned. In 1882 Mr. Angas gave up squatting on a large scale, but still takes an active interest in his stud farms at Hill River and Collingrove. He has been a member of the Legislative Council for a number of years past. Mr. Angas, who started the Bushman's Club, has founded an engineering scholarship and three engineering exhibitions in connection with the University of Adelaide, and has given other liberal donations to public objects. A year or two ago he informed the committee of the Adelaide Home for Incurables of his willingness to contribute ?2500 for the erection of a wing to the building, and suggested that the Government should be asked to contribute a like sum towards the establishment of a maintenance fund.

Angelo, Lieut.-Col. Edward Fox, was born on Dec 14th, 1836, and received his first commission in the army in Dec. 1854, as ensign in the 28th Regiment of Foot. He served in the Crimean campaign in the following year, and for his services at the siege of Sebastopol received a medal with clasps and a Turkish medal. He was appointed captain 1st Foot in 1864, and retired, after filling various important military positions in India, in 1878, with the honorary rank of lieut.-colonel. Colonel Angelo was commandant of the Tasmanian local forces from 1880 to 1882, and in the latter year became Inspecting Field Officer in Western Australia. Having resigned that position, he was appointed Government Resident of the Northern Division of that Colony in 1886, and Resident Magistrate at Bunbury in 1889. Since 1890 he has been Government Resident and superintendent of the prison establishment at Rot-nest Island, W.A.

Annett, Thomas Henderson, entered the Queensland Civil Service in May 1878, and was appointed principal Assistant Engineer of Railways for the Southern and Central Divisions in 1889, in which year he succeeded Mr. Hannam as Chief Engineer for the Northern and Carpentaria and Cook Railways.

Anstey, Hon. Henry Frampton, K.S.G., was son of Thos. Anstey, of Anstey Burton, Tas., and was elected to the Legislative Council of Tasmania in 1850, and to the first House of Assembly in 1856, on both occasions for the district of Oatlands. He was Secretary for Lands and Works in the first Tasmanian Ministry from Nov. 1856 to Feb. 1857. Having been received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1842, he was created a Knight of St. Gregory by Pius IX., and by special privilege was buried in the Church of Santa Maria del Popolo at Rome, where he resided for two years prior to his death on July 8th, 1862, at the age of forty. He was Roman correspondent of the London Tablet during his stay in the Eternal City, and was brother of Mr. T. Chisholm Anstey, the well-known and eccentric Indian publicist and member of the House of Commons.

Aplin, Hon. William, M.L.C., J.P., was born at Combe St. Nicholas, Somerset, England, in April 1840, and came to Brisbane, Qd., in 1862. Settling at Townsville, he founded the mercantile firm of Aplin, Brown & Co., and subsequently went into "squatting." He was called to the Legislative Council in Oct. 1880.

Archer, Alexander, son of William Archer, of Laurvig, Norway, by Julia, daughter of David Walker, was born in Norway in 1828. He was educated at Perth, Scotland; and left for Victoria in 1852, where he was appointed agent for the Bank of New South Wales at the "Ovens" goldfield (now Beechworth). He became manager at Kyneton, Victoria, in 1854, at Brisbane, Queensland, in 1864, and Inspector in 1867. In 1871 he married Mary Louisa, eldest daughter of Sir Robert Ramsay Mackenzie, of Coul, Ross-shire. 10th Bart., by Louisa Alexandrina, daughter of Richard Jones, of Sydney, N.S.W. After thirty-six years' service in the Bank, he left for England by the R.M.S. Quetta, in Feb. 1890, accompanied by his wife, and on the 28th of the month both were lost in the wreck of that ship at the entrance to Torres Straits.

Archer, Archibald, M.L.A., J.P., sometime Colonial Treasurer of Queensland, son of William Archer, of Laurvig, Norway, to which country he went with his father when five years old, was born at Fife, in Scotland, on March 18th, 1820, and educated in Norway. After spending five years in an engineering establishment in Scotland, Mr. Archer emigrated to Australia, where he arrived in 1842, but only stayed five months, subsequently spending thirteen years in the South Sea and Sandwich Islands. In the latter he was engaged on coffee and sugar plantations. Returning to Queensland in 1860, he took up his residence at Gracemere station, and in 1867 was returned to the Legislative Assembly for the Rockhampton district, which he still represents, though he has been out of Parliament and has sat for other constituencies in the interim. Mr. Archer, who assisted in passing the Land Act of 1868, was Colonial Treasurer and Secretary for Public Instruction in the first McIlwraith Government from Jan. 1882 to Nov. 1883. Mr. Archer has recently figured as a strong advocate of the subdivision of Queensland. In 1892 Mr. Archer visited England in company with Mr. John Ferguson as a deputation on behalf of the Central Queensland Separation League.

Archer, Rev. Canon George Frederick, M.A., won the Tasmanian scholarship in 1867, and proceeded to Christ College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1872 and M.A. in 1884. He was ordained deacon in 1872, and priest in 1878, being curate of Christ Church, Frome Selwood, from 1874 to 1876, when he was appointed rector of All Saints', Hobart Town, and canon of the cathedral. Canon Archer is a member of the Council of Education.

Archer, Thomas, C.M.G., J.P., ex-Agent-General for Queensland, son of William Archer by Julia, daughter of David Walker, of Perth, Scotland, was born at Glasgow on Feb. 27th, 1823. At the age of seventeen he emigrated to New South Wales, arriving in Sydney on Dec 31st, 1837. He engaged in pastoral pursuits, and, with two of his elder brothers, Messrs. John and David Archer, decided to try his fortunes in Queensland, then the Moreton Bay district of New South Wales. In August 1841 the three brothers started from Castlereagh River, N.S.W., with about five thousand sheep, passing near where now stands Goondiwindia, the line which sixteen years later became the boundary between New South Wales and Queensland. They then crossed the Condamine about a dozen miles below Canning Downs, which had shortly before been discovered and occupied by the brothers Patrick, Walter, and George Leslie, and where the flourishing town of Warwick was afterwards founded; travelled across Darling Downs, then without road or track, to Eton Vale, which had been lately occupied by Mr. (now Sir Arthur) Hodgson. Continuing on their way, past where now stand Drayton and Toowoomba townships, they crossed the Main Range by "Hodgson's Gap," and turned northward, through unoccupied country, by Wingate's Lagoon and Mount Brisbane, soon after taken up by the brothers Frederick and Francis Biggs. Thence they pushed on to Durandur, on Stanley Creek, the eastern head of the Brisbane, near Glasshouse Mountains, a country that had been explored by David Archer. Here they remained some four or five years, and were soon joined by their eldest brother Charles. They afterwards explored and occupied two runs close under the Main Range, called Emu Creek and Cooyar, where they remained about four years. Hearing that Fitzroy Downs and Mount Abundance had been discovered by Sir Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales, who came upon it from the south, Mr. Archer started in 1848 across the Main Range to Jimbour, then occupied by Sir Joshua Peter Bell. From Jimbour he set off, accompanied by Mr. Arthur Chauvelle and a black boy, to find a way to Fitzroy Downs; and after a fortnight's scrambling through scrubs and over mountains, one of which he named Mount Horrible, they emerged upon Fitzroy Downs, and saw Mount Abundance in the distance, and then returned half-starved to Darling Downs, having for a week existed on blackducks and tea. Fitzroy Downs being too distant to be taken up by small squatters, Mr. Archer set off on another exploration trip to the Upper Burnett River, where he discovered two runs, which were afterwards named Eidsvold and Coonambula. From here they opened a road to Wetherun Station, then held by Messrs. Humphries and Herbert, and were the first—or among the first—who took a load of wool to Maryborough, and shipped it, in that now flourishing port, for Sydney, in a forty-ton schooner. After about a year on the Burnett, Mr. Archer set off in 1849 for California; and, after three years there, returned to England vi? Panama. He was absent from the colony about four years, and in 1853, shortly before he returned, his brothers Charles and William explored what was afterwards Gracemere Station, and discovered and named the Fitzroy River. The portion of the Dee Range, from which they obtained their first view of Gracemere, was not far from the now world-renowned Mount Morgan, but no portion of it ever fell to their lot. Gracemere was occupied and stocked in 1854-5. A sailing-boat, Elida, was built at Maryborough, and in her one of Mr. Archer's younger brothers, Colin, with one man, sailed with a cargo of supplies, via Gladstone and Keppel Bay, up the Fitzroy—then unsurveyed, and to white men unknown—the cargo being landed on a wharf made of slabs and saplings, on the spot where now stands the Government wharf at Rockhampton. Mr. Archer's brothers also gave Norwegian names—Berserker and Sleipner—to hills on the north side of the Fitzroy, Norway having been their home in their boyhood. About a year after Gracemere was occupied, Charles Archer, in company with Mr. Wiseman, police magistrate, after much exploration and discussion, fixed upon the site for a township, Mr. Wiseman naming it Rockhampton, that name being adopted on account of the rocky bar above the town, which blocks navigation for large vessels. Mr. Archer, having revisited England, returned to the Colony in 1871, remaining until 1878, when he finally took up his residence in England. He was appointed Acting Agent-General for Queensland in London in July 1881, and Agent-General in Nov. 1881. From this post he retired in May 1884, but was reappointed on Sir Thomas McIlwraith's return to power in June 1888, but again resigned on Dec. 10th, 1890. Mr. Archer was created C.M.G. in 1884. He was married in 1853, at Perth, N.B., to Grace Lindsay, daughter of James Morison, of Muirton, Perth. His eldest son, Mr. William Archer, is the well-known author and dramatic critic.

Armytage, George, son of George Armytage, who died in Australia in 1853, having emigrated at the age of eighty-seven, was born at Ticknall, Derbyshire, England, in 1795, and was educated at schools in Yorkshire. He subsequently studied engineering in London until his twentieth year, when, on Feb. 28th, 1815, he sailed for Australia in the Hebe, which reached Sydney in August. In the following year he landed in Tasmania, where he was allotted a few acres of land at Bagdad, which were increased to 500 acres in 1817. In 1826 he received a further grant of 1000 acres, built upon it the first watermill in Tasmania, and, in spite of troubles with blacks and bushrangers, became successful. In 1835 Port Phillip commenced to attract settlers; and in 1836 his eldest son Thomas visited the district, and camped on the Werribee. In 1847 Mr. Armytage proceeded to Victoria, and settled upon his son George Armytage's station at Ingleby, where his eldest son had died of typhus fever on Sept. 12th, 1842. In 1851 he settled at Geelong, and built "The Hermitage." In 1818 he married Miss Elizabeth Peters. He died of erysipelas in 1862, his widow surviving him till 1873.

Arney, Sir George Alfred, seventh son of William Arney, of The Close, Salisbury, by Maria Charlotte, daughter of Thomas Greene White, of Kew Green, Middlesex, was born in 1806, and educated at Winchester and Brasenose College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1829 and M.A. in 1830. He was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1834, and was engaged upon the Western Circuit. In 1833 he married Harriett, daughter of Captain Thomas Parr, R.N., who died without issue in 1844. In 1858 Mr. Arney went out to New Zealand, and was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, in which position he remained until 1875. From March 21st to June 14th, 1873, Sir George Arney, who was knighted in 1862, administered the government of the colony between the departure of Sir George Bowen and the arrival of Sir James Fergusson. He was also a member of the Legislative Council for some years, and member of the Executive Council. He returned to England on his resignation in 1875, and died April 7th, 1883.

Arnold, Thomas, M.A., is the second son of the late Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, and was born at Laleham, Staines, on Nov. 30th, 1823. He was educated at Winchester, Rugby, and University College, Oxford, where he took his degree (first class in classics) in 1848. After serving for some time in the Colonial Office he emigrated in 1847 to New Zealand, intending to settle there as a farmer. Not finding this employment congenial or profitable, he proceeded to Tasmania, where he received the appointment of Inspector of Schools. While in Tasmania he married Julia, daughter of William Sorell, Registrar of Deeds, and granddaughter of Colonel Sorell, sometime Governor of the island. In 1855 Mr. Arnold, carried away even in the Antipodes by the "Oxford Movement," followed its leader into the Church of Rome. He relinquished his post and returned to England, when he received the appointment of Professor of English Literature in the now defunct Catholic University of Dublin, where he remained for six years, subsequently following the late Cardinal Newman to Edgbaston. He is author of numerous works, mostly on English literature.

Arnold, Hon. William Munnings, M.L.A., second son of the Rev. Richard Arnold, was born at Ellough, Suffolk, England, in 1820, and arrived in New South Wales in 1839, when he settled on the Paterson river. In 1856 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Durham and Paterson, and in 1858 was chosen Chairman of Committees. From March 1860 to Oct. 1863 he was Minister for Public Works in the Robertson and Cowper Ministries, and shared in the carrying of the Land Act of 1861. In the subsequent Cowper Ministry he held the same post from Feb. to Oct. 1865, when he was for a few days Minister of Lands, and subsequently acted as Speaker of the Assembly from Nov. 1865 to March 1st, 1875, when he was drowned in the floods at Stradbroke, his estate on the Paterson River.

Aspinall, Hon. Butler Cole, son of the Rev. James Aspinall, rector of Althorp, Lancashire, and brother of John Bridge Aspinall, Q.C., Recorder of Liverpool, and Attorney-General of the County Palatine of Durham, was called to the English bar in 1853. Having been a contributor to the Morning Chronicle and other London papers, when he was known to Mr. G. H. Lewes, Rossetti, and many other literary celebrities, he went to Victoria in 1854 as law reporter to the Melbourne Argus. Subsequently he contributed to the Morning Herald, Age, and Melbourne Punch. He commenced to practise as a barrister on leaving the Argus, and gained a great reputation as an advocate by his defence of the Eureka rioters. In 1856 he entered parliament as member of the Legislative Assembly for Talbot, established a reputation as a debater, and became still more widely celebrated in social circles as the recognised wit of the colony. He succeeded Mr. R. D. Ireland as Attorney-General in the Heales Administration in July 1861, and held office until November of that year. He became member for Portland, and was Solicitor-General in the Macpherson Ministry from Jan. to April 1870. In 1868 he went to Sydney and defended O'Farrell, who was tried and executed for the attempted assassination of the Duke of Edinburgh. Mr. Aspinall resigned his seat in Parliament in 1870, and the following year became insane. He died in England on April 4th, 1875.

Atkins, Robert Travers, a well-known journalist and member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly, was born at Fernhill, Cork, Ireland, on Nov. 29th, 1841, and died at Sandgate, Qd., on May 25th, 1872. He was a relative of the late Thomas Davis, whose biography has recently been written by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy. He was buried at Sandgate, where a monument was erected to his memory by the members of the Hibernian Society of Queensland, of which he was vice-president.

Atkinson, Major Hon. Sir Harry Albert, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., President Legislative Council, New Zealand, is a native of England. [He was born in Cheshire in 1831*] and emigrated to New Zealand, where he landed in 1855 with his brother Decimus, and settled on some land in the Taranaki district, where he lived all through the Maori war. The energy of the young colonists in these parts soon took upon it the burden of the tedious war; and a band of volunteers was organised, with Mr. Atkinson as captain, which proved more effective in the issue than the trained regulars, whose freedom of action was hampered by military traditions. The first action in which Mr. Atkinson was engaged was at Waireka, on March 28th, 1860, where the Colonial troops greatly distinguished themselves. Subsequently he took part in the capture of several pas at Kaihihi in Oct. 1860, in the battle of Mahoetahi on Nov. 6th, and the battle of Matarikoriko in December. He was present at the capture of Kaitake on March 24th, 1864, at Sentry Hill, at Ahu-Ahu, at Allen's Hill, at Manutahi, and at Mataitawa. For these and other services he was advanced to the rank of major, and received the thanks of the Government. Previous to this he had been elected to the Parliament of 1863, and on Nov. 24th, 1864, took office as Minister of Defence under Sir Frederick Weld. This was a time of great difficulties, for the conduct of the war had forced upon the consideration of the Ministry the advisability of dispensing with the support of the Home Government. It was upon this point that Major Atkinson came first into notice as a politician, for his speech upon the second reading of the Militia Act Repeal Bill was the proclamation of a new era. The English forces were to be withdrawn, and henceforth the colony was to depend upon herself. This principle was accepted by both Houses, and it seemed at first as if the Weld Government, called to establish a new r?gime, would carry with it the sense of the country. But a series of misfortunes befell the Ministry. The removal of the seat of government from Auckland to Wellington leagued the north against them; financial difficulties embarrassed them; misunderstandings between the Governor and the Ministry were succeeded by a quarrel between the Governor and Sir Duncan Cameron, the general in command of the English forces. In the end, despite some changes in the personnel of the Government, Sir Frederick Weld resigned upon a virtual defeat in an attempt to carry stamp duties, and Sir Edward Stafford was called to power, on Oct 16th, 1865. The Stafford Ministry lasted, with some alterations, till June 28th, 1869; and in 1867-8 Major Atkinson took an active part in the discussions which took place upon the war. From 1869 to 1873 he was not in Parliament. In the latter year he was again returned to the General Assembly. In Oct. 1872 the third Stafford Administration, which lasted only for a month, was succeeded by a Ministry, with Mr. G. M. Waterhouse as Premier; but this Cabinet was reconstructed twice, the first time under Sir William Fox, and the second under Sir Julius Vogel. Under the latter Major Atkinson accepted the portfolios of Secretary for Crown Lands and Minister for Immigration on Sept. 7th and 10th, 1874, respectively. On July 6th, 1875, a third reconstruction took place, and Dr. Pollen became Premier, Major Atkinson taking from him the portfolio of Colonial Treasurer, which he added to his former offices. It was in 1875 that the very important Bill abolishing the provincial legislatures, which had been announced in the previous year by Sir Julius Vogel as the policy of the Government, was carried; and it fell to the task of Major Atkinson, as leader of the Lower House, to move the second reading of the bill, which was carried by 52 votes to 17, and subsequently passed through the Upper House and became law. On Feb. 15th, 1876, Sir Julius Vogel resumed his place as Premier and Colonial Treasurer; and, in lieu of the latter office, allotted to his colleague the portfolio of Commissioner of Customs; and at the last rearrangement of this changeful Ministry, upon the departure of Sir Julius Vogel to assume the position of Agent-General in London, Major Atkinson took his place as Premier and Colonial Treasurer. But twelve days later there was a readjustment of offices, and the Premier became also Secretary for Crown Lands and Minister for Immigration once more. On Oct. 14th, 1877, the Atkinson Ministry retired, and was succeeded by the Grey Cabinet, which, however, was defeated on Oct. 8th, 1879, when Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Hall came into office, Major Atkinson becoming Colonial Treasurer. On April 21st, 1882, Sir John Hall retired from the Premiership owing to ill-health, and was succeeded by Sir Frederick Whitaker, Major Atkinson continuing to hold the office of Colonial Treasurer, as well as those of Commissioner of Stamp Duties and Customs and Minister of Marine. On Sept. 25th, 1883, he became Premier; but retired on Aug. 18th, 1884, when Sir Julius Vogel formed a Ministry. The Vogel Cabinet only lasted ten days, and on Aug. 28th Major Atkinson again came in; but the party led by Sir George Grey once more overthrew the balance, and the Ministry resigned on Aug. 30th, giving place to a combination of Sir Julius Vogel and Mr. (now Sir) Robert Stout. This lasted until Oct. 11th, 1887, when Major Atkinson once more came into office as Premier and Colonial Treasurer. In 1890 Major Atkinson, who had been in exceedingly bad health, retired from active work, though still holding together his colleagues as nominal Premier. The result of the general election in December of that year being adverse, Sir Harry Atkinson, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1888, advised his own nomination to the post of President of the Legislative Council in succession to the late Sir William Fitzherbert. His acceptance of this position, broke up the Ministry, and made way for the accession to office of Mr. Ballance and his colleagues in Jan. 1891. [Sir Harry Atkinson died on June 28th, 1892—Appended in Supplement, p. 529]

Austin, Thomas, a well-known Victorian squatter, came out with his parents from Great Britain to Tasmania about the year 1835. The former, however, soon returned to the old country, leaving their family to test the advantages of colonial life. Mr. Thomas Austin, accompanied by his brother, James (now of Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset), left Tasmania in 1839, for the then little known settlement of Port Phillip, taking with them a number of sheep which they ultimately depastured on country to the west ward of Geelong, on the east bank of the Barwon River, near what is now the town of Winchelsea. To this property they gave the name of Barwon Park—a name now historic in the annals of stock raising and wool growing, Mr. Austin being the first to introduce Lincoln sheep into Australia, besides which he acclimatised various kinds of game on his extensive property, which still remains in the possession of the family. Mr. Austin married, on August 14th, 1845, Elizabeth Phillip Harding, daughter of Robert Harding, of Middle Chinnock, Somerset, and granddaughter of James Harding, of Hurly Grove, in that county, the munificent founder of the Hospital for Incurables at Heidelberg, near Melbourne, and a lady whose acts of charity have rendered her name a household word throughout the colony of Victoria. Mr. Thomas Austin died on Dec. 15th, 1871.

Ayers, Hon. Sir Henry, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., son of Mr. Ayers of Portsmouth Dockyard, was born at Portsea, England, on May 1st, 1821, and emigrated to South Australia in 1840, where he engaged in legal pursuits until 1845, when he took the management of the Burra Burra Mines, as Secretary to the Company formed to work them. In March 1857 he was elected a member of the Legislative Council, and has ever since retained a seat in that body. He was a member of the Dutton Ministry, without office for a few days in July 1863, and then formed an Administration, of which he was Chief Secretary and Premier. This Government lasted till August 1864, Mr. Ayers retaining the Chief Secretaryship under his two successors in the Premiership, and in his own subsequent Administration till Oct. 1865. He was Premier and Chief Secretary on four subsequent occasions—viz. from May 1867 to Sept. 1868, Oct. to Nov. 1868, Jan. to March 1872, and March 1872 to July 1873. Mr. Ayers was also Chief Secretary in the Colton Government from June 1876 to Oct. 1877. In Feb. 1870 he was created C.M.G, and K.C.M.G. in Dec. 1872, owing to the fact of his being Premier of South Australia at the time when the overland telegraph line was opened for traffic. In June 1881 Sir Henry was elected President of the Legislative Council, and has since been re-elected to the position, which he still holds.

B

Backhouse, James, son of James Backhouse, of Darlington, Durham, England, and Mary his wife, daughter of N. Dearman, of Pindar Oaks, Darfield, Yorkshire, was born at Darlington on July 8th, 1794. The Backhouse family were well known throughout the North of England as bankers, but James Backhouse was early attracted to the study of botany, and in 1815 he purchased the nursery grounds of Messrs. Telford at York, in which business he found an occupation congenial to his tastes. He early became a minister of the Society of Friends, of which body his family were prominent members. In 1827 he married Deborah, daughter of Richard Lowe of Worcester. For some years he was impressed with the belief that it was his duty to visit the Australian colonies, and eventually, in the year 1880, he determined to leave his business for that purpose, and he was accredited by the Society of Friends on a religions mission to the "Colonies and Settlements of New Holland, Van Diemen's Land, and South Africa." Mr. Backhouse was accompanied by Mr. George W. Walker (q.v.). The two friends arrived in Hobart in February 1832, and began the work which was to occupy them more than eight years. They spent three years in Van Diemen's Land and two years in New South Wales, travelling in all places where settlers were to be found, and systematically visiting every chain-gang and convict station, including the penal settlements of Macquarie Harbour, Norfolk Island, and Moreton Bay (now Brisbane). The Governors of the Colonies offered them every facility and encouragement in their benevolent efforts for the welfare of the prisoners, and their reports had no small influence in promoting reforms of the penal system, and in bettering the condition of the convicts. Leaving Hobart on their way to the Cape, they visited (1837) Melbourne, Adelaide, King George's Sound, and Swan River,—settlements then in their infancy. After a few months' stay at Mauritius, they reached Cape Town in 1838. They spent nearly two years in Cape Colony, travelling in their ox-wagon to the most remote parts, visiting mission stations, and specially devoting their efforts to benefiting the coloured people and the poorest classes of the population. Mr. Backhouse returned to England in 1841, and published an account of his travels in two works of much interest—"Narrative of a Visit to the Australian Colonies" (London, 1843); and "Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa" (London, 1844). These volumes contain a mass of interesting information concerning the condition of the Colonies, and are full of valuable observations with regard to the natural history, and especially the flora of Tasmania and Australia, Mr. Backhouse being an enthusiastic and accomplished botanist. From the date of his return to England in 1841, to his death, Mr. Backhouse devoted his attention to business at the well-known Nursery Gardens at York, and introduced many new ferns and other plants into English gardens. Besides the works above mentioned, he was joint author of "The Life and Labours of George W. Walker" (London, 1862). He died at York on Jan. 20th, 1869.

Badgery, Henry Septimus, was born at Sutton Forest, N.S.W., on Dec. 9th, 1840, and married, in 1869, Julia, daughter of G. M. Pitt, of Sydney. He was for some time member for East Maitland in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, and was afterwards twice elected for Monaro. Having joined the Dibbs Ministry as Secretary for Public Works, on Oct. 7th, 1885, he was defeated at Camden, and resigned office on the 31st of the same month.

Badham, Rev. Charles, D.D., the son of Charles Badham, M.A., F.R.C.S., F.R.S., Regius Professor of Physics in Glasgow University, by his marriage with Margaret, daughter of John Campbell, a cousin of Thomas Campbell the poet, was born at Ludlow, in Shropshire, on July 18th, 1813, and educated under the celebrated Pestalozzi, and afterwards at Eton. He matriculated at Wadham College, Oxford, in 1831, and graduated B.A. in 1837, taking his M.A. degree in 1839. After spending seven years in Germany and Italy, he was incorporated M.A. of St. Peter's College, Cambridge, ordained deacon in 1847, priest in 1848; appointed Head Master of King Edward's School, Southampton, in 1851, D.D. of Cambridge in 1852, Head Master of the Birmingham and Edgbaston Proprietary School in 1854; received from the University of Leyden the degree of Doctor Literarum Honoris Caus? in 1860; was appointed Examiner in Classics to the University of London in 1863, and in 1867 First Professor of Classics and Logic in the University of Sydney. Dr. Badham was one of the greatest Greek scholars of his time, and had a wide acquaintance with modern languages; but he failed, from faults of temper and lack of method, from gaining the recognition in England to which his talents would have otherwise entitled him. He is said to have known all Greek poetry by heart, and is famed for his scholarly editions of several Greek dramas, and of the "Philibus," the "Euthydemus," and "Laches" of Plato. He died in Sydney on Feb. 26th, 1884.

Bagot, Captain Charles Hervey, was born in Ireland, and entering the army, reached the rank of captain, serving with distinction in the East. He emigrated to South Australia during Colonel Gawler's term of office, and engaged in pastoral pursuits at Kapunda. He was a member of the first entirely nominee Legislative Council, was member for Light in the mixed Council which replaced it, and also sat in the present Upper House under responsible government. In the first-named he distinguished himself by his opposition to Colonel Robe's proposals for endowing the religious bodies and imposing a royalty on minerals. He is mainly known as one of the discoverers and original owners of the Kapunda Copper Mines. He was also the founder of the town of Kapunda. He died in Adelaide on July 28th, 1880, at the advanced age of ninety-two.

Bagot, John Tuthill, second son of Charles Bagot, of Kilcoursie House, King's County, by Anna, eldest daughter of John Tuthill, of Kingsland, co. Limerick, was born in 1819, and admitted to the Irish bar. He married in 1848 Eliza, daughter of John Meyler. He emigrated to South Australia, and was elected to the semi-elective Legislative Council of 1855-6, for the district of Light. From 1857 to 1864 he represented that district in the Legislative Assembly. On Sept. 26th, 1866, Mr. Bagot was elected to the new Legislative Council, and continued to hold the seat until June 16th, 1870, when he resigned. Mr. Bagot was Solicitor-General in Mr. Baker's Ministry from August 21st to Sept. 1st, 1857; Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in Mr. Reynolds' Ministry from May 9th, 1860, to May 20th, 1861; Attorney-General in Mr. Hart's Ministry from Sept. 24th to Oct. 13th, 1868; and Chief Secretary in Mr. Strangways' Government from Nov. 3rd, 1868, to May 12th, 1870. Mr. Bagot died on August 13th, 1870.

Bailey, Frederick Manson, F.L.S., Colonial Botanist, Queensland, second son of the late John Bailey, first Colonial Botanist of South Australia, was born in London; emigrated to South Australia in 1839, arrived in Queensland in 1861, and was appointed to his present position of Colonial Botanist in 1881. He is the author of "Handbook to the Queensland Ferns," "The Fern World of Australia," "A Synopsis of the Queensland Flora," and several catalogues and papers upon the plants, ferns, and woods of the colony. In 1889, in connection with Mr. P. R. Gordon, Chief Inspector of Stock, Mr. Bailey published an illustrated work, "Plants reported Poisonous and Injurious to Stock," a work of value to pastoralists.

Baillie, Sir George, Bart., eldest son of the late Thomas Baillie, of Toorak, Melbourne, fourth son of Sir William Baillie, 1st Bart., of Polkemmet, Linlithgowshire, by his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Captain James Ballingall, R.N., of Melbourne, was born in Victoria on Oct. 20th, 1856. Sir George Baillie, who was educated at the Scotch College, Melbourne, and at Caius College, Cambridge (B.A. 1881), succeeded his uncle, Sir William Baillie, in 1890, the latter dying without issue. Like his father, Sir George is largely interested in squatting pursuits in Australia.

Baker, Hon. Ezekiel Alexander, was born in Middlesex, England, in 1823, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1853 as mineralogist to a mining company. In 1870 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Southern Goldfields, and was also a member of the Goldfields Committee. When Mr. Garrett, the Minister of Lands in the Robertson Ministry, resigned his office, in Feb. 1877, Mr. Baker was appointed to succeed him, but the Government only held office till March. He was appointed Secretary for Mines in the next Robertson Administration, in August of the same year, exchanging that post for the portfolio of Lands in November, and going out of office with his colleagues in December. Mr. Baker was again Minister of Mines in the Parkes Government from Dec. 1878 to August 1881, when he was expelled from the Assembly on a charge of corrupt conduct.

Baker, Hon. John Baker, Hon. John, M.L.C., J.P., F.R.G.S., sometime Premier of South Australia, was the eldest son of Richard Chaffey Baker, of Lopen, Somersetshire, and Mary, his wife, daughter of John Anstice, of South Petherton, Somersetshire. He was born at Ilminster, Somerset, England, in Dec 1812. He emigrated to Tasmania in early life, and married on June 7th, 1838, Isabella, second daughter of George Allan, of Allan Vale, Tasmania. In the same year he visited South Australia, where he permanently settled about a year later. Soon after his arrival he concluded an arrangement with the South Australian Company for the importation of ten thousand sheep from Tasmania; and from this time entered largely into pastoral pursuits, and was very successful. Mr. Baker was also concerned in forming a company to import draught horses from England, and bred and trained many successful performers on the turf. He was a director of the Bank of Australasia and of the South Australian Mining Association, and was the first chairman of the Chamber of Commerce on its establishment in 1850. He was also a lieut.-colonel in the South Australian Infantry force, and represented Mount Barker in the mixed Legislative Council from 1851 to 1856. Whilst a member of this body he opposed the abolition of State aid to religion, and supported the proposal for a nominee Upper House—in each case unsuccessfully. When responsible government was inaugurated, in 1857, he was elected to the new Legislative Council, and retained his seat till his death. He was Premier and Chief Secretary for eleven days—viz., from August 21st to Sept. 1st, 1857. The next year he was commissioned by his fellow-colonists to present an address to Her Majesty the Queen on the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Royal, and this he did at a lev?e at St. James's Palace in March 1859. Shortly afterwards he returned to South Australia, and died at Morialta on May 19th, 1872.

Baker, Hon. Richard Chaffey, C.M.G., M.L.C., M.A., eldest son of the late John Baker, of Morialta, South Australia, and Isabella (Allan) his wife, was born at North Adelaide in 1841, and educated at Eton, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (Mathematical Tripos) in 1864, and M.A. in 1870. Mr. Baker, who is a member of the legal firm of Baker & Barlow, of Adelaide, became a student at Lincoln's Inn in Jan. 1861, and was called to the bar in June 1864. He entered the Legislative Assembly of South Australia as member for Barossa in 1868, and represented that constituency till 1871. He was Attorney-General in the Ministry of the late Captain Hart from May 1870 to July 1871, when he resigned. He also held office in Mr. Colton's Cabinet as Minister of Justice and Education from June 1884 to June 1886. In the latter year Mr. Baker was sent to England as the representative of the Australian colonies to negotiate with the Imperial Government, in connection with the renewal of the expiring mail contracts. He succeeded in obtaining some important concessions, and was created C.M.G. in 1886, in recognition of his services. Mr. Baker, who has been a member of the Legislative Council since 1877, was elected to act as one of the representatives of South Australia at the Federation Convention in Sydney in March 1891, and distinguished himself by his championship of the state rights of the smaller colonies. He was married at Glenelg, S.A., to Katherine Edith, daughter of Richard Bowen Colley.

Baker, Rev. Shirley W., late Premier of Tonga, was sent to Tonga in the year 1860 by the Australian Wesleyan Conference, and remained a missionary for about twenty years, being head of the mission for the latter half of that period, a position which he resigned to become adviser to King George of Tonga and Premier of the Tongan Government. During his residence in the islands he did much to obtain liberty for the people, who previously had been simply serfs of the chiefs. Mr. Baker had also forestalled the doctrine of Henry George many years before "Progress and Poverty" was written, by nationalising the lands of Tonga and enabling each taxpayer to claim land sufficient to assist him in paying his taxes and providing for his family. He also gave the Tongans their flag, and secured for them in 1875 a constitution which is still the law of the land, also a judiciary system embracing police courts and a police force. He compiled a code of laws, and had roads made through all the islands. Instead of the meeting of chiefs to manage the affairs of the kingdom, he gave them a Legislative Assembly, consisting of an equal number of hereditary chiefs and representatives of the people elected by ballot, each taxpayer able to read and write having a vote. He also made education free and compulsory. The public buildings which were put up under his supervision were highly creditable, and the King's private church is reckoned one of the finest pieces of architecture in the South Seas. He also succeeded in getting Tonga acknowledged as an independent kingdom by England, Germany, and America. During the latter part of Mr. Baker's administration as Premier of Tonga, trouble arose between the Government and the Wesleyan Church, owing chiefly to the fact that the absorption of money for the purposes of governing the islands caused a great falling off in the annual collections among the islands for Foreign Missions. After ineffectual attempts to induce the Australasian Wesleyan Conference to confer local government upon the Tongan Church, Mr. Baker established an independent Methodist body under the title of the "Free Church of Tonga," which drew away the majority of natives from the orthodox Wesleyan Church. In these islands religion enters into every relation of life, and the rivalries, political and religious, grew so intense that a discontented faction made an attempt to assassinate Mr. Baker whilst he was out driving. His son and daughter, who occupied seats in the buggy with him, were severely wounded, but Mr. Baker escaped. The offenders were brought to trial, some of them executed, and a considerable number banished for treason against the Government. About this time the administration of Tonga, Samoa, and other Pacific islands became a subject of secret international agreements, and through influences exercised in England Sir John Thurston visited Tonga in a man-of-war in 1890 and forcibly deported Mr. Baker to Fiji, issuing an order against his return to Tonga for a period of two years. A purely native Government, assisted by two European officials in non-political matters, has since ruled the islands. Mr. Baker removed to Auckland, N.Z., where he now resides.

Balfe, John Donellan, son of James Balfe and Sara Sutherland his wife, daughter of the last Lord Duffus, was born at Sallybrook, Drumcondra, Ireland, in the year 1816. He was educated at Clongoeswood College, near Dublin, conducted by Jesuits, where he received a good classical education. After leaving college he joined the Life Guards, and was stationed at Windsor for two years. He was one of those detailed to escort the Queen on her marriage from Windsor Castle to Buckingham Palace. Mr. Balfe took an active part in the political affairs of Ireland, and became a prominent member of the Repeal Association under O'Connell. He was one of the declaimers at Conciliation Hall, and warmly advocated the redress of Irish grievances. He was also identified with the Irish confederation, but withdrew from the party on finding their schemes were wild and visionary, and could not be attained without a general rising of the peasantry. He was author of a number of letters on the Landlord and Tenant question published in the Dublin Evening Post and signed "An Irish Farmer," and also contributed to a Liverpool journal under the name of "Peter Carroll, Stonemason." In 1850 he married Mary, daughter of Terence O'Reilly of Ballybeg, and shortly afterwards emigrated to Tasmania. Mr. Balfe brought letters of introduction from the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to Governor Denison, and shortly after his arrival was appointed Assistant Comptroller General of Convicts. After three years he resigned his office, and went to reside on his location at Lisadern, near Port Cygnet, Huon River. He brought himself into notice as the writer of letters signed "Bill Shingle," which called attention to the wants of the Huon district, and also as the author of a series of letters signed "Dion," in opposition to the aims of the Anti-Transportation League. On the introduction of responsible government in 1856, he was elected a member of the House of Assembly for the Franklin district. He retained his seat in the Assembly, with the exception of one session, until his death, a period of twenty-four years, representing successively Franklin, South Launceston, and West Hobart. Mr. Balfe's speeches were marked by considerable power of humorous satire, and his ability and force as a debater made him for many years a prominent figure in Tasmanian politics. He was at various periods editor of several Tasmanian newspapers. He died at Hobart on December 13th, 1880. An account of his trial for assaulting Mr. T. G. Gregson was published in Tasmania in 1853.

Balfour, Hon. James, M.L.C., son of John Balfour, a merchant of Leith, was born in 1830 in Edinburgh, and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the University. After some commercial experience in London, from 1849 to 1852, he went to Melbourne as the representative of Messrs. Matheson, of Lombard Street, to the firm of James Henty & Co. In 1854 he opened a branch house of the latter firm at Geelong. He visited England in 1857-8, resigned his position in Geelong in 1863, and in 1866 entered the Assembly as member for East Bourke. He was for three years one of the Commissioners of Education prior to the organisation of the department under a responsible minister. In 1868 he made another visit to England, prior to which he resigned his seat in the Assembly, and returned to Australia and entered the Legislative Council in 1874, being re-elected for the south-eastern province on Aug. 17th, 1880. He made another trip home in 1878, and on his return established the firm of Balfour, Elliott, & Co., which was made into a limited company in 1887. Mr. Balfour is an old member of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce, of which he has been President and Vice-President. He acted on the Irrigation and Water Supply, and on the Banking Laws Commissions; is Chairman of the Australian Deposit and Mortgage Bank, Limited, and of the Equitable Assurance Company of the United States, and Vice-Chairman of the Trustees, Executors, and Agency Company, Limited, and is a member of the Council of Ormond College. In 1859 he married Frances Charlotte, eldest daughter of the late Hon. James Henty, M.L.C. Mr. Balfour was a member of the Gillies Government without portfolio from May 1890 till its resignation in November of that year.

Ballance, Hon. John, M.H.R., Premier of New Zealand, was born at Glenavy, in the county of Antrim, Ireland, on March 27th, 1839, his father, Samuel Ballance, being a tenant farmer on Lord Hertford's estate. He received his preliminary education at the National School, but at the age of fourteen left his father's farm to be apprenticed to an ironmonger. This line of life took him later on to Birmingham, where he remained eight years, profiting in every way by the intellectual progressive life of the great manufacturing centre. While following his business he found time to attend the evening classes in the Midland Institute for the purpose of completing his education. Earnestly bent on self-culture, he took part in debating societies, and contributed largely to the press. At the age of twenty-seven he determined to emigrate, and, sailing for New Zealand, arrived at Wellington in August 1866. He at once proceeded to Wanganui with the intention of engaging in sheep-farming, an occupation which he had been led to believe was an easy way of making money without much capital. On this point he was soon undeceived, and he then opened a jeweller's shop of the better class, but losing money in this enterprise, he promptly abandoned it and started a newspaper under the name of the Wanganui Herald, Of this paper Mr. Ballance was both proprietor and editor, and up to the present time he has continued to be its guiding spirit. As is usual with newly established newspapers in young communities, the Wanganui Herald had many initial difficulties to overcome; but in the end its founder's energies were rewarded, and his "daily" became recognised throughout the colony as one of the best organs of public opinion. Mr. Ballance had soon achieved a reputation as an able and incisive writer; but it was not till he had surprised a Wanganui meeting by an unlooked-for speech that his qualities as a public speaker became appreciated. He contested the Egmont seat in 1873, in the interests of the Stafford Ministry, his opponents being the late W. S. Moorhouse and Sir Harry Atkinson. Although considered by his friends practically safe, he retired in favour of the latter candidate on his pledging himself to support Sir Edward Stafford. He was elected for Wanganui in 1875 on the Abolition (of provinces) ticket, having taken for many years a prominent part in local politics in opposition to the provincial system, then in existence. He marked his first session by introducing a bill to enable municipalities to raise loans by vote of the ratepayers on security of a special rate without the necessity of permissory legislation in each case. This important measure passed the House, but was rejected in the Council by a narrow majority; and in the following session it was embodied in the Municipal Corporations Bill by Sir Julius Vogel, who freely acknowledged his indebtedness to the author of the scheme. The measure finally became law, and was found to work admirably. In the session of 1877 Mr. Ballance moved an amendment to the Native Land Court Bill, against free trade in native lands, and the bill was ultimately withdrawn by the Government. Throughout that session he supported the newly formed Grey Ministry, refusing, however, to accept a portfolio whilst the Cabinet was being formed. Shortly after the termination of the session, the Ministry again pressing office upon him, and Sir George Grey himself soliciting his assistance, Mr. Ballance accepted the post of Minister of Education in Jan. 1878, which he exchanged for that of Colonial Treasurer in July of the same year; but in June 1879 he resigned rather than comply with what he regarded as the arbitrary methods of the Premier. At the general election in the same year he stood for Wanganui, and defeated Sir William Fox, Messrs. Ballance and Bryce, the late leader of the Opposition, being the two successful candidates. During the successive sessions of 1879, 1880, and 1881 he took a very active part in opposition to the Hall and Whitaker Ministries. At the general election in Dec. 1881 he stood for Wanganui, and was defeated by W. H. Watt, but by a majority of only four. At the general election of 1884 he was elected by a majority of two to one over Messrs. Watt and George Hutchinson, and at the general election of 1887 by a similar majority over Mr. G. Carson. He was returned again for Wanganui at the general election of 1890, but by a greatly reduced majority. In Sept. 1884 Mr. Ballance joined the Stout-Vogel administration as Native Minister and Minister for Defence and Lands, and retained office till the retirement of that Ministry in Oct. 1887. In the following year he was formally chosen as leader of the Opposition; and he became Premier, Colonial Treasurer, and Commissioner of Customs on the resignation of Sir Harry Atkinson's Government in Jan. 1891. Outside of politics Mr. Ballance has done the colony good service. In 1868, when the Maori insurgents under Titokowaru were ravaging the district, Mr. Ballance helped to raise the Wanganui Cavalry and took his place in the ranks, but was immediately elected Cornet of the corps, which afterwards did good service in the field. He was, however, removed from his military position for having contributed to his paper some criticisms on the campaign which gave umbrage to the Government. Mr. Ballance was the author of the scheme for returning to the local bodies one-third of the land revenue derived from deferred payments, having introduced it into the Land Bill of 1877, when it was before the Waste Lands Committee; and the principle has since been extended to the perpetual lease system. Soon after first taking office in 1878, he announced that the Government would introduce a measure conferring the residential franchise, virtually manhood suffrage, this being the first announcement of the kind ever made in any of the colonies. As Colonial Treasurer in 1878 he introduced a land tax, and carried it into law. It was, however, repealed by the Atkinson Ministry in the following year. In the Stout-Vogel Ministry Mr. Ballance introduced and put in practice the village homestead system, under which a thousand families were placed on the land in eighteen months. He also inaugurated the policy by which a large military force to overawe the natives was got rid of, and the Maori people brought under the ordinary civil law, a policy which proved completely successful. As Defence Minister he fortified the principal ports and organised a colonial military force known as the Permanent Militia. As Native Minister he succeeded in bringing about a better understanding between the two races than had existed for years, especially in the so-called "King Country." In the second session of 1891, having formed a strong Government, he introduced and carried the various policy Bills, the principles of which the country had affirmed at the previous general election. He is a strong advocate of a closer alliance with the mother country, holding that there is already a system of imperial federation which may be developed—that an Imperial Council of Advice in London should be the nucleus of an Imperial Parliament—and that the colony should share in proportion to population and wealth in the defence of the empire. He is opposed to New Zealand being part of an Australasian Federation on the broad ground that the conditions are dissimilar, and that autonomy would ultimately be destroyed. In May 1870 Mr. Ballance married Ellen, daughter of the late David Anderson, of Wellington.

Bancroft, Joseph, M.D., M.R.C.S., L.S.A., President of the Medical Board, Queensland, was admitted M.D. of St. Andrews University, M.R.C.S. England, and L.S.A. London in 1859. He practises in Brisbane, and is president of the Medical Board and a member of the Central Board of Health. He has been a trustee of the Queensland Museum

Barker, Right Rev. Frederic, D.D., second Bishop of Sydney, was the son of the late Rev. John Barker, Incumbent of Baslow, in Derbyshire. He was born in 1808, and educated at Grantham School and Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1829. He was ordained in 1831, and was subsequently incumbent of Upton, in Cheshire, Edgehill, near Liverpool, and of his native parish of Baslow. After the death of Dr. Broughton, the first Bishop of Sydney, he was selected by the Archbishop of Canterbury to succeed him in his episcopate, and as Metropolitan of the Province of Australia. His consecration took place in Nov. 1854, and he arrived in Sydney in May 1855. For some time previously the project of introducing Synodical Church Government had been before the Church, and after the passing of the Grants for Public Worship Prohibition Act, the organisation so much desired by the clergy and laity was at length established, the first synod of the diocese of Sydney assembling on Dec. 5th, 1866, and Bishop Barker, by the constitutions of the Church, becoming its President. The diocese of Sydney made great progress under his care, and he thrice visited England in the promotion of its interests. When State aid was abolished statutory provision was made for the retention of Bishop Barker's stipend of ?2,000 per annum. Under his primacy no less than seven new sees were established in Australia, viz., Perth [Western Australia] in 1856; Brisbane [Queensland] in 1859; Goulburn [New South Wales] in 1863; Grafton and Armidale [New South Wales] in 1866; Bathurst [New South Wales] in 1869; Ballarat [Victoria] in 1875; and North Queensland in 1878. His first wife died in Sydney in 1876, and he married, secondly, Mary Jane, elder daughter of Edward Woods of London, and having had a paralytic seizure, he paid a fourth visit to Europe in 1881 to recuperate his health, but died after an illness of four weeks at San Remo on April 6th, 1882. He was buried at Baslow.

Barker, John, sometime Clerk of the Parliaments, Victoria, is the eldest son of the late John Barker and Mary Anne, his wife, and was born at Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire. He emigrated to Port Phillip (now Victoria) in 1840, after entering himself for the bar at Lincoln's Inn, and engaged in pastoral pursuits with his brother Edward, afterwards a well-known physician in Melbourne. Revisiting England, he was called to the bar in 1843; and in 1844 married Susanna, daughter of Richard Hodgkinson, of Morton Grange, Nottingham. He returned to Port Phillip in Nov. 1844, accompanied by his brother William (who subsequently practised as a surgeon at Emerald Hill, Melbourne). In the next year he was appointed a magistrate, and in August 1849 was one of the Commissioners under the Disputed Boundaries Act, having the Hamilton district assigned to him. Mr. Barker, who was admitted to the Victorian bar in Nov. 1851, was in October of that year, on the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales and its formation into the colony of Victoria, appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council then constituted, and successfully performed the difficult task of inaugurating its procedure. When responsible government came into operation in 1856, Mr. Barker was offered the choice of the clerkship of the new Upper or Lower Chamber. He accepted the latter, and remained Clerk of the Assembly until April 1882, when he was appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of Parliaments, a post which he resigned in 1891. He died on Nov. 15th of that year.

Barkly, Sir Henry, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., sometime Governor of Victoria, is of Scottish extraction, being the only son of the late Aeneas Barkly, of Monteagle, Ross-shire, an eminent West India merchant in London, where his son was born in 1815. He was educated at Bruce Castle School, Tottenham, and went into business. From April 1845 to Feb. 1849 he was M.P. for Leominster, as a supporter of Sir Robert Peel. In Dec. 1848 he was appointed Governor and commander-in-chief of British Guiana (where he owned estates), and where as Governor he advocated the introduction of coolies and Chinese as labourers. He was Governor of Jamaica from 1853 to 1856, being created K.C.B. in the former year. In Dec. 1856 he was appointed Governor of Victoria in succession to Sir Charles Hotham, and held that position till Sept. 1863. During his government of Victoria constitutional questions of some delicacy cropped up in connection with the initiatory stages of responsible government in that colony, but on the whole his r?gime was popular and respected. His first wife, who was the daughter of J. F. Timins, of Hatfield House, died in 1857, a few months after his arrival in Victoria, where in 1860 he married the only daughter of Sir Thomas Simson Pratt, K.C.B. In 1863 he was appointed Governor of Mauritius, and was Governor and High Commissioner at the Cape from 1870 to 1876. Meanwhile he was created G.C.M.G. in 1874. Sir Henry Barkly is in the enjoyment of a pension, and resides in London.

Barlee, Sir Frederick Palgrave, K.C.M.G., F.R.G.S., was born in 1827, and served in the Ordnance Department from 1844 to 1855, when he retired, and was appointed Colonial Secretary for Western Australia, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils. He resigned this post in 1875, and was Lieut.-Governor of British Honduras from 1877 till 1882. Sir Frederick, who was created C.M.G. in 1877, and K.C.M.G. on his retirement from the Colonial service, married in 1851, Jane, daughter of Edward John Oseland, of Coleraine, Ireland, who survived him. He died on August 8th, 1884.

Barling, Joseph, is a native of England, and was educated at Poole, Dorsetshire. He emigrated to Australia, and entered the New South Wales public service as a clerk in the Railway Department in July 1860, and subsequently held the appointments of chief clerk and accountant in the Harbours and Rivers Department, acting accountant in the Railway Department, and chief clerk in the Public Works Department. In 1888 he was promoted to his present position as Under Secretary for Public Works.

Barlow, Right Rev. Christopher George, Bishop of North Queensland, was ordained deacon by the ex-Bishop of North Queensland in 1881 and priest in 1882. He was curate of Mackay, Queensland, from 1881 to 1882, of St. Paul's, Charters Towers, from 1882 to 1884, and incumbent of the latter from 1884 to 1885, when he undertook duty as missionary chaplain until 1886, when he was appointed vicar of St. James's, Townsville. In 1891 he was appointed Bishop of North Queensland in succession to Bishop Stanton, who had accepted the bishopric of Newcastle, N.S.W., in the previous year.

Barrow, John Henry, M.P., was born in England in 1817, and was for a number of years on the literary staff of the Bradford Observer and other leading provincial journals. In 1852 he emigrated to South Australia, and became connected with the commercial, and subsequently the literary, department of the South Australian Register and Observer. He succeeded Dr. Garran as principal leader-writer for these papers, and at the same time occupied the pulpit of the Clayton Church, Norwood. In 1858 he resigned both employments, and started the Advertiser and Chronicle newspapers, entering the Legislative Assembly in the same year as member for East Torrens. Of the two journals mentioned he was editor and part proprietor with the late Mr. Thomas King down to the time of his death. In March 1861 he was returned to the Legislative Council, and occupied a seat in that House till 1869, when it became vacant by effluxion of time. In 1870 he was re-elected, but resigned in the next year, and was returned to the Assembly for Sturt, which he represented till his death, which took place at Adelaide on August 22nd, 1874. Mr. Barrow was Treasurer in the Ayers Ministry from March 1872 to July 1873.

Barry, Right Rev. Alfred, D.D., D.C.L., formerly Bishop of Sydney, Metropolitan of New South Wales, and Primate of Australia, is the son of Sir Charles Barry, B.A., the celebrated architect, by his marriage with Sarah, daughter of Samuel Bowsell. He was born in London on Jan. 15th, 1826, and educated at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as 4th Wrangler, 2nd Smith prizeman, and seventh in 1st class of Classical Tripos in 1848, M.A. in 1851, B.D. in 1858, and D.D. in 1865. He was elected a fellow of Trinity College in 1849, ordained deacon in 1850, and priest in 1851. From 1850 to 1854 he was sub-warden of Trinity College, Glenalmond; from 1854 to 1862 head master of Leeds Grammar School; from 1862 to 1868 principal of Cheltenham College; and from 1868 to 1883 principal of King's College, London. In the latter year he was appointed Bishop of Sydney, in succession to Dr. Barker. In the meantime he was Canon Residentiary of Worcester from 1871 to 1881; Chaplain to the Queen from 1879 to 1883; and Canon of Westminster from 1881 to 1883. Bishop Barry was consecrated on Jan. 1st, and installed in April 1884, revisited England in 1887, and again returned to Sydney, but resigned his see, for urgent family reasons, in May 1889, when he became Assistant Bishop to Bishop Thorold of Rochester. In 1890 this appointment having lapsed, on the translation of Bishop Thorold to the see of Winchester, he became Canon of Windsor. Bishop Barry, as well as being an eloquent preacher and admirable lecturer, is a well-known author, and has published, inter alia, the following works:—"Introduction to the Old Testament" and "Notes on the Gospels," "Cheltenham College Sermons," "Notes on the Catechism," "Life of Sir Charles Barry, R.A.," "University Sermons," "First Words in Australia" (1884), "The Teacher's Prayer Book," "The Parables of the Old Testament," and "Christianity and Socialism" (1891), as well as various volumes of Sermons, including the Boyle Lectures for 1876 and for 1877-8.

Barry, Hon. Sir Redmond, K.C.M.G., M.A., LL.D., First Chancellor of Melbourne University, was the third son of the late Major-General Henry Green Barry, of Ballyclough, co. Cork, by his marriage with Phoebe, daughter of John Armstrong Drought, of Lettybrook, King's County, was born in 1813, and after being at a military school at Hall's Place, Bexley, Kent, returned to Ireland, where he entered at Trinity College, Dublin, and graduated B.A. in 1838. In the same year he was called to the Irish bar, and emigrated to Australia in the following year, landing at Sydney, where he only remained a few weeks before proceeding to Melbourne, the capital of what was then known as the Port Phillip District of New South Wales. Here he entered on the practice of his profession with much success until 1842, when he was appointed Commissioner of the Court of Bequests, then the second judicial office in the future colony of Victoria. Mr. Barry became Solicitor-General in 1851, when separation from New South Wales was achieved, with a seat in the Legislative and Executive Councils. In January of the following year he was made a judge of the Supreme Court. In 1855 Sir Redmond was appointed First Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, and in the following year President of the Trustees of the Public Library, both of which positions he held till his death. Of each of these institutions he was regarded as the Father, the success of the National Gallery being mainly attributable, as in the case of the Library, to his energy in developing the collection. Sir Redmond, who was Acting Chief Justice in the absence of Sir William ? Beckett, and who administered the government of the colony in the simultaneous absence of the Governor and Chief Justice in the winter of 1876 to 1877, was knighted in 1860, and created K.C.M.G. in 1877. He was appointed a Commissioner for Victoria at the International Exhibition held in Lon- in 1862, and received the degree of LL.D. from his Alma Mater in 1876; the University of Melbourne subsequently investing him with the degrees of M. A. and LL.B. In 1876 Sir Redmond visited America as one of the Victorian Commission to the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. He died in Melbourne on Nov. 23rd, 1880.

Barton, Hon. Edmund, M.L.A., Q.C., M.A., Attorney-General New South Wales, is a native of New South Wales, and was born at the Glebe, Sydney, on Jan. 18th, 1849. He was educated at the Sydney Grammar School, and matriculated at the university at the age of sixteen, receiving a special prize from the Senate for proficiency in classics. During the second and third years of his university course he held successively the Lithgow and Cooper scholarships, and graduated in 1868 with first class classical honours, and the university prize of ?25. In 1870 he took his M.A. degree at Sydney University, and is a member of the Senate of that body. He was called to the colonial bar in 1871. He contested the seat in the Assembly given to the university in 1877 against Mr. (now Sir William) Windeyer, but was defeated by six votes. Practising his profession, he was a Crown Prosecutor till 1879, when Mr. Windeyer retired, and he again contested the seat for the university, beating Dr. Renwick by a large majority. Subsequently Mr. Barton represented Wellington in the Legislative Assembly, and was Speaker of the Lower House from Jan. 1883 to Jan. 1887. In the following February he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and from Jan. to March 1889 held a seat in the Dibbs Ministry as Attorney-General and representative of the Government in the Upper House. Mr. Barton, who is a Q.C., announced his adhesion to protectionist views in 1889. He was one of the representatives of New South Wales at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Mr. Barton is a strong supporter of the Commonwealth Bill, which he assisted Sir Samuel Griffith in drafting, and regards Protection in New South Wales as occupying a secondary place to intercolonial federation. In 1891 Mr. Barton resigned his seat in the Legislative Council, and was returned to the Assembly for East Sydney. On the formation of the Dibbs Ministry in Oct. 1801, Mr. Barton accepted the office of Attorney-General, and was acting Premier during the absence of Mr. Dibbs in England from May to Sept. 1892.

Barton, George Burnett, second son of William Barton of Sydney, New South Wales, and brother of the above, entered as a student at the Middle Temple in April 1857, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1860. He subsequently practised his profession at Dunedin, New Zealand, and was editor of the New Zealand Jurist, and author of "Practical Statistics of New Zealand." He subsequently took up his residence in Sydney, and published "Literature in New South Wales" (1866), "Poets and Prose Writers of New South Wales" (1868). He was engaged by the Government of New South Wales to compile the official history of that colony; but after seeing one volume through the press, and preparing a portion of the second, the engagement was cancelled, and the completion of the work entrusted to Mr. A. Britton (q.v.).

Basedow, Martin Peter Friedrich, M.P., J.P., is a native of Hanover, Germany. He is identified with the Zeitung, a German newspaper published in South Australia, and has represented Barossa in the Assembly since 1876. He was Minister of Education in the Morgan Ministry from March to June 1881.

Bates, Hon. William, was born at Uxbridge, in Middlesex, and emigrated to South Australia in 1850. In 1852 the gold discoveries tempted him to Victoria, where he went into business at Sandhurst, and after four years' successful trading, removed to Melbourne, where he had a prosperous career as a general merchant. In 1868 he was returned to the Assembly for Collingwood as a supporter of the Darling Grant, defeating no less a candidate than the Hon. James Service. He was Minister of Public Works in the McCulloch Government from April 1870 to June 1871, but did not re-enter Parliament after 1874. Mr. Bates was a prominent member of the Congregationalist body, and was Treasurer of the Jubilee Fund which was raised a few years ago to celebrate the jubilee of the establishment of the first church of the denomination in Victoria. That movement was so successful that close upon ?48,000 was raised, and the denomination was able to pay off the debts on all its churches in the colony. Mr. Bates died at Fitzroy, Melbourne, on Jan. 12th, 1891, at the age of sixty-five.

Bath, James, J.P., Secretary of Education South Australia, was appointed Secretary to the Board of Education in August 1867 and Secretary to the Education Department in August 1883.

Bathgate, Alexander, son of John Bathgate (q.v.), is a barrister and solicitor of Dunedin, N.Z., and the author of "Colonial Experiences; or, Sketches of People and Places in the Province of Otago, N.Z." (Glasgow, 1874); "Waitaruna: a Story of New Zealand Life" (London, 1881); "Far South Fancies" (Griffith & Farran, 1890). Mr. Bathgate has contributed many verses to the colonial press.

Bathgate, Hon. John, M.L.C. New Zealand, was born in Edinburgh in 1809, and educated at Edinburgh High School and Edinburgh University. He was admitted as a writer and practised his profession in Peebles, holding the office of Procurator Fiscal for the county for many years. He went to Dunedin, N.Z., in 1863, as General Manager of the Bank of Otago. He was elected a member of the Provincial Council of Otago in 1869, and for a time held office in the executive as Provincial Solicitor. He was appointed major of Volunteers in 1866, and practised as a barrister and solicitor in Dunedin from the year 1869. In 1871 he was elected to the House of Representatives for Dunedin city, and on Oct. 11th, joined the short-lived Waterhouse Ministry as Commissioner of Customs, which office he exchanged on the 29th for those of Minister of Justice and Commissioner of Stamps. On March 3rd, when Mr. Waterhouse retired in favour of Sir Julius Vogel, Mr. Bathgate retained his portfolios. During his term of office he carried a district county bill and an insolvency bill; and on Feb. 20th, 1874, he retired from the House, and was later appointed to a district judgeship in Otago. Having obtained a year's leave of absence, he went to England, where he embraced every opportunity of bringing the colony before the public by lecturing and otherwise. Shortly after his return to the colony the office of District Judge at Dunedin was abolished, and in 1885 he was called to a seat in the Legislative Council. He died Sept. 21st, 1886. Mr. Bathgate was the author of "New Zealand: its Resources and Prospects" (London and Edinburgh), 1881.

Bayles, Hon. William, second son of William Bayles of Hunderthwaite, Yorkshire, was born in 1820, and emigrated to Tasmania in 1846. Removing to Melbourne in 1852, he went into business as a merchant and shipowner, and was Mayor of Melbourne in 1865, in which year he retired from active business. In 1864 he was elected to the assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury, and was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the shortlived Sladen Ministry from May to July 1868. He has for some years past taken no part in public life. He married, in 1854, Isabel, third daughter of Arthur Buist, of Macquarie River, Tasmania.

Bayley, Hon. Lyttleton Holyoake, second son of Sir John Edward George Bayley, Bart., and brother of Sir John Robert Laurie Emilias Laurie, Bart., was born on May 6th, 1827, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in May 1850, and married, in May 1852, Isabella, daughter of Anthony Mactier, of Durris House, Kincardineshire, who died in April 1860. He emigrated to Australia, and was Attorney-General of New South Wales in the second Cowper Government from March to Oct. 1859, in succession to Mr. (afterwards Judge) Lutwyche. His appointment gave great offence to the legal fraternity, as he had been but a short time in the colony; and Mr. Deniehy moved a resolution censuring his nomination. It was not, however, carried. In 1866 Mr. Bayley was appointed Advocate-General at Bombay, and Puisne Judge in 1869. This position he still holds.

Beach, William, the well-known New South Wales oarsman, was born in Surrey, England, and was beaten by Trickett, the then champion sculler of the world, on the Parramatta river on July 28th, 1883. The weather was rough on this occasion, but under more favourable conditions Beach beat Trickett in three successive matches. On Jan. 26th, 1884, Trickett again beat Beach on the Parramatta; but as a foul occurred the race was rowed over again, with the same result, Beach being unwell. On April 12th following the positions were again reversed, with great apparent ease by Beach, who defeated Hanlan, the Canadian sculler, on August 16th of the same year over the Parramatta champion course in 21 minutes 17 seconds. In the next year Beach defeated Clifford, repeated his defeat of Hanlan, and also vanquished Neil Matterson, a young sculler of his own colony. On March 27th, 1886, Beach sailed for England, and arrived at Plymouth on May 17th. He at once accepted a challenge from Hanlan, but nothing coming of it, he challenged the world. Beach then won the first prize of ?1200 in the International Sweepstake on the Thames, defeating Bubear, Lee, Teemer, and others. On Sept. 18th he rowed Gaudaur on the Thames for ?1000 and the championship of the world, and won the day after a tough struggle. On Sept. 25th he defeated Wallace Ross for a similar stake, and soon afterwards left for Australia, arriving in Sydney on Dec. 3rd, 1886. Hanlan followed him to Australia, and they met on the Nepean, when Beach's superiority was again asserted. He then wished to relinquish the championship, and on Peter Kemp challenging him resigned it to him, declining to row him. He subsequently kept a public house in Sydney.

Bealey, Samuel, M.A., was born in Lancashire in 1821, and was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his degree in 1852. In the same year he went out to the Canterbury settlement in New Zealand, then newly founded, and set up as a station-holder in conjunction with his brother John. When Canterbury was constituted a province Mr. Bealey was one of the members for Christchurch in the Provincial Council, and in 1863 was elected Superintendent. The harbour works at Port Lyttelton were constructed under his official r?gime, and he was a warm advocate for the erection of the breakwater which contributes so much to the safety of the harbour. At the close of his term of office he returned to England.

Beaney, Hon. James George, M.L.C., M.D., F.R.C.S.E., L.K.Q.C.P.I., M.R.I.A., was born at Canterbury, in Kent, where he was educated, and studied surgery with Mr. W. J. Cooper. He was afterwards a student at Edinburgh University, at Paris, and at Guy's Hospital. He commenced his medical career as regimental surgeon in the Mediterranean, and with the Turkish contingent in the Crimean war. After the campaign he made several trips to America, and ultimately went to Melbourne, where in 1858 he became assistant to Dr. John Maund, at whose death he succeeded to his practice. In 1860 he was appointed surgeon to the Melbourne Hospital, surgeon to the Royal Victorian Artillery, and was elected a member of the Royal Society of Victoria. He was again elected surgeon to the hospital and banquetted at the town hall in 1875, and was subsequently re-elected despite the strenuous opposition of a large section of the medical profession. In 1878 Dr. Beaney visited England with a semi-official commission from the Berry Government to report on medical matters. In 1883, after a severe contest, he was elected to the Legislative Council for the North Yarra Province, and was re-elected for a period of six years, in 1885, when he defeated the Hon. James Munro, the late Premier of Victoria. Dr. Beaney was the author of several medical works, including "Contributions to Conservative Surgery." He was munificent in his donations to public institutions in his native place, and offered various medical prizes. He died in Melbourne on June 30th, 1891, bequeathing by his will ?10,000 to his native place.

Begg, Ferdinand Faithfull, F.R.G.S., is the son of Dr. James Begg, of the Free Church of Scotland, and was born in Edinburgh in 1847. He emigrated to New Zealand, where he entered the service of the Union Bank of Australia and remained for a number of years. Returning to Scotland, Mr. Begg started as a stock-broker in Edinburgh, and became chairman of the Stock Exchange in that city. Subsequently he joined the London Stock Exchange, and is head of the firm of Faithfull Begg & Co. He married in 1873 Miss Jessie M. Cargill, of Dunedin, N.Z. In July 1892 he unsuccessfully contested Kennington for a seat in the House of Commons in the Conservative interest. Mr. Begg has been one of the foremost advocates of imperial federation. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Belcher, Rev. Robert Henry, M.A., entered the London University in 1864, and graduated B.A. in honours 1867, M.A. 1868, becoming Fellow of King's College in 1885. He was ordained priest in 1871 by the Bishop of London. After serving in various curacies he was assistant master in King's College School, 1871-4; classical master and chaplain, 1874-86. In 1886 he was appointed rector of the Otago High School, in Dunedin, N.Z., which position he now holds. He is the author of "Degrees and 'Degrees'" (Hardwicke), an exposure of traffic in academical titles (republished with additions in 1888); of "Latin Prose Compositions," Part I., 1874. Part II., 1879; "Keys to both" (Macmillan, 1883); of "The Bonny Kate": a Story of the Sixteenth Century (Hayes, 1876): editor of "Livy, Book II., with Notes" (Rivington,1882): "Manuel des Examens" (Hachette, 1884): and is the author of "A New Latin Grammar," in two parts (Hachette, 1891). He is the Commissary and Examining Chaplain for the diocese of Dunedin, and was President of the Otago Institute in 1890.

Bell, Hon. Sir Francis Dillon, K.C.M.G., C.B., sometime Agent-General for New Zealand, second and eldest surviving son of Edward Bell, of Hornsey (who died in 1864), by Fanny, daughter of Rev. J. Matthews, of Cirencester (she died in 1870), comes of a family, which, through Robert Barclay, of Urie, the Quaker apologist, claims descent from the blood royal of England. He was born on Oct 8th, 1822, and educated in France. In 1839 he entered the service of the New Zealand Company, and for a time was assistant secretary, and afterwards secretary, in London. He emigrated to New Zealand shortly after the settlement of Wellington and New Plymouth, and was agent of the Company till 1850 at Nelson, Auckland, New Plymouth, and elsewhere. In 1848 he was called to the Legislative Council of New Minister, but resigned in 1850. In 1846 he was made J.P., and in 1851, upon the surrender of the charter of the New Zealand Company, he became Commissioner of Crown Lands. In 1853 he entered the Provincial Council of Wellington, where he remained for three years; and in 1854 he was called to the Legislative Council and held office without portfolio from June 30th to July 11th, under the system of semi-responsible government which then obtained. Mr. Bell was Colonial Treasurer in the first responsible ministry (formed by Mr. Sewell and himself), from May 7th to May 20th, 1856. In the same year he was appointed Commissioner of Land Claims, which office he held till 1862. He was Colonial Treasurer (August 6th to 21st, 1862), Minister for Native Affairs (August 6th, 1862, to Oct. 30th, 1863), and Commissioner of Customs (August 7th to 21st, 1862), in the Domett Ministry. Of the Fox Ministry he was a member without portfolio from July 2nd, 1869, to August 14th, 1871. It was, however, in his capacity of Commissioner of Land Claims, from 1856 to 1862, and as Special Commissioner on the west coast of the North Island from 1879 to 1881, that he rendered the most eminent services to the colony. In 1862 he went with Mr. Gorst to Australia, and succeeded in raising a force of military settlers to plant in the disturbed Waikato district. In 1864 he removed to Otago, and in the following year was elected to the Provincial Council. In 1866 he was elected once more to Parliament for the constituency of Mataura. In 1869 he went to England, in company with Dr. Featherston, on a special commission to raise fresh forces for the colony, and to obtain the imperial guarantee to a loan of ?1,000,000 for immigration and public works. In this latter difficult task the commissioners were entirely successful. He returned to Otago in 1871, and re-entering parliament was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, which office he held for five years. In 1873 he was made a Knight Bachelor, and in 1877 was nominated to the Legislative Council. In 1881 Sir Francis succeeded Sir Julius Vogel as Agent-General for New Zealand, and held the position till the autumn of 1891, when he returned to New Zealand. It is only just to say that during the whole ten years of his r?gime he was not only a most able and single-minded representative of his own colony, but was recognised by the agents-general of the Australian colonies as their leader in all representations to the Colonial Office on the complicated subject of Australasian relations in the Western Pacific, including the annexation of New Guinea, the New Hebrides embroglio, and the Recedivist influx. At the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886 he was Executive Commissioner, and in 1889 was not only Executive Commissioner for New Zealand at the Paris Exhibition, but was also a member of the Mansion House Committee. For his services in this connection the French Government bestowed upon him the Commandership of the Legion of Honour. In 1887 he was delegate to the Colonial Conference. Sir Francis Bell was created K.C.M.G. in 1881, and C.B. in 1886. He married on April 2nd, 1849, Margaret, daughter of A. Hort. In 1891 he received the thanks of the Legislative Council for his services. He returned to New Zealand in Nov. 1891, but left again for England in April 1892, where Lady Bell died on June 12th, 1892.

Bell, Hon. James, M.L.C., emigrated to Victoria in 1857, commenced business at Dunolly, and was one of the first representatives of the district, in the Legislative Council, when in 1881 the Reform Act included it in the North-West Province. In 1886 he opened a business in Melbourne. He accepted office without portfolio in the Gillies-Deakin Government on April 20th, 1886, and acted as Minister of Defence during Sir James Lorimer's absence in England, in 1887. He also assisted Mr. Dow in discharging the duties of Minister of Water Supply during Mr. Deakin's attendance at the Colonial Conference in London in that year. On the death of Sir James Lorimer, in Sept. 1889, he was appointed Minister of Defence, and retired with his colleagues in Nov. 1890.

Bell, Hon. Sir Joshua Peter, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., sometime President of the Legislative Council, Queensland, was born in the county of Kildare in Ireland in 1826. The family having emigrated to New South Wales in 1830, he was educated at Sydney College and at the King's School, Parramatta. In 1847 he, with his father and brothers, acquired a large property known as Jimbour, near Dalby, in the present colony of Queensland. Sir Joshua first entered the Queensland Assembly in 1863, and continued to hold a seat till he was nominated to the Legislative Council, of which he became President in March 1879. Sir Joshua was Colonial Treasurer in the first ministry formed (under Sir Robert Herbert) after the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, succeeding the late Mr. Moffatt. This post he continued to hold till July 1866, for the last six months of the time under the Premiership of the late Mr. Macalister, in whose second ministry he was Secretary for Public Lands from August 1866 to August 1867. Sir Joshua was again Treasurer in the Palmer Ministry from March 1871 till he resigned with his colleagues in Jan. 1874. He married in 1862 Margaret Miller, daughter of William McTaggart D'Orsey, M.D., who survived him. Sir Joshua, who administered the government of Queensland during the absence on leave of Sir Arthur Kennedy from March to Nov. 1880, died in December of the following year, when he was succeeded in the Presidency of the Legislative Council by Sir Arthur Palmer. He had just previously been created K.C.M.G.

Belmore, Right Hon. Somerset Richard Lowry Corry, 4th Earl of, P.C., G.C.M.G., M.A., is the son of the third earl by his marriage with Emily Louise, youngest daughter of William Sheppard, of Bradbourne, Kent. His lordship, who is an Irish Representative Peer, is also Viscount Belmore and Baron Belmore, of Castle Coole, co. Fermanagh, in the peerage of Ireland. He was born in London on April 9th, 1835, and succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1845. He graduated M.A. at Cambridge University in 1856, and was elected one of the representative peers for Ireland in January of the next year. Having held the post of Under Secretary for the Home Department in the Disraeli Government from July 1866 to July 1867, he was created, in January of the following year, Governor and Commander-in-Chief of New South Wales, a post which he retained till Feb. 1872, when he resigned and returned to England, being created K.C.M.G. in that year and G.C.M.G. in 1890. During his term of office the Duke of Edinburgh visited the colony, and the attack on his life by O'Farrell took place at Clontarf. Lord Belmore, whose eldest son and heir, Armar, Viscount Corry, was born at Government House, Sydney, in 1870, is a first cousin of Lord Rowton, better know as Montagu Corry, the well-known secretary to the late Earl of Beaconsfield and his literary executor. His lordship married, on August 22nd, 1861, Anne Elizabeth Honoria, second daughter of the late Captain John Neilson Gladstone, R.N. (elder brother of the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone), by his marriage with Elizabeth Honoria, daughter of Sir Robert Bateson, Bart.

Belstead, Charles Torrens, son of Henry Belstead, captain in the 85th King's Own Light Infantry, was appointed in Jan. 1848 to the Imperial Penal Establishment, Norfolk Island, and served there until transferred to Tasmania in 1855, where he became Chief Clerk in the Penal Establishment at Hobart in 1856; clerk in the Comptroller-General's office in 1858; acting Comptroller-General in Sept. 1868; Governor's Secretary for Penal Establishments in May 1869, and Agent for Imperial Expenditure and Paymaster of Imperial Pensioners in June 1872. He is a member of the Council of the Royal Society of Tasmania, and a manager of the Hobart Savings Bank. Mr. Belstead was appointed a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the Fisheries of the Colony in May 1882.

Belstead, Francis, J.P. (brother of the preceding), was appointed Assistant Superintendent in the Convict Department, Norfolk Island, in August 1850; Clerk of Petty Sessions at Westbury, Tasmania, in May 1858; Clerk of the Municipal Council in Dec. 1863; Commissioner of Mines and Goldfields, and Magistrate and Coroner at Launceston in Feb. 1883; and Secretary and Chief Commissioner of Mines and Goldfields for Tasmania in Feb. 1886.

Benjamin, Hon. Sir Benjamin, Kt., M.L.C., J. P., eldest son of the late Moses Benjamin, J.P., was born in London in 1834, and arrived in Victoria in 1843. He was elected to the Melbourne City Council in 1870, became alderman in 1881, and was mayor from 1887 to 1889. In the year 1888 he was a commissioner for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, and was knighted in 1889 in recognition of his services and hospitalities during the Exhibition year. He is President of the Melbourne Hebrew Congregation, a trustee of the Jewish Philanthropic Society and the Ladies' Hebrew Benevolent Society, and is the representative of the Melbourne province in the Legislative Council. He is a director of the Colonial Bank of Australasia, and of the Union Trustees' Executors and Agency Company, and is a justice of the peace for Victoria and New South Wales. In 1857 Sir Benjamin Benjamin married Fanny, daughter of Abraham Cohen, of Sydney.

Bennett, David, was born in Dundee in 1830, and apprenticed to Messrs. Kimmond, Hutton & Steel, mechanical engineers in that city. He decided to emigrate, and landed in Melbourne early in 1856. Mr. Bennett entered Langland's Foundry, where he remained many years. He took an important part in support of the Eight Hours Movement, initiated by his fellow-countryman, James Galloway, in Melbourne (1855), and in promoting the Association of Engineers (1858), of which for twenty years he acted as secretary. Mr. Bennett was also one of the founders of the Trades Hall; and for many years acted as honorary secretary to the Trades Hall Council. To this body he was appointed paid secretary in 1888.

Bennett, George, M.D., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., was born at Plymouth on Jan. 31st, 1804. He visited Ceylon in 1819, and on his return studied for the medical profession, becoming M.R.C.S. (England) in 1828, F.R.C.S. (England) and M.D. of Glasgow University in 1859. After passing the college he took charge of a circumnavigating expedition, the results of which he published in papers contributed to the leading scientific journals. In 1832 he revisited New South Wales to investigate the manners, habits and anatomy of the Monotremata, and the natural history of the colony in general. After visiting Java, Singapore and China, he published his "Wanderings in New South Wales" in 1834, and finally settled in that colony in 1836. He was the first secretary to the Australian Museum, and, although much occupied with his extensive practice as a medical man, was able to add materially to the knowledge of the natural history of New South Wales. He was the first to discover the Nautilus in a living state, and sent a specimen to Professor Owen. In 1860 he published "Gatherings of a Naturalist."

Bennett, Samuel, was a native of Cornwall, and was born on March 20th, 1815. He went to Australia in 1841, having been engaged by Messrs. Stevens & Stokes, of the Sydney Morning Herald, to superintend the typographical department of that paper. Having held this post for seventeen years, Mr. Bennett, in 1859, purchased the Empire newspaper which had been started by Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes nine years previously. Messrs. Hanson & Bennett conducted the Empire for several years as a daily and weekly journal, Mr. Bennett becoming sole proprietor some time before it ceased publication. He also started in 1867 The Evening News, and in 1870 The Australian Town and Country Journal, a weekly newspaper, both of which achieved phenomenal success. Mr. Bennett was the author of "The History of Australian Discovery and Colonisation," which is recognised as a standard work of reference. He died at his residence, Mundarrah Towers, Little Coogee, Sydney, N.S.W., on June 2nd, 1878.

Bennett, William Christopher, M.I.C.E., was employed as a pupil on various territorial and railway surveys and other works in Ireland from 1840 to 1845, and as assistant engineer in charge of drainage works, under the Board of Public Works in Ireland, from 1845 to 1852. During 1852-3 he was employed in reporting on the navigation of the Rhone and Saone, and making surveys and reports on the navigation of the Magdalena, with connecting canals, roads or railways, in New Grenada. Mr. Bennett was engaged on the International (French, American and English) Ship Canal Survey at Darien, in 1854, having charge of the English survey on the Pacific side in the absence of Mr. Forde, M.I.C.E., on which occasion Mr. Bennett received the thanks of the American Government for having, in conjunction with Lieut. Forsythe and a party from H.M.S. Virago, relieved Lieut. Strain, United States navy, and his missing exploring party, at no small personal risk. At the end of 1854 Mr. Bennett proceeded, vi? New Zealand, to New South Wales, and was for about ten months attached to the Survey Department as an assistant surveyor. In April 1856 he was appointed assistant engineer to the Commission for the Sewerage and Water Supply of Sydney; was engaged in the Railway Department, New South Wales, from Jan. to Sept. 1857, and was then transferred to the Department of Roads, which, as assistant engineer, and ultimately as engineer, he assisted Captain (afterwards Colonel) Martindale, C.B., R.E., in organising. Mr. Bennett left the colony for Europe in Jan. 1861, and on his return he was appointed, in Nov. 1862, commissioner and engineer-in-chief for roads, New South Wales, which office he occupied until a short time before his death, having been in addition occasionally employed on the western goldfields and narrow gauge railways, the water supply of Sydney, and the drainage of the Hunter River. Mr. Bennett died on Sept. 29th, 1889, at the age of sixty-five.

Bent, Hon. Thomas, M.L.A., Speaker of Legislative Assembly, Victoria, was born at Penrith, near Sydney, where his father was a contractor, on Dec. 17th, 1838, and came to Melbourne with his family in 1849. Having joined his father in business as a market gardener at Brighton, Vict., he was elected to the Moorabbin Shire Council in 1862, and was President in 1868. In 1871 he first achieved general notoriety by opposing Mr. (now Chief Justice) Higinbotham for the Brighton seat in the Legislative Assembly. To the amazement of every one, he was successful, and has ever since represented that electorate. Though strongly opposed to the last McCulloch Government, Mr. Bent was not a supporter of the Berry party, being indeed a consistent Freetrader. At the first dissolution in 1880 the Conservatives, under Mr. Service, secured a majority; and Mr. Bent was included in the Cabinet formed by that gentleman in March 1880, with the portfolio of Public Works. The Reform Bill of the Ministry proved distasteful to the country on the appeal to the constituencies made in June 1880, and Mr. Bent retired with his colleagues in the following August. Mr. Bent was a highly potential member of the O'Loghlen Government as Minister of Railways from July 1881 to March 1883. In Oct. 1887, on the retirement of the late Mr. Lalor, Mr. Bent was a candidate for the Speakership of the Legislative Assembly, but was defeated by Sir M. H. Davies by one vote. On the meeting of the present parliament in May 1892 Mr. Bent was again a candidate, and was unanimously elected after the claims of Mr. J. G. Duffy and Sir H. J. Wrixon had been disposed of.

Beor, Hon. Henry Rogers, M.L.A., was the son of Henry Beor, a solicitor at Swansea, in South Wales. He graduated at Oxford, and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1870. In 1875 he went to Queensland, and was admitted to the bar there in the same year. Entering the Legislative Assembly as member for Bowen in 1877, he succeeded the late Mr. Justice Pring as Attorney-General in the first McIlwraith Ministry in June 1880. He in the same year was made Q.C. Shortly afterwards his health failed, and he shot himself on board the steamer Rotorua, whilst on the passage from Sydney to Auckland, in New Zealand. The fatal event, the outcome of nervous depression, took place on Dec. 5th, 1880, and he was buried at sea.

Berkeley, Hon. Henry Spencer Hardtman, third son of Thomas Berkeley Hardtman Berkeley, of St. Kitts, was born on Sept. 3rd, 1851, and called to the bar at the Inner Temple in June 1873. Having been admitted to the bar of the Leeward Islands in the following July, he filled various legal and official posts there until 1885, when he was appointed Attorney-General of Fiji, and in 1889 Chief Justice and Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific.

Bernays, Lewis Adolphus, C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., son of the late Dr. Bernays, Professor of the German Language and Literature at King's College, London, was born on May 3rd, 1831, and educated at King's College. He also studied in the laboratory of his brother, the well-known Professor A. E. Bernays, and subsequently emigrated to New Zealand, where he spent two years; and then proceeded to New South Wales, where he was an officer of Parliament from 1853 to 1859; when he proceeded to Queensland to become Clerk to the Legislative Assembly, a post which he has held ever since. Mr. Bernays, who has written several works on economic botany, was for sixteen years Vice-President of the Queensland Acclimatisation Society, of which he was the originator. He was created C.M.G. on May 25th, 1892.

Berncastle, Julius, was educated at the university of Paris and Guy's Hospital, London, for the medical profession, and was Assistant Colonial Surgeon of Van Diemen's Land in 1841-2. Subsequently he practised at Croydon, in Surrey, and in London. In 1854 he set up as an oculist and aurist in Sydney, and practised there till 1867, when he removed to Melbourne, where he died on June 30th, 1870, aged fifty-one years. He was author of "A Voyage to China" (2 vols., 1850); "The Revolt of the Bengal Sepoys" (1857); "The Defenceless State of Sydney" (1865); "Australian Snakebites" and "The Use and Abuse of Tobacco" (1868). [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Berry, David, a well-known New South Wales colonist, was born at Cupar, Fife, Scotland, and was educated at St. Andrews University. He arrived in New South Wales in July 1836, and proceeded to the estate of his elder brother, Dr. Alexander Berry, at Coolangatta, which he managed in conjunction with another brother, John, for eleven years, and after the letter's death carried on the concern alone until 1873, when Dr. Alexander Berry died and devised the whole of his property to his brother David, who followed the system of cultivating and fencing a large portion of his land whilst the remainder was leased out in farms of varying size on peculiar and unusually profitable terms. Mr. Berry died, at the age of ninety-seven, on Sept. 22nd, 1889, and by his will bequeathed ?100,000 to his alma mater, St. Andrews University, and a like sum to found a hospital in the Shoalhaven district of New South Wales.

Berry, Hon. Sir Graham, K.C.M.G., Treasurer of Victoria, is the son of the late Benjamin Berry, of Twickenham, and Clara Graham, his wife. He was born at Twickenham on August 28th, 1822, and emigrated to Victoria in 1852. In 1860 Mr. Berry purchased the Collingwood Observer, which he conducted for a considerable period. The same year Mr. Berry was elected to the Victorian Assembly under somewhat exceptional circumstances. A vacancy had occurred in East Melbourne through the death of the sitting member, and Mr. E. Cohen and Mr. Patrick O'Brien were contesting the vacancy, when suddenly a dissolution was granted, thus necessitating a dual election. In order to save expense it was agreed between the candidates that some one outside the colony should be nominated for the prior vacancy, and that the real contest would take place on the second election. This arrangement did not commend itself to the constituency, and at the nomination Mr. Berry's name was proposed, when, there being no other candidate, he was declared elected. At the general election Mr. Berry transferred his attentions to Collingwood, where he beat Mr. Langton, and was returned as an advanced Liberal and Protectionist. In 1864 he was re-elected for the same constituency. In the meantime Sir James McCulloch had come into office, with Mr. (now Sir) George Verdon as Treasurer. The latter gentleman proposed the imposition of ad valorem duties, mainly on articles producible in the colony; and the budget was thus a step in the direction of that full policy of protection to native industries which was to be so astonishingly developed under succeeding administrations. Of that policy Mr. Berry had from his first entry into political life been a firm and consistent advocate, leading a small section of the House, who made the question their pi?ce de r?sistance. He accordingly welcomed the proposals of the Ministry as a promising instalment, and accorded them a cordial support in the great constitutional struggle which ensued on the tacking of the Customs Bill to the Appropriation Bill—a device resorted to in order to force the measure through the Upper House, by whom, however, it was set aside, thus leaving the Government without means to pay the salaries of the public servants and other Governmental expenses. In this extremity the Government had recourse to the device of borrowing from a bank, and confessing judgments, which is fully described in the notice of Sir James McCulloch. This device found no favour with Mr. Berry, who had previously stumped the country on behalf of the Ministerial tack; and he lost no time in denouncing any payments except by the ordinary constitutional procedure, on the ground that the action taken by the Government was an absolute giving way on the part of the Assembly, and certain to lead to discomfiture. The country went wholly with Sir James McCulloch, and, at the dissolution, Mr. Berry was badly beaten, both at Collingwood and for the Murray Boroughs, remaining out of Parliament for three years. In 1866 he joined with others in purchasing the Geelong Register, with which the Advertiser was shortly amalgamated, and went to reside in that town. Not long afterwards he unsuccessfully contested South Grant against Mr. Stutt; but in 1868 was returned for Geelong West, having in the meantime performed the active duties of editor of the Advertiser, and written most of the leading articles. Mr. Berry first acceded to ministerial office as Treasurer in the short-lived Macpherson Government in 1870. Beyond making his first budget speech, Mr. Berry had, however, very little opportunity of distinguishing himself, his chief being promptly displaced by Sir James McCulloch. In 1871 Mr. Berry was again returned for Geelong West, and entered the Ministry of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy as Treasurer and Minister of Customs in June of that year. He, however, resigned the latter post in the following November, and finally left the Ministry in May 1872. In 1874 he was again returned for Geelong West. In the meantime the Francis and Kerferd Ministries intervened, the defeat of Mr. Service's budget In the latter Government bringing Mr. Berry into power for the first time, as Premier and Chief Secretary of Victoria, in August 1875. The introduction of a land tax caused the speedy defeat of the new Government. Mr. Berry thereupon applied for a dissolution, which was refused him by the Acting Governor (Sir William Stawell), and Sir James McCulloch once more returned to power. Mr. Berry, however, holding that he had been unconstitutionally refused an appeal to the people, determined to block all Government business, with a view of forcing on a general election, his contention being that the majority in the Assembly were a decided minority in the country. He and his followers now received the sobriquet of "stonewallers"; and, whilst they blocked business in the House, stumped the country with extraordinary perseverance and success, Mr. Berry's platform deliverances exciting great enthusiasm throughout the colony. Sir James McCulloch strove to put down Parliamentary obstruction by the imposition of a species of closure, which became famous under the designation of the "Iron Hand." By this means he warded off a dissolution until Parliament had run the statutory time. At the general election which ensued the tables were, however, completely turned, only a meagre remnant of his following being returned, the polls giving Mr. Berry an overwhelming majority. Sir James McCulloch having resigned, the popular idol was sent for, and at once opened negotiations with Mr. Service, who had assumed an attitude of independent hostility to the McCulloch Government, and with several leading members of the Opposition who had not been included in the previous Administration. They, however, all declined his overtures, though Mr. Service for a considerable time observed towards him a friendly neutrality; and Mr. Berry was obliged to be content with the materiel of his first Cabinet, with the exception of Mr. Munro, who refused office. Had the gentlemen to whom Mr. Berry primarily applied found it compatible with their sentiments to respond to the invitation, it is probable that most of the acerbity which characterised the proceedings of the next three years would never have been aroused—certainly it would never have reached the same height. It is beyond our scope to detail the particulars of the struggle which followed. A land tax, having for its object to restrict the accumulation of land in the hands of individuals, was carried through Parliament; but the inclusion of payment of members in the ordinary Appropriation Bill, instead of its being dealt with by a special bill, brought on the storm which had previously evaporated in protests, the Council setting it aside, whereupon a deadlock ensued, which lasted from May 1877 to April 1878, when a compromise was arrived at which saved the dignity of both parties. It was during this struggle that the dismissals of the civil servants took place on what has become memorable as Black Wednesday, Mr. Berry declining to consider any arrangements for the borrowing of funds similar to those which he had condemned when adopted by Sir James McCulloch. Though the storm was somewhat allayed, Mr. Berry was so strongly impressed with the necessity of reorganising the constitution, with a view of defining the powers of the respective Houses, and of preventing deadlocks by providing a legislative safety-valve, that he introduced a measure containing the novel expedient of the pl?biscite, combined with a system of nominated representatives. This measure was naturally repudiated by the Upper Chamber, involving as it did their complete obliteration; and in the winter of 1878-9 Mr. Berry undertook his famous mission to England known as "the Embassy," in conjunction with Mr. C. H. Pearson, with the view of inducing the British Government to bring a bill into the Imperial Parliament having for its object the reform of the Constitution of Victoria. The delegates had several interviews with Sir Michael Hicks Beach, the then Colonial Secretary, and obtained from him much good advice and a modified promise to interfere in case the deadlock proved irremediable after a further recourse to the country. With this small measure of comfort Mr. Berry had to be content, and returned to Victoria, where Sir B. O'Loghlen had been Acting Premier during his absence. One substantial result of his visit to London was the successful floating of a loan of ?3,000,000 on behalf of the colony, which was rendered more remarkable from the fact that Mr. Berry insisted on fixing a higher minimum than the banks advised, and that the political disturbances of the preceding year had created feelings of distrust as to the stability of Victoria in the minds of English capitalists. In 1880 Mr. Berry reintroduced his Reform Bill, and then appealed to the country, in accordance with the advice of Sir M. Hicks Beach. The Ministry were, however, placed in a minority, and Mr. Service acceded to power in March 1880. He also, being impressed with the necessity for a substantial constitutional change, introduced a Reform Bill, which also proving abortive, he retired from office in August of the same year, when Mr. Berry once more assumed the Premiership, and succeeded in coming to a compromise with the Council on the basis of a Reform Bill, which considerably reduced the franchise and qualification for members of the Upper Chamber. Mr. Berry was subsequently defeated by a combination of Conservatives with the dissatisfied Liberals, and resigned office, when Sir Bryan O'Loghlen took the reins, and continued as Premier on sufferance until after the general election in Feb. 1883, when he and most of his small following lost their seats, and a House was returned in which the Conservatives, led by Mr. Service, and the Liberals, led by Mr. Berry, were almost equal in strength. To obviate a continuance of weak ministries and merely factious warfare, the Service-Berry coalition was formed, and conferred incalculable benefits on Victoria, until the voluntary termination of its tenure by the resignation of Messrs. Service and Berry in Feb. 1886. In the following March Mr. Berry quitted Victoria to take up the Agent-Generalship of the colony in succession to Mr. Murray Smith. He was also appointed Executive Commissioner to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, for his services in connection with which he was created K.C.M.G. Sir Graham Berry was one of the representatives of Victoria at the Colonial Conference held in London in 1887, and took a prominent part in its proceedings. For his services in connection with the Paris Exhibition of 1889 he was appointed a Commander of the Legion of Honour by the French Government. Sir Graham married, in 1869, a daughter of John B. Evans, of Victoria. In Feb. 1889 Sir Graham Berry was reappointed Agent-General for a further term of three years, and the Munro Government having decided not to again renew his appointment, he left for Melbourne in Dec. 1891. When the Munro Government was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels, he was offered a portfolio, but declined to join the Ministry except in the capacity of Premier. At the General Election in April 1892 he was returned to the Assembly at the head of the poll for the East Bourke Boroughs, and a few days later accepted the post of Treasurer in the Shiels Ministry.

Berry, Hon. John, M.L.C., is the eldest son of the late John Berry, of Albury, New South Wales, who emigrated to that colony from Meath, Ireland, and was born on Oct. 11th, 1840. He married in Feb. 1883 Sara Eugenie, daughter of the late James Morey, of Sydney. Mr. Berry was first employed in the Survey Department of New South Wales in 1866, and in 1877 entered the same department under the Government of Fiji. Two years later he was appointed Acting Surveyor-General, and in 1882 Commissioner of Crown Lands and Works and Crown Surveyor. He has been a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Fiji since 1883.

Best, Robert Wallace, M.L.A., was born in Fitzroy, Melbourne, in 1856, and practises as a solicitor in Melbourne. He stood for Fitzroy at the General Election of March 1890, and was returned at the head of the poll, displacing Mr. R. D. Reid. He was again elected in April 1892, and was formerly Mayor of Fitzroy. He married a daughter of the late Hon. G. D. Langridge. In April 1892, when the Shiels' Ministry was reconstructed, after the General Election had resulted in their favour, he was offered a seat in the Cabinet without portfolio.

Beveridge, Peter, was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, and went to Victoria ten years later with his father, who engaged in pastoral pursuits near the township of Beveridge, to which the family gave their name. In 1845 Mr. Peter Beveridge took up country on the lower Murray, settling at Tyntyndyer, some ten miles below what is now Swan Hill. Here for twenty-three years he made a careful study of the habits and customs of the then numerous aborigines of the Lower Murray and Riverine districts. The result of his observations was embodied in a work entitled "The Aborigines of Victoria and Riverine," published posthumously in 1889. Mr. Beveridge, who latterly resided at French Island, died at Woodburn, near Kilmore, on Oct. 4th, 1885.

Bews, Hon. David, M.P., sometime Minister of Education for South Australia, was born near Kirkwall, in the Orkney Islands, in 1850, and went to South Australia with his parents the following year. In 1853, during the gold rush in Victoria, his family removed to that colony, but only to return one year later. Mr. Bews' father then engaged in farming operations near Port Elliot, and afterwards near Adelaide. Mr. Bews continued as a farmer till he attained his majority, when he secured a position as clerk with the Kadina & Wallaroo Railway Company. He subsequently became goods manager; but seven years later (in 1879), when the Government took over the line, he left the service, and entered the ranks of journalism by taking charge of the Wallaroo Times. He was three times mayor of the Wallaroo Corporation, besides which he was a member of the late Yorke's Peninsula Local Road Board, and the School Board of Advice. In 1885 Mr. Bews first entered the House of Assembly as member for Wallaroo, and was re-elected on March 19th, 1887, and at the General Election in 1890. In August of that year he accepted the office of Minister of Education in Mr. Playford's Government. Mr. Bews, who had been appointed one of the South Australian delegates at the Postal Convention, died in Melbourne whilst en route to Sydney on Feb. 24th, 1891.

Bickerton, Alexander William, F.C.S., was born at Alton, Hants, in 1842, and educated at the Grammar School of the town. After a preliminary engineering course, he gained an exhibition at the Royal School of Mines, London, where he distinguished himself in physical science, gaining a Senior Queen's Scholarship. After leaving the School of Mines, he joined the staff of the Hartley Institution, Southampton, and was subsequently appointed Lecturer on Science at Winchester College, and was Public Analyst in Hampshire. In 1873 Mr. Bickerton accepted the post of Professor of Chemistry and Physics at Canterbury College, N.Z. He has held this position ever since, has written many papers on scientific subjects, and is the author of an astronomical theory which he terms "Partial Impact."

Bindon, Hon. Samuel Henry, was born in Ireland in 1812, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated in 1835. He was called to the Irish bar, and after practising for some years in Dublin, went out to Victoria in 1855; in May of which year he was admitted to the bar of that colony. He sat in the Legislative Assembly from 1864 to 1869, and was Minister of Justice in the Sir James McCulloch Government from July 1866 to May 1868. In 1869 he was appointed a County Court Judge, and held that position, with the exception of a short interval in 1878, when he was one of the victims of the Black Wednesday dismissals, till his death on August 1st, 1879.

Bird, Hon. Bolton Stafford, Colonial Treasurer of Tasmania, was born near Newcastle-on-Tyne in 1840. He has been in the Australasian colonies since 1853, and in Tasmania since 1879. About twelve years of his life were spent as a minister of the Congregational Church. Soon after his arrival in Tasmania he resigned the charge of the Davey Street Congregational Church, Hobart, of which he was the minister, and betook himself to fruit-growing in the Huon district. He has taken an active part in the recent establishment of the fruit export trade to England. He has represented the Franklin district in the House of Assembly since 1882. In March 1887 he joined the Fysh Ministry as Colonial Treasurer. He was a member of the Commissions on Education and on Lunatic Asylums in 1883, and is a member of the Council of the University of Tasmania. Mr. Bird was one of the representatives of the colony at the third and fourth sessions of the Federal Council of Australasia, and at the Federation Conference at Melbourne in 1890, and the Sydney Federation Convention in 1891.—[In August 1892 Mr. Bird resigned the position of Treasurer of Tasmania, and retired with his colleagues, owing to the defeat of his financial proposals in the House of Assembly. (In appended Supplement, p. 529)

Birnie, Richard, second son of the late Sir Richard Birnie, Chief Metropolitan Police Magistrate at Bow Street, was born in London in 1808. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1830, and M.A. in 1837. He entered at the Inner Temple on Jan. 9th, 1828, and was called to the bar on May 7th, 1833. After practising in the Central Criminal Court Mr. Birnie was appointed by the Duke of Newcastle Advocate-General of Western Australia, in which colony he arrived in Jan. 1854. After holding this post for nearly six years he acted as judge for about a year. Arriving in 1859 in Melbourne, he was called to the Victorian bar on Oct. 13th in the same year. He was on several occasions employed as crown prosecutor in Victoria, but has been mainly known as a contributor of essays to the Australasian. His father, Sir Richard Birnie, was originally a saddler, but is chiefly known by his success in detecting and hunting down the "Cato Street" conspirators. [He died in Melbourne on Sept. 16th, 1888.—In appended Supplement, p. 529.)]

Black, Alexander, ex-Surveyor-General of Victoria, was born in Banffshire, educated in Aberdeen as a land surveyor, and emigrated to Victoria in 1852, where he arrived in December, and proceeded to the Castlemaine goldfield. He returned to Melbourne in 1853, and practised his profession. On April 18th, 1854, he was appointed Government Assistant-Surveyor, and Geodetic Surveyor in 1860, and in this capacity surveyed the boundary line between Victoria and New South Wales. Mr. Black became District Surveyor in 1871, Assistant Surveyor-General in 1878, and succeeded to his late position of Surveyor-General of Victoria on the retirement of Mr. Skene in 1886. Mr. Black was a member of the Board of Land and Works, a Commissioner of Land Tax, and Chairman of Parks and Gardens Committees until he retired in 1892.

Black, Maurice Hume, M.L.A., is a grand-nephew of the celebrated Joseph Hume, Member for Montrose in the British House of Commons. He was born in London on Dec. 15th, 1835, and married in 1861 a niece of the great statesman, George Canning. Having emigrated to Victoria in 1852, Mr. Black left the goldfields of that colony to try his luck in pastoral pursuits in South Australia, subsequently going to Riverina, and in 1864 to Queensland, where he still resides. He is the inventor of a steam sheep-washing process, and went into sugar planting in the Mackay district of Queensland in 1871. In 1881 he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for that electorate, for which he still sits. Having taken a prominent part in the agitation for the separation of Northern Queensland from the rest of the colony, and its formation into a distinct colony, he was in 1887 commissioned to go to England with Mr. Lissner to press the matter upon the attention of the Home Government, Mr. Harold Finch-Hatton and Dr. Ahearne having done much to bring the matter into the region of practical politics by their exertions during the previous year. Though not successful in inducing Lord Knutsford to take steps for the separation of Northern Queensland, the advanced phase which the question has since assumed is a good deal due to the efforts of the delegation of 1887. In June 1888, on the formation of the second McIlwraith Administration, Mr. Black became Secretary of Public Works, and continued to hold the post when five months later the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Morehead. He resigned with his colleagues in August 1890.

Black, Hon. Neil, M.L.C., J.P., was the son of Alexander Black, and was born at Cowal, Argyleshire, in 1804. He emigrated to Australia in 1839, and went to the Camperdown district, where, as the representative partner of Mr. Finlay, of Castle Toward, Argyleshire, Mr. Stuart Gladstone, of Capenock, and Mr. Stewart, of Glenormiston, Perthshire, Scotland, he purchased the Glenormiston property. The partnership, which was highly remunerative after 1846, continued until 1868, when the property was divided. Mr. Black bought Mr. Gladstone's portion, now known as Mount Noorat, and resided on it until his death May 15th, 1880. Mr. Black, who married Miss Grace Greenshiels Leadbetter, for many years represented the Western Province in the Legislative Council, and was also a magistrate for the southern bailiwick. As a politician he was a staunch Conservative, and opposed the introduction of free education.

Blackall, Col. Samuel Wensley, sometime Governor of Queensland, was the eldest son of Major Robert Blackall, H.E.I.C.S., of Colamber Manor, co. Longford. He was born on May 1st, 1809, in Ireland, and took his degree at Trinity College, Dublin. He served in the 85th Light Infantry, was then major in the Longford Militia, and afterwards honorary colonel in the Leitrim Militia. Col. Blackall was M.P. for Longford in the House of Commons, from 1847 to 1851, a D.L. for counties Longford and Leitrim, High Sheriff of Longford in 1833, and for Tyrone in 1861. He was Lieutenant-Governor of Dominica from 1851 to 1857; Governor of Sierra Leone from 1862 to 1865; Governor-in-chief of the West African Settlements from 1865 to 1867; and Governor of Queensland, in succession to Sir George Bowen, from August 1868 to Jan. 2nd, 1871, when he died at Brisbane and was buried in the new cemetery there on the following day. Colonel Blackall married first, in 1833, Georgina, daughter of Henry Rowles, of London; and secondly, in 1848, Kate, daughter of the late James Bond, who died in 1864.

Blackett, Cuthbert Robert, F.C.S., J.P., Government Analytical Chemist, is son of the late Rev. C. R. Blackett, Independent minister at Southminster, England, where he was born Oct. 9th, 1831. Having served his time as a pharmaceutical chemist, he arrived in Melbourne in Jan. 1853, and became a member of the first council of the Pharmaceutical Society, and ultimately its Secretary and President. He was also for five years editor of the journal published by that society. On the passing of the Pharmacy Act in 1877, the Government appointed him one of the members of the Pharmacy Board, and on the retirement of Mr. Bosisto he was elected President. He was examiner in chemistry to the College of Pharmacy, and for some time acted as lecturer on chemistry, materia medica, and botany, pending the arrival of Professor A. H. Jackson, B.Sc. In 1879 he was elected to the Assembly for Fitzroy in the Conservative interest. Mr. Blackett was President of the Royal Technological Commission; and when the Central Board of Health was formed he was offered the position of president, but declined it. In 1882 he was again returned for Fitzroy, but was defeated at the next general election, owing to his pronounced free-trade views. Mr. Blackett was appointed Government Analytical Chemist on the death of Mr. Johnson, in 1887, and is also a Fellow of the Chemical Society of London, and was co-examiner in chemistry to the Melbourne University, until he resigned the office. Mr. Blackett married in May 1870 at Stokesley, England, Miss Margaretta Palmer.

Blackett, John, M.Inst.C.E., was educated at Newcastle-on-Tyne, and was a pupil with Messrs. R. & W. Hawthorn, engineers, 1834-41; draughtsman and office engineer to the Great Western Steamship Company, 1841-4; head engineer in iron shipbuilding and railway work with T. R. Guppy, A.I.C.E., 1844-6; engineer to the Governor and Company of Copper Mines in England at Cwm Avon, South Wales, 1846-8. From 1848 to 1851 he practised privately as an engineer in England. In 1859 Mr. Blackett was appointed provincial engineer at Nelson, N.Z., and in 1870 was advanced to the position of Acting Engineer-in-chief for New Zealand, becoming also Marine Engineer in the following year. In 1878 he was made Engineer-in-charge of the North Island, and in 1884 Engineer-in-chief of the colony. Mr. Blackett is now Consulting Engineer of the Government of New Zealand in London.

Blackmore, Edwin Gordon, Clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of Parliaments, South Australia, was educated at King Edward VI. Grammar School, Bath; served with the Taranaki Rifle Volunteers in the New Zealand war from 1863 to 1864, and was present, in reserve, at the action of Poutoko, on Oct. 2nd, 1863, and at the storming and capture of the rebel Maori strongholds at Ahuahu and Kaitake in March 1864. For these services Mr. Blackmore received the New Zealand medal. He was appointed Parliamentary Librarian to the Legislature of South Australia in Oct. 1864; Clerk Assistant and Sergeant-at-arms, House of Assembly, in Dec. 1869; Clerk of the House of Assembly in May 1886; Clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of Parliaments in May 1887. Mr. Blackmore is author of "The Decisions of Mr. Speaker Denison on Points of Order, Rules of Debate, and the General Practice of the House of Commons from 1857 to 1872," "The Decisions of Mr. Speaker Brand from 1872 to 1884," "The Decisions of Mr. Speaker Peel from 1884 to 1886, and 1887 to 1889," and "Manual of the Practice, Procedure, and Usage of the House of Assembly of South Australia."

Blackmore, James Newnham, J.P., brother of the foregoing, was born in 1836, and was employed in the South Australian Chief Secretary's office from 1854 to 1857, when he was appointed Assistant Clerk and Sergeant-at-arms in the House of Assembly. Nine years later he became Secretary to the Commissioner for Crown Lands, and in 1870 Under Treasurer, a post which he held till his death, which took place in Adelaide on April 7th, 1875.

Blair, David, was born in 1820, and came to New South Wales at the instigation of Dr. Lang, in 1850, where he assisted Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes in establishing the Empire newspaper in Sydney. In 1852 Mr. Blair settled in Victoria as correspondent for the Sydney Morning Herald, and became sub-editor of the Melbourne Argus. In 1854 he was appointed editor of the Age, and advocated the cause of the miners in their opposition to the unpopular digging licences. Mr. Blair was elected to the Assembly for Talbot in 1856, and for Crowlands in 1868. In 1867 he was appointed Secretary to the Royal Commission on Education, and acted in the same capacity to the Penal Commission in 1873. He wrote the first history of Australia in 1878, and in 1881 compiled the "Cyclopaedia of Australasia," a work which displays a minute and comprehensive knowledge of persons and events connected with the pioneer days of the colonies. In 1876 he edited the speeches of Sir Henry Parkes, which he prefaced with an introduction.

Blair, William Newsham, M.Inst.C.E., was in the service of the Provincial Government of Otago from 1864 to 1865; became district engineer in the Public Works Department of New Zealand in 1871, Engineer-in-charge of the Middle Island in 1878, and Assistant Engineer-in-Chief for the colony in 1884. In 1890 Mr. Blair was appointed Engineer-in-chief, and died on May 4th, 1891.

Blakeney, William Theophilus, Registrar-General of Queensland, comes of an Anglo-Irish family long settled at Abbert Castle, Blakeney, co. Galway, and was educated at the Collegiate School, Elphin, co. Roscommon, and at Stackpool's High School at Kingstown. He emigrated to Sydney in 1853, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits until Feb. 1856, when he received an appointment in the sheriff's office, which he exchanged in 1860 for a similar position in the sheriff's office of the then new colony of Queensland. He was appointed Under Sheriff of Queensland in 1862, Deputy Registrar-General in 1865, and Registrar-General upon the retirement of Mr. Jordan in 1883. Mr. Blakeney is also a Commissioner of Stamp Duties, and Registrar of Friendly Societies, Building Societies, and Trades Unions. He was Registrar of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks from 1883 to 1889, when he resigned.

Bland, Rivett Henry, is the son of Dr. Thomas Bland, and was born at Newark, Nottinghamshire, on Feb. 2nd, 1811. He was educated at the Grammar School, Newark, and studied for the medical profession at St. Bartholomew's Hospital, London. Leaving England in May 1829, for Western Australia, he arrived in August, and after a short interval was appointed by the then Governor (Sir James Stirling) to settle the York district, about seventy miles distant from Perth. In this locality he remained for a number of years as resident magistrate, his principal duty being to protect the settlers from the blacks, with whose language and customs he obtained an intimate acquaintance. Towards the end of 1848 he accompanied Captain Charles Fitzgerald, who had in the meantime become Governor of Western Australia, in the capacity of private secretary, on an expedition to Champion Bay, for the purpose of examining a lode of galena, discovered on the Murchison River by Mr. Augustus C. Gregory. The party consisted of the Governor, Mr. Bland, Mr. Gregory, three soldiers, and a servant. The discovery was verified, but on the return journey the Governor was speared in the leg by the blacks, and Mr. Bland had a narrow escape. Returning to England after a visit to the eastern colonies, he was in 1852 appointed resident Director of the Port Phillip and Colonial Gold Mining Company, and arrived in Melbourne towards the end of that year. In 1856 he arranged with the proprietors of some land at Clunes to commence mining operations on some quartz lodes, and erected an extensive plant of machinery in conjunction with a party of miners, afterwards called the Clunes Quartz Mining Company. This mine has continued to be worked to the present time with varying results. The total gold, raised from 1857 to 1884 was 506,220 ounces, of the value of ?2,029,078 13s. 7d., giving a profit of nearly half a million from an outlay under ?20,000.

Bland, William, M.R.C.S., the son of Dr. Robert Bland, an eminent physician and writer on medical subjects, was born in London on Nov. 5th, 1789, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School. Having been admitted M.R.C.S. in 1810, he received an appointment in the Royal Navy, and sailed for Bombay. During the voyage he quarrelled with the purser, and when they reached land a duel was fought, in which the purser was killed. Lieutenant Randall, one of the ship's officers, having insinuated unfairness, Mr. Bland fought him without result, but they were afterwards arrested, tried at Calcutta, and sentenced to seven years' transportation; Mr, Bland being sent to Sydney, where he arrived in 1814, and having received a free pardon, practised his profession. In the course of divorce proceedings which he had instituted against his wife, Mr. Bland referred in libellous terms to Governor Macquarie, and in consequence was criminally indicted before the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and fined ?50, with twelve months in Parramatta Gaol, which sentence was fully exacted. On his release Mr. Bland devoted himself to benevolent projects, and took a prominent part as a member of the Patriotic Association, in the great struggle for political emancipation which was then engrossing the attention of the colonists, his efforts in the cause of local autonomy entitling him to rank with Wentworth amongst the greatest benefactors of the community, amongst whom he originally came under such inauspicious circumstances. When the elections to the first partially representative Legislative Council of New South Wales took place in 1843, Mr. Bland was returned, along with Wentworth, for the city of Sydney. Five years later, however, the tide of popular feeling turned against him in favour of more extremist agitators, headed by Mr. Robert Lowe (now Lord Sherbrooke); and when, in 1848, the elections took place for the new Legislative Council, in which Sydney had three members given her instead of two, Mr. Bland was lowest on the poll of the four candidates, Messrs. Wentworth, Lowe, and Lamb being elected, despite the incisive attack made by Wentworth on Mr. Lowe's inconsistencies, and his impassioned appeal to the constituency to reject himself rather than his friend Mr. Bland, of whom he said, "No man has ever served a country in a purer spirit of patriotism, no man ever more deeply deserved the gratitude of a generous people, than he has." Mr. Bland died suddenly in Sydney, on July 21st, 1868. He was the author of "Suppression of Spontaneous Combustion in Woolships" (second edition, 1845), "Letters to Charles Buller, M.P." (1849), and other brochures.

Blyth, Hon. Sir Arthur, K.C.M.G., C.B., late Agent-General for South Australia, was the son of William Blyth, late of Adelaide, S.A., but previously of Birmingham, England, by Sarah, daughter of Rev. William Wilkins, of Bourton-on-the-Water, in Gloucestershire. He was born at Birmingham on March 19th, 1823, and educated at King Edward VI. Grammar School, in that town. Having emigrated to South Australia with his father and brothers in 1839, only three years after the formal constitution of the colony, he engaged in commercial pursuits, from which he retired in 1861. An instalment of representative government having been conceded, Sir Arthur, in 1855, entered the semi-elective Council as elected member for Yatala. Prior to this he had occupied various local posts, having been Chairman of the Mitcham District Council, Assessor of the City Corporation, Captain of the first Volunteer Force, formed during the Russian War scare; and a member of the Central Road Board, and of the Chamber of Commerce. The Council had been dissolved by Sir Richard MacDonnell, the then Governor, with a view to the adoption of a new constitution on more liberal lines than the one previously in force. This great work was promptly achieved, and Sir Arthur Blyth took a prominent part in the legislation which enlarged the suffrage, instituted the bicameral system, and settled the constitution upon what, with slight changes, is its present basis. In the Legislative Assembly constituted under the Bill, Sir Arthur took his seat as member for Gumeracha, and represented the constituency till 1868. The Finniss Ministry, which included the author of the Torrens Act, having resigned office, the Baker Ministry was formed, in which Sir Arthur Blyth held the post of Commissioner of Public Works throughout its short-lived existence, from August to Sept. 1857. From June 1858 to May 1860 Sir Arthur held a similar position in the Hanson Ministry. In October of the following year Sir Arthur accepted the post of Treasurer under Mr. Waterhouse's premiership, but resigned with his colleagues in July 1863. In August 1864 Sir Arthur formed his first Administration, holding, along with the premiership, the rather unusual post of Commissioner of Crown Lands and Emigration. In March 1865 he was thrown out of power, but came back as Treasurer under his old colleague, Sir Henry Ayers, in Sept. 1865. This Ministry was also only formed to die; but Sir Arthur was not long in opposition, becoming Chief Secretary under Mr. Boucaut in March 1866. The May of 1867 saw him again out of office, and he remained in opposition until May 1870, when he joined Mr. Hart as, for the second time, Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration. In Nov. 1871 the Government was reconstructed, and Sir Arthur became Treasurer and Premier. He did not secure a firm tenure, being thrown out in the January following. He, however, became Premier for the third time in July 1873, and was successful in holding his own till June 1875, when Mr. Boucaut's extensive scheme of public undertakings caused the electors to look askance at the more cautious policy of Sir Arthur Blyth's Cabinet. In March 1876 he accepted office as Treasurer in the reconstructed Boucaut Ministry, and in Feb. 1877 was appointed Agent-General in succession to the late Mr. F. S. Dutton. Prior to this Sir Arthur had revisited England, remaining from 1868 to 1870, in which latter year he was re-elected for Gumeracha, and sat until 1875, when he transferred his services to North Adelaide. In 1850 Sir Arthur married Jessie Anne, daughter of Edward Forrest, of Birmingham. In 1877, soon after his arrival in London, he was created a Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George, and in 1886 received the Civil Companionship of the Order of the Bath, in recognition of services rendered in connection with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, at which he represented his colony both as Royal and Executive Commissioner. He was also presented with the freedom of the Salters' Company, one of the most ancient and exclusive of the City Guilds. In 1887 Sir Arthur was associated with Sir John Downer as one of the representatives of South Australia, at the Colonial Conference held in London in that year. He died at Bournemouth on Dec. 7th, 1891. Lady Blyth died a fortnight later.

Blyth, Neville, J.P., brother of the above and son of the late William Blyth, of Adelaide, by Sarah, third daughter of Rev. William Wilkins, of Bourton-on-the-Water, Gloucestershire, was born at Birmingham in 1828. He arrived in South Australia with his father in 1839, and engaged in commercial pursuits. He was member for East Torrens from March 13th, 1860, to July 9th, 1867, when he resigned. He was returned for Encounter Bay on April 16th, 1868, but retired at the dissolution on March 2nd, 1870. He was elected for Victoria on Aug. 24th, 1871, and at the dissolution in Nov. 1871 unsuccessfully contested Encounter Bay. He visited England and the continent of Europe from 1873 to 1875. On his brother, Hon. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth, accepting the office of Agent-General, he was returned in his stead for North Adelaide, on March 14th, 1877. Mr. Blyth was re-elected on March 29th, 1878, but resigned and finally retired from Parliament on Dec. 2nd in the same year. He was Treasurer in Mr. Hart's Ministry from Sept. 24th to Oct. 13th, 1868, and Minister of Education in Mr. Boucaut's Cabinet from Oct. 26th, 1877, to Sept. 27th, 1878. Mr. Blyth married at Alderley Edge, Cheshire, in 1852, Miss Julia Barnes, who still survives. Mr. Blyth took up his residence in England in 1878, and was a member of the London Commission for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition of 1887. He died at Sutton, Surrey, on Feb. 15th, 1890.

Bolton, Hon. Henry, J.P., is the son of a farmer and civil engineer of Galway, Ireland, where he was born in 1842. He came to Victoria in 1861, and started as a brewer at Heathcote, removing to Seymour in 1869. He was president of the Seymour Shire Council, and having unsuccessfully contested Moira in the Liberal interest in 1877, was returned to the Legislative Assembly for that constituency in 1880. He was Postmaster-General in the O'Loghlen Government from July 1881 to March 1883. He subsequently retired from public life in Victoria, and commenced business in Queensland. Mr. Bolton married, in 1866, Annie, second daughter of James Eagan, of the Major's Line Station.

Bonney, Charles, was born at Sandon, near Stafford, on Oct. 31st, 1813, and educated at the Grammar School, Rugby. He went to Sydney in 1834 as clerk to Sir William Westbrooke Burton. In April 1837 he brought the first lot of cattle overland from New South Wales to Victoria for Mr. Ebden, and in April of the following year the first mob of cattle from N.S.W. to South Australia, in which colony he subsequently settled. From 1842 to 1857 he was Commissioner for Crown Lands, S.A. From Oct. 1856 to August 1857, was a member of the first Ministry formed under responsible government. Mr. Bonney was member for East Torrens in the Legislative Assembly from 1857 to 1858, and was a member of the Legislative Council in 1865 and 1866. He was Manager of Railways from 1869 to 1871, when he was appointed Inspector of "Lands Purchased on Credit." He now resides in Sydney.

Bonwick, James, F.R.G.S., son of James and Mary Ann Bonwick, was born in London on July 8th, 1817, and married Miss Esther Beddow, April 17th, 1840. In the following year he emigrated to Australia, arriving at Hobart on Oct. 10th. He spent eight years in Tasmania, three in South Australia, twenty in Victoria, and travelled extensively throughout New South Wales and Queensland. He acted as Inspector of Schools for the Ballarat district of Victoria for four years, when a severe sunstroke, which caused partial paralysis, incapacitated him from all work for nearly four years. He opened a school at St. Kilda, near Melbourne, in 1863, and returned to England for the benefit of his health in 1870, but has since several times revisited Melbourne. He has been engaged for the last four years as Archivist to the New South Wales Government, in the preparation of materials for the official history of that colony. Mr. Bonwick has been a most industrious author and compiler. Amongst his numerous works may be mentioned "Geography for Australian Youth," 1845; "Boroondara," 1854; "Western Victoria," 1857; and at various dates, "Orion and Sirius," "French Colonies," "Early Struggles of Trade in New South Wales," "Early Struggles of the Australian Press," "Early Struggles of the New Zealand Trade and Press," "Our Nationalities," "Geography of Australia," "Discovery and Settlement of Port Phillip," "Buckley, the Wild White Man," "John Batman, the Founder of Victoria," "The Last of the Tasmanians," "Daily life of the Tasmanians," "Curious Facts of Old Colonial Days," "Mormons and Silver Mines," "Pyramid Facts and Fancies," "Egyptian Belief and Modern Thought," "Resources of Queensland," "First Twenty Years of Australia," "Port Phillip Settlement," "Romance of the Wool Trade," "The The Bushrangers of Van Diemen's Land," "Bible Stories for Young Australians," "Astronomy for Young Australians," etc.

Bonython, John Langdon, J. P., was born in London, Oct. 15th, 1848. He is a son of George L. Bonython, and is descended from an old family—the Bonythons of Bonython, and Carclew, in Cornwall. At an early age he went with his parents to South Australia, and was educated in Adelaide. He joined the literary staff of The Advertiser, which is the popular journal of South Australia. Having served as reporter and sub-editor, he became some years ago the editor, which position he now fills. In 1879 he entered the proprietary of The Advertiser and associated journals (The Express, an evening paper, and The Chronicle, a weekly paper); and eventually the firm, which had been Barrow & King, became Burden (Mr. F. B. Burden, J.P.) & Bonython. When the Adelaide School Board was appointed, Mr. Bonython was nominated a member. In 1883 he was elected chairman, and at the present time holds that office. He was a member of a board appointed by the Government in 1886 to consider the question of technical education. As recommended by this Board a School of Mines and Industries was established, and Mr. Bonython was made a member of the Council, which included some of the best known and most representative men in the colony. The first chairman, Dr. Cockburn, having soon after his appointment to resign through becoming Premier, Mr. Bonython was unanimously elected to the position, which he now occupies. He was one of the local commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888. He is a justice of the peace, a member of the council of the South Australian branch of the Geographical Society of Australasia, and vice-president of the South Australian Cornish Association. Mr. Bonython is recognised as a shrewd politician, who has probably had as much influence on the legislation of the country as men actively engaged in politics. To his untiring energy the success of the journals with which he is connected is largely due.

Boothby, His Honour Benjamin, sometime Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, son of the late Benjamin Boothby, was born at Doncaster in Yorkshire on Feb. 5th, 1803. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1825, and became Revising Barrister for the West Riding of Yorkshire, and Recorder of Pontefract. In Feb. 1853 he was appointed Second Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, and was sworn in on Oct. 17th, 1853. Soon after his arrival he manifested a dislike to colonial enactments, which he did not attempt to conceal. The words " "ultra vires" and "repugnant" constantly figured in his judicial pronouncements, and he protested from the bench against the validity of the appointments of his colleagues, Chief Justice Hanson and Mr. Justice Gwynne. Twice the Parliament passed addresses for Mr. Justice Boothby'a removal from the bench, but in vain. He had warm defenders in Parliament, and one ministry resigned on account of differences of opinion in the Cabinet with regard to the action to be taken. Some of his decisions against the validity of the South Australian statutes were confirmed on appeal to the Privy Council, and this greatly encouraged him in his warfare against things colonial. Several validating Acts were passed by the Imperial Parliament to give force to the South Australian laws or remove doubts concerning them. Still the judge was not more practicable. Suitors suffered seriously from delays and obstructions in the Supreme Court, and at last business in that tribunal was brought into such a condition that it was necessary for the Executive to take decided action. Several years before Mr. Justice Boothby arrived in the colony grand juries had been abolished, Parliament regarding them as useless. Soon, if not immediately, after his arrival the judge expressed his strong disapproval of this innovation; but still he tried prisoners without grand juries for about thirteen years, and then, at a particularly heavy criminal sittings, declared that the accused persons on the calendar could not legally be tried without a grand jury. They were all kept in gaol or had their bail renewed, as the case might be, till the next criminal sittings, when another judge tried them. This was the occasion of the second unsuccessful Parliamentary Address to the Queen for Mr. Justice Boothby's removal. He was not allowed to preside at a criminal sitting again; when his turn came round he was prevented, by a special commission to the Chief Justice directing him to try prisoners. In 1867 the patience of the Judicial Bench, the bar, and the colonists was exhausted. Charges were made against Mr. Justice Boothby of obstructing the administration of justice, and of unseemly conduct on the bench, as exhibited in his demeanour towards his colleagues and towards counsel. These charges were dealt with by the Executive Council under the authority of an Act of George III., the Governor presiding, and the judge was "amoved." The Crown Solicitor, Mr. Wearing, who was afterwards drowned in the wreck of the Gothenburg, in Torres Straits, was appointed to succeed him. Out of all this trouble, observes Mr. J. P. Stow (whose account has been quoted) some benefit accrued to the colony: the amoved judge accurately ruled that, owing to some omission in bringing the new constitution into force, the Legislative itself was invalid, and the defect was remedied by the Imperial Parliament. The repugnancy nuisance was effectually disposed of. Nothing can now be ruled repugnant unless it is so to an Imperial Act specifically applying to the colonies. The last Imperial Validating Statute was of a most comprehensive character. With the above exception no Colonial Act can be ruled invalid after receiving the Queen's assent, or after proclamation that she has not exercised her power of disallowance. The greatest inconvenience and alarm was caused in the year 1865 by the decision of the majority of the judges—namely, Justices Boothby and Gwynne—that the South Australian Legislature had no power to establish Courts of Judicature. This invalidated all the local courts of the colony, they having jurisdiction in civil cases up to ?100, and the Insolvency Court. The Imperial Validating Act, however, settled this difficulty, greatly to the relief of suitors in particular, and the public generally. The powers of the Local Court of Appeal were enlarged by an Act of the South Australian Parliament, passed in 1861. This anomalous tribunal, consisting of the Executive, of whom nearly all are laymen, owes its continued existence to the recollection the colonists have of the "repugnancy" and "ultra vires" troubles. Judge Boothby died on June 21st, 1868, whilst on the point of leaving for England to initiate an appeal to the Privy Council.

Boothby, Josiah, C.M.G., fifth son of the late Benjamin Boothby, sometime Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, was born at Nottingham on April 8th, 1837. He went to the colony with his father in 1853, and in that year became Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's Office, Clerk in the Audit Office in 1854, Chief Clerk in the Audit Office in 1856, Chief Clerk in the Chief Secretary's Office in 1859, also Government Statist and Superintendent of Census in 1860, Assistant Secretary and Government Statist in 1866, and Under Secretary and Government Statist in 1868. He was elected Corresponding Member of the Statistical Society, London, in 1869; was appointed Trustee of the Savings Bank, South Australia, in 1869; a Commissioner for International Exhibitions in 1872; joint editor of a work "South Australia: its History, Resources, and Productions," published by authority of Government in 1876, and Executive Commissioner representing South Australia at the Paris Universal Exhibition in 1878, in connection with which he was created C.M.G., and received the Cross of the Legion of Honour. Owing to a dispute in connection with the expenses of the Paris Exhibition he retired from the public service of South Australia in 1880.

Boothby, William Robinson, B.A., J. P., Sheriff of South Australia, son of Benjamin Boothby, formerly judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, was born in England on Sept. 26th, 1829. He was educated at London University, where he graduated B.A., and went to South Australia with his father in 1853. In the following year he was appointed Sheriff and Returning Officer of the province of South Australia, and Marshal of the Court of Vice-Admiralty in addition in 1862. Mr. Boothby, who is Comptroller of Prison Labour, is a member of the Council of the Senate of Adelaide University.

Bosisto, Joseph, C.M.G., M.L.A., is the son of the late William Bosisto, of Cookham, Berks, and was born on March 21st, 1827, at Hammersmith. Becoming a druggist, he emigrated to Adelaide, S.A., in 1848, where he established the business of Messrs. Faulding & Co. He proceeded to Melbourne in 1851, and began business at Richmond. Having discovered the remarkable antiseptic properties of the eucalyptus, he went largely into the manufacture of its products. The Pharmaceutical Society of Victoria was founded mainly through his instrumentality in 1857. He was twice mayor of Richmond, and chairman of the local bench for five years consecutively. From 1874 to 1889 he was M.L.A. for the city, but was defeated in the latter year. Having represented Victoria at the Calcutta Exhibition in 1883, he was appointed President of the Royal Commission of that colony at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, held at South Kensington in 1886, for his services at which he was created C.M.G. on June 28th of that year. Mr. Bosisto is a J.P. for Victoria, and has been president of the Technological Commission, and Examiner in Materia Medica and Botany at the College of Pharmacy. In April 1892 Mr. Bosisto was re-elected to the Assembly for the Jolimont subdivision of his old constituency.

Boucaut, Hon. James Penn, Puisne Judge South Australia, son of the late Captain Ray Boucaut, H.E.I.C.S., by Winifred, daughter of the late James Penn, Superintendent of H.M.'s Dockyard, Mylor, Falmouth, was born near that place on Oct. 29th, 1831. He came to South Australia with his father (who died in 1872) in 1846, and was called to the bar in 1855. He was returned to the Legislative Assembly for the city of Adelaide on Dec. 9th, 1861, on the resignation of Sir R. D. Hanson; but was defeated at the general election in Nov. 1862. He was returned for West Adelaide at the general election in March 1865, and sat till the dissolution in March 1868, when he was returned for the Burra. He was, however, defeated at the general election in March 1870; but in August 1871 re-entered the Assembly as member for the West Torrens district, in succession to Mr. Strangways, who resigned. He was again returned for West Torrens at the general election in Dec. 1871, and sat till the dissolution in 1875, when he became member for Encounter Bay; and having been re-elected in April 1878, he finally retired on Sept. 25th in the same year, on being appointed a judge. Mr. Boucaut first took office in Mr. Hart's Ministry, on Oct. 23rd, 1865, being appointed Attorney-General, a position which he had refused when offered him by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Henry Ayers, immediately after his return for West Adelaide in March. On March 28th, 1866, the Ministry was reconstructed under the premiership of Mr. Boucaut, who continued to hold office as Attorney-General until May 3rd, 1867, when he retired with his colleagues, in connection with the Moonta question. At this time he refused a Q.C.-ship, and subsequently frequently declined office. In 1872, however, he joined Mr. Hughes', or, as it is generally called, Mr. Ayers' Ministry, "to establish the principle that the Governor was not entitled absolutely to say that the framer of the Government should necessarily be its head." Having established this principle, the ministry resigned, and Mr. Boucaut was out of office till June 3rd, 1875, when he again became Premier, and initiated the famous "Boucaut policy," which embraced a wide scheme of public works. In this, his second administration, Mr. Boucaut held the post of Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration, and subsequently the commissionership of Public Works. On March 25th, 1876, Mr. Boucaut reconstituted his ministry, Mr. Way having become Chief Justice, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) Wm. Morgan and Mr. Colton having retired. He was turned out of office on June 6th, 1876, partly, as his friends asserted, by backstairs cabals, and partly because he refused to borrow large sums of money without making provision to pay the interest, his taxation proposals having been rejected in two sessions by the Legislative Council. Mr. Boucaut again became Premier on Oct. 25th, 1877, and held that office till he was raised to the judicial bench in Oct. 1878. "As a politician," a friendly hand writes, "his horror of a plutocracy made him democratic; but his love of fair play often tinged that with conservatism, as he generally opposed extreme views, and did not sacrifice a far-seeing purpose for the sake of a present advantage, nor would he court popularity by the sacrifice of independence. He was amongst the most national of Australian politicians, and strongly dwelt upon the community of interest between South Australia and New South Wales. He advocated a gradual extension of railways from Adelaide to Wentworth, in order to join the Sydney lines to the Barrier Ranges, to Innamincka, and northwards across the Continent, although strongly opposing any immediate attempt to extend it to Port Darwin." Judge Boucaut was Acting Chief Justice during the absence in England on leave of Chief Justice Way, 1891-92. He has been several times Deputy Governor and twice administrator of the Government.

Bourke, General Sir Richard, K.C.B., sometime Governor of New South Wales, eldest son of John Bourke, of Thornfield, co. Limerick, Ireland, by his marriage with Anne, daughter of Edmund Ryan, of Boscobel, co. Tipperary, was born on May 4th, 1778, and educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, where he matriculated at Oriel College in 1793, and graduated B.A. at Exeter in 1798. Sir Richard, who succeeded to his father's property in 1795, entered the army in 1798, and served with great distinction in Holland in the next year's campaign, being severely wounded in the face. After being, for a short time, Superintendent of the Military College at Marlow, he was appointed Quartermaster-General in South America in 1806, and in the following year was present at the storming of Monte Video. He served in the Peninsular year from 1809 to 1814, was raised to the rank of major-general in 1821, and acted as Lieut.-Governor of the Cape of Good Hope from 1826 to 1828. Sir Richard assumed office as Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its dependencies in Dec. 1831, and held the reins until Dec. 1837, when he left the colony amidst the regrets of the people. Sir Richard, who was created K.C.B. in 1835, and was made colonel of the 64th regiment on his leaving New South Wales in 1837, became lieut.-general in Jan. 1851, and general in November of the same year. He was one of the witnesses to the will of the Right Hon. Edmund Burke, with whom he claimed kinship; and he edited, in conjunction with Charles, 5th Earl Fitzwilliam, an edition of that great statesman's correspondence. Sir Richard, who was High Sheriff of co. Limerick in 1839, married, on March 1st, 1800, Elizabeth Jane, youngest daughter of John Bourke, of Carshalton, Surrey, Receiver-General of the Land Tax for Middlesex, by his wife, Mary Battye of Yorkshire. This lady died at Parramatta, N.S.W. on May 7th, 1832, and was interred there. Sir Richard died on August 12th, 1855, at his seat at Thornfield, where his only surviving son Richard resided. A monument was erected to Sir Richard Bourke's memory in the Domain, Sydney, the inscription on which well summarises his services as Governor of New South Wales, at a time when the Queen's representatives in Australia were allowed a much greater initiative than is the case at present. It runs as follows: "This statue of Lieutenant-General Sir Richard Bourke, K.C.B., is erected by the people of New South Wales, to record his able, honest, and benevolent administration from 1831 to 1837. Selected for the government at a period of singular difficulty, his judgment, urbanity, and firmness justified the choice. Comprehending at once the vast resources peculiar to this colony, he applied them, for the first time, systematically to its benefit. He voluntarily divested himself of the prodigious influence arising from the assignment of penal labour, and enacted just and salutary laws for the amelioration of penal discipline. He was the first Governor who published satisfactory accounts of public receipts and expenditure. Without oppression or detriment to any interest he raised the revenue to a vast amount, and from its surplus realised extensive plans of immigration. He established religions equality on a just and firm basis, and sought to provide for all, without distinction of sect, a sound and adequate system of national education. He constructed various public works of permanent utility. He founded the flourishing settlement of Port Phillip, and threw open the wilds of Australia to pastoral enterprise. He established savings banks, and was the patron of the first Mechanics' Institute. He created an equitable tribunal for determining upon claims to grants of lands. He was the warm friend of the liberty of the Press. He extended trial by jury after its almost total suspension for many years. By these, and numerous other measures for the moral, religious and general improvement of all classes he raised the colony to unexampled prosperity, and retired amid the reverent and affectionate regret of the people, having won their confidence by his integrity, their gratitude by his services, their admiration by his public talents, and their esteem by his private worth." Sir Richard, though in the first instance he discountenanced the formation of a settlement at Port Phillip, ultimately induced the Home Government to recognise it. In 1837 he visited the incipient colony, and was the author of most of its existing nomenclature, giving the present names to Hobson's Bay, and the city of Melbourne itself, and his own family designation to the metropoltian county, and to one of the principal streets of the embryo capital of what was to become the great colony of Victoria.

Bourne, Joseph Orton, Registrar of Titles, Queensland, was born at Windsor, N.S.W., in 1854, and was the first pupil enrolled at the Normal School at Brisbane, where he went with his parents in 1859. He entered as a cadet in the Survey Office in 1861, became a draftsman in 1862, joined the Real Property Office as head draftsman in 1873, became principal Deputy Registrar of Titles in 1884, and received his present appointment as Registrar of Titles on Dec. 4th, 1889. He is a captain unattached in the Queensland Defence Force.

Bowen, Hon. Charles Christopher, M.L.C., was born at Milford, co. Mayo, Ireland, in 1830, being the eldest son of Charles Bowen, one of the founders of Canterbury, who was Speaker of the Provincial Council from 1855 to 1864. He was educated at Rugby and Cambridge, but left the University without taking a degree, and went out to the Canterbury Settlement in one of the first four ships, acting, until Dec. 1852, as secretary to Mr. Godley. In the Provincial Council of Canterbury Mr. Bowen was for some years Treasurer. In 1859 he visited England, where he remained till 1862; and upon his return was, in 1864, appointed Resident Magistrate at Christchurch, which office he held till 1874. From 1872 to 1874 he was Chairman of the Canterbury Board of Education. Mr. Bowen, on Dec. 16th, 1874, was called to the Legislative Council to take office under Sir Julius Vogel, but immediately afterwards resigned his seat and entered the Lower House as member for Kaiapoi. His offices were those of Minister of Justice and Commissioner of Stamps, which he held until the advent of the Grey Ministry into power on Oct 14th, 1877. During his tenure of office, he busied himself with the reform of prison management, introducing the system of "marks" into gaols. He also carried through the House in 1877 the Education Act, which established free primary schools and compulsory attendance throughout the colony. Mr. Bowen retired from Parliament in 1881, when he paid another visit to England. Mr. Bowen was called to the Upper House in 1891.

Bowen, Right Hon. Sir George Ferguson, G.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., successively Governor of Queensland, N.Z., and Victoria, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Edward Bowen, rector of Taughboyne, county Donegal, and was born in 1821. He was educated at the Charterhouse and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he obtained a scholarship in 1840, and graduated B.A. as first class in classics in 1844. In the same year he was elected to a fellowship at Brasenose College, and became a member of Lincoln's Inn, In 1847 he was appointed President of the University of Corfu, and in 1854 became Chief Secretary of the Government of the Ionian Islands, in which post he remained till 1859, when he was appointed the first Governor of the new colony of Queensland. Taking with him Mr. (now Sir Robert) Herbert as Colonial Secretary, he successfully organised the government of the infant colony, and presided over the inauguration of responsible institutions, Mr. Herbert becoming the first Premier. His term of Office expiring in Jan. 1868, he became Governor of New Zealand, where he had the difficult task of bringing the Maori War to an end. His rule gave entire satisfaction to the Colonial Office, and when in March 1873 he was transferred to Victoria, the official intimation of his promotion was couched in very complimentary terms. From Jan. 1875 to Jan. 1876 he was at home on his first leave of absence. On his return to Melbourne his troubles began. Sir William Stawell, who had held the reins in the interim, had shown somewhat too little flexibility in the exercise of his temporary powers, with the result that a constitutional struggle of unparalleled bitterness had been commenced between the supporters of Sir James McCulloch on the one hand and those of the Liberal party, under Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry, on the other. At the general election in May 1877 the latter swept the country, and Mr. Berry formed an administration, which in the course of a lengthened struggle with the Upper House on the question of payment of members, and ultimately of the reform of the latter body itself, resorted to measures which were denounced by its opponents as unconstitutional and cruel, the latter term being applied to what were known as the "Black Wednesday" dismissals of civil servants in Dec. 1878. Throughout the whole of the struggle Sir George Bowen acted on the constitutional principle of accepting the advice of his Ministers when not illegal. He was thus exposed to some personal animadversion from the Council and its organs in the press. On the whole, however, the Colonial Office justified his attitude, which was also approved by Mr. Gladstone, Mr. Childers, the late Earl of Carnarvon, and the late Mr. W. E. Forster. Sir George Bowen quitted the government of Victoria in Feb. 1879, on the expiry of the usual term of office, and was Governor of Mauritius till 1883 and of Hong Kong from that year till 1887, when he retired on a pension, having declined the offer made to him of continuing at Hong Kong. In 1886 he was appointed to the Privy Council, having been created C.M.G. in 1855; K.C.M.G. in 1856; and G.C.M.G. in 1860. In 1888 Sir George Bowen was appointed Royal Commissioner at Malta to make arrangements respecting the new constitution granted to that island. He is the author of "A Handbook for Travellers in Greece," in Murray's Series; "Mount Athos, Thessaly, and Epirus: a Diary of a Journey from Constantinople to Corfu" (1852); "Ithaca in 1850"; and "Imperial Federation" (1886). A full account of his public services will be found in "Thirty Years of Colonial Government," which comprises a selection from his despatches and letters whilst in the service of the Colonial Office, and was edited by Mr. Stanley Lane Poole. Sir George Bowen, besides being an honorary D.C.L. of Oxford and an honorary LL.D. of Cambridge, is a member of the governing bodies of the Imperial Institute and of Charterhouse School. He married in 1856 the Countess Roma, only surviving daughter of Count Roma, G.C.M.G., then President of the Senate of the Ionian Islands.

Bower, David, was born at Upper Mill, near Saddleworth, Yorkshire, on April 11th, 1819. In 1841 he emigrated to Port Phillip (now Victoria), and after a varied experience in New Zealand and New South Wales, finally settled in South Australia in 1847, where he established a successful business as a timber merchant at Port Adelaide. In 1865 he was returned to the Assembly as member for the combined electorate of Wallaroo and Port Adelaide, and in 1875 was elected for Port Adelaide, which he represented for a number of years. Mr. Bower was Commissioner of Public Works in the Bray Ministry from April to June 1884.

Boyce, Rev. William Binnington, one of the oldest colonists and one of the leading clergymen of the Wesleyan Methodist Church of New South Wales, was a native of the United Kingdom. In his early career his time was chiefly given to missionary work, and about 1830 he proceeded to South Africa, where he laboured for thirteen years as a missionary. In Jan. 1846 he arrived in Sydney, with the appointment of General Superintendent of Wesleyan Missions. Subsequently he was unanimously elected President of the first Wesleyan Conference held in Australia. In 1850 he was appointed a member of the Senate of the Sydney University, being one of the sixteen original members of that body. He died in Sydney, at the age of eighty-four, on March 8th, 1889. Mr. Boyce was the author of several works of a theological character. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Boyes, Edward Taylor, J.P., Collector of Customs, Tasmania, was formerly Collector and Landing Surveyor at Launceston, and in March 1883 was appointed Collector and Inspector of Customs, Landing Surveyor and Registrar of Shipping at Hobart.

Bracken, Thomas, was born Dec. 21st, 1843, in Ireland, and arrived in Victoria at the age of twelve. After experiencing the ups and downs of colonial life for several years, Mr. Bracken went to Otago, N.Z., in 1869, and connected himself shortly afterwards with journalism in that province. He was connected with the Otago Guardian in the first year or two of its existence, and subsequent founded a weekly paper, called The Saturday Advertiser, which he conducted with marked ability. In 1881 he was elected to represent Dunedin Central in the House of Representatives, but lost his seat at the elections of 1884. Mr. Bracken is best known as the author of several collections of verses, and the following books are from his pen: "Flowers of the Freelands," "Paddy Murphy's Budget," "Pulpit Lectures," "Beyond the Tomb, and other Poems," "The New Zealand Tourist," "The Land of the Maori and the Moa," and "Musings in Maori Land" (Keirle, Dunedin, 1890).

Braddon, Sir Edward Nicholas Coventry, K.C.M.G., born June 11th, 1829, is the son of Henry Braddon, of Skisdon, and member of the junior branch of the Braddons of Treglith and Treworgye, who temp. Elizabeth sent representatives of Liskeard to the British House of Commons. He went to India in 1847 to join his cousin's mercantile house in Calcutta. After varied experience, he accepted an appointment in the Government service as Assistant Commissioner in Santhalia; served in the Santhal rebellion with favourable mention; after the suppression of the Santhal outbreak, raised a regiment of Santhals, for which he was specially thanked by the Lieut.-Governor of Bengal; and then served with Sir George Yule's Volunteer force in the Indian mutiny (medal and favourable mention). In 1862 he was appointed Commissioner of Excise and Stamps, and, subsequently, Inspector-General of Registration and Superintendent of Trade Statistics in that province. During eighteen months he acted also as Secretary to the Chief Commissioner in the Revenue Departments. In 1870 he was specially deputed to inquire into and report upon the operation of the salt tax in Oudh and the north-west provinces, and, as one result of his labours, obtained a considerable relaxation of the law in respect of the illicit manufacture of salt, which had been exceedingly harsh and oppressive. In 1878 he retired on pension, and went to Tasmania. In July 1879 he was elected to the House of Assembly as member for West Devon, and held that seat continuously (being twice elected against opposition and twice unopposed) until Oct. 29th, 1888, when he was appointed Agent-General for the Colony in London. Mr. Braddon is a staunch Free Trader, and was a prominent Oppositionist until he carried his party into power. When in March 1887 he was called upon to form an Administration, Mr. Braddon resigned the Premiership to the Hon. P. O. Fysh, a colonist of longer standing, and took the leadership of the Assembly as Minister of Lands and Works, holding also the portfolio of Minister of Education. He was sworn of the Executive Council, on March 29th, 1887, and was one of the representatives of Tasmania at the second session of the Federal Council of Australia, held at Hobart in Jan. 1888. As Agent-General Mr. Braddon was instrumental in the successful notation of the first Three-and-a-half per Cent. Tasmanian Loan. He has also devoted much attention to the promotion of Tasmanian industries, notably the fruit and timber trades and mining. He read a paper on "Tasmania, its Resources and Products," before the Royal Colonial Institute, session 1888-9. Mr. Braddon, who is a brother of Miss Braddon, the well-known authoress, was created K.C.M.G. on Jan. 1st, 1891.

Bramston, John, C.B., B.A., D.C.L., Assistant Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, second son of the late T. W. Bramston, M.P. of Skreens, Essex, was born on Nov. 14th, 1832, and educated at Winchester, and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1854, becoming Fellow of All Souls' in the same university in the following year, and D.C.L. in 1863. He entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1854, and was called to the bar in June 1857. He went to Queensland in 1859 as private secretary to Sir George Bowen, the first governor, and held that post for two years, when he resigned. From 1863 to 1866 he sat in the Legislative Council, and was a member without portfolio of the first Ministry formed by his friend Mr. (now Sir) Robert Herbert from July 1863 to Feb. 1866, acting temporarily as Attorney-General from August to Sept. 1865. Subsequently he returned to England, and remained for two years, acting in 1867 as Assistant Boundary Commissioner for Devon and Cornwall under the Reform Act of that year. Returning to Queensland in 1868, he represented Burnett in the Legislative Assembly from April 1871 to Dec. 1873, and was Attorney-General in the Palmer Ministry from May 1870 to Jan. 1874, when he resigned to accept the same office in Hong Kong, where he also acted as judge. In June 1876 Mr. Bramston was appointed to his present post as Assistant Under Secretary of State in the Colonial Office, being employed on a mission to Berlin in connection with the Angra Pequena negotiations in July 1886, in which year he was created C.B. Mr. Bramston married, on Dec. 12th, 1872, Eliza Isabella, daughter of the late Rev. Harry Vane Russell. He was appointed Registrar of the Order of St. Michael and St. George in 1892.

Bray, Hon. Sir John Cox, M.L.A., Agent-General for South Australia, is the son of the late T. C. Bray, and was born in East Adelaide in 1842. He commenced his education at St. Peter's College in that city, but completed it in England. On his return to Australia, he commenced to qualify for practice as a solicitor, and on the expiry of his articles first entered Parliament in 1871 as the representative of East Adelaide, by which district he has been returned to the House of Assembly ever since. It was not until 1875 that he filled any ministerial position. When Mr. Justice Bundey, who had been Minister of Justice and Education in the Blyth Ministry, resigned, Mr. Bray was appointed in his place on March 15th, 1875, but the Government only lasted till June 3rd of the same year. In June 1876 Mr. Colton formed his first Administration, and appointed Mr. Bray to the post of Attorney-General, which he held till the Ministry retired, on Oct. 26th, 1877. For the next four years Mr. Bray was the generally recognised leader of the Opposition, although when Sir William Morgan's Ministry resigned in 1881, the Governor sent for Mr. Colton. This gentleman, however, declined the task of forming a ministry, and Mr. Bray was sent for, and got together a ministry which was strong enough to remain in office for three years. In 1884 Mr. Bray made a trip to England, and returned to the colony by way of America. On arriving in Adelaide, he found the Downer Government in power, and on the resignation of Mr. Darling, who held office as Commissioner of Public Works, he joined Mr. Downer as Chief Secretary on Oct. 14th, 1885, resigning that position for the post of Treasurer on June 8th, 1886. He went out of office on the downfall of the Downer Ministry, on June 7th, 1887; but in May 1888, on the death of the late Sir Robert Ross, he was elected to fill the position of Speaker of the House of Assembly—a post which he held with marked ability during the remainder of the Parliament. He declined, however, to again accept the position at the opening of the Parliament in 1890, preferring to re-enter the active arena of politics. Mr. Bray was created K.C.M.G. in 1890, his acceptance of the distinction provoking considerable comment, it having been understood that he had on a previous occasion declined it, on grounds similar to those which influenced Mr. Higinbotham, Mr. Francis, and Mr. Deakin, in refusing the title. Sir John Bray, however, defended his action on the ground that, having accepted an office under the Crown which, according to well-known custom, carried with it the honour of knighthood, he would have been casting a slur upon his predecessors and doing an injustice to his successors in repudiating it. Sir John Bray, who accepted the post of Chief Secretary in the Playford Government in August 1890, has taken an active part in the proceedings of the South Australian Natives Association, and presided over the Intercolonial Conference of these bodies, which in 1890 declared in favour of Australasian Federation. He was elected by the South Australian Legislative Assembly to be one of the representatives of the colony to the Federation Convention, held in Sydney in 1891. Sir John Bray was, it may be added, one of the representatives of his colony at the Intercolonial Conference held In Sydney in Nov. 1883, out of which the Federal Council of Australasia sprang. He was a member of the South Australian Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and Vice-President of the South Australian Commission to the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888. In Jan. 1892 Sir John Bray left Adelaide to assume the post of Agent-General in succession to the late Sir Arthur Blyth, and took over charge of the London office on Feb. 29th of that year.

Brennan, Louis, C.B., the inventor of the torpedo which bears his name, is the son of Thomas Brennan by his marriage with Miss Bridget MacDonel, and was born in Ireland on Jan. 28th, 1852. He went to Melbourne with his parents when eleven years of age. A few years later he was articled to Mr. Alexander Kennedy Smith, the well-known civil and mechanical engineer, and quickly displayed great aptitude in his profession. Mr. Brennan may be said to have first conceived the idea of his now celebrated torpedo in May 1874, but the initiatory stages of perfecting the invention, proving it by trials, and bringing it into notice in the right quarters occupied several years, Mr. Brennan being ultimately aided by a grant of ?700 from the Victorian Government. With a view to securing its adoption by the imperial authorities, Mr. Brennan formed a small company to exploit the invention, and himself went to England towards the end of 1880. The torpedo, through the kindly interposition of Sir Andrew Clarke, was favourably considered by the War Office, but it was not finally adopted by the British Government till 1887, when, after years of anxious thought and laborious experiment, Mr. Brennan brought the apparatus to its present perfection, and it was purchased by the Imperial Government for ?110,000, Mr. Brennan being employed by the Government to superintend the manufacture and to aid in its practical utilisation for a period of five years. On the expiry of this engagement it was again renewed, in March 1892; and on May 25th following Mr. Brennan was gazetted to the distinction of C.B. He married in Dublin on Sept. 10th, 1891, his cousin, Miss Anna Quinn. An excellent description of the torpedo will be found in the recent issue of the "Encyclop?dia Britannica." [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Brentnall, Hon. Frederick Thomas, M.L.C., was born at Ridings, Derbyshire, in 1834, and educated at Alfreton. He was sent by the British Wesleyan Conference to New South Wales in 1863 to join the ranks of the Wesleyan ministry in that colony. An affection of the throat, however, necessitated his resignation about 1883, when he bought an interest in the Brisbane Telegraph, and joined the literary staff, becoming Chairman of the Company upon the retirement of the Hon. James Cowlishaw in Oct. 1885. Mr. Brentnall is a director of several companies, including the Queensland Deposit Bank and Building Society, and the Queensland General Insurance Company, Ltd.; and has been a member of the Legislative Council since April 17th, 1886.

Brett, Henry, J.P., an enterprising newspaper proprietor and publisher in New Zealand, who has issued a large number of standard works on colonial subjects, was born in the south of England, and brought up to the printing trade in the office of his uncle, the proprietor of the Hastings and St. Leonards Gazette. He left for New Zealand with the Non-conformist special settlers in 1862, intending to settle upon the land, but on arrival at Auckland the vessel was boarded by a representative of the Daily Southern Cross in search of compositors, and Mr. Brett was persuaded to accept an engagement on that paper. Shortly afterwards he joined the reporting staff of the New Zealand Herald and maintained his connection with that journal till 1870, when for the sum of ?90 he acquired a third interest in the Evening Star, which had been recently started by Mr. G. M. Reid, and was then in a struggling condition. By the infusion of additional energy, and the employment of carrier pigeons to supply the want of telegraphs in those days—this being one of the most successful innovations in journalism introduced by Mr. Brett—the Star forged ahead and extinguished its evening rival. In Feb. 1876, Mr. Reid disposed of his interest to Mr. Brett, the share of the third partner having previously been acquired by the firm, Mr. Brett thus becoming sole proprietor. He has since disposed of a partnership interest to Mr. T. W. Leys, who succeeded Mr. Reid in the editorship of the paper, which is commonly reported to have the largest circulation in New Zealand. The second publishing venture of the firm was the Auckland Almanack and Provincial Handbook, started in 1872; and they have also established the New Zealand Farmer and Bee and Poultry Journal, a monthly agricultural magazine, and more recently the New Zealand Graphic, Mr. Brett, who is a director of the New Zealand Press Association and President of the Auckland Choral Society, occupied a seat in the Auckland City Council from 1874 to 1878, and in the latter year, without a contest, was chosen Mayor.

Bride, Thomas Francis, LL.D., was born at Cork, Ireland, in 1851, and went to Victoria at three years of age. He graduated at Melbourne University in 1873. In the same year he was appointed Assistant Librarian of the University, and later Assistant Registrar, both of which positions he held until August 1881, when he was appointed Librarian of the Melbourne Public Library. In 1879 Dr. Bride took the degree of Doctor of Laws, being the third who achieved that distinction at the Melbourne University. In Feb. 1880 he unsuccessfully contested North Melbourne in the Conservative interest.

Brierly, Sir Oswald Walters, R.W.S., F.R.G.S., marine painter to the Queen since 1874, is the son of the late Thomas Brierly, and was born at Chester in 1817. He was on board H.M.S. Rattlesnake during her surveys of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, the Louisiade Archipelago, and part of New Guinea. He visited New Zealand, Tongatabu, Tahiti, and many other places in the Meander; and has cruised in different parts of the world for eleven years on board various of her Majesty's ships, an island of the Louisiade and a point in Australia being named after him. Sir Oswald Brierly—as he became in 1885—was during the Russian war present at the operations with the fleet in the Baltic, Black Sea, and Sea of Azoff; he was also by command on board the royal yacht at the great naval review at the close of the Russian war to make sketches for the Queen. In 1867 he went with H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh in his voyage round the world in the Galatea, and his sketches of the cruise were exhibited at South Kensington. In 1868 he was attached to the suite of the Prince and Princess of Wales during their trip up the Nile. He has painted many important historical marine pictures, the principal of which have been engraved. He has been awarded the fourth class Medjidie, fourth class Osmanieh, and the Turkish war medal, and is an Officer of the Redeemer of Greece. He was formerly a J.P. for New South Wales, and is at present Curator of the Painted Hall, Greenwich.

Bright, Charles Edward, C.M.G., J.P., belongs to an old Worcestershire family possessing estates in the counties of Worcester and Hereford, and is the fifth son of the late Robert Bright, of Bristol and Abbots Leigh, Somerset, by Caroline, daughter of Thomas Tyndall, of The Fort, Bristol. Mr. Bright is brother to Richard Bright, who was elected M.P. for East Somerset in 1868, and to Lieut.-General Sir Robert Onesiphorus Bright, K.C.B. He emigrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in Jan. 1854; and is a partner in the firms of Messrs. Antony Gibbs & Co. and Messrs. Gibbs, Bright & Co. He was twice Chairman of the Melbourne Harbour Trust, and for many years Trustee of the Public Library, Museum, and National Gallery of Victoria. He was Commissioner to the Exhibition of London, 1861-2; Dublin, 1864; Melbourne, 1866-7; London, 1873-4; Melbourne, 1880; Calcutta, 1883; Adelaide, 1887; and Melbourne, 1888. He married, on August 25th, 1868, the Hon. Anne Maria Georgiana Manners-Sutton, daughter of the third Viscount Canterbury (Governor of Victoria 1866-73), by Georgiana, youngest daughter of the late Charles Thompson, of Witchingham Hall, Norfolk; and was created C.M.G. on May 24th, 1883.

Bright, Hon. Henry Edward, M.L.C., son of Edward Bright and Mary Ann his wife, was born in London on June 30th, 1819, and arrived in Adelaide in April 1850. He was member for Stanley in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia from 1866 to 1874, and for Wooroora from 1875 to 1885. From July 1873 to June 1875 he was Commissioner of Public Works in the Government of the Hon. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth, and in May 1885 was elected to the Legislative Council, of which he is still a member. Mr. Bright married, at St. George's, Hanover Square, London, W., on March 15th, 1841, Miss Jane Prudence King, with whom he recently celebrated his golden wedding.

Brisbane, General Sir Thos. Makdougall, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.H., D.C.L., sometime Governor of New South Wales, was descended from the ancient family of the Brisbanes of Brisbane, Ayrshire, and was born on July 23rd, 1773, at Brisbane House, Largs, the seat of his father, Thomas Brisbane, his mother being Eleanor, daughter of Sir Wm. Bruce. He entered the army in 1789 as ensign in the 38th Infantry, stationed in Ireland, where he became acquainted with the Duke of Wellington, then a lieutenant in a cavalry regiment. In 1793 Captain Brisbane took part in all the affairs of the Flanders campaign from St. Amand to Nimeguen, and in 1796 he served in the West Indies, under Sir Ralph Abercromby. In 1810 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General to the staff at Canterbury, which he held till he obtained command of a brigade under the Duke of Wellington, whom he joined at Coimbra in 1812, and under whom he served during the remainder of the Peninsular war. At the battle of the Nive he highly distinguished himself, and for his bravery received the thanks of Parliament. In 1813, on the recommendation of the Duke of Wellington, Sir Thomas was appointed to a command in Canada, and in 1821 was nominated to succeed General Macquarie as Governor of New South Wales, where he remained four years, viz., from Dec. 1821 to Dec. 1825. In New South Wales he improved the condition of the convicts, substituting useful labour for the treadmill and giving them tickets of leave for good conduct. He was mainly, however, a man of science, and established an observatory at Parramatta, where he is said to have fixed the positions of and catalogued 7,385 stars, hitherto scarcely known to astronomers. For his work "The Brisbane Catalogue of Stars" he received the Copley medal from the Royal Society, and the universities of Cambridge and Oxford conferred on him honorary degrees. During his term of office in New South Wales, he introduced good breeds of horses into the colony at his own expense, and encouraged the cultivation of the sugar-cane, vines, tobacco, and cotton. His government is memorable as inaugurating free immigration on a large scale. To arrivals who paid their passages to the Colony he gave every encouragement to settle. He conferred on them grants of land, and assigned to them as many prisoners as they were able to employ. Very speedily, as Mr. Blair narrates, the fine lands of the colony were covered with flocks and herds, and the applications for prisoners became so numerous that at one time two thousand more were demanded than could be supplied. Hence began an important change in the colony. The costly Government farms were one after another broken up, and the prisoners assigned to the squatters. The unremunerative public works were abandoned, which all tended to good, as when the convicts were thus scattered they were more manageable and more likely to reform, than when gathered in large crowds. In Macquarie's time not one prisoner in ten could be usefully employed; seven or eight years after, there was not a prisoner in the colony whose services were not eagerly sought and well paid for by the squatters. The area of cleared land was thus doubled, and the export of wool quintupled. Financially, however, he was not an administrative success, and this led to his early recall. On his return from Australia, Sir Thomas established an astronomical and magnetic observatory at Makerstown, and published three large volumes of observations in the "Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh." He was created a baronet in 1836 and G.C.B. in 1837, and in 1841 was made a general in the army. On the death of Sir Walter Scott he was also elected President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He founded two gold medals as rewards for scientific merit in connection with the Royal Society and the Society of Arts respectively. He died at his residence, Brisbane House, Largs, Ayrshire, on Jan. 27th, 1860. The capital of the colony of Queensland is named after him. Sir Thomas married, in 1819, Anna Maria, daughter of Sir Henry Hay Makdougall, but left no surviving issue. During his peninsular campaigns he took regular observations with a pocket sextant, and, as the Duke of Wellington said, "kept the time of the army." As showing his ruling bent, it is related of him that, whilst sheathing his sword after the Battle of Vittoria, he exclaimed, looking round from a lofty eminence, "What a glorious site for an observatory!"

Britton, Alexander, son of the late Alexander Britton, and brother of Henry Britton (q.v.), embraced journalism, and was sub-editor of the Melbourne Argus, and subsequently of the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1890 he was engaged by the Government of New South Wales to complete the official "History of New South Wales," the first volume of which had been edited by Mr. G. B. Barton (q.v.).

Britton, Henry, journalist, second son of Alexander and Lydia Britton, was born on Jan. 24th, 1846, in Derby, England, where his father was engaged in tuition, was also a contributor to the press, and had some repute as a public lecturer. The subject of this notice emigrated to Australia with his family in Nov. 1854, and reached Melbourne in Feb. 1855. He at once proceeded to Castlemaine, Victoria, where his father established a newspaper called The Miners' Right, subsequently named The Castlemaine Advertiser. He learned the business of a journalist in his father's office. In 1863 he joined the parliamentary reporting staff of the Age newspaper, Melbourne. Two years later he transferred his services to the Argus, Melbourne. In 1870 he acted as special correspondent for the Argus in Fiji. The series of letters he wrote was republished under the title of "Fiji in 1870," and the volume had a large sale. In Dec. 1871, as special correspondent of the Argus, he accompanied the Australian Eclipse Expedition to Cape York, northern coast of Australia, where observations of the total eclipse of the sun were made. His account of the proceedings of the expedition was afterwards republished in Nature, the London scientific journal. In 1873 he went to Fiji again as special commissioner for the Argus to inquire into the working of the South Pacific labour trade, in connection with which many scandals had arisen. The notorious brig Carl had kidnapped a number of South Sea Islanders under circumstances of great atrocity. The Australian Governments agreed to pay the expense of returning the kidnappees to their several homes in the islands. One of the vessels commissioned for this purpose by Commodore Stirling was H.M. schooner Alacrity. Mr. Britton was allowed a passage in this vessel with some fifty or sixty of the savages, and he assisted at their landing under circumstances of considerable danger at their various homes in the Marshall, Gilbert, and Ellice groups of islands, north and south of the line. In 1874 he was again called upon in the capacity of special correspondent of the Argus to go to Fiji in the suite of Sir Hercules Robinson, the then Governor of New South Wales, who had made a request that he might be sent on the occasion of the annexation of that country. Mr. Britton was present at the official interviews with Thakombau and the other leading chiefs, and he fully described the annexation ceremonies, which included many incidents of peculiar interest. Mr. Britton was also acting at this time as special correspondent for the Times. In 1877 he was made chief of the Argus reporting staff and sub-editor. Falling into bad health, and having a desire to visit the old country, which he had not seen since infancy, he in 1878 made a voyage round the world. Returning to Melbourne, after a year's absence, he resumed his connection with the Argus, to which he contributed a series of social sketches under the signature of "Marcellus," and also a series of papers explaining the modus operandi of the medical clairvoyants of Melbourne. Early in 1883 he joined the contributing staffs of the Age and Leader. At the end of that year he published a romance called "Loloma," illustrative of cannibal life among the Fijians in the olden time. At the general election of 1886, he sought parliamentary honours at the hands of the electors of Castlemaine, but was not successful. In Nov. 1889 the proprietors of the Leader offered prizes for the two best locally produced Christmas stories for publication in their Christmas number; there was a very large number of competitors, and Mr. Britton was awarded the first prize for his story "Jack Travis's Merry Christmas: a Tale of Australian Adventure." In March 1890 Mr. Britton was appointed dramatic editor of the Australasian, and he still holds that position.

Bromby, Charles Hamilton, B.A., L.C.L., formerly Attorney-General Tasmania, is the second son of Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, sometime Bishop of Tasmania, by Mary Anne, eldest daughter of the late William Hulme Bodley, of Brighton, Sussex. He was born at Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, on July 17th, 1843, and educated at Cheltenham College and St. Edmund's Hall, Oxford, where he graduated. He entered as a student of the Inner Temple on June 7th, 1864, and was called to the bar on Nov. 18th, 1867. He emigrated to Tasmania, where he arrived in Dec. 1874, and was M.H.A. for Launceston from 1876 to 1877, for Longford from 1877 to 1878, and subsequently for Richmond. Mr. Bromby was Attorney-General in Mr. Reibey's Ministry, and a member of the Executive Council from July 20th, 1876, to August 9th, 1877. He was admitted a member of the bar of New South Wales in 1881; but now resides in England, and practises as a barrister in London and on the North-Eastern Circuit. He edited "Spike's Law of Master and Servant," 3rd edition.

Bromby, Right Rev. Charles Henry, D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, son of the Rev. John Healey Bromby, vicar of Holy Trinity, Hull, was born at Hull in 1814, and educated at Uppingham School and at St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was scholar and exhibitioner. He graduated B.A. (Junior Optime and third class in classics) in 1837, and M.A. in 1840, being admitted to the honorary degree of D.D. in 1864. He was ordained deacon in 1838, and priest in 1839, and was curate of Chesterfield from 1838 to 1839; vicar of St. Paul's, Cheltenham, and Principal of the Normal College there from 1843 to 1864, when he was appointed Bishop of Tasmania by the Queen's letters patent, being consecrated in Canterbury Cathedral by Archbishop Longley on June 29th, 1864, and enthroned in St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, on Jan. 7th, 1865. Having resigned his see in 1882, Bishop Bromby was appointed in that year rector of Shrawardine-with-Montford, and Assistant Bishop to the Bishop of Lichfield. In 1887 he resigned his rectory, and became Warden of St. John's Hospital, Lichfield. He married in 1839 Mary Anne, daughter of Dr. Bodley, of Brighton, who died in 1885. He is the author of the "Church Student's Manual," "History and Grammar of the English Language," and editor of "Wordsworth's Excursion, Book I."

Bromby, Rev. Henry Bodley, B.A., formerly Dean of Hobart, Tasmania, is the son of the Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, D.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, and was educated at Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he was Rustat Scholar. He graduated B.A. in 1864, and in the same year he was ordained deacon, and priest in 1865. He was canon of St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, from 1865 to 1868, and 1870 to 1877; incumbent of St. Johns, Hobart, from 1868 to 1873; incumbent of the cathedral parish of Hobart from 1873 to 1884; and Dean of Hobart from 1877 to 1884, when he left the colony for England, and in the next year was appointed vicar of St. John the Evangelist, Bethnal Green.

Bromby, Rev. John Edward, M.A., D.D., son of Rev. J. H. Bromby, Vicar of Holy Trinity Church, Hull, and elder brother of the Right Rev. Charles Henry Bromby, sometime Bishop of Tasmania, was born in 1809, and educated at Uppingham and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he was for some time scholar; Bell's University Scholar in 1829; B.A. (9th Wrangler and second-class in the Classical Tripos) in 1832; Fellow of St. John's College from 1834 to 1836; M.A. in 1835; B.D. in 1845; D.D. in 1850. Dr. Bromby was ordained deacon in 1834, priest in 1835, and was Vice-principal of Bristol College and Principal of Elizabeth College, Guernsey, from 1847 to 1855, and senior Curate of Holy Trinity, Hall, from 1855 to 1857. He was subsequently appointed headmaster of the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, and arrived in Melbourne in Feb. 1858. This post Dr. Bromby held until 1875, when he retired amidst universal regret and respect on the part of his old pupils and the public generally. In 1877 he was appointed incumbent of St. Paul's, Melbourne. He married in 1836 a daughter of Alderman Lilley of Bristol, and died on March 9th, 1889.

Brooke, Gustavus Vaughan, the well-known actor, was the son of Gustavus Vaughan Brooke of Dublin, was born on April 25th, 1818, at Hardwick Place, Dublin, and was educated at a school conducted by the brother of Maria Edgeworth. When about fifteen he applied to Calcraft of the Theatre Royal, Dublin, for an engagement; and owing to the sudden indisposition of Edmund Kean he was allowed to appear as William Tell on Easter Monday (April 9th) 1833. Permanent employment followed. He subsequently made his first appearance in London as Virginius at the Victoria Theatre, and in 1840 he entered into an engagement with Macready to appear at Drury Lane, but threw it up through dissatisfaction with his part. His real d?but in London took place on Jan. 3rd, 1848, when he appeared as Othello at the Olympic, and scored a great success with the public as well as with critics of judgment. Later on he went to America, and played Othello at the Broadway Theatre, New York, on Dec. 15th, 1851. His success in the States led him to take the Astor Place Opera House in New York, which he opened in May 1852. The venture was a disastrous failure, and after a fresh tour in the States he reappeared at Drury Lane, then under the management of E. T. Smith, the father of the Hon. L. L. Smith of Victoria (q.v.). Mr. George Coppin visited England in 1854 with the view of engaging "stars" for Australia, and amongst others secured G. V. Brooke who from 1855 to 1857 received as much as ?100 a night for playing in Australia and New Zealand. He went into partnership with Coppin in the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, and the Melbourne Cremorne, with results so disastrous that both were beggared, and dissolved partnership in Feb. 1859, when Brooke returned to England to find his prospects far from bright. His reappearance at Drury Lane as Othello was a failure, habits of dissipation having left their deteriorating traces on his once fine presence and splendid voice. Brooke married Miss Avonia Jones, an actress of no great merit. Disgusted by his ill success in London, Brooke decided to return to Australia, and took his passage in the ill-fated ship London, which foundered in the Bay of Biscay on Jan. 11th, 1866. Brooke was amongst those who perished, his manly and even heroic conduct during the long agony which preceded the final sinking of the vessel being such as to shed lustre over a career which, in its later phases, had been clouded by a deplorable absence of self-control.

Brooke, Hon. John Henry, who was Commissioner of Crown Lands in Victoria under the Heales administration from Nov. 1860 to Nov. 1861, will long be remembered in connection with the land system of that colony. In 1857, as a member of the Assembly, he was prominent in opposition to the Haines Land Bill, which proposed giving annual licences to the squatters. On his own accession to office he, in conjunction with his colleagues Mr. J. M. Grant and Mr. Ireland, the Attorney-General, brought into operation the famous licences to occupy the waste lands of the Crown, which formed the basis of popular settlement for cultivation purposes on the public lands of Victoria. The scheme was formulated by a mere Gazette notice, the issue of which was formally censured by the Legislative Council. As the result of a dissolution of the Assembly Mr. Brooke's policy was approved by the country, and formed the subject of express eulogy in the Governor's opening speech to the new Parliament in August 1861. The occupation licences were approved by the new Assembly and again condemned by the Council, who denounced the introduction of the new departure by a mere departmental regulation as a breach of the principles of responsible government. The Governor regretted the disapprobation of the Council, but when they entreated that the legality of the licences might be tested in the Supreme Court, replied that his advisers were "satisfied of their legality." Mr. Brooke subsequently left Victoria, and is now a resident in Japan.

Broome, Sir Frederick Napier, K.C.M.G., eldest son of the late Rev. Frederick Broome, rector of Kenley, Salop, by his wife Catherine Eleanor, eldest daughter of Lieut-Col. Napier, formerly Superintendent Indian Department, Canada, was born in Canada, on Nov. 18th, 1842, and educated at Whitchurch Grammar School, Salop. He emigrated to New Zealand in 1857, and engaged in pastoral pursuits. Visiting England in 1864, he married on June 21st, 1865, Mary Anne, widow of the late Col. Sir George Barker, R.A., K.C.B. (q.v.). Returning the same year to his New Zealand sheep-station, in the Malvern Hills, province of Canterbury, he continued colonial life for a time; but finally left New Zealand for London in 1869, and for the six following years contributed largely to the Times newspaper, acting as correspondent for that journal at the Duke of Edinburgh's marriage at St. Petersburg, and on many other occasions, and furnishing numerous literary reviews, art criticisms, and miscellaneous articles to the columns of the leading journal, then edited by the late Mr. John Delane. He published two volumes of verse, "Poems from New Zealand" (1868) and "The Stranger of Seriphos" (1869), and contributed verse to the Cornhill, Macmillan's Magazine, and other periodicals. He was appointed, in 1870, Secretary to the St. Paul's Cathedral Completion Fund, and in 1873 Secretary to the Royal Commission on Unseaworthy Ships, and held for some time a commission in the Essex yeomanry. He was selected by the late Earl of Carnarvon, in 1875, to proceed with Lord (then Sir Garnet) Wolseley on a special mission to Natal, as Colonial Secretary of that colony. He hold that post until 1878, when he was promoted to the Colonial Secretaryship of Mauritius, where he administered the government in 1879, and was Lieutenant-Governor of the island from 1880 to 1888. On receiving the news of the disaster at Isandula, he despatched at once to the assistance of Lord Chelmsford nearly the whole of the garrison of the colony. For this service he was warmly thanked by the Governor and High Commissioner of the Cape Colony (the late Sir Bartle Frere), and by the colony off Natal through its Lieut.-Governor, Sir Henry Bulwer, his action being also fully approved by Her Majesty's Government. He was appointed on Dec. 14th, 1882, Governor of Western Australia, and assumed office in June 1883. Sir Frederick was created C.M.G. in 1877, K.C.M.G. in 1884; and visited England in 1885, when, with the "view of extending a knowledge of the resources of what was at that time a little known colony, he read a paper on "Western Australia" before the Colonial Institute, H.R.H. the Prince of Wales taking the chair. Sir Frederick Broome's term of government of Western Australia was marked by a great extension of railways and telegraphs, and much general progress. The question of a change of the constitution of the colony to the form known as responsible government having come forward, it became Sir Frederick's duty to act as intermediary between the Legislative Council and the Secretary of State. After considerable correspondence the details of the new constitution were settled, and a bill, approved by Her Majesty's Government, finally passed the local legislature in 1889. Imperial parliamentary sanction being required for the transfer of the Crown lands to the Colonial Legislature, the necessary bill was at once introduced by Lord Knutsford, and passed the House of Lords; but, owing to a strong opposition to handing over the immense tract of Crown lands to the colonists, which suddenly showed itself in the home press and in the House of Commons, the bill could not be proceeded with in the House in 1889, and had to be deferred to the following year. To clear up the extraordinary misapprehensions which existed on the matter, Sir Frederick Broome addressed a letter to the Times, which had a considerable effect. A good deal of determined opposition to the bill, however, continued; and Sir Frederick and two leading members of the Western Australian Legislature came to England, in Dec. 1889, at the wish of the colony and with Lord Knutsford's concurrence, to give evidence before the select committee of the House of Commons, to which, early in the session of 1890, the Constitution Bill was referred. The whole facts of the case were most fully explained to the select committee by Sir Frederick Broome and the other witnesses, the blue book containing the report of the evidence being a complete compendium of information respecting Western Australia. The commission reported, much to the surprise of the London press, in favour of the bill and of the transfer of all lands to the colony. Opposition was at length overcome, or nearly so. The Government stood firm, and had the support of the front Opposition bench; and after some applications of the closure, Sir Frederick Broome had the satisfaction of witnessing the passage of the bill through committee with all restrictions erased, the whole of the lands of the vast territory—1,060,000 square miles in extent—being freely handed over to the Legislature of Western Australia, which thus obtained its new constitution on the same basis as the other colonies of the continent, there being no opposition to the bill in the House of Lords. On quitting Western Australia, in Dec. 1889, for the mission to England in connection with the Constitution Bill, Sir Frederick and Lady Broome received many proofs of the esteem and regard of the colonists. Sir Frederick's tenure of the government of Western Australia came to an end with his mission to England, and finally ceased in Sept 1890. In July 1891 he was appointed Governor of Trinidad.

Broome, Mary Anne, Lady, the wife of Sir Frederick Napier Broome, K.C.M.G., the late Governor of Western Australia, was the eldest daughter of Hon. Walter G. Stewart, Island Secretary of Jamaica. She was sent to England to be educated when two years old, and returned to Jamaica in 1850. She married first, in 1852, Colonel Sir George Barker, B.A., K.C.B., an officer distinguished for his Crimean and Indian services, who died at Simla in 1861. She married secondly, June 21st, 1865, Sir (then Mr.) Frederick Napier Broome, whom she accompanied to New Zealand the same year. Returning with her husband to England in 1869, Lady Barker, as she was then styled, became well known as a successful authoress. She has published "Station Life in New Zealand" (1870), followed by "Stories About," "Ribbon Stories," "A Christmas Cake," "A Year's Housekeeping in Natal," "Letters to Guy," descriptive of life in Western Australia, and other works. She published a useful manual in 1874, entitled "First Principles of Cookery," and was appointed Lady Superintendent of the National School of Cookery at South Kensington, a post she relinquished on accompanying her husband to Natal in 1875. Her next home was in Mauritius, 1878-83, when she organised a fund for the relief of the sick and wounded in the Zulu war. For this service she received a special official acknowledgment in a despatch from the Secretary of State for the Colonies. A movement in favour of the higher education of women was also initiated by her in Mauritius.

Broughton, Vernon Delves, son of the late Rev. Thomas Delves Broughton (grandson of the 6th baronet of this name, of Broughton, Staffordshire) by his marriage with Frances, daughter of Lewis Corkran, was born in Dec. 1834, at Bletchley in Buckinghamshire. He was educated at Marlborough School and at Magdalen College, Oxford. Having entered the Civil Service whilst still an undergraduate, he was employed in the Treasury from 1855 to 1877, acting in the interval as private secretary to Lord Lingen, when Secretary to the Treasury, and to Lord Sherbrooke when Chancellor of the Exchequer. In Nov. 1877 Mr. Broughton was appointed Deputy-Master of the Mint, and Chief Officer of the Melbourne Branch, a position which he retained till a short time before his death in 1886. Mr. Broughton married in 1861 Augusta, eldest daughter of George Arbuthnot, Auditor of the Civil List.

Brown, Gilbert Wilson, M. A., Clerk of the Executive Council, Victoria, was educated at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, of which he was scholar in 1852, and graduated B.A. (Mathematical Tripos) in 1855, and M.A. in 1881. He went to Victoria, and took up the position of Assistant Master in the Scotch College, Melbourne, in April 1857. In Jan. 1858 he was appointed Head Master of the National Grammar School at Geelong, and Organising Master and Inspector of National Schools in May 1859. In Sept. 1862 he was appointed Organising Inspector under the Board of Education, and Inspector-General of the Education Department in Jan. 1873. He was Secretary for Public Instruction from March 1878 to April 1889, when he was appointed to his present position of Clerk of the Executive Council.

Brown, Henry Yorke Lyell, Government Geologist, South Australia, was Government Geologist of Western Australia, and was appointed to his present position in Dec. 1882.

Brown, Professor John McMillan, M.A., was born in 1846, and educated at Irvine Academy and at Glasgow University, where he graduated M.A. in 1869. Having gained the Snell Exhibition in English Language, Literature, and History, Mr. Brown proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, in 1870; but ill-health prevented him from completing his course, and in 1874, when Canterbury College, Christchurch, was founded in affiliation to the University of New Zealand, he was selected to fill the chair of Classics and English. In 1879 Mr. Brown resigned the chair of Classics, and became Professor of English and English History. In the same year he was a member of the Royal Commission on the state of higher education in New Zealand, and was appointed Fellow of the University Senate. He was one of the founders of the short-lived New Zealand Magazine in 1875. In 1886 Mr. Brown married Miss Helen Connon, one of the first lady graduates in Her Majesty's dominions.

Brown, Hon. Nicholas John, M.H.A., J.P., son of Richard Brown, was born at Hobart in 1838, was educated at the Hutchins School, Hobart, and has since been engaged in pastoral pursuits. He has been member for the Cumberland District in the Tasmanian House of Assembly since Jan. 1875. He was Minister of Lands and Works in the first Fysh Ministry from August 1877 to Dec. 1878, and held the same post in the Giblin Ministry from Dec. 1882 to August 1884, and in the Douglas and Agnew Ministries from that date till March 1887. Mr. Brown was one of the representatives of Tasmania at the Sydney Convention of 1883, at which the draft of the Federal Council Bill was agreed to. In March 1886 he was appointed one of the Tasmanian representatives in the Federal Council; but when the Fysh Ministry came into power he was objected to as a political opponent, and has not since taken his seat. In March 1891 Mr. Brown was one of the representatives of Tasmania at the Sydney Federation Convention. In July 1891 he was elected Speaker of the House of Assembly in succession to Mr. Reibey.

Brown, Sir William, Bart., eldest son of Sir William Brown, 9th baronet, of Coulston, Haddingtonshire, who resided in New South Wales, and died in 1882, when the present Sir William succeeded him as 10th baronet. The latter was born in Dec. 1848, and married, in 1871, Alice Jane, daughter of J. C. Peters, merchant, Hope House, Manby Beach, near Sydney. He resides at Tareela, Barraba, N.S.W.

Browne, Thomas Alexander (Rolf Boldrewood), the eldest son of the late Captain Sylvester John Browne, of the East India Company's Service, and of Enmore, N.S.W., and Hartlands, Victoria, by his marriage with Eliza Angell Alexander, was born in England on August 6th, 1826. He arrived in New South Wales with his father in April 1830, and was educated at Mr. T. W. Cape's school in Sydney, and afterwards at Sydney College, when Mr. Cape was appointed head-master and transferred his scholars. Mr. T. A. Browne, when about seventeen years of age, started with a herd of cattle for the Port Fairy district, in Victoria (then only partially explored), and became a pioneer squatter there, forming the station known as Squattlesea Mere. Here he remained until 1856. He visited England in 1860, returning in 1861. Having sold his property in Victoria, he, in 1864, took up a sheep station on the Murrumbidgee. The droughts of 1866 and 1868 were terribly severe, and Mr. Browne's losses were so heavy that he was compelled in 1869 to give up squatting. In 1870 he was made a Police Magistrate and Goldfields Commissioner in New South Wales, and is now Police Magistrate and Warden of Goldfields at Gulgong, Dubbo, Armidale and Albury, in that colony. Mr. Browne contributed to the Cornhill Magazine as far back as 1865, and many tales and sketches from his pen appeared in the colonial press. In 1888 his "Robbery under Arms," which originally appeared in the Sydney Mail, was republished in London under the pseudonym "Rolf Boldrewood," and proved a remarkable success. Since then Mr. Browne has republished in England "The Squatter's Dream," "A Colonial Reformer," and "A Miner's Right," all issued by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. in 1890. All have had a favourable reception; and the same may be said of "A Sydney-side Saxon" and "Nevermore," published in 1891 and 1892 respectively. Mr. Browne, whose father and brother Sylvester were, like himself, pioneer squatters, was married at Mulgoa, Penrith, N.S.W., on August 1st, 1860, to Miss Margaret Maria Biley.

Browne, Sir Thomas Gore, K.C.M.G., C.B., the son of Robert Browne, of Morton House, Bucks, and brother to the late Bishop of Winchester, was born in 1807. In 1823 he entered the 28th Regiment, and for some time acted as aide-de-camp to Lord Nugent, Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, of which he was also Colonial Secretary. In 1836 he exchanged into the 41st Regiment, which he commanded as major during the Afghan campaign. He was among those who advanced to the rescue of General Nott after the massacre at Khyber Pass; and was in charge of his regiment also at Hykulzie, Candahar, Ghuznee, and Cabal. He was in command of the rear during the march through the Khyber Pass, and also at the storming of the Nik fort at Issaliff. For his services he was promoted in 1836 to a lieutenant-colonelcy, and was made a C.B. On his return to England he exchanged into the 21st Fusiliers, which he commanded until 1851, when he was made Governor of St. Helena. In 1854 he left St. Helena to become Governor of New Zealand at the critical time when the Home Government had decided to grant the colony responsible government. It was during Colonel Gore Browne's tenure of office that the settlers' difficulties with the Maoris came to a head in New Zealand. A certain party among the natives had met what they considered the encroachments of the English with the establishment of a king, and the refusal to sell their lands. In the Waitara district a native named Teira offered, however, to sell a block; and the Governor, who had determined that a strong front was necessary in dealing with the Maoris, insisted upon buying, despite the opposition of Wiremu Kingi and the King party. This was the origin of the Taranaki war; but it was hardly begun when the Home Government, finding itself on the verge of the precipice, recalled Sir George Grey from the Cape to replace Colonel Browne, who was removed to Tasmania, taking office on Dec. 10th, 1861. On Dec. 30th, 1868, he resigned the Governorship of Tasmania, was created K.C.M.G., and in 1870 was appointed Governor of the Bermudas, retiring on a pension in 1871. He married, in 1851, a daughter of James Campbell, of Craigie. Sir Thomas Gore Browne, who died on April 17th, 1887, was a member of the New Zealand Commission in London for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Brownless, Anthony Colling, C.M.G., LL.D., M.D., F.R.C.S., Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, is the only son of the late Anthony Brownless, of Paynetts House, and Bockingfold Manor, Goudhurst, Kent. After studying for the medical profession at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, and at the University of Liege, he was admitted M.R.C.S. of London in 1841, and M.D. of St. Andrews in 1846. Having practised for some years as a physician in London, Dr. Brownless arrived in Victoria in Dec. 1852, and was soon afterwards elected Physician to the Melbourne Benevolent Asylum, and in 1854 Physician to the Melbourne Hospital—a post which he held for twelve years, being appointed a Life Governor and Consulting Physician on his retirement. In June 1855 the Melbourne University gave him the diploma of M.D., this being the first occasion on which the degree was conferred by that University, in which Dr. Brownless founded the medical school, and of which he was annually elected Vice-Chancellor for twenty-nine years, from 1858 to 1887; when he was elected Chancellor, in succession to Dr. Moorhouse. Dr. Brownless holds the honorary degree of LL.D. of the Universities of St. Andrews and Melbourne, and in 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Dr. Brownless was made, a Knight of St. Gregory the Great by the late Pope in 1870, and a Knight Commander of the Order of Pius, conferring nobility, by Leo. XIII. in 1883. Dr. Brownless, who was created C.M.G. in May 1888, has been twice married: first, in 1842, to Ellen, daughter of the late William Hawker, M.D., of Charing, Kent, and Li?ge, Belgium, formerly surgeon in the Grenadier Guards, who died in 1846; and secondly, in 1852, to Anne Jane, eldest daughter of the late Captain William Hamilton, of Eden, co. Donegal, Ireland, an officer in the Rifle Brigade, who served with distinction in the Peninsular War.

Brownrigg, Major Henry Studholme, second son of General John Studholme Brownrigg, C.B., by Katherine, second daughter of the Right Hon. Sir H. W. Williams Wynn, G.C.H., was born on March 18th, 1843, and married on April 26th, 1881, Alice, daughter of R. L. Waters, Dublin. He entered the army as ensign in the Rifle Brigade in April 1861, and became lieutenant in 1865, captain in 1873, and major in 1881. Major Brownrigg, who passed the final examination at the Staff College in 1875, distinguished himself in the Afghan campaign of 1878 and 1879, being mentioned in despatches and given brevet rank as major. He was employed with the local forces in Victoria from Sept. 1883 to Sept. 1888, when he succeeded Colonel Disney as commandant, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel. This position he held till Nov. 1889, when he returned to England, and has since been employed in India.

Bruce, Lieut.-Col. John, sometime Commandant, Western Australia, was born in 1808, and entering the army, was an officer in the 16th and 18th Regiments of Foot. He went to Western Australia with his regiment, and was for twenty years Staff-officer of Pensioners and Commandant of Western Australia. He was Acting Governor of the colony in Feb. 1862, and from Nov. 1868 to Sept. 1869, during the interim between the departure of Governor Hampton and the arrival of Governor Weld. He died on Nov. 5th, 1870, at the age of sixty-two.

Brunker, Hon. James Nixon, M.L.A., late Minister of Lands, New South Wales, has represented East Maitland in the Legislative Assembly of that colony for a number of years; and was Secretary for Lands under Sir Henry Parkes from July to August 1888. When the last Parkes Government was formed in March 1889 Mr. Brunker was reappointed to the Lands Department, and held a seat in the Cabinet until Oct 1891, when he retired with his colleagues.

Brunton, William, M.I.C.E., a highly ingenious inventor, was the third son of William Brunton, also a well-known inventor, and was born at Birmingham on April 3rd, 1817. In 1847 he was appointed Resident Engineer of the West Cornwall Railway, Chief Engineer of the Punjab Railway in 1865, and District Engineer of Railways in Southland, New Zealand, in 1871. Mr. Brunton, who died at Wellington, New Zealand, on June 13th, 1881, invented an apparatus for washing and separating ores from their matrix, known as "Brunton's Endless Cloth," and also a fuse-making machine, the secret of which has never been divulged, but which at once reduced the selling price of fuse by 75 per cent Mr. Brunton became M.I.C.E. in March 1854.

Bryce, Hon. John, is one of the oldest settlers in New Zealand, having been brought to the colony as a child in 1840. He came into prominence during the Maori war, and was lieutenant in a troop of yeomanry cavalry at the time of the Hauhau advance upon Wanganui. It was on this occasion that an incident occurred which was made the foundation of a grave charge against Mr. Bryce by Mr. G. W. Rusden (q.v.) in his History of New Zealand. While Lieutenant Bryce, with his cavalry, was patrolling to the north of Wanganui, a number of Maoris were observed looting farm-buildings, and a sortie was made upon them by the troops. It was asserted by Mr. Rusden, from information alleged to have been communicated through Bishop Hadfield and Sir Arthur Gordon, that Mr. Bryce dashed upon native women and children, "cutting them down gleefully and with ease." Subsequently, Mr. Bryce went to England, and brought an action for libel against Mr. Rusden, when the jury awarded him, ?5000 damages, as it was proved in evidence that there were no women present, and that the charge against Mr. Bryce was completely baseless. The late Baron Huddleston presided at the trial, and Sir John Gorst appeared for Mr. Rusden. In 1871 Mr. Bryce entered Parliament as member for Wanganui, and on Oct. 8th, 1879, he accepted office under Sir John Hall as Minister for Native Affairs. About this time a tokunga (priest) named Te Whiti had began to give the Government some trouble by his resistance to settlement and claims to independent and supernatural power. As he had collected in his pa a large number of natives whose attitude was threatening, Mr. Bryce deemed the time had come for energetic action. Not being able to persuade his colleagues to agree with him, he retired from the Ministry, though continuing to give it a general support. Nine months afterwards he rejoined the Hall Government to carry out the native policy he had formerly unsuccessfully urged upon his colleagues. On Nov. 5th, 1881, he occupied Parihaka with a large force consisting of the armed constabulary and volunteers, and arrested Te Whiti and Tohu, one of his chief followers, as well as a notorious murderer named Hiroki, who was afterwards executed. The action was much criticised at the time. Mr. Bryce continued to hold office in the Atkinson and Whitaker Ministries till August 16th, 1884. In 1882 he carried through the House "The West Coast Peace Preservation Bill" by which Te Whiti and Tohu were imprisoned during Her Majesty's pleasure. He also passed the Amnesty Bill, which granted an amnesty to natives who had committed crimes during the war. By the provisions of this bill the notorious Te Kooti obtained a free pardon. Mr. Bryce was re-elected for Wanganui in 1890, and led the opposition to the Ballance Ministry. In Sept. 1891, however, he resigned his seat in the House, owing to a vote of censure having been passed upon certain expressions used by him in debate reflecting on the conduct of the Premier, and which he (Mr. Bryce) regarded as in no sense unparliamentary or objectionable.

Buchanan, Hon. David, M.L.C., fifth son of William Buchanan, of Edinburgh, advocate, was born in that city in 1832, and educated at the High School there. He emigrated to Australia in 1852, and entered the New South Wales Legislative Assembly as member for Morpeth in 1860, and was elected twice for East Macquarie, which he represented from 1863 to 1866. He went to England in 1867, and entered at the Middle Temple in November of that year, being called to the bar in June 1869. He then returned to New South Wales, and practised his profession, being elected to the Legislative Assembly for East Sydney in 1870, and twice returned for the Goldfields. Though outvoted at Mudgee in 1879, he was ultimately declared duly elected. As a politician Mr. Buchanan gained prominence by his sturdy championship of fiscal protection. He revisited England in 1886, and published a selection from his orations and speeches. Having unsuccessfully contested Balmain at the general election in Jan. 1889, he was nominated to the Legislative Council. He died on April 3rd, 1890.

Buckley, William, known as the "Wild White Man," was a native of Macclesfield, England, where he was born about 1780. He was originally a bricklayer, but entered the Cheshire Militia, and subsequently the Fourth or King's Own Regiment of the Line. For some act of mutiny, or, as other authorities state, for receiving stolen goods, he was sentenced to transportation, and was sent to Australia by H.M.S. Calcutta, with the convict party which landed at Port Phillip (afterwards Victoria) under Collins in 1803. Whilst engaged in forming what proved an abortive settlement, Buckley and two convict comrades escaped into the bush, a third being shot in the attempt to do so. The escapees only mustered a trifling supply of rations—a gun, some tin pots and a kettle, and were soon worn out with fatigue and hunger, and the fear of being murdered by the Blacks. From Swan Island they took a view of the Calcutta, and so tired were they of their newly acquired freedom that they signalled their late taskmasters, with a view of returning to bondage rather than endure any longer the isolation and terrors of their lot. They could not, however, make themselves observed, and Buckley's two comrades decided to skirt along the shore with the view of regaining the Calcutta from the spot where they had made their escape. They both, however, perished, whether by hunger or otherwise is not known. Buckley, thus left alone, was, Blair states, preserved by a lucky accident working on the superstitions of the natives. A chief of one of the aboriginal tribes had been buried near Buckley's temporary hut, a piece of a spear being left by his sorrowing subjects to mark the grave. Buckley appropriated the fragment, and meeting some members of the tribe, whilst carrying it in his hand, they joyfully hailed him as their dead chief returned to life in a new guise. He was well cared for, learnt the language of his new associates, and married a black woman. He lived with the natives in all the freedom of bush life till July 12th, 1835, when he was discovered by Batman, the founder of Melbourne. He acted as interpreter and peacemaker between his fellow countrymen and his native associates. A free pardon being subsequently given him, he went to live in Hobart Town, Tasmania, where he married a white woman. When he grew old the Governments of Victoria and Tasmania gave him a modest allowance of a pound a week. He died at Hobart Town on Feb. 2nd, 1856. Buckley was a man of gigantic stature, and proportionately strong. He had nearly forgotten his own language when Batman discovered him, but he gradually recovered its full use after his return to English associations.

Buckland, Rev. John Richard, son of the Rev. John Buckland, Rector of Templeton, Devonshire, and a nephew of Dr. William Buckland, Dean of Westminster, was born on August 3rd, 1819. He received his early education from his father at Laleham, and was then sent to Rugby, of which school his uncle, Dr. Arnold, was at the time head master. At the age of seventeen he went to Oxford, where he held a studentship at Christ Church. After taking his degree he determined to emigrate to the colonies, and sailed for New Zealand, but in consequence of the unsettled state of affairs in that colony he removed to Tasmania, arriving in Hobart in Feb, 1843. He was for a time second master of the Queen's School, of which the Rev. J. P. Gell was head master. On the closing of that school he opened a private school. In 1845 he was ordained. In 1846 the prospectus of a Church of England Grammar School was issued, and on August 3rd in that year the school, named "The Hutchins School" in memory of Archdeacon Hutchins, was opened at Hobart, with Mr. Buckland as head master. It soon became one of the leading schools of the colony, a position which it has ever since maintained, a large number of the most prominent men of Tasmania having received their education at the Hutchins School. Mr. Buckland held the post of head master for twenty-eight years, until his death, which took place at Hobart on Oct. 13th, 1874.

Buckley, Hon. Sir Patrick Alphonsus, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., Attorney-General, New Zealand, is the second son of the late C. Buckley, and was born near Castle Townsend, in county Cork, in 1841. He received his primary education in the well-known Mansion House in the city of Cork, and was afterward at college in Paris till he entered the University of Louvain in Belgium. While in Louvain Count Carlo Macdonell, Private Chamberlain to the Pope, in passing through, selected young Buckley to conduct the recruits for the Irish Papal Brigade from Ostend to Vienna. There he gave them over to the papal authorities, who were waiting to receive them. After the Piedmontese had taken possession of the Papal States, Mr. Buckley returned to his college, and after completing his studies, went home to Ireland. From thence he emigrated to Queensland, where shortly after his arrival he completed his legal studies under the supervision of the present Chief Justice, Sir Charles Lilley. Mr. Buckley was also admitted to the Victorian Bar. After a short residence in Queensland he settled in New Zealand, and commenced practice in Wellington in partnership with Mr. W. S. Reid, the present Solicitor-General; but he is now the head of the well-known legal firm of Buckley, Stafford and Treadwell. Shortly after his arrival in Wellington he entered the Provincial Council. He was Provincial Solicitor for the last administration under that r?gime until the abolition of the provinces. He was called to the Legislative Council of New Zealand in 1878, and in Sept. 1884 became Colonial Secretary in the Stout-Vogel administration, and leader of the Upper House. He retired with his colleagues in Oct. 1887. In Jan. 1891, on the return of the liberal party to power, Mr. Buckley joined the administration under Mr. Ballance as Attorney-General, and resumed the leadership in the Legislative Council, where he had to confront a decidedly hostile majority. Mr. Buckley has taken a warm interest in the volunteer movement, and was for six years captain of the present D Battery of Wellington (then known as No. 1), which was raised by himself. Mr. Buckley married Alice, the only daughter of the late Hon. Sir William Fitzherbert, K.C.M.G. (q.v.). On May 25th, 1892, he was gazetted K.C.M.G.

Budge, Alexander Campbell, J.P., Clerk of the Executive Council, New South Wales, entered the Civil Service of that colony in Nov. 1858, and was appointed to his present office in Oct. 1863.

Bull, John Wrattall, son of the late Rev. John Bull, M.A., incumbent of St. John's, Walthamstow, England, was born at St. Paul's Cray, Kent, on June 23rd, 1804. He emigrated to South Australia in 1838, and engaged successfully in pastoral pursuits, but was ruined in the crisis caused by the dishonour of Governor Gawler's drafts. He went to the Victorian gold diggings in 1852, but returned to Adelaide the next year, when he became manager of Mr. Osmond Gilles' Glen Osmond property, where he established a vineyard, one of the first in the colony. In 1842 he invented a locomotive steam-threshing machine, and in 1882 was voted ?250 by the South Australian Parliament for his improvements in agricultural machinery. He was the author of "Bull's Experiences of Colonial Life." He died on Sept. 21st, 1885.

Buller, Sir Walter Lawry, K.C.M.G., D.Sc., F.R.S., the descendant of an ancient Cornish family and the eldest surviving son of the late Rev. James Buller, was born on Oct. 9th, 1838, at Newark, Bay of Islands, N.Z., and was educated at Wesley College, Auckland. Having early acquired a knowledge of the Maori language, he was appointed Government interpreter at Wellington in 1855, and started and edited a weekly Maori paper called Te Karere o Poneke. In 1859 he was made Native Commissioner for the Southern Provinces, and carried through the partition and individualisation of the Kaiapoi Native Reserve. In 1861 he acted as honorary secretary to the Kohimarama conference of native chiefs, convened by Governor Gore Browne; and in the same year edited the Maori Messenger, a fortnightly paper in English and Maori, being afterwards also promoter and editor of the Maori Intelligencer (both of them Government publications). In April 1862 he was appointed Resident Magistrate of the Manawatu; and in April 1865 Judge of the Native Land Court. In the same year he was present at the taking of Wereroa Pa (Volunteer Staff), for which he received the New Zealand War Medal. On that occasion, declining the protection of a military escort, he carried the Governor's despatches at night through forty miles of the enemy's country, attended only by a Maori orderly, for which gallant service he was mentioned in despatches. In 1866 he became Resident Magistrate and Sheriff of Wanganui, which office he held till 1871, when he went to England as Secretary to the Agent-General. For a continuous period of fifteen years he had held various official appointments, chiefly in connection with native affairs, and had on eight different occasions received the special thanks of the Colonial Government. He entered as a student at the Inner Temple on Nov. 20th, 1871, and was called to the bar on June 6th, 1874. In the same year he returned to New Zealand, and practised as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court with remarkable success till 1886, when he visited England as Commissioner in connection with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition. For his services on this occasion he was created K.C.M.G., having been made a C.M.G. in 1875 in recognition of his researches in New Zealand ornithology. In 1876 he was elected F.R.S. on the same account. Sir Walter remained in England till 1890, and took an active part in all public movements affecting the colonies. He was on the Mansion House Committee for the Paris Exhibition 1889, and was elected a member of the Executive Council. For his services on that occasion he was decorated "Officier" in the Legion of Honour. As early as 1865 he obtained the silver medal of the New Zealand Exhibition for an "Essay on the Ornithology of New Zealand"; and subsequently published a splendidly illustrated "History of the Birds of New Zealand." In 1882 he prepared for the Government a "Manual of the Birds of New Zealand," and in 1888 brought out a second edition of his larger work. Besides enjoying the dignity of a British order, Sir Walter is a Knight (First Class) Austrian Order of Francis Joseph, First Class Order of Frederick of Wurtemburg, Order of Merit (First Class) of Hesse-Darmstadt, and "Officier de l'Instruction Publique" (Gold Palm of the Academy). He has been awarded the Galileian Medal by the Royal University of Florence, and has received the honorary degree of Doctor of Science from the University of Tubingen. In 1881 he received the gold medal of the New Zealand Exhibition for science and literature, and was elected a governor of the New Zealand Institute, of which he was also one of the founders. He married, in 1862, Charlotte, third daughter of Gilbert Mair, J.P., of Auckland, N.Z., who died on Nov. 1st, 1891.

Bundey, Hon. William Henry, Puisne Judge, South Australia, son of the late James Bundey, was born in 1838, and admitted to the South Australian bar in 1865, becoming Q.C. in 1878. He sat in the House of Assembly as member for Onkaparinga from 1872 to 1874, and from 1878 to 1880. He was Minister of Justice and Education in Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth's Government from July 1874 to March 1875, and Attorney-General in that of Mr. (afterwards Sir) W. Morgan from Sept. 1878 to March 1881. In 1882 he received the Queen's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony, and in 1884 was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia. Judge Bundey was for six years captain of volunteers, and was commodore of the South Australian Yacht Club from 1874 to 1884. He married in 1865 Ellen Wardlaw, daughter of the Hon. Sir William Milne, late president of the Legislative Council of South Australia.

Bunny, Brice Frederick, sometime Commissioner of Titles, Victoria, was the second son of Jere Brice of Newbury, Berkshire, and Clara, his wife, daughter of Samuel Slocock. He was born at Newbury in 1820, and was educated at Eton. He entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn in March 1839, and was called to the bar in May 1844. He emigrated to Victoria in 1852, with the object of making a fortune on the goldfields; but by the advice of his friend, Vice-Chancellor Bacon, took his tools with him in the shape of a law library. After some experience on the Forest Creek diggings, he was admitted to the Victorian bar in Oct. 1853, and commenced practice in Melbourne. He acquired a good equity business, and was appointed a County Court Judge in 1873. In October of the next year, however, he exchanged this post for that of Commissioner of Titles, which he held till his death on June 2nd, 1885.

Burgess, William Henry, J.P., was born at Hobart, Tas., in 1847, and was educated at the High School, Hobart, and at Horton College, Ross. He was member for West Hobart from Jan. 1881 to August 1891, and from August 1884 to March 1887 was Treasurer in the Douglas and Agnew Ministries. Mr. Burgess, who was the recognised leader of the opposition to the Fysh Ministry, is a captain unattached in the Tasmanian Defence Force, and was Mayor of Hobart in 1879 and 1880. He was one of the Tasmanian delegates to the Federation Convention held at Sydney in 1891. In August 1891, owing to the stoppage of the Bank of Van Diemen's Land, with the management of which he was identified, Mr. Burgess resigned his seat in the Executive Council and in Parliament and his position as leader of the Opposition.

Burgoyne, Thomas, M.P., represents Newcastle in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, and was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in the Cockburn Government from June 1889 to August 1890, when he retired with his colleagues.

Burke, Robert O'Hara, the famous and ill-fated explorer, belonged to a younger branch of the Burkes or de Burghs, and was the second son of John Hardiman Burke of St. Clerans, co. Galway, Ireland, by Anne his wife, daughter of Robert O'Hara of Raheen, co. Galway, and was born at St. Clerans in 1821. He was educated in Belgium. He entered the Austrian army in 1840, and rose to the rank of Captain. In 1848 he joined the Royal Irish Constabulary, and in 1853 emigrated to Tasmania, whence he soon went on to Victoria, where he became an Inspector of Police. In 1854 (in which year his father died) he obtained leave to go to England to settle his family affairs, and seek a Commission in the Crimean War; but the war being over before arrangements were concluded, he returned to Victoria, and resumed his police duties. In 1860 he was appointed to the command of an exploring expedition, organised under the auspices of a Committee of the Royal Society of Victoria, and despatched for the purpose of crossing the Australian continent from sea to sea, north and south. Great enthusiasm was aroused by the project, and Mr. Ambrose Kyte, a Melbourne resident, subscribed ?1000 towards the expenses, this amount being handsomely supplemented by private and Government contributions. A novel feature was the employment of camels specially exported from India for the purpose at a cost of ?5500, and from which great results were expected. The expedition, consisting of thirteen persons besides the leader, started from Melbourne on August 20th, 1860, amidst the cheers of thousands of spectators. Dissensions soon arose, and several members of the party, including Landells, the second in command, returned. Burke reached Cooper's Creek, which was to be the starting point of the expedition, on Nov. 11th; and after waiting long, with six companions, for the arrival of the rest of the party who had been left behind at Menindie on the Darling, made a dash for the Gulf of Carpentaria on Dec. 16th, leaving the bulk of his stores in charge of an assistant named Brahe and three men, with directions to await his return for three or four months. The enterprise proved successful. Though not actually coming within sight of the sea, Burke and his associate, Wills, reached the tidal waters of the Flinders river, and earned the distinction of being the first white men to traverse the Australian continent. On their return to Cooper's Creek, however, on April 21st, 1861, exhausted with hardships, and after one of their number, Gray, had succumbed to fatigue and starvation, King found that Brahe, interpreting his instructions too literally, had abandoned his post that very day, leaving only a small stock of provisions behind him. Contrary to the advice of Wills, who urged the advisability of following in Brahe's tracks, Burke determined to strike for some of the South Australian stations, which he imagined were much nearer than was actually the case. He was stopped on his course by want of water, and was obliged to return with his two companions to Cooper's Creek. They were too enfeebled to renew the attempt to go southwards, and were obliged to remain on the lower part of Cooper's Creek, some distance from the depot, subsisting mainly on casual supplies obtained from friendly natives. In the meantime Brahe, with the lagging rearguard, had returned to the depot, but not finding Burke and his party, went south once more. The end came on June 28th, 1861, when Burke died of starvation, Wills, whom Burke and King had left to go in search of the blacks, dying about the same time. King, their only surviving comrade, managed to subsist amongst the natives until rescued on Sept. 21st by a relief party, under the command of Mr. Alfred W. Howitt, which had been sent out from Melbourne when Brahe returned with the news of Burke and Wills' non-return to the depot. Mr. Howitt buried the ill-fated explorers, Burke having particularly requested King not to bury him, but to let him lie above ground with a pistol in his hand. Public feeling, however, demanded the rescue of their remains, and they were recovered by a second expedition sent out under Mr. Howitt, and brought back to Melbourne on Dec. 28th, 1862. A public funeral was accorded to these two brave but luckless explorers, on Jan. 21st, 1863, after they had lain in state twenty days, and a monument to their memory, the work of the Australian sculptor, Charles Summers, now occupies a prominent position opposite the Parliament House, Melbourne. The cost of the original expedition, and of the subsequent searches, was estimated at ?57,000.

Burnett, Commodore William Farquharson, C.B., entered the Royal Navy in June 1838, and became Captain in Nov. 1854. In July 1855 he was created C.B., and in July 1862 was appointed Commodore on the Australian Station. On Feb. 7th, 1863. he perished in the wreck of H.M.S. Orpheus off Manukau, New Zealand, when out of a crew of 260 only 70 were saved.

Burns, Hon. John Fitzgerald, M.L.A. was born in the north of Ireland, and emigrated to New South Wales at an early age. Having engaged in mercantile pursuits in the Hunter River district, he was returned to the Assembly for the Hunter in 1862, and represented the constituency for many years. He is now one of the members for St. Leonard's. He was Postmaster-General in the Robertson Ministry from Feb. 1875 to March 1877, and in that of Mr. Farnell from Dec. 1877 to Dec. 1878. He introduced postal cards into Australia in 1875, and was the first to give employment to women in the telegraph department. In 1878 he arranged with the Governments of the other Australian colonies and New Zealand for the duplication of the submarine cable to Australia. Mr. Burns was Treasurer in the last Robertson Ministry from Dec. 1885 to Feb. 1886, and in that of Sir Henry Parkes from Jan. 1887 to Jan. 1889. He was gazetted a C.M.G. in the Jubilee year, but declined the honour, and the appointment was cancelled.

Burns, Rev. Thomas, D.D., was born at Mossgiel, Ayrshire, Scotland, on April 10th, 1796. His father, Gilbert Burns, was brother to the Scottish poet, Robert Burns, and was factor to Lord Blantyre. While yet a child his parents removed to the farm of Dinniny, Dumfriesshire. At the parish school he received his primary education, proceeding in course of time for the higher branches to the Grammar Schools of Closeburn and Haddington. At the latter he was a pupil of the famous Edward Irving, from whom he received a prize for proficiency in mathematics. From the Grammar School at Haddington Mr. Burns entered the University at Edinburgh, where he pursued with success the arts curriculum, and attended the classes in theology prescribed for candidates for the ministry of the Established Church of Scotland. He was then taken on trial for licence by the Presbytery of Haddington, and by it was duly licensed to preach as a probationer of the Church of Scotland. He was at that time acting as tutor in the family of Sir Hugh Dalrymple, Berwick House, Haddington, through whose influence he obtained a presentation to the parish of Ballantrae, in the Presbytery of Stranraer, Galloway, where he was ordained by that Presbytery in 1825. From Ballantrae he was translated to the parish of Monkton, Ayrshire, in 1830. where he continued parish minister till the disruption of the Church of Scotland in 1843, when he relinquished his status as a minister of the Church of Scotland, and joined the Free Church of Scotland which was then formed. For a short time he remained in Monkton as Free Church minister, and helped largely to organise other Free Churches In the Presbytery of Ayr. His attention having been drawn to the proposal of the New Zealand Company to found a Scotch colony in Otago, possessing the church and school privileges peculiar to Scotland, and drawn from the membership of the Free Church, and having received the offer of being appointed the first minister of the projected colony, he resigned his charge at Monkton with a view of proceeding to Otago in that capacity. Circumstances having hindered the immediate realisation of the New Zealand Company's scheme of colonisation, Mr. Burns spent a year or two in giving lectures on the Company's plan, visiting for this purpose various parts of Scotland, but receiving no remuneration from the Company for this service. He accepted a call from the Free Church congregation of Portobello, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, and continued to act as minister there till October 1847. At that date all arrangements for prosecuting the proposed settlement of Otago having been completed, and Mr. Burns adhering to his appointment as first minister of the colony, he demitted his charge, and made ready to proceed with the outgoing emigrants to Otago. With his family, he joined at Greenwich the Philip Laing, under the command of Captain Andrew Elles, which, with the John Wickliff, appointed to sail from London, had been chartered to convey the first emigrants to Otago. These vessels left their respective ports on Nov. 27th, 1847. The John Wickliff reached Port Chalmers on March 23rd, 1848, and the Philip Laing on April 15th following. The day after the arrival of the Philip Laing being the Sabbath, the passengers on both ships assembled on board the Philip Laing for Divine service, which was conducted by Mr. Burns. On the following Sabbath Divine service was held in Dunedin, when Mr. Burns preached. From that time to February 1854 Mr. Burns continued alone to minister to the religious needs of the settlers, the majority of whom had located themselves in Dunedin and neighbourhood, while some had settled at Port Chalmers, and others had taken up land in the Taieri, Tokomairiro, and Clutha districts, all of whom were periodically visited by Mr. Burns. From his ministerial visits southwards Mr. Burns was relieved by the arrival, in February 1854, of the Rev. William Will and the Rev. William Bannerman, with whom he took part in constituting the Presbytery of Otago in June following, and of which he was the first Moderator. Further relief was given him by the settlement of Rev. William Johnstone, at Port Chalmers, in June 1858, and by the subdivision of the Free Church, Dunedin, by the formation of Knox Church, under the pastorate of the Rev. D. M. Stuart, in 1860. In 1861 Mr. Burns received the diploma of Doctor of Divinity from the University of Edinburgh. In 1866, on the formation of the synod as the Supreme Court of the Church, rendered necessary by the increase of ministers throughout Otago and Southland, and the formation of several presbyteries, Dr. Burns presided as first Moderator. Advancing years and failing health led to the appointment of a colleague and successor in the person of the Rev. George Sutherland in 1868. Towards the close of 1870 Dr. Burns retired wholly from public duties, and died on Jan. 23rd, 1871. A monument to his memory has been erected in Dunedin, not far from the spot where one of his illustrious uncle has stood for some years past. Whilst Captain Cargill was the lay organiser and ruler of the Otago settlement, the late Dr. Burns was its spiritual guide and adviser. It was in 1844 that the New Zealand Company, perceiving the wonderful life which animated the free Church, approached her with a view to found a Free Church colony in New Zealand. The offer was entertained, and the Laymen's Association for planting the colony of Otago was organised, with Dr. Alcorn for its secretary in Glasgow and Mr. John McGlashan for its secretary in Edinburgh. The Association, with the utmost unanimity, fixed on Captain Cargill to be the Moses and Dr. Burns to be the Aaron of the enterprise, as Dr. Stuart phrased it. It is well known that Sir William Chambers was one of those who directed attention to Dr. Burns as in all respects suitable for the office of pioneer minister. The doctor devoted much time to the advocacy of the scheme, and in his speeches he gave prominence to its objects—the settlement of the people on their own acres and the planting of church and school within their reach.

Burrowes, Hon. Robert, M.L.A., formerly Minister of Mines, Victoria, was born at Perth, a township near Ottawa, Canada, in 1827. After experience in the lumber trade he left Canada in 1852, and arrived in Melbourne in April 1853. He almost immediately afterwards left for the Bendigo (Sandhurst) diggings, where he took an active part in creating Sandhurst municipality, and was chairman of the local council on the occasion of railway communication being established between Melbourne and Sandhurst in 1862. He was returned to the Victorian Assembly for Sandhurst in Jan. 1866, and held the seat till his defeat in May 1877. In 1880 he was re-elected, and still sits for the same constituency. From August 1881 to March 1883 he was Minister of Mines in the O'Loghlen Government. Mr. Burrowes married in 1858 Sarah Ellen, daughter of P. Vickery.

Burt, Sir Archibald Paull, son of George Henry Burt, was born in 1810, and educated at a private school at Richmond. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1845, and emigrated to the island of St. Christopher, where he practised his profession, being Attorney-General from 1849 to 1860. He was Speaker of the House of Assembly, a Member of the Executive and Legislative Councils, and for some time Acting Chief Justice. He was also a Member of the Administrative Committee and Chancellor of the Diocese of Antigua and the Leeward Islands, In 1860 he was appointed Civil Commissioner and Chairman of Quarter Sessions in Western Australia, and in the following year Chief Justice of that colony, an office which he held until his death on Nov. 21st, 1879. Sir Archibald married, in 1836, Louisa Emily, daughter of John Bryan, M.D., of St. Christopher, and was knighted in 1873.

Burt, Octavius, son of the late Sir Archibald Paull Burt, Chief Justice of Western Australia (q.v.). He was appointed Clerk in the Governor's office, Western Australia, in May 1872; in Jan. 1874 Clerk to the Executive Council and Private Secretary to the Acting Governor; from April 1874 to Dec. 1874 was Private Secretary to Governor Weld; in May 1875 was appointed Clerk to the Executive Council and Private Secretary to Governor Sir William C. F. Robinson; in Sept. 1887, Chief Clerk and Keeper of records in Survey Office; Resident Magistrate, Newcastle, in April 1880; ditto, York, in April 1887; Assistant Colonial Secretary in April 1887. In 1889 to 1890 Mr. Burt was acting Colonial Secretary and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils during the absence in England of Sir William Robinson, when Sir Malcolm Fraser, the Colonial Secretary, discharged the functions of Administrator of the Government.

Burt, Hon. Septimus, M.L.A., Q.C., Attorney-General, Western Australia, seventh son of Sir A. P. Burt, was born at St. Kitts on Oct. 25th, 1847, and educated at Shaw House, Melksham, Wilts, and at Bishop's School, Perth, Western Australia. He was called to the Colonial bar in May 1870, and became senior partner in the firm of Stone & Burt. He was nominated a member of the Legislative Council in 1874, but resigned, and was afterwards an elected member, retaining his seat until the dissolution of that body in 1890. At the special request of the Governor Mr. Burt acted as Attorney-General, with a seat in the Executive Council, for six months in 1886, after the retirement of Mr. Hensman, his private practice rendering it impossible for him to hold the position longer. In the same year he was a member of the Western Australian Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and was appointed one of the representatives of Western Australia at the Colonial Conference held in London in 1887. In the same year he was made Q.C. Mr. Burt is Consular Agent for Portugal and Vice-Consul for Denmark. He revisited England in 1890. Mr. Burt married, in July 1872, Juila, daughter of Gustavus Edward Cockburn Hare, formerly of Kircullen, co. Galway, and afterwards Government Resident of Albany, Western Australia, by Anne Wright his wife. Mr. Hare was a half-brother of the well-known Archdeacon (Julius Charles) Hare, of Hurstmonceux. In Dec. 1890 Mr. Burt accepted a seat in the Forrest Ministry, and was appointed first Attorney-General of Western Australia under responsible government, being returned for Ashburton to the Legislative Assembly. In 1891 he visited London in the capacity of first acting Agent-General of Western Australia, but returned to the colony later in the year.

Burton, Sir William Westbrooke, fifth son of Edmund Burton, of Daventry, Northamptonshire, by Eliza, only daughter of Rev. John Mather, of Chorley, Lancashire, was born on Jan. 31st, 1794, and educated at Daventry Grammar School. He entered the navy in 1807, taking part in the attack on New Orleans in 1814. In Nov. 1819 he entered at the Inner Temple, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1824. Having practised with success, he was Recorder of Daventry from 1826 to 1827, and Puisne Judge the Cape of Good Hope from 1828 to 1832, when he was appointed to a similar post in New South Wales, which he held until 1844, when he was transferred to Madras, where he remained till 1857, when he retired from the bench and returned to Sydney. He was nominated to the Legislative Council of New South Wales, and was President of that body from Feb. 1858 to May 1861, when just prior to the expiry of the function of the House by effluxion of time, resigned, with nineteen other members, on the attempt of the Cowper Ministry to carry the Robertson Land Bills through the House by the nomination of twenty-one new members, favourably disposed to the policy of the Government. When the Council was reconstituted under the instructions of the Home Government in that year, Sir William Burton was not again offered a seat, Mr. Wentworth succeeding him in the presidential chair. Consequent thereupon Sir William decided to quit the colony and return to England, where he died in Aug. 1888. Sir William was knighted by patent in Nov. 1844. He married, first, on April 5th, 1827, Margaret, daughter of Leny Smith, of Homerton, who died in Sept. 1846; and secondly, on June 11th, 1849, Maria Alphonsine, daughter of John Beatty West, M.P. for Dublin, who survived him. Sir William was the author of a brochure, entitled "The State of Religion and Education in New South Wales," in which he drew a terrible picture of the state of the convict establishment at Norfolk Island in the year 1834, when he visited it as a judge to try a contingent of mutineers, of whom thirteen were subsequently hanged, though Judge Burton mercifully postponed the executions until he could consult with Sir Richard Bourke, in Sydney, secure that, at any rate, they should be provided with the consolations of religion before being launched into eternity. The pamphlet called forth a reply from Bishop Ullathorne.

Butler, Hon. Edward, Q.C., M.L.C., was born in the county of Kilkenny in 1829, and educated at Kilkenny College. At an early age he was a contributor to the Dublin Nation, and in 1849 he joined Mr. (now Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy in reviving that paper, which had been suppressed during the troubles of 1848. In 1855 he emigrated to New South Wales, and became a contributor to the Empire, being called to the colonial bar, at which he practised with great success, in 1855. Six years later he was nominated to the Legislative Council, but retired from it, and entered the Lower House in 1869 as member for Argyle. He was Attorney-General in the Parkes Government from May 1872 to Nov. 1873, when he resigned in consequence of not receiving the vacant office of Chief Justice which he alleged had been promised to him by Sir Henry Parkes, who passed him over in favour of his junior at the bar, the late Sir James Martin. He was reappointed to the Legislative Council in Oct. 1877, and died suddenly whilst engaged in a case in the Supreme Court in Sydney on June 9th, 1879.

Butler, Hon. Henry, son of Gamaliel Butler, solicitor, was born in Cornhill, London, on November 17th, 1821. In 1823 the family emigrated to Tasmania. Mr. Butler was educated in England, and chose medicine as his profession, becoming a member of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1843, and in 1849 a fellow of that college. After studying at some of the hospitals on the Continent, he returned to Tasmania, and began the practice of his profession in Hobart. He was elected to the old Legislative Council as member for Brighton, and on the introduction of free institutions in 1856 he entered the new House of Assembly as member for the same constituency, holding the seat, with a short interval, until his death. In August 1869 he became a member of the Wilson Ministry without portfolio. In the following October he was appointed Minister of Lands and Works, a position which he held till Nov. 1872, when he resigned with his colleagues. He succeeded Sir Robert Officer as Speaker of the Assembly in April 1877, and having been twice re-elected in the interval, resigned in July 1885. Dr. Butler took a prominent part in educational matters. In 1853 he was appointed a member of the Central Board of Education for the colony. In 1856, when two boards were appointed, he became Chairman of the Southern Board. In 1863, shortly after the amalgamation of the two boards, he was appointed Chairman of the Central Board in succession to Mr. W. E. Nairn. As chairman he administered the educational system of the colony with ability and success until the abolition of the Board of Education in 1884 and the transference of the control of the education department to a Minister directly responsible to Parliament. Dr. Butler married Catherine Smith, daughter of Thomas Smith, of Glen Rock, Sydney. He died at Hobart on August 22nd, 1885.

Butler, Very Rev. Joseph, D.D., O.C.C., Prior and Commissary-General, Port Melbourne, was born in Limerick, Ireland, in Sept. 1844, and educated at the Catholic University, Dublin. He entered the Carmelite Order in Dublin in 1859, was ordained priest in 1868, and was for many years engaged as a professor in colleges attached to houses of his Order in Ireland. He was president of their seminary in Dublin until Feb. 1881, when he and other fathers of the Order left Ireland, on the invitation of Bishop (now Archbishop) Reynolds, of Adelaide, S.A., to found a house of the Carmelite Order in that diocese. In October of the same year Prior Butler commenced giving missions in Victoria, and was persuaded by the late Archbishop of Melbourne to settle down in the archdiocese, the mission of Port Melbourne being accepted by him on behalf of his Order, of which he was the head in Australasia until his return to Ireland in 1891.

Buvelot, Abraham Louis, was born in Switzerland on March 3rd, 1814, and very early displayed artistic leanings, studying his profession at Lausanne and Paris. After fourteen years' residence in Brazil, where he painted some excellent landscapes, he finally came to Melbourne in 1865, where three of his pictures—"A Winter Morning in Heidelberg," "A Summer Afternoon at Templestow," and "Waterpool at Coleraine"—we repurchased by the trustees of the Victorian National Gallery. At the Melbourne Exhibition of 1875 he gained a first prize for "View of Gisborne" and a "Sea Piece." [He died on May 31st, 1888.—(In appended Supplement, p. 530)]

Buzacott, Charles Hardie, was born at Torrington, Devonshire, in 1835, and arrived at Sydney, N.S.W., in 1852, where, desiring to become a journalist, he acquired the art of letter press printing. In 1860 he went to Queensland, where he established the Maryborough Chronicle, and about two years later moved northward to Rockhampton. In 1884 he started the Peak Downs Telegram, at Clermont, where he lived until the great flood of 1870, when he narrowly escaped with his life by climbing a tree at midnight, as the surging waters broke into his printing office, and carried away much of his plant. Disheartened with his prospects after this occurrence, he sold his business for a nominal sum, intending to remove with his family to New Zealand; but in passing through Rockhampton he was induced to buy the Bulletin for his brother, and was obliged to remain for the time being to carry it on. He soon converted the paper into a morning daily, and published the weekly Capricornian. In 1873 he was returned to the Legislative Assembly as member for Rockhampton, and held that position for more than four years, when the pressure of private and public business compelled his resignation. In 1878, his health being unsatisfactory, he removed to Brisbane, where he continued to write for his journals at Rockhampton, and also contributed to the leading columns of the Brisbane Courier. In Jan. 1879 he was induced by Sir Thomas McIlwraith to accept the Postmaster-Generalship, with a seat in the Legislative Council. This position he occupied till Dec 1880. Mr. Buzacott was the author of some of the principal measures introduced by the first McIlwraith Ministry, among others the Divisional Boards Act of 1879, the Local Works Loans Act of 1880, the Postal Card and Note Act and the General Tramways Act of 1882. As Postmaster-General he united the distinct Post and Telegraph departments into one, thus saving much expense, introduced the telephone into the colony, and induced the Cabinet to call for tenders for the Torres Straits mail service by steamers running between Brisbane and London—a project enthusiastically adopted and carried through successfully by Sir Thomas McIlwraith, then on a visit to the mother country. In Dec. 1880, in consequence of the death of his eldest brother, Mr. Buzacott was compelled to retire from public life, and devote his attention to business. He accepted the management of the Brisbane Newspaper Company, in which he acquired one-third interest. Under his auspices the Courier was doubled in size, the Queenslander enlarged, and the Evening Observer purchased and carried on as an eight-page daily. In 1888, yielding to the pressure of friends, he sought election to the Legislative Assembly as member for Oxley, but was defeated, and has not since sought to re-enter public life. He is editor, as well as part proprietor, of the Brisbane Courier.

Byrne, Right Rev. Joseph Patrick, Roman Catholic Bishop of Bathurst, N.S.W., was consecrated to that see in August 1885, in succession to the late Bishop Quinn.

Byrne, Hon. Robert, who for a few months was Treasurer of Victoria, is the eldest son of Michael Byrne, of Dublin, Ireland, and was born there on Nov. 12th, 1822. He left Ireland for New York in 1848, and settled there, carrying on the business of general auctioneer in that city as well as in Boston. Towards the end of 1852 he left America for Victoria, arriving in Melbourne In Feb. 1853, He commenced auctioneering at Sandridge, now called Port Melbourne, and represented the district in the Melbourne Corporation prior to its being constituted a separate municipality. At the general election of 1864 he contested Sandridge for a seat in the Legislative Assembly in the Liberal interest against the Hon. David Moore, but was defeated by three votes, and was unsuccessful on petition. Shortly afterwards he was returned for Crowlands by a very large majority. In 1869, when Sir James McCulloch went outside the House for a Commissioner of Customs, Mr. Byrne carried a motion censuring the Government, which was taken by them as a vote of want of confidence, on which they resigned, a new Ministry being formed on Sept. 20th, 1869, with the Hon. J. A. Macpherson as Chief Secretary and Mr. Byrne as Treasurer. When, however, the latter sought re-election at the hands of his constituents, he was defeated by Mr. Rolfe, the gentleman to whose appointment he had objected, and retired from office on Jan. 21st, 1870, being succeeded by Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry. Mr. Byrne has not since re-entered public life.

Byrnes, Hon. James, was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales in 1856 for the Cumberland (South Riding) district. He was Secretary for Public Works in the second Martin Ministry from Jan. 1866 to Oct. 1868, and in Sir James Martin's third administration from Dec. 1870 to May 1872. Mr. Byrnes died on Sept. 18th, 1886. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Byrnes, Hon. Thomas Joseph, M.L.C., B.A., LL.B., Solicitor-General, Queensland, was born in Brisbane in Nov. 1860, and was educated at the Primary School, Bowen, where he won two State School Scholarships, and entered the Brisbane Grammar School, where he won the Lilley Gold Medal three times. Subsequently he was successful in the Junior Examination at Sydney University, and at the Melbourne University Matriculation Examination passed first on the list, and won an Exhibition to the University. He also won several scholarships and graduated with honours, taking the B.A. and LL.B. degrees. He was called to the bar in Victoria in 1884, and then returned to Queensland, where he read in the chambers of Mr. Real for one year, and commenced practice in 1885, speedily obtaining a leading position at the Supreme Court Bar. In August 1890 he accepted a seat in the Legislative Council, with the post of Solicitor-General in the Griffith-McIlwraith Ministry.

C

Cadell, Francis, the principal explorer of the river Murray, was the son of Hugh Francis Cadell, of Cockenzie, near Preston Pans, Haddingtonshire, and was born in 1822, and educated at Edinburgh and in Germany. He entered as a midshipman on board an East Indiaman, and took part in the first Chinese war, being present at the siege of Canton and the capture of Amoy and Ningpo. At twenty-two he was in command of a vessel, and meanwhile visited the shipbuilding yards of the Tyne and Clyde, gaining a thorough knowledge of naval architecture and the construction of steam engines. He studied the subject of river navigation after a visit to the Amazon; and in 1848, when he arrived in Australia, his attention was drawn to the practicability of navigating the Murray and its tributaries, which had till then only served for watering flocks. Encouraged by the Governor of South Australia (Sir H. F. Young), he put his project into execution. He embarked in a small boat at Swanhill on the Upper Murray, and descended the stream to Lake Victoria at its mouth, a distance of 1300 miles. Having thus proved that the Murray was navigable, he succeeded in crossing the dangerous bar at its mouth in a steamer planned and constructed under his supervision, for the Murray Steam Navigation Company, of which he was the main promoter. This vessel accomplished 1500 miles on her first voyage from Adelaide in 1853, when Captain Cadell had on board Sir H. F. Young and Lady Young and a large party of ladies and gentlemen. Other steamers were procured, and the Murrumbidgee, the Edward, and the Darling rivers in like manner opened to traffic in 1858. Captain Cadell, although he was preceded by Mr. Randell in the navigation of the Murray in a small steamer, was awarded the bonus of ?4000 offered by the Government for opening up that river to the junction with the Darling to vessels of 40-horse power and not more than 2 feet draught. He was the object of several valuable presentations, and a gold medal was struck in his honour by order of the South Australian authorities. His subsequent career was chequered and adventurous, and his end tragic and mysterious. The Murray Steam Navigation Company collapsed, and ruined others as well as Captain Cadell. He then engaged in the transport service in the New Zealand war, and, later on, failed in an attempt to establish stores at various depots along the Murray. A like fate attended him in a pastoral venture to the north of Lake Victoria. He was not more successful when he resorted to pearl-fishing on the north-east and north-west coasts of Australia. Ultimately Captain Cadell, who discovered the mouth of the Roper River in 1867, was murdered by his native crew whilst on a voyage from Amboyna to the Kei islands in June 1879. General Robert Cadell, C.B., younger brother of the late Captain Cadell, now owns the family property at Cockenzie, and another brother (Colonel Cadell, V.C.) is Governor of the Andaman Islands, where the late Earl of Mayo was murdered.

Cadman, Hon. Alfred Jerome, M.H.R., Minister for Native Affairs, New Zealand, is a native of that colony. His father was intimately connected with the Cape Colville Peninsula from early in the fifties, and it was to him that the first New Zealand miners' right was issued. Mr. Cadman, sen., was an active politician, and his son early took a part in public life. On the inauguration of the county system, he became first Chairman of the Coromandel County Council, and has continued to act in that capacity ever since. He has sat in the House of Representatives as member for Coromandel since 1881, and being an advanced Liberal, was for several years in close political accord with Sir George Grey. He was appointed to a seat in the Ballance Cabinet in Jan. 1891.

Caffyn, Stephen Mannington, is a medical man in practice at South Yarra, Melbourne, and is well known as the inventor of a raw meat preparation patented as "Liquor Carnis". He is the son of James Caffyn and Martha his wife, and was born at Salehurst, Sussex, on May 15th, 1851. He was married in 1879 at Chobham, Surrey, to Miss Kathleen Hunt, and went to Sydney in 1880, where he was Government medical officer. In 1890 he published "Miss Milne and I," and in 1891 "A Poppy's Tears." Mrs. Caffyn is an authoress of ability.

Cairns, Rev. Adam, D.D., was born at Longforgan, Perthshire, Scotland (of which parish his father was minister) on Jan. 30th, 1802. He was educated at the parish school and by his father, and went to St. Andrews in 1814 and to Edinburgh University in 1818. In 1823 he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Cupar, and acted as assistant to the Rev. Sir H. W. Moncrieff, in West Church parish, Edinburgh, till the latter's death in 1827. He was ordained minister of Minor in Tweeddale in 1828, and was translated in 1833 to Dunbog, in Fife, where he married Miss Jessie Ballingall, of Ayton. In 1837 he became minister of Cupar. At the disruption in 1843 he sided with the Free Church, and was employed in important parochial work until 1853, when he accepted a commission from the Colonial Committee of the Free Church to proceed to Melbourne, where he arrived in September of that year. There, amidst the excitement of the gold fever, he laid the foundations of Presbyterianism in Victoria, acting as pastor of the Chalmers Church Congregation till 1865, when, his health failing, he became an emeritus minister, retaining his standing in the Church without pastoral charge. He died on Jan. 30th, 1881.

Cairns, Sir William Wellington, K.C.M.G., son of William Cairns, of Cultra, co. Down, by his second wife, Matilda, daughter of Francis Beggs, of The Grange, Malahide, and half-brother of Lord Chancellor Cairns, was born in 1828. From 1852 to 1862 he filled various positions in the Ceylon Civil Service, and was appointed Postmaster-General there in 1864. In 1866 he returned to England, and in 1867 was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Malacca, of St. Kitts in 1868, and of Honduras in 1870. He was appointed Governor of Trinidad in 1874, but in a few weeks was compelled to resign on account of ill-health. From Jan. 1875 to March 1877 he was Governor of Queensland, when he was transferred to South Australia, where he only remained from March to May, then finally retiring from the Colonial Service on the ground of ill-health. Sir William, who was created C.M.G.in 1874 and K.C.M.G. in 1887, died unmarried on July 7th, 1888.

Calder, James Erskine, was born at Great Marlow, Buckinghamshire, on June 18th, 1808, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Having abandoned his intention of entering the army, he emigrated to Tasmania, and in 1829 obtained a Government appointment as Assistant Surveyor. For many years he did good service as a surveyor and explorer, and no man had a larger knowledge of Tasmania. In 1841 he was appointed to accompany Sir John and Lady Franklin on their memorable overland journey through the forest to Macquarie Harbour. He served under Surveyors-General Frankland, Power, and Sprent; and in 1859 was himself promoted to be Surveyor-General of the colony in succession to the last-named gentleman. In 1870 Mr. Calder retired on a pension, and shortly afterwards was appointed Sergeant-at-Arms to the House of Assembly, an office which he held until his death. Mr. Calder contributed many valuable articles to the press on the early history of Tasmania. His papers on the aborigines, containing a large mass of original information on their habits and history, were republished under the title of "The Wars, Extirpation, Habits, etc., of the Native Tribes of Tasmania" (Hobart, 1875). He also wrote "Boat Expeditions around Tasmania, 1815 and 1824" (Hobart, 1881); "Oyster Culture"; "Tasmanian Industries" (1869); "The Woodlands of Tasmania" (London Royal Colonial Institute, 1874). At the time of his death he was preparing a work on "The Pitcairners and Norfolk Island." He married in 1842 a daughter of Mr. Pybus, of Bruny Island. After fifty-three years of service under the Government, he died at Hobart on Feb. 20th, 1882.

Calvert, Caroline Louisa Waring, better known under her maiden name, was the youngest daughter of the late James Atkinson, and was born at Oldbury, near Berrima, N.S.W., on Feb. 25th, 1834. Her mother had in early life written some successful books for children; and when very young Miss Atkinson wrote for the Sydney Morning Herald a series of papers called "A Voice from the Country," which attracted considerable notice at the time. Miss Atkinson also wrote "Gertrude" (1857), "Cowanda" (1859), "Tom Hillicker," and other Australian tales, illustrated by herself. Besides productions published in the Sydney Mail, she was the author of some Kurrajong sketches which appeared in the Town and Country Journal. During her residence at Kurrajong she collected valuable specimens of native plants for Baron F. von M?ller, many of which are recorded in "Flora Australiensis" and the "Fragmenta Phytographia Australi?" The genus Atkinsonia was established in her honour, and the species Epacris Calvertiana was named to indicate her exertions at a later period. In 1870 she married Mr. James Snowden Calvert, who accompanied Dr. Leichardt in his exploring expedition to Port Essington in 1843-5. She died suddenly on April 28th, 1872. Mr. Calvert died in July 1874.

Calvert, Rev. James, the well-known Methodist Missionary, was a native of Pickering, in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He was sent out in 1838, in company with John Hunt, to labour amongst the cannibals in Fiji, where he remained for eighteen years, during which time he witnessed marvellous triumphs of Christianity. In his labours among the Fijians he was ably assisted by his heroic wife, Mary Fowler Calvert, who was in every way a model missionary's wife, and much of the wonderful success of those years was due to her patient, self-denying labours. By Mr. Calvert's ministry the Fijian King Thakombau was converted to Christianity, renounced polygamy, and for many years after lived a consistent life. His last act as a king was to cede Fiji to Great Britain. In 1856 Mr. Calvert returned to England, and during his stay in the country superintended the printing of the entire Scriptures in the Fijian language. In 1872 he was sent out by the Wesleyan Missionary Society to South Africa. He died at Hastings in 1892 at the advanced age of seventy-nine.

Calvert, John Jackson, Clerk of the Parliaments, New South Wales, is the son of the late Very Rev. Thos. Calvert, D.D., Dean of Manchester, and Juliana his wife, daughter of Sir Charles Watson, Bart., was born at Manchester in Aug. 1830, and was educated at Shrewsbury School and at Brasenose College, Oxford. He went to New South Wales in 1853, and joined the Civil Service as a clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office in the same year. He was appointed Clerk of Select Committees of the Legislative Assembly in 1856, First Clerk of the Legislative Council in 1859, Clerk Assistant in 1860, and Clerk of the Parliaments (a position he still holds) in April 1871. Mr. Calvert married in 1869 Mary Murray, daughter of James Barker, of Sydney.

Cameron, General Sir Duncan Alexander, G.C.B., son of the late Lieut.-General Sir John Cameron, K.C.B., was born in 1808, and entered the army in 1825, becoming captain in 1833, major in 1839, and colonel in 1854. At the Battle of the Alma, in the Crimean war, he commanded the 42nd Regiment, or Black Watch, and the Highland Brigade at Balaclava, at Kertch, and at Sebastopol. At the assault on the outworks, on June 18th, 1854, he was also in command, and for his services received a medal with three clasps, besides being made a C.B. and an officer of the Legion of Honour, and receiving the Sardinian and Turkish medal (third class) of the Medjidieh. In 1859 he was made major-general. In 1863 he was despatched to New Zealand to succeed General Pratt in charge of the twelve regiments in that colony at the time of the Maori war, being granted the rank of lieut.-general. Up to this moment there had been no absolute declaration of war between the Waikatos and the colonists; but on July 12th in that year, General Cameron crossed the Maungatawhiri with 380 men, and this was practically the beginning of the Waikato war. He it was who conducted the assaults upon Mere-Mere, Rangiriri, Rangiaohia, and the Gate Pa; and effectually brought to a conclusion the northern war. In Jan. 1864, General Cameron went to Wanganui, whither the war had extended. This was the occasion of an unfortunate quarrel between the Governor (Sir George Grey) and himself. General Cameron with 1100 men refused to attack a pa called Wereroa, the capture of which the Governor considered indispensable to a successful campaign, and alleged that his force was insufficient. In the issue the colonial forces, under Sir George himself, in conjunction with the friendly Maoris, attacked and took the pa; but the incident led, in Feb. 1864, to the retirement of the General, who went to England and laid his complaints before the War Office. His charge against the Governor was that he had encouraged subversion of discipline, and consequently confusion and disorder. Lord de Grey at the War Office espoused the cause of General Cameron, and Sir George Grey was somewhat curtly snubbed by the Colonial Office for his officiousness in taking the field. In 1864 General Cameron was created K.C.B., and in 1873 G.C.B. In 1868 he was promoted to the rank of lieut.-general, and in 1875 to that of general. From 1868 to 1875 he was Governor of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and was some time Vice-President of the Council of Army Education, and Hon. Colonel 1st Battalion Royal Highlanders. General Cameron married, in 1873, Flora, fourth daughter of Andrew Maclean, M.D., Deputy Inspector-General of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, who died in 1875. General Cameron died on June 8th, 1886.

Camidge, Right Rev. Charles Edward, D.D., Bishop of Bathurst, New South Wales, son of the late Rev. Charles Joseph Camidge, M.A., vicar of Wakefield, Yorkshire, was born in 1838, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, where he matriculated in Oct. 1856, and graduated B.A. in 1860, and M.A. in 1863, being created an honorary D.D. in 1887. He was ordained deacon in 1860, priest in 1861, and was curate at Sheffield from 1860 to 1861, Wakefield, 1861 to 1868; vicar of Hedon, Yorkshire, from 1868 to 1873; rector of Wheldrake from 1873 to 1877; vicar of Thirsk from 1876 to 1887; canon and prebendary of York, from 1882 to 1887; rural dean of Thirsk from 1883 to 1887, when he was appointed Bishop of Bathurst, in succession to Dr. Marsden, being consecrated at Westminster Abbey on Oct. 18th in that year, by the Archbishop (Benson) of Canterbury, and Bishops Thorold, Bardsley, Perry, and Marsden. Dr. Camidge, who married Louisa Carow, daughter of E. F. Sanderson, is author of a "History of Wakefield, and its Industrial and Fine Art Exhibition," published in 1866.

Campbell, John Logan, M.D., M.R.C.S., only son of John Campbell, M.D., of Edinburgh, sixth son of Sir James Campbell, Bart., of Aberuchill and Kilbryde, by Catherine, daughter of John Logan of Knockshinock, co. Ayr, was born in 1817, and educated at Edinburgh University, where he took his medical degree. In 1839 he threw up his commission in the East India Company, whose service he had entered, and migrated to Sydney, but in the following year went to New Zealand, settling on an island in Waitemata Harbour, known to the natives, from whom he purchased it, as Motu Korea, now Brown's Island. This was before the Government had fixed upon the site of the capital—Auckland—to which he removed and established the firm of Brown and Campbell in 1840. In 1848 he visited England, returning to New Zealand in 1850. In 1855-6 he was Superintendent of the Province of Auckland, and on June 2nd, 1856, joined the Stafford Government as member of the Executive Council without portfolio, being at that time M.H.R. for Auckland in the Assembly. On Nov. 24th he resigned his office, as also his superintendent, and returned to England, but went out again in 1859, and was elected member for Parnell. He went once more to England in 1861, and did not return till 1871, when he settled definitely in the colony, but did not again enter public life. Dr. Campbell has been Chairman of the Board of Education in Auckland, and of the New Zealand Board of the Bank of New Zealand, an institution of which he was one of the founders. He founded and maintained at his own expense the Free School of Art in Auckland. He is the author of "Poenamo," a book on early life in Auckland. Dr. Campbell married in 1858 Emma, daughter of Sir John Cracroft Wilson, K.C.S.I. He is now sole partner of the mercantile firm he established on the foundation of Auckland in 1840.

Campbell, Hon. Robert, M.L.A., sometime Colonial Treasurer, New South Wales, was the son of Hon. Robert Campbell, M.L.C., the first merchant who established a firm in Sydney. Mr. Robert Campbell, sen., came of the family of Campbell, of Ashfield, Argyleshire, and was engaged as a merchant in Calcutta until 1796, when he visited Sydney and decided to open business there. He married in 1801 Sophia, sister of John Palmer, Assistant Commissary-General, and had three sons, viz., Hon. John, M.L.C., who gave ?10,000 towards establishing the bishopric of Riverina, and died in Jan. 1886; Robert, the subject of this notice; and Hon. Charles, M.L.C., who died in August 1888. Mr. Robert Campbell was born on Oct. 5th, 1804, and was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales as member for the city of Sydney in 1856. He was Colonial Treasurer in the first Cowper Government from August to Oct. 1856, and again took that position in the second Cowper Ministry, in succession to Mr. Richard Jones, in Jan. 1858. He broke down under the cares of office, and died on March 30th, 1859, whilst still Colonial Treasurer. Mr. Campbell was the first Provincial Grand Master for the province of Australia of the Scotch Constitution of Freemasons. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Campbell, Hon. Sir Thomas Cockburn, M.L.C., 4th Bart., of Gartsford, Ross-shire, is the second son of the late Sir Alexander Thomas Cockburn Campbell, 2nd Bart. (who in 1825 assumed the name of Campbell in addition to his patronymic Cockburn), by his second wife, Grace, daughter of Joseph Spence, of Birstwith, co. York. He was born at Exeter in 1845. On the death of his brother Sir Alexander, 3rd Bart., on Sept. 6th, 1871, he succeeded as 4th Bart. He was married at Albany, Western Australia (where his father was formerly resident magistrate), in 1870, to Lucy Anne, daughter of Arthur Trimmer and Mary Anne his wife, daughter of Captain Sir Richard Spencer, R.N., C.B., K.H., of Pooteness, Western Australia. He was for a number of years a nominee member of the old Legislative Council of Western Australia, and acted as Chairman of Committees of that body down to its dissolution, on the inauguration of the new Constitution in 1890. In 1889 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Albany electorate. In the early part of the year 1890 he was one of the delegates appointed to proceed to London, to afford information and assistance in the passing of the Constitution Bill, which had been shelved in the House of Commons the previous session. He took an active part in the efforts which eventuated in the passing of the Constitution Act, giving the local parliament complete control over the whole territorial area of the colony, his evidence before the Select Committee of the House of Commons creating considerable sensation. He was also a witness before the Colonisation Committee of the House of Commons. Sir Thomas was appointed president of the new Legislative Council, to which he had been nominated in Dec. 1890.

Campbell, Rev. Thomas Hewitt, Principal Otago College, New Zealand, was the son of Duncan Campbell, of London, and was born in July 1828. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School and St. John's College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1851, M.A. in 1853, and was Fellow of his College till 1862. After being an Under-Master at the Charterhouse and Head-Master of Wolverhampton Grammar School, he was appointed Principal of Otago College in 1863, but was drowned off Port Chalmers on July 4th, 1863.

Cani, Right Rev. John, D.D., LL.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Rockhampton, was born at Cologna, Italy, about 1836, and educated in his native province and at the Roman University at Sapienza, where he graduated D.D. and LL.D. He was ordained a priest in 1859, and accompanied the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, Dr. Quinn, to Queensland. He was appointed parish priest at Warwick in the same year, and went to Brisbane in 1868. Ten years later Dr. Cani was made Pro-Vicar Apostolic of Northern Queensland, and when the diocese of Brisbane was divided into two, on the death of Bishop Quinn, Dr. Cani was appointed, by papal brief, Bishop of Rockhampton, and was consecrated in St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, by the late Archbishop Vaughan, on May 21st, 1882.

Canterbury, Right Hon. John Henry Thomas Manners Sutton, 3rd Viscount, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., was born on May 27th, 1814. His lordship was the second son of Charles, 1st Viscount Canterbury, Speaker of the House of Commons from 1817 to 1834, by Lucy Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of John Denison, of Ossington, Nottinghamshire, and married on July 15th, 1838, Georgiana, youngest daughter of Charles Tompson, of Witchingham Hall, Norfolk. Lord Canterbury was Under Secretary for the Home Department from 1841 to 1846, Lieut.-Governor of New Brunswick from 1854 to 1861, and Governor of Trinidad from Sept. 1864 to April 1866, when he was appointed to succeed Sir Charles Darling as Governor of Victoria. He assumed office in August 1866, under circumstances of unusual difficulty. His predecessor's concurrence in the measures taken by the McCulloch Ministry to establish the absolute supremacy of the Legislative Assembly in matters of finance, had endeared him to the people as much as it embroiled him with the imperial authorities. Coming as the representative of the latter, Lord Canterbury's action was certain to be subjected to severe scrutiny; and it is to his credit that, whilst he loyally adhered to his instructions, and was thus placed in opposition to the popular wishes in a period of extreme excitement, he managed to emerge from the crisis to the satisfaction of the Home authorities, and without incurring any marked odium in the colony over which he presided as the representative of the Queen. The Duke of Edinburgh visited Victoria during his term of office, and for the nonce party strife was hushed. He succeeded his brother, the 2nd Viscount, in Nov. 1869, and left Victoria in March 1873 for England, where he died on June 24th, 1877.

Cape, William Timothy, was the eldest son of William Cape, of Ireby, in Cumberland, and was born at Walworth, in Surrey, on Oct. 25th, 1806. He was educated at Merchant Taylors' School, and proceeded to Sydney with his father in 1821. Here he assisted the latter in opening the Sydney Academy. The elder Mr. Cape was afterwards appointed by the Government master of the Sydney Public School in Castlereagh Street, and here Mr. W. T. Cape acted as an assistant master, becoming head-master on the resignation of his father. In this position he remained until July 1829, and in 1830 opened a private school in King Street, Sydney. About this time the idea of establishing Sydney College was mooted; and in 1835, as the result of overtures from the committee of this college, Mr. Cape transferred his private pupils to that institution and was appointed head-master. In 1842 he resigned this post, and again opened a private school, on the Glemore Road, Paddington. In 1856 he finally retired from scholastic work, having during his long career conducted the education of some of the leading publicists of Sydney. In 1859 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Wollombi, and did good service in the cause of education. He was also one of the Commissioners of National Education, a Magistrate, and a Fellow of St. Paul's College within the University of Sydney. He died in London on June 14th, 1863, of small-pox.

Carey, Major-General George Jackson, C.B., eldest son of Thomas Carey, of Rozel, Guernsey, by his second wife, Barbara, daughter of Colonel Jackson, M.P., was born in 1828, and entered the army in 1845. Having served with distinction in the Cape Mounted Rifles, of which he became major, he was military secretary to Sir James Jackson, when commanding the forces at the Cape, and was ultimately colonel of the 18th Irish. He was Acting Governor of the Isle of Wight in 1862, and served in New Zealand as colonel on the staff and brigadier-general from August 1863 to August 1865. He distinguished himself at the taking of Orakau (one of the few real successes of the war) in 1864, and in recognition of his services was made C.B. in 1865. Subsequently the Maori "king-maker," Te Waharoa, made his submission to him. Having been appointed to the command of the forces in Australia, he took up his residence in Melbourne, and on the departure of Sir Charles Darling was Acting Governor of Victoria, administering the government from May to August 1866. He returned to England in 1867, and was promoted to the command of the 2nd Brigade at Aldershot. In 1871 he was appointed to command the Northern District, and became major-general. He died at Manchester on Jane 12th, 1872. General Carey married in Feb. 1861 Hester Olivia, only daughter of William Gordon Thompson, of Clifton Gardens, Hyde Park, London.

Cargill, Captain William, the founder of the Otago settlement, New Zealand, was born in August 1784, and entered the army, becoming captain in the 74th Highlanders. The General Assembly of the Free Church of Scotland, having had its attention directed to the openings for colonisation in the province of Otago, New Zealand, an Otago Association was formed at Glasgow in May 1845, to found a special settlement for Scotchmen. Four hundred thousand acres of land were purchased for the purpose from the New Zealand Company, and in Nov. 1847 Captain Cargill, who had been one of the main promoters of the project, sailed in the John Wickliff as the leader of the new pilgrims, pitching his tent in March 1848 on the territory acquired. From this time forth Captain Cargill was virtually ruler of the new settlement until the New Zealand Constitution Act was passed, when he was elected first Superintendent of Otago, and was re-elected in 1856. He was returned to the first House of Representatives of New Zealand as member for Dunedin in 1854. Captain Cargill died in Dunedin on August 6th, 1860, just prior to the arrival of the notification that he had been created C.B. His eldest son, Mr. Wm. Walter Cargill, was member for Berwick in the House of Commons from 1863 to 1865, and was one of the founders and a director of the Oriental Bank Corporation. He was also Chairman of the Board of Directors of the New Oriental Bank Corporation.

Carleton, Hugh Francis, eldest son of Francis Carleton, of Clare, co. Tipperary, and Greenfield, co. Cork, by Charlotte Molyneux, eldest daughter of George Molyneux Montgomerie, of Garboldisham Hall, co. Norfolk, and grandnephew of Viscount Carleton, was born in 1810. He settled in the Bay of Islands, N.Z., in 1842, and married Nov. 30th, 1860, Lydia, daughter of Archdeacon Henry Williams, of Waimate, N.Z. He was for many years Speaker of the Auckland Provincial Council, and in 1854 sat in the first General Assembly at Auckland. He was a member of the House of Representatives for nearly thirty years, and was, up till his retirement from politics, Chairman of Committees. He died in London on July 14th, 1890. Mr. Carleton was the author of "A Page of the History of New Zealand" (Auckland, 1854); "Life of H. Williams, Archdeacon of Waimate" (Auckland, 1874).

Carr, Hon. John, J.P., was born at Conisborough, in Yorkshire, on Sept. 21st, 1819, and educated at Tickhill in that county, and emigrated to South Australia in 1862. Entering the Legislative Assembly in March 1864, he represented Noarlunga for more than fifteen years, and subsequently sat for Onkaparinga. He was Commissioner of Public Works in the Hart Ministry from May 1870 to Nov. 1871; and from the latter date till Jan. 1872 in the Government of Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth. He was Commissioner of Crown Lands under Mr. Colton's Premiership, from June 1876 to Oct. 1877. In the next year he received the Queen's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony.

Carr, His Grace the Most Rev. Thomas J., D.D., Archbishop of Melbourne, was born in the county of Galway in 1840, and studied at St. Jarlath's College, subsequently going to the Royal College of Maynooth. Dr. Carr was ordained to the priesthood on the Feast of Pentecost, 1866, and spent the first years of his clerical life in missionary labours in his native diocese. In 1870 he was appointed Professor of Rhetoric in St. Jarlath's College, and in 1872 dean in Maynooth College. Two years later he became Professor of Theology by public consensus, and in 1880 was appointed Vice-president of Maynooth College. In August 1883 Dr. Carr was consecrated Bishop of Galway; having been during the previous three years editor of the Irish Ecclesiastical Record, the official organ of the Irish Catholic Church. His principal literary work is "A Commentary on Church Censures." In Aug. 1886 Dr. Carr was appointed to succeed the late Dr. Goold as Archbishop of Melbourne, where he arrived on June 11th of the next year, the anniversary of the death of his predecessor.

Carrington, Right Hon. Charles Robert, Baron, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., sometime Governor of New South Wales, is the eldest son of the second Lord Carrington, by his second wife, Augusta Annabella, younger daughter of Peter Robert, Lord Willoughby de Eresby, joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England. Lord Carrington was born on May 16th, 1843, and entering the army, ultimately became Captain in the Royal Horse Guards. He was member for Wycombe in the House of Commons from 1865 to 1868, when he succeeded his father in the peerage. From 1881 to 1885 he was Captain of the Corps of Gentlemen-at-Arms, and in right of his mother is joint Hereditary Lord Great Chamberlain of England. It was in 1885 that Lord Carrington, who had previously mainly had a reputation as a man of society and pleasure, first came forward in a prominent capacity as a serious publicist. The Australian Colonies had long been dissatisfied with the official, or "effete aristocratic," type of Governors, and had been demanding that future viceroys should be men of a class not deemed unworthy of the higher prizes of English political life. There were difficulties in the way of a literal compliance with the wish thus expressed; but as a sort of compromise, it was decided to go outside the official class, and to appoint for the future as colonial viceroys men of superior wealth and social status, the position being, in fact, as the Imperial authorities wisely recognised, mainly a social one. Lord Carrington was the Governor selected to inaugurate the new r?gime, and rendered it a striking success, his term of office as Governor of New South Wales from 1885 to 1890 giving high satisfaction to the Colonists, and constituting him, to quote Lord Onslow, the late Governor of New Zealand, probably "the most popular Governor who ever went to Australia." Even in the political arena Lord Carrington was able to exercise much quiet influence, and in his social duties, which he performed with unfailing tact, he was greatly aided by his wife, the daughter of the fifth Lord Suffield, to whom he was married in July 1878. The departure of Lord and Lady Carrington from New South Wales was marked by expressions of regret and esteem, quite without previous parallel in Australian history. Since his return to England Lord Carrington has taken an active part in English politics as a supporter of Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule policy, and has embraced numerous opportunities of placing his views on Colonial and Imperial topics before the public. He does not look with hope to a formal federation, but believes that the ties of kinship which now bind the Mother country and the Colonies might be indefinitely strengthened by sympathetic action on the part of the former. To the Liberal party he looks as the best exemplars of the imperialism of the future, and the speeches in which he has attacked what in some quarters is regarded as the vested monopoly of the Tory party in an enlightened colonial policy, have excited considerable attention both in England and the Colonies. At the elections in 1892 Lord Carrington was returned to the London County Council as a member of the "progressive" party.

Carrington, Francis Thomas Dean, was born in London on Nov. 17th, 1843, and educated at the City of London School. He received his first lesson in drawing from George Cruickshank, and went through the South Kensington course. He commenced drawing for Clarke & Co., Paternoster Row, a title-page to one of Captain Mayne Reid's novels being his first appearance in print. Mr. Carrington came to Australia, and after some experience on the diggings at Wood's Point, Jericho, Jordan, and Crooked River, he joined Melbourne Punch in 1866, succeeding N. Chevalier and O. R. Campbell. With this paper he was connected for twenty-one years, drawing the principal cartoons and many smaller blocks all through the stirring times of the Darling excitement and the "Berry blight." Mr. Carrington left Punch when it was amalgamated with the Bulletin and joined the Melbourne Australasian.

Carrington, Frederic Alonzo, the "father of the settlement" of Taranaki, N.Z., as he is generally called, when a young man entered the Ordnance Survey Department of England, being appointed in Jan. 1826 by the Duke of Wellington. Showing ability for topographical delineation and survey work, he soon attracted the attention of the eminent engineers of the day, and when the Reform Bill was passed in 1832, he was selected by the Parliamentary Commissioners to describe the boundaries of the boroughs in the districts from Bristol to Manchester. For his services on that occasion he received the special thanks of the Commissioners. Subsequently he was selected by the Plymouth Company as its chief surveyor to go to New Zealand to choose a site for the settlement the company proposed forming there. On Feb. 12th, 1841, Mr. F. A. Carrington and family, together with his brother, Mr. Octavius Carrington (who was his chief assistant), and the survey party, arrived off Taranaki. With great labour lines were cut through the dense vegetation, and a spot cleared; and after much difficulty the site for the town of New Plymouth was laid out and surveyed under Mr. F. A. Carrington's directions. In Sept. 1843 Mr. Carrington returned to England, and on his arrival in London he found that the directors of the New Zealand Company (which had absorbed the Plymouth Company) were thinking of ceasing their functions for a time, and accordingly Mr. Carrington retired from their service, receiving a very complimentary testimonial from the directors. Mr. Carrington was engaged in connection with railways during the time he was in England (1844-51), but he gave a good deal of thought and attention to New Zealand matters, and tried to make Taranaki better known to the British public. Mr. Carrington took with him to England a quantity of the Taranaki ironsand, and after having a very careful analysis made of some of it he had a bar of iron cast. He then entered into a lengthy correspondence with the Colonial Office, endeavouring to obtain a grant of the beach on the Taranaki shore, which resulted in a refusal, though Lord Grey offered to give Mr. Carrington a letter to the Governor of New Zealand, which on his arrival there would ensure a grant of the beach being given to him, provided it had not been leased to any one before. As it would have taken too long in those days to have visited New Zealand and return home again with the desired information, the matter was for the time abandoned; but Mr. Carrington exhibited the bar of iron and some of the Taranaki ironsand at the Exhibition of 1851, when he called the attention of the Master-General of the Ordnance Department (Sir H. de la Beche) to it. After visiting California three different times from London, in connection with mines, water-races, railways, etc., Mr. Carrington again returned to New Zealand, having been absent nearly fourteen years, his object being the utilisation of the ironsand and other matters in connection with the district; and being backed by men of capital and standing, who took great interest in the colony, hoped to start the iron industry in Taranaki. The North Island was in a very unsettled state at the time owing to the natives showing an antagonistic attitude towards the Europeans, which in 1860 ended in hostilities which lasted for ten years. In 1862 Mr. Carrington was appointed Government Engineering Surveyor for Taranaki, and in that capacity carried out in connection with the military authorities the road construction necessary in the district. On peace being restored Mr. Carrington turned his attention to local matters, and consenting to be nominated as Superintendent of the province of Taranaki in 1869, he was returned by the electors, and held that position till the provinces were abolished in 1876. He was also elected to a seat in the House of Representatives, and held the position for several years. He retired from politics in 1880. Seeing the necessity there was for harbour accommodation at New Plymouth, Mr. Carrington for years agitated in the hope of getting protective works built that shipping might visit the port in safety. It was chiefly through his exertions that a fourth of the land revenue of the district was set aside for harbour purposes and a Harbour Board created, which raised the money to carry out the work. On Feb. 7th, 1881, Mr. F. A. Carrington laid the first stone of the present structure, thus crowning his labours as the founder of the settlement of Taranaki.

Carrow, Richard, son of Rev. Harry Carrow and Leah (Cooke) his wife, was born at Loxton Rectory, Somersetshire, England, on March 15th, 1845. He was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, and having arrived in New Zealand in March 1868, married firstly at Auckland in April 1871 Miss Augusta C. Wilkins, and secondly at Christchurch, in that colony, on August 12th, 1879, Miss Katherine M. Longden. Mr. Carrow was appointed clerk in the Public Works Office at Christchurch in Dec. 1873, railway storekeeper at Wellington, N.Z., in June 1875, and stores manager in Feb. 1877. In May of that year he took a clerkship in the New South Wales Railway Department in Sydney, and returning to New Zealand, was appointed in Dec. of the same year locomotive superintendent at Christchurch, stores manager of the Middle Island Railways in June 1878, and stores manager of the New Zealand Railways in Nov. 1880, a position he still holds.

Carruthers, Joseph Hector McNeil, M.L.A., ex-Minister of Public Instruction, New South Wales, son of John and Charlotte Carruthers, was born at Kiama, N.S.W., on Dec. 21st, 1857. He is a solicitor in Sydney, and has been four times returned to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for Canterbury at the head of the poll, with the largest number of votes given for any single candidate in Australia. He was Minister of Public Instruction in the Parkes Government from March 1889 to Oct. 1891, and founded the Department of Technical Education (1889), instituted Arbour Day in New South Wales (1890), and formed the public school cadet force (1890). He is also the legislative author of the "Women's College Act" of 1889, and founder of the Training College for Teachers within the University of Sydney. Mr. Carruthers married at Sydney on Dec. 10th, 1879, Louise Marion Roberts, daughter of William Roberts, solicitor, Sydney. He is a trustee of the National Park.

Casey, Hon. James Joseph, C.M.G., County Court Judge and Land Tax Commissioner Victoria, is the son of the late James Casey, of Tromroe, co. Clare, Ireland, and was born there on Dec. 25th, 1831. He was educated at Galway College, and after five years spent in America he arrived in Victoria in 1855, where he joined the late Mr. Angus Mackay in the purchase of the Bendigo Advertiser, and afterwards started the McIvor Times and Riverine Herald. In 1861 he was elected to the Assembly for Sandhurst, but was unseated on petition. Two years later he was returned for Normanby in the Liberal interest, and continued to sit for that constituency until 1880. In Sept. 1865 he was called to the Victorian bar, and practised with success, being from time to time Crown Prosecutor. From July 1868 to Sept. 1869 he was Minister of Justice in the second McCulloch Administration, exchanging this office for that of Solicitor-General about a fortnight before the defeat of the Government. The next year Mr. Casey was appointed Chairman of a Royal Commission on Intercolonial Legislation and a Court of Appeal. In June 1872 he became Minister of Lands and Minister of Agriculture under Mr. Francis, and held office till August 1875—for the last twelve months of the time under Mr. Kerford, who succeeded Mr. Francis as Premier. Whilst at the head of the Lands Office Mr. Casey reorganised the department, and constituted the survey branch on an effective basis. He also checked the system of "dummyism" by instituting inquiries, and subsequently forfeiting the runs and improvements of the incriminated squatters. In 1878 he was appointed Executive Commissioner for Victoria at the Paris Exhibition, and was created C.M.G. for his services, being also nominated an Officer of the Legion of Honour by the French Government. The Victorian Hansard was established on his motion, and, when in office, he introduced the system of appointing magistrates to districts instead of for the whole colony. The jurisdiction of the County Courts was, on his initiation, increased from ?50 to ?250 at common law, and an equitable jurisdiction was conferred on them up to ?500. Though still claiming to be a Liberal, Mr. Casey assumed an independent attitude towards the second Berry Ministry from 1877 to 1880, and was in consequence ejected from his seat at Mandurang at the general election in the latter year. He did not re-enter parliament, though he unsuccessfully contested Sandridge (now Port Melbourne) in 1883. Mr. Casey, who was the first President of the Federal Bank of Australia, was Executive Vice-President of the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880, and in that capacity, and as Chairman of the Great Britain Committee, contributed much to its success. In April 1884 Mr. Casey, who is the author of "Casey's Justices' Manual," was appointed a County Court Judge; and in July 1885 he assumed the additional functions of a Land Tax Commissioner, being for a short time in that year an Acting Judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Casey married Mary Teresa, daughter of John Cahill and Mary McNamara his wife.

Castella, Hubert de, a native of Switzerland, visited his brother Paul in Victoria, and finally settled there in 1862, when he purchased three thousand acres of land in the parish of Yering, and commenced planting the now famous St. Hubert vineyard. About 1875 he formed a limited company, under which the vineyard was carried on until 1879, when Mr. A. Rowan joined him as partner in the present firm of De Castella and Rowan. The vineyard produces an average of seventy thousand to eighty thousand gallons of wine annually.

Castella, Paul de, the pioneer of viticulture in Victoria, was born in Switzerland, and emigrated to Melbourne in 1849. In the following year he purchased the Yering cattle station, where in 1856 he planted the first vineyard in Victoria, Mr. Castella in 1859 imported plant necessary for the cellar and ten thousand vines, half of which were Sauvignon and two thousand La Folle (the grape used for making the best Cognac), the latter of which were all failures. The produce of the Yering vineyard is now well known in the Australian wine market.

Catt, Hon. Alfred, M.P., J.P., Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, was born in 1838 at Newington, in Kent. He arrived in South Australia in 1847, and for ten years engaged in agricultural pursuits at Balhannah and Strathalbyn. After a short trial of the Victorian diggings he returned to Strathalbyn, and entered into business. Subsequently he opened a store at the then youthful town of Gladstone, and was elected to the Assembly for the district of Stanley, April 27th, 1881. Three years later, when the constituency was reconstructed, he was returned for Gladstone, which he still represents. Mr. Catt accepted the post of Commissioner of Crown Lands in Mr. (now Sir) John Bray's first administration, on June 24th, 1881, and held it till April 23rd, 1884, under circumstances of special difficulty. Disasters had fallen thickly upon the farmers of the colony, especially in the northern districts lying beyond Goyder's line of rainfall, where thirsty and often heavily timbered country had been taken up at extravagant prices by the competing agriculturists, who in some cases had offered as much as ?6 6s. per acre. The attempt to grow wheat in these parts proved that the selectors could not pay the stipulated price, and the Government of the day came to the rescue with a proposal that the farmers should be allowed to surrender their land and compete for it again. The result was that they got their land back at about ?1 0s. 6d., thus entailing upon the State a nominal loss of about half a million. The surrender clauses were admittedly difficult to administer, and Mr. Catt was much blamed at the time for allowing farmers holding excellent land in the lower north and south-east to come under these clauses. Mr. Catt, however, claimed that these were exceptional cases. On the fall of the Downer Ministry in 1887, Mr. Catt accepted the portfolio of Commissioner of Public Works under Mr. Playford, and held it from June 11th, 1887, to June 27th, 1889. At the commencement of the session of 1890 Mr. Catt was unanimously elected to the Chairmanship of Committees of the Legislative Assembly. In 1887 he received the royal permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony.

Cavenagh-Mainwaring, Hon. Wentworth, was member for Yatala in the Assembly of South Australia from 1863 to 1881; and was Commissioner of Crown Lands, under Mr. Strangways, from Nov. 1868 to May 1870, and Commissioner of Public Works in the Ayers Government from March 1872 to July 1873. In 1887 he received permission to bear the title of Honourable. Having married Ellen, daughter of George Mainwaring, who, on the death of her brother in 1891, became entitled to the Whitmore Hall estate, in Staffordshire, he assumed the additional name of Mainwaring.

Chaffey, George and William Benjamin, are the leading members of the firm of Chaffey Brothers, who in 1887 entered into contracts with the governments of Victoria and South Australia, for the settlement by means of irrigation of half a million acres of land on the banks of the Murray River. The Messrs. Chaffey are natives of Ontario, Canada, and for a number of years carried on irrigation enterprises with success in Southern California, forming settlements, of which the best known are those at Riverside, Etiwanda, and at Ontario in the San Bernardino County, where they established an agricultural college, endowing it with land valued at ?20,000. In 1886 the brothers came to Australia, and secured from the governments of Victoria and South Australia the sites for two irrigation colonies on the banks of the Murray, the combined area totalling 500,000 acres. These settlements are situate at Mildura, in Victoria, and Renmark, 140 miles lower down the river, in South Australia, the former, being the first transferred to them, having made the most headway. The Mildura settlement consists of 250,000 acres, of which 50,000 acres are, in the first instance, being practically dealt with, this area including the site of a town and surrounding residential or suburban villa blocks. A company has been floated to provide the needful capital, and a most satisfactory and superior class of settlers has been attracted. The cultivation intended to be carried on is that of the grape, orange, olive, prune, and any other fruits or vegetables found suitable. The establishment of an agricultural college, similar to that at Ontario, is also provided for in the contracts with the governments, the stipulation having been inserted at the suggestion of the firm.

Challis, John Henry, was a native of England, and emigrated to Sydney, where he became a clerk in the employment of Messrs. Flower & Marsden. In 1842 he was admitted a partner in the firm, but left for England in 1855, revisiting the colony once subsequently. He died in 1880, leaving the greater part of his property to the University of Sydney, subject to his widow's life interest. She died in 1888, when the large fund became available for the endowment of a number of new chairs, named after their founder. [Mrs. Challis died on Sept. 27th, 1884, not in 1888. (In appended Supplement, p. 530.)]

Chalmers, Rev. James, the well-known New Guinea missionary and explorer, was born at Ardrishaig, Argyllshire, on August 4th, 1841, and was brought up in Inverary, where he served articles in a lawyer's office. He was subsequently for some time a city missionary in Glasgow, and then studied for the ministry at Cheshunt College, near London. He left Great Britain as a missionary for Rarotonga, Hervey Group, on Jan. 4th, 1866, in connection with the London Missionary Society, on board the John Williams, and suffered much in the Channel from the severe gale in which the London was lost. Mr. Chalmers arrived at Rarotonga on May 20th, 1867, having been twice wrecked on the way and lost everything. He spent ten years in Rarotonga at the head of an educational establishment, but at the request of the directors of the London Missionary Society left the island in 1877, and joined the New Guinea Mission. During the years that followed Mr. Chalmers explored and opened up many miles of coast line and inland for the purpose of establishing mission stations, and assisted in the proclaiming of the protectorate over British New Guinea. Mr. Chalmers visited the north-east coast of New Guinea three times, and made several important discoveries. In conjunction with Dr. Gill, he wrote "Work and Adventures in New Guinea," and afterwards "Pioneering in New Guinea," both published by the Religious Tract Society.

Chalmers, Right Rev. William, Church of England Bishop of Goulburn, N.S.W., was educated at St. Andrews University and at St. Augustine's College, Canterbury. In 1858 he accepted an appointment from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel as Missionary to Labuan, where he was ordained Deacon in that year and Priest in 1859. In 1861 he proceeded to Australia, where he was Incumbent of Inglewood in Victoria from 1862 to 1868, Malmesbury from 1868 to 1870, Kyneton 1870 to 1878, and of St Paul's, Geelong, from the latter year (when he was also appointed Canon of Melbourne) till May 1892, when he was elected to succeed the late Dr. Thomas as Bishop of Goulburn.

Chambers, Charles Haddon, the well-known dramatist, was born at Stanmore, Sydney, N.S.W., in 1860. He traces his descent from an old west of Scotland family which had migrated to the north of Ireland, and been incorporated in the famous Ulster plantation. His father's maternal grandfather, John Ritchie, was the first shipbuilder in Ireland. In the middle of the last century, this enterprising Scotsman went over from the Clyde, and founded the yards where the White Star liners are now built. The dramatist's father, John Ritchie Chambers, was born in Ulster. At a comparatively early age he went to Victoria, and, subsequently drifting into New South Wales, he became attached to the Civil Service of that colony, in which he remained, occupying high positions in the Lands Department until he died in 1882. Haddon Chambers himself was educated at Marrickville and Fort Street Public schools, and in 1875 entered the local Civil Service, but resigned after a short time and betook himself with a squatter friend to the "back-blocks." In 1880 he visited Europe, returning to Australia after a nine months' trip. In 1882 he reappeared in London to begin his literary career, which he did by publishing some stories and articles in the society journals; and subsequently he wrote a number of short stories for the Argosy, Belgravia, Truth, Cassel's Saturday Journal, and other periodicals—one of which, a story of murder, entitled "In Cold Blood," drew a leading article from the Daily News. Mr. Chambers next turned his attention to the stage. Feeling his way cautiously at first, he produced a two-act farce at Margate in 1886. Next year a little domestic drama, The Open Gate, was played with success at the Comedy Theatre, London. In conjunction with Mr. Stanley Little, he then dramatised for Mr. Charrington and Miss Janet Achurch, Rider Haggard's novel "Dawn," under the title of Devil Caresfoot, which was first produced at a matin?e at the Vaudeville Theatre, London. These artistes have recently reproduced the piece in Australia, with considerable success. Mr. Haddon Chambers, however, made his coup by a four-act original drama, Captain Swift, written for and originally produced by Mr. Beerbohm Tree, the well-known actor-manager of the Haymarket Theatre. This proved an immediate and genuine success, not only in London, but also in the English provinces, in America and in Australia. Since then Mr. Haddon Chambers has written The Idler As there was no immediate prospect of the production of this play in London, he crossed to New York, where he produced it at the Lyceum Theatre. The play scored an immediate and conspicuous success, with the result that, three months later, it appeared under the management of Mr. George Alexander at the St. James' Theatre, London, where it had a good run. The Idler has also been brought out with great success in Australia, with Mr. Charles Cartwright and Miss Olga Nethersole in the leading parts. Mr. Haddon Chambers' comedy, The Honourable Herbert, was produced by Mr. Thomas Thorne, at the Vaudeville Theatre, in 1892. Mr. Chambers republished his admirable short story "The Pipe of Peace," which he has dramatised for Mr. Geo. Alexander, in Mr. Patchett Martin's "Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom," and also contributed to Mr. Philip Mennell's collection "In Australian Wilds."

Champ, Colonel Hon. William Thomas Napier, first Premier of Tasmania, is the son of Captain Thomas Champ and Mary Anne Blackaller, his wife. He was born at Maldon, Essex, on April 15th, 1808, and was educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. Having obtained a commission in the army, he arrived in Sydney with his regiment in Oct 1828. The following year he was stationed in Tasmania, and in 1830 took part in Governor Arthur's famous attempt to form a cordon across the island so as to secure the hostile blacks on Tasman's Peninsula. He afterwards retired from the army, entered the civil service in Tasmania, and held successively the following appointments, viz., Assistant Police Magistrate, Chairman of the Board for Investigating the Penal Settlement of Tasman's Peninsula, and Comptroller-General of Convicts. In 1852, on the refusal of Mr. H. S. Chapman, the then Colonial Secretary, to support the official transportation policy, he was appointed to succeed him as Acting Colonial Secretary, and on the concession of responsible government was awarded a bonus of ?6000 in lieu of a pension for loss of office. He was elected to the first House of Assembly as member for Launceston in 1856, and became the first Premier of the colony under the new Constitution in November of that year, when he was sworn of the Executive Council. He only, however, retained office till the end of Feb. 1857, when he retired rather than assent to the reduction of the Governor's salary. He subsequently went to reside in Victoria, where he succeeded Captain Price, who was murdered in 1857, as head of the Convict Department, and became a lieut.-colonel in the local forces unattached. Colonel Champ held the position of Inspector-General of Penal Establishments in Victoria till Dec. 31st, 1868, when he retired on a pension, and went to reside on his estate (since called Darra), near Meredith. In 1871 he was chosen member, of the Victorian House of Assembly for the East Bourke Boroughs, but his old dislike for politics returned, and he resigned before the end of the Parliament. He was a justice of the peace and a lieutenant-colonel in the Victorian Military Forces, commanding for some years the North Melbourne district, and retired finally with the rank of colonel. He was married at New Norfolk, Tas., in March, 1837, to Helen Abigail, daughter of Major James Gibson, formerly of the 15th Light Dragoons.

Chandler, Alfred Thomas, was born in Geelong, Victoria, in 1852, his father being a native of New South Wales. The latter, after some experience on the diggings, eventually settled at Hamilton, in the western district of Victoria, where his son, the future poet, received the rudiments of education at the State school, afterwards attending night classes and several terms at the Hamilton Academy. Having acquired the typographical art in the office of the Hamilton Spectator, Mr. Chandler removed in 1878 to Adelaide where he joined the staff of the South Australian Register, and subsequently acted for six years as a parliamentary reporter for the Advertiser. In 1889 Mr. Chandler, in conjunction with Mr. H. C. Evans, started a satirical weekly paper called Quiz, which enjoys a considerable popularity in South Australia. In 1887 Mr. Chandler published a "Bush Idyll and other Poems," and in 1889 "Songs of the Sunland."

Chanter, John Moore, M.L.A., son of John and Elizabeth Moore Chanter, was born at Adelaide, S.A., on Feb. 11th, 1845, and has held a number of public appointments at Moama, in New South Wales. Mr. Chanter has represented the Murray electorate in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 1885. In Jan. 1889 he accepted office in the Dibbs Ministry, as Secretary for Mines, and retired with his colleagues in the following March. He married at Campbell's Creek, near Castlemaine, Vict., on Nov 16th, 1863, Miss Mary Ann Clark.

Chapman, Hon. Henry Samuel, came of a family which had amassed wealth in commerce with the American colonies, but became impoverished by the War of Independence. His father was a Civil Servant in the Barrack Department, and he was born at Kennington on July 21st, 1803, and educated at a school at Bromley, Kent. He was a clerk in Esdaile's Bank, and subsequently with a bill broker. In 1823 he went to Canada, and became a merchant in Quebec, and in 1833 started The Daily Advertiser in Montreal, the first daily newspaper in Canada. He returned to England early in 1835 as the delegate of the popular party in Canada, who instructed him to confer with Hume, O'Connell, and Roebuck, whom he had known in Canada. Along with the last named he took a prominent part in the agitation for securing representative government for Canada, and was the friend of John Stuart Mill and Richard Cobden. During his residence in England, which lasted till 1843, he contributed many political and economical articles to magazines and newspapers, edited the works of Jeremy Bentham, in conjunction with Dr., afterwards Sir John, Bowring, and wrote the articles on "Weaving" and "Wool, and its Manufacture" for the Encyclop?dia Britannica in 1842. Having acted as an assistant commissioner for inquiring into the grievances of the handloom weavers in 1838, and having in 1840 been called to the English bar, he joined Edward Gibbon Wakefield in his plans for the colonisation of New Zealand. On Feb. 8th, 1840, he started The New Zealand Journal, which lasted for some years, and in 1843 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and sailed for Auckland. For the following nine years he lived in Wellington. In 1852 he was appointed to the Colonial Secretaryship of Tasmania, but lost his office owing to his sympathy with the Anti-transportation party. Returning to England, he rejected an offer of a West Indian governorship, and went out in 1854 to Victoria, where he entered the Legislative Council in 1855. On March 11th, 1857, he was appointed Attorney-General in the O'Shanassy Government, but went out of office on April 29th in the same year. The O'Shanassy Government came into power again on March 10th, 1858, when Mr. Chapman resumed his office, holding it till Oct. 27th, 1859. He was also Law Lecturer at the Melbourne University, and acted from 1862 to 1863 for Sir Redmond Barry, as Judge of the Supreme Court. He formulated and introduced the Ballot Bill into the Victorian Parliament, from which it has spread into use all over the British Empire. In 1864 he was reappointed Judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, and lived in Dunedin till his death, on Dec. 27th, 1881. In 1875 he retired from the Bench, and was subsequently Chancellor of the University of Otago. Mr. Chapman was the author of many pamphlets and papers, including "The New Zealand Portfolio" (1843)and "Parliamentary Government or Responsible Ministries of the Australian Colonies" (1854). In regard to his connection with the ballot, it may be stated that he drafted for Mr. Nicholson in 1855 the clauses which created the special form of the device known as the "Australian ballot," which simply leaves the voter to strike out the names of those candidates for whom he does not intend to vote. This form has been very generally adopted in America. Mr. Chapman married first, in 1840, Caroline, daughter of Mr. J. G. Brewer, barrister-at-law; and, secondly, Miss Carr, a sister of the wife of Mr. R. D. Ireland (q.v.).

Chapman, Hon. Thomas Daniel, M.L.C., was born at Bedford, England, and came to Tasmania about 1844, becoming a leading merchant in Hobart. Entering on politics, he was returned for the City as a member of the first semi-elective Legislative Council which met in 1851. He became the leader of the Liberal party; having much to do with the cessation of transportation and the concession of responsible government, on lines which he largely shaped, in 1850. He joined the Champ Ministry—the first formed under the new r?gime—and held office as Colonial Treasurer from Nov. 1st, 1856, to Feb. 26th, 1857. After four years and a half in Opposition he himself became Premier on August 2nd, 1861. At first he held no portfolio, but on Nov. 1st in the next year assumed that of Colonial Treasurer. He resigned, with his colleagues, on Jan. 20th, 1863, and, after four years spent in opposition to the Whyte Ministry, reassumed office as Colonial Treasurer, under Sir Richard Dry, on Nov. 24th, 1866. On the reconstruction of the Ministry under Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Milne-Wilson, on August 4th, 1869, Mr. Chapman continued to hold the Treasurership till the retirement of the Ministry, on Nov. 4th, 1872. His six years' tenure of the post was the longest since responsible government was inaugurated. Mr. Chapman left the Assembly for the Legislative Council in 1873, when he was returned for Buckingham, a constituency which he represented till his death. He took office for the last time on August 4th, 1873, becoming Colonial Secretary in Mr. Kennerley's Government, but resigned on April 1st, 1876. On July 11th, 1882, he succeeded Mr. Innes as President of the Legislative Council, a position which he held till his demise on Feb. 17th, 1884.

Cheeke, Hon. Alfred, sometime Supreme Court Judge, New South Wales, was born at Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1811, and is stated to have been a lineal descendant of the celebrated Sir John Cheke. He was called to the English bar in 1835, and joined the Oxford Circuit. Having emigrated to Sydney in 1837, he was appointed a magistrate in 1838, and practised as a barrister. In 1841 he was appointed Commissioner of the Court of Claims, and in June of the same year Crown Prosecutor, Chairman of Quarter Sessions in 1844, and Commissioner of the Court of Requests in 1845. From 1851 to 1857 he again acted as Chairman of Quarter Sessions, and from 1858 to 1865 was a District Court Judge. From the latter date till his death, on March 14th, 1876, he officiated as a Judge of the Supreme Court.

Chester, Henry Majoribanks, P.M., has been in the Queensland Government service since 1876, and in 1877 was sent on an exploring expedition to New Guinea. In July of the next year Mr. Chester was appointed by Sir Arthur Gordon to represent him in New Guinea in his capacity as High Commissioner of the Western Pacific. In 1883, when Sir Thomas McIlwraith decided on annexing the island on behalf of the Queensland Government, Mr. Chester was employed to proclaim the Queen's sovereignty, which he carried into effect on April 4th. Mr. Chester has been police magistrate at Croydon since Nov. 1887.

Chetham-Strode, Alfred Rowland, son of Admiral Sir Edward Chetham-Strode, K.C.B., K.C.H., of Southill, Somersetshire, was born on May 10th, 1823. In 1841 he went to New Zealand, when he settled at Wellington. Entering the Government service in 1846, Mr. Chetham-Strode was appointed Inspector of Armed Constabulary, of which body he had command. He also received a war medal for services rendered during encounters with natives at Horokiwi, Porirua, Wanganui, and other places. In 1849 he was appointed Resident Magistrate in Otago, and occupied the position from 1860 to 1862 of Sub-Treasurer of Otago; was Curator of Intestate Estates for some six years, and Sheriff and Commissioner of Native Reserves. He was also the first Returning Officer and Registration Officer after the Constitution Act was granted to New Zealand. Elected by the trustees, he was Vice-President of the Savings Bank from its formation. In 1865 Mr. Chetham-Strode was called to the Legislative Council, but resigned in 1868. In conjunction with the Hon. (now Sir) Julius Vogel, he was the means of establishing the Benevolent Asylum. Mr. Chetham-Strode was a member of Council of the University of Otago in 1869, and represented the Council at the tercentenary of the Edinburgh University in 1884. In 1873 Mr. Chetham-Strode resigned the duties of Resident Magistrate in Dunedin, and in 1882 he returned to England, and settled at Norwood, where he engaged in philanthropic works. He married, in 1851, Miss Emily Borton, and died on May 13th, 1890.

Childers, Right Hon. Hugh Culling Eardley, M.P., F.R.S., formerly a Minister of the Crown in Victoria, is the son of the late Rev. Eardley Childers, of Cantley, Yorkshire, by his marriage with Maria Charlotte, eldest daughter of Sir Culling Smith, Bart. He was born on June 25th, 1827, and educated at Cheam School and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1850 (14th Senior Optime), and M.A. in 1857. He married in 1850, Emily, third daughter of G. J. A. Walker, of Norton, Worcestershire, and in the same year emigrated to Victoria, where he was for a short time a tally clerk on Cole's Wharf, Melbourne. Having introductions from the Colonial Office, and being well connected, he was soon looked after by the Government, and was appointed successively Secretary to a Denominational School Board, a member of the National Board of Education instituted in 1852, and subsequently Immigration Agent. On Oct. 26th, 1852, he succeeded Mr. C. H. Ebden in the far more important post of Auditor-General of Victoria. Under the inflation of the gold r?gime, extravagance was universal, and the Government had not escaped the contagion, if indeed it had not promoted it. It is charged against Mr. Childers by the historian of Australia, Mr. Rusden, that by his device of an imprest system he removed the salutary checks on the extravagance of the public service, which it was the raison d'?tre of his office to supply. The effect was, at any rate, that unauthorised expenditure flourished apace, with the result that within eighteen months there was found to be a sum of ?1,682,328 of unadjusted imprests, of which ?283,745 were reported by an Expert Committee to be "wholly unaccounted for." In Dec. 1853 Mr. Childers first entered the Administration, being appointed Collector of Customs in Victoria, in succession to Mr. Cassells, and taking his seat in the Executive Council (Dec. 5th). In his official capacity he conducted the bill for the establishment of the Melbourne University through the Legislative Council, and ultimately aided in obtaining for it in 1859 a Royal Charter. It is a curious circumstance, that in 1855 he opposed the introduction of vote by ballot in parliamentary elections, but probably on grounds that were in a great measure local. After responsible government was conceded to Victoria, Mr. Childers was returned to the first Legislative Assembly in the district of Portland, and was a member of the first Ministry constituted under the new autonomous conditions. Mr. Haines was Premier, and Mr. Childers held the office of Commissioner of Trade and Customs from Nov. 1855 to Feb. 1857, when he left Victoria, and returned to England as the first Agent-General of the Colony in London. He was also in the enjoyment of a colonist pension of ?866 per annum, which he has drawn ever since, with the exception of the intervals during which he has had office in England. At the present time he has an ex-Cabinet Minister's pension in England, but the amount of his Victorian pension is first deducted, so that the Colonial Treasury obtains no relief. Mr. Childers' first wife died in 1875, and he married secondly, in 1879, Katharine Ann, daughter of the late Bishop (Gilbert) of Chichester, and widow of the Hon. Gilbert Eliot Mr. Childers was member for Pontefract (which he unsuccessfully contested in 1859) in the House of Commons from 1860 to 1885, when he was defeated; but in Jan. 1886 was returned for South Edinburgh. He was a Lord of the Admiralty from April 1864 to Aug. 1865; Secretary to the Treasury from the latter date till July 1866; First Lord of the Admiralty from Dec. 1868 to March 1871, when the strain of work in connection with the reorganisation of his department compelled his retirement. Mr. Childers was Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster from Aug. 1872 to Oct. 1873; Secretary of State for War from April 1880 to Dec. 1882; Chancellor of the Exchequer from the latter date to June 1885; and Secretary of State for the Home Department in Mr. Gladstone's short-lived Home Rule Ministry in 1886. Throughout his political career in England Mr. Childers has been one of Mr. Gladstone's staunchest supporters.

Chisholm, Caroline, was the daughter of William Jones, and was born at Wootton, in Northamptonshire, where her father, the well-known yeoman philanthropist, resided, in May 1810. She married, in 1830, Captain Archibald Chisholm, of the Indian army, who being granted sick leave, went to Sydney with his family in 1839. When compelled to return to India he left his wife and family behind; the former thereupon devoting herself to assisting the friendless female immigrants who were coming to the colony in shiploads. With this view she raised funds, opened a central dep?t, and made arrangements for the dispersion of the new arrivals in the country districts. So great was her success that up to 1845 she had provided homes for over 11,000 immigrants, including many men. In that year Captain Chisholm rejoined his family, and they returned to England in 1846; but this in no way induced Mrs. Chisholm to abandon the good work which she bad taken in hand, and for seven years she was actively employed in promoting suitable emigration, founding, amongst other similar agencies, "The Family Colonisation Loan Society," by which passage money was advanced and repaid by weekly instalments. Meantime she lectured throughout England in favour of emigration, improved accommodation for females being provided by her efforts on board emigrant ships. In 1854 she revisited Australia, and carried on her good work till 1866, when she finally returned to England, dying at Fulham, on March 25th, 1877. Mrs. Chisholm, who was the author of several works on emigration, was buried at Northampton, the obsequies being performed by the Roman Catholic bishop. In 1867 Mrs. Chisholm was granted a Civil List pension of ?100 per annum. Her husband, who supported her in all her philanthropic undertakings, attained the honorary rank of major, and died at Rugby on August 17th, 1877, aged eighty-two.

Christie, Major William Harvey, sometime Postmaster-General, New South Wales, was the son of Thomas Christie, M.D., of Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, and was born at Ceylon in 1808. He was educated at Rugby and the Military Academy, Woolwich, where he qualified for the artillery. Joining the 80th Regiment as an ensign, he became lieutenant in 1827, captain in 1833, and major in 1838, when he went to New South Wales with his regiment. He retired from the army in 1840, and acted as police magistrate till 1842, when he was appointed Agent for the Church and School Estates. From 1852 to 1865 he held the then non-political office of Postmaster-General of New South Wales. Major Christie died at Pyrmont on March 19th, 1873.

Chubb, Hon. Charles Edward, Puisne Judge, Queensland, is the son of the late Charles Frederick Chubb, solicitor, of Ipswich in that colony. He was born in London on May 17th, 1845, and educated at the Grammar School at Calne, Wiltshire, the City of London School, and, after his arrival in Queensland (in 1861) at the Collegiate School at Ipswich, where he was articled to his father. Mr. Justice Chubb was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court in Sept. 1867, and in May 1878 was called to the bar, and in 1883 appointed Q.C. In the same year he was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for Bowen, and was Attorney-General in the latter days of the first McIlwraith Administration, from Jan. 6th to Nov. 13th, 1883, but did not seek re-election at the dissolution which resulted in the defeat of his party. He on several occasions acted as Crown Prosecutor and Deputy Judge of the District Courts, and in August 1889 he was appointed Acting Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court, being appointed Puisne Judge in December of the same year, and attached to the Northern Division.

Chute, General Sir Trevor, K.C.B., formerly Commander of the Forces in Australia and New Zealand, third son of the late Francis Chute, of Chute Hall, co. Kerry, by Mary Anne, daughter of Trevor Bomford, of Dublin, was born at Tralee, in 1816. He entered the army in 1831, became lieutenant in 1836, captain in 1839, major in 1847, lieut.-colonel in 1849, colonel in 1854, major-general in 1864, lieut.-general in 1872, and brevet-general in 1877. He served with the 70th Regiment in India for twelve years, and went through the Mutiny, being on May 24th, 1857, in charge of the force which occupied the fort of Hote Murdaw. From August 1858 to Jan. 1860 he commanded a brigade at Lucknow, and in Feb. 1861 embarked in command of the 70th Regiment for New Zealand. He served with his regiment during the Maori war, and in March 1863 was appointed brigadier in command of the Australian colonies. In 1865 he succeeded General Cameron in command of the forces in New Zealand, with the local rank of Brigadier-General. In the following year he conducted a campaign in the Wanganui district, capturing many pas, including Okatuku (Jan. 4th, 1866), Putahi (Jan. 7th), Otapawa (Jan. 13th), and Waikoko (Feb. 1st). The effect of this campaign was successfully to open up the road between Wanganui and Taranaki. It was during these operations that the shooting of a Maori prisoner of war by order of General Chute led to subsequent complications between the Governor (Sir George Grey) and the Colonial Office. Sir Trevor Chute, who was created K.C.B. in 1867, administered the government of New South Wales from the departure of Sir John Young (afterwards Lord Lisgar) to the arrival of the Earl of Belmore, Dec. 24th, 1867, to Jan. 7th, 1868, and left for England in 1870. General Chute was placed on the retired list in 1881. In 1868 he married Ellen, eldest daughter of Samuel Browning, of Epsom, Auckland, New Zealand. He died at Egmont, Bracknell, Berks, on March 12th, 1886.

Clark, Hon. Andrew Inglis, M.H.A., Attorney-General, Tasmania, son of Andrew Clark and Ann Inglis, his wife, was born at Hobart Town, on Feb. 24th, 1848. Mr. Clark was called to the Tasmanian bar on Jan. 30th, 1877. He represented Norfolk Plains in the House of Assembly from July 1878 to May 1882, and has sat for South Hobart from March 1887 down to the present time. Mr. Clark, who was married at Melbourne in Jan. 1878 to Miss Grace Ross, was appointed Attorney-General on March 29th, 1887. He was one of the representatives of Tasmania at the Federal Council of Australasia in 1888 and 1889. In 1890 he was one of the delegates of the colony to the Federation Conference in Melbourne, and in 1891 attended the Federation Convention at Sydney in the same capacity. In 1890 Mr. Clark visited England, with the intention of appearing before the Privy Council on behalf of the Government, in the litigation with the Main Line Railway; but the compromise arrived at in connection with the State purchase of the line having terminated the proceedings before the hearing, his further stay was rendered unnecessary. In appended Supplement, p. 530: In August 1892 Mr. Clark resigned with his colleagues in the Fysh Ministry.

Clark, Rev. Charles, the well-known lecturer, was born in London on April 19th, 1838, and entered the Baptist College at Nottingham as a student for the ministry. After filling several charges in London and the provinces, he accepted the pastorate of the Baptist Church in Albert Park, Melbourne, where he arrived in April 1869. Having been very successful as an amateur lecturer on secular subjects, he resigned his pastoral charge in 1874, and lectured professionally throughout the Australian colonies with extraordinary success. After a tour in America in 1876, where he attracted large audiences, he returned to Australia, but shortly afterwards left for England, where he remained till 1889, when he revisited Australia, and achieved a considerable measure of his former success.

Clark, John Howard, son of Francis Clark, of Birmingham, by his marriage with the sister of Sir Rowland Hill, was born at Birmingham on Jan. 15th, 1830. He emigrated to Adelaide with his father and mother in 1850, and joined the former in the firm of Francis Clark & Son, accountants and merchants. He assisted in the formation of the Adelaide Philosophical Society and the South Australian Institute, and was secretary of the former for seven years. In 1865 he joined the proprietary of the South Australia Register, and acted as commercial manager, and in 1870 became editor. Mr. Clark (who was well known as a press contributor under the nom de plume of "Geoffrey Crabthorn") died at Port Willunga, on May 20th, 1878.

Clarke, Lieut.-General Hon. Sir Andrew, R.E., G.C.M.G., C.B., C.I.E., eldest son of the late Colonel Andrew Clarke, K.H., of Belmont, co. Donegal, Governor of Western Australia from 1846 to 1847, and Frances his wife, was born on July 27th, 1824, at Southsea, Hants, and after a successful career at the Woolwich Academy entered the Royal Engineers in 1844, as second lieutenant. In 1846 he was appointed aide-de-camp to the late Sir William Denison, who was then about to assume the Governorship of Van Diemen's Land, and acted in that capacity till 1848, when he served in New Zealand until the close of the war, when he was sent on a mission to Heke. In 1849 he returned to Van Diemen's Land, now Tasmania, and acted as Sir William Denison's private secretary till 1853, when he was appointed Surveyor-General and Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands of Victoria, with a seat in the Legislative Council. On responsible government being inaugurated in Nov. 1855, Captain Clarke (as he then was) was included in the Haines Ministry, and being; sworn of the Executive Council, continued to act as Surveyor-General. In his address to the electors of South Melbourne, in Sept. 1856, he advocated an energetic railway policy, a reform in the constitution, the abolition of the property qualification for members of Parliament, a readjustment of the electoral districts on the basis of population, the extension of the municipal system, and the abolition of the technical difficulties which encumbered the transfer of real estate. The working men of the colony took great interest in Captain Clarke's candidature, and drew up an address to the electors of South Melbourne, urging them to return him. After his election to the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria, and while a member of the Haines Administration, he carried several railway bills through Parliament, and took an active part in the policy of his colleagues. In March 1857 the Government was defeated by a motion brought forward by Mr. (afterwards Sir John) O'Shanassy, and resigned office. But the new Government only lasted six weeks, and on April 29th Mr. Haines returned to power. But Captain Clarke did not go into office with him, as he dissented from his new policy, and less than twelve months afterwards defeated his former colleagues on the bill for the representation of minorities, and was requested by the Governor, Sir Henry Barkly, to form an Administration. Be made the attempt, and obtained the co-operation of Mr. O'Shanassy, while Sir William Stawell, who was then Chief Justice, volunteered to resign his seat on the bench and take office as Attorney-General. But one of the conditions demanded by Captain Clarke was a dissolution, and as Sir Henry Barkly did not see his way to grant that request, Captain Clarke gave up the attempt to form an Administration, and Mr. O'Shanassy took office with Mr. Duffy, Mr. Chapman, Mr. Ireland, and others as his colleagues, in March 1858. This was the last occasion on which Captain Clarke took a personal part in Victorian politics, and he left Victoria towards the end of the year on a confidential mission with which he was entrusted by Mr. O'Shanassy to assist, with his advice, the six associated banks who were entrusted with the flotation of the first Victorian loan. In 1859 he was suggested for the position of the first Governor of Queensland, and his name was sent for the approval of the Cabinet, but the appointment was not made; and after being offered one or two colonial offices, he resumed his military duties in 1858. He has, however, always continued to take a keen interest in Australian affairs, and especially in those of Victoria, for which colony he was on several occasions Acting Agent-General in London down to 1892. Sir Andrew, who was made C.B. in 1869, K.C.M.G. in 1873, C.I.E. in 1878, and G.C.M.G. in 1885, may be regarded as the founder of municipal institutions in Victoria, the official bill which he brought in for their establishment in 1855 having laid the foundation of the system, which has since been so widely and successfully extended. Through his exertions the public reserves and the National Museum were established on a permanent basis, and the first Melbourne Industrial Exhibition was initiated by him. Sir Andrew Clarke, who became captain in 1854, major and lieut.-colonel in 1867, colonel in 1872, major-general in 1884, and who was placed on the retired list with the honorary rank of lieut.-general in 1886, was employed in various important official positions after leaving Victoria, from which colony he draws a pension of ?800 per annum, under the 50th clause of the Imperial Act establishing the constitution of the colony. He was Commanding Royal Engineer of the Eastern and Midlands districts till 1863, when he went to inspect the establishments on the west coast of Africa, and was engaged in operations against the Ashantees when they invaded the Gold Coast Colony. Sir Andrew was Director of Works of the Navy from 1864 to 1873, and in this capacity designed and executed the great extension of National dockyards. From 1873 to 1875 he was Governor of the Straits Settlements, and initiated and conducted the operations which stamped out piracy and established the permanent authority of the Crown. In 1875 Sir Andrew was employed on a special mission to Siam, and from that year till 1880, was director of Indian Public Works, and a member of the Council of the Viceroy. From 1881 to 1882 he was Commandant of the School of Military Engineering at Chatham, and from the latter year until 1886 Inspector General of Fortifications. Sir Andrew, who was a member of the Royal Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and a member of the Commissions in London for the Melbourne Exhibitions of 1880 and 1888, unsuccessfully contested Chatham against Sir John Gorst, in 1886, as a Gladstonian Liberal. As acting Agent-General and otherwise he has warmly vindicated the right of Australia to dominate the Western Pacific, and to prevent the intrusion of France and Germany. He married, in 1867, Mary Margaret Ellen, eldest daughter of Charles W. Mackillop, formerly of the Indian Civil Service.

Clarke, Hon. Fielding, LL.B., fourth son of the late Henry Booth Clarke, of London, was educated at London University, where he graduated LL.B. in 1877. He entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1872, was called to the bar in May 1876, and went the North-eastern Circuit. Mr. Clarke was Attorney-General of Fiji from 1881 to 1882; Acting Chief Justice and Chief Judicial Commissioner for the Western Pacific, from 1882 to 1883, and from 1884 to 1885, when he was permanently confirmed in the office. Mr. Clarke was appointed to his present position as Chief Justice, at Hong Kong, in 1892.

Clarke, Rev. George, son of George Clarke, of Wyndham, Norfolk, England, and Martha his wife (n?e Blomfield), was born at Parramatta, N.S.W., in the year 1823. His father was one of the first missionaries sent out to New Zealand by the Church Missionary Society; and in 1824 the family proceeded to the Bay of Islands and took up their residence at Waimate, the principal missionary station. At an early age Mr. Clarke was sent to Tasmania for his education, which he received at the school of Mr. R. W. Giblin at New Town, near Hobart. In 1838 he returned to New Zealand. His proficiency as a Maori scholar, his intimate knowledge of Maori customs, and his great influence with the natives procured him an appointment as one of the protectors of the aborigines. He was one of the witnesses to the celebrated Treaty of Waitangi, whereby the Maori chiefs ceded the North Island of New Zealand to the Queen. He was prominent in native matters during the administrations of Governors Hobson, Fitzroy, and Grey. He accompanied the surveying party of the New Zealand Company to the South Island, and he drew up the document whereby the Otago block, on which the city of Dunedin now stands, was conveyed to the Company by the Maori chiefs. On the outbreak of the Honi Heki war in 1844, he was employed by the Governor to negotiate with the friendly natives, and accomplished his mission with great tact and success. He accompanied Sir George Grey through the Heki war as interpreter, and saw a large amount of active service. In 1846 Mr. Clarke proceeded to England, and entered Highbury College (afterwards New College), London, to study for the ministry of the Congregational Church. In 1851 he returned once more to Hobart, and accepted the pastorate of a Congregational Church, of which he has now been the minister for forty years. For some years he edited a monthly paper entitled The Tasmanian Independent, and took a prominent part in the movement for the separation of Church and State in the colony, which ended in the abolition of State aid to religion in the year 1868. Mr. Clarke was a member of the Tasmanian Council of Education for nearly thirty years, and was several times elected its President. On the establishment of the University of Tasmania in 1890, he was elected a member of the Council and first Vice-Chancellor of the University. Besides a large amount of literary work, he is the author of "Sunday Lectures on the Epistle to the Hebrews" (Hobart, 1884). He married Martha, daughter of Henry Hopkins, J.P.

Clarke, James Langton, M.A., second son of the late Andrew Clarke, of Belmont, Donegal, Ireland, and uncle of Lieut.-General Sir Andrew Clarke, G.C.M.G. (q.v.), was born in 1801, and educated at the Military College at Sandhurst, obtaining a commission in the army, out of which he sold, and after graduating at Queens' College, Cambridge, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in Jan. 1835. In 1855 he went to Victoria, and was appointed a County Court Judge, and Judge of the Court of Mines in 1871. He married on Sept. 2nd, 1852, Miss A. Maria Harrison, of London; retired on a pension in 1871, and died at Mentone on Feb. 16th, 1886.

Clarke, Joseph, J. P., third and youngest son of the late Hon. William John Turner Clarke, M.L.C. (q.v.), was born at Newtown, near Hobart, Tas., on Jan. 1st, 1835. He managed his father's Tasmanian estates for some years prior to the latter's decease in 1874, when he succeeded to large estates in that colony, and in South Australia and New Zealand. Since that time Mr. Clarke has resided at Toorak, near Melbourne. He married, in 1860, Caroline, daughter of his uncle, Lewis Clarke, who settled in Australia. Mr. Clarke has given many liberal donations to public institutions and charities—notably ?5000 to Trinity College, Melbourne, and ?5000 to the Anglican Cathedral of that city.

Clarke, Marcus (Andrew Hislop), the distinguished Australian author, was the only son of the late William Hislop Clarke, a London barrister, and nephew of Col. Andrew Clarke, K.H., sometime Governor of Western Australia. The family were of Anglo-Irish origin. Marcus Clarke was born at Kensington, London, on April 24th, 1846, his mother dying a few months after his birth. He was educated at Chomley School, Highgate, under the late Rev. Dr. Dyne. His father dying when he was only seventeen years of age, and leaving him nothing beyond a few hundred pounds by way of patrimony, it was decided by his friends that he should try his fortunes in Australia. He accordingly went out in Green's old "liner" the Wellesley in 1864. On arriving in Melbourne he was taken in hand by his uncle, the late James Langton Clarke, then a County Court Judge in Victoria, who obtained for him a junior position in the Bank of Australia in Melbourne. Figures were not, however, to his taste, and after a brief and eccentric clerkly career, of which many amusing stories are told, he relinquished banking and took to the "bush," being sent in Jan. 1865 to acquire "colonial experience" on Swinton station, near Glenorchy, in Victoria. The owner of the station was Mr. John Holt, but his uncle had a pecuniary interest in it; and young Clarke was thus permitted to lead a desultory, half lazy, half literary life for a period of about two years, during which he acquired "experiences" which, if not exactly those designed, were of high value to him in his future career as a writer, into which latter groove he now drifted. Amongst the visitors to the station was a "materialistic philosopher" named Dr. Lewins, who, struck with the youth's mental calibre and literary capacities, mentioned his discovery of the bush genius to the late Mr. Lachlan Mackinnon, of the Melbourne Argus, who at once offered him an engagement on that paper, in the minor capacity of theatrical reporter. This was gladly accepted, and all went smoothly until one of young Clarke's criticisms unfortunately antedated the appearance of a piece the first production of which it presumably described. He was promptly removed from the regular Argus staff, and became henceforth merely an occasional, though most copious and capable, contributor to that paper and to the well-known weekly journal the Australasian, issued from the same office. In the latter his most brilliant effusions appeared under the title of "The Peripatetic Philosopher." He also contributed special articles, principally of theatrical criticism, to the Argus, in whose columns they formed a striking and favourite feature. Mr. Clarke purchased the Australian Magazine, which he rechristened the Colonial Monthly, and which he conducted. In its pages his first attempt at novel-writing, "Long Odds," appeared in serial form. He, however, wrote the first few chapters, the tale being finished by others, Mr. Clarke, in taking a jump which his horse failed to negotiate, being thrown with great violence and fracturing his skull. This was in 1868. Narrowly escaping with life after a protracted illness, Marcus Clarke resumed his literary activities, and about this time took the principal part in founding the Yorick Club, of which he was the first secretary, and which still flourishes as the leading literary and Bohemian club of the Victorian metropolis. It was at the Yorick that Marcus Clarke first made the acquaintance of Adam Lindsay Gordon, the equally dashing poet and gentleman steeplechase rider, for whom he formed a warm affection, and whose mournful end he deeply deplored, as is evidenced by the sympathetic preface which he wrote for the posthumous edition of Gordon's poems. At this time Marcus Clarke both edited and contributed to Humbug, a brilliant weekly comic journal published in Melbourne, but which, like the Colonial Monthly, was destined to be short-lived. Mr. Clarke stopped writing for the Melbourne Punch when he took the editorship of Humbug in 1869. In the former, however, some of his most sparkling work appeared. Amongst Mr. Clarke's contributory staff on Humbug were Dr. Neild, Mr. A. L. Windsor, Mr. Charles Bright, and Mr. Henry Kendall. Altogether it was a formidable rival to Mr. James Smith's Touchstone, a contemporary weekly of similar character. On July 22nd, 1869, Mr. Clarke was married at St. Peter's Church, Melbourne, to Miss Marian Dunn, daughter of John Dunn, the well-known burlesque actor, and herself an actress of much cleverness. Mr. Clarke now ventured on dramatic work, and wrote Foul Play, a dramatisation of Reade and Boucicault's novel of that name. It was produced at the Melbourne Theatre Royal, but was only a partial success. Various succeeding adaptations were more favourably received. Mr. Clarke now produced the great literary work with which his name will always be associated in both hemispheres, and which placed him at the head of Australian authors. "His Natural Life" is a story based on the tragic experiences of the old convict days, and is equally realistic and repulsive in the horrors it reveals. It was written as the result of a trip to Tasmania undertaken with the view of recruiting the author's health. He not only attained the latter object, but procured from the old convict records of the island the materials for a most powerful narrative, "His Natural Life" at first appeared serially in the Australian Magazine. It was, however, revised almost beyond recognition prior to publication in England, where it was issued by the Messrs. Bentley, and at once attracted the favourable attention of the press and public. In the work of revision and excision Mr. Clarke was assisted by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, to whom the work was dedicated on its appearance in book form. Mr. Clarke also published a selection from stories contributed to the Australasian under the title of "Old Tales of a New Country." In Jan. 1870 he was appointed Secretary to the Trustees of the Melbourne Public Library, organised by the late Sir Redmond Barry, who recommended him to the position and always remained his staunch friend. He became Sub-Librarian in 1876. Mr. Clarke now published "Holiday Peak" and "Four Stories High"; and his drama Plot, written in 1872 and produced at the Princess's Theatre, Melbourne, also proved an undoubted success. Mr. Clarke, having quarrelled with the Argus and Australasian proprietary, became a contributor to the Evening Herald and Daily Telegraph, both published in Melbourne. He subsequently became connected with the Age and Leader, and contributed much brilliant matter to the latter above the signature "Atticus." The connection with both these journals lasted till his death. In 1878 Mr. Clarke refused the librarianship of the Victorian Parliamentary Library, offered him by Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry. He did this in the certainty of obtaining the chief position in the Melbourne Public Library, which, however, was, much to his disappointment, conferred on Dr. Bride. His fame as a writer had in the meantime become widely diffused, and he was offered a permanent position on the staff of the London Daily Telegraph by its enterprising proprietor, Mr. E. L. Lawson. This he was compelled to decline through inability to leave Australia. He died in Melbourne on August 2nd, 1881, of congestion of the liver and erysipelas supervening on pleurisy. Mr. Clarke left behind him an unfinished novel entitled "Felix and Felicitas," which displayed remarkable promise. In 1884 a selection from his writings was published by subscription by Messrs. Cameron, Laing & Co., of Melbourne. It is entitled "The Marcus Clarke Memorial Volume," and was edited by Mr. Hamilton Mackinnon, who prefaced it by a detailed Life of his friend and a complete list of his works, which is of much interest to the student of Australian literature.

Clarke, William, J.P., son of William Joseph Sayers Clarke by his marriage with Miss Mary Ann Welsford, was born in Melbourne on June 26th, 1843, and married there on June 25th, 1862, to Miss Mary Ann Mortimer. He is a Justice of the Peace for the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria, and was M.L.A. for Orange in the former colony, but was defeated at the general election in 1889. Mr. Clarke was Minister of Justice in the administration of Sir Henry Parkes, from Jan. 20th, 1887, to Jan. 10th, 1889. He has held important positions in connection with financial institutions in the colonies, and is now Managing Director in London of the Standard Bank of Australia, Limited. Mr. Clarke was a member of the New South Wales Commission in London for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Clarke, Rev. William Branwhite, M.A., F.R.S., was born at East Bergholt, in Suffolk, on June 2nd, 1798, and educated at Dedham Grammar School and at Jesus College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1821, and M.A. in 1824. He was ordained deacon in 1821, and priest in 1824. In 1822 he published three poems: "Lays of Leisure," "Pompeii," and "The River Derwent," and in 1839 "Recollections of a Visit to Mont Blanc" and several religious poems. Whilst at Cambridge he attended the geological lectures of Professor Sedgwick and Dr. E. Clarke, and visited various parts of England in search of geological information during his vacations. After holding one or two small preferments he emigrated to New South Wales in 1839, partly for his health. He took charge of the King's School at Parramatta, and did clerical duty in that district, and subsequently at Campbell Town. From 1846 to 1870 he was incumbent of St. Thomas's, Willoughby. Mr. Clarke was the author of numerous treatises on scientific, and especially geological, subjects. In 1841 he demonstrated the existence of gold in New South Wales from geological and mineralogical evidences, and verified his contentions by finding specimens in the Macquarie valleys, and near the Vale of Clydd. In 1844 he described the existence of a goldfield in the Bathurst district without any personal exploration, and without any knowledge of Strzelecki's previous discovery, which exactly coincided with his predictions. The then Governor of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps, dreading the effect of exciting the cupidity of the convicts and labourers, requested Mr. Clarke, as he had done the Count previously, to keep his discoveries secret. With this injunction Mr. Clarke was well inclined to comply, as, according to his opinion declared in 1849, gold washing was more suitable for slaves than British freemen. In comparing the geology of Russia with that of Australia, in 1847, Mr. Clarke asserted that New South Wales "would be found wonderfully rich in metals"—a prophecy which has since been amply verified. For his services to science he was in 1876 elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and died on June 17th, 1878, at North Shore, Sydney For his geological reports to the Government of New South Wales in 1853 Mr. Clarke was awarded ?1000, and, subsequently, ?5000 was paid him. The Government of Victoria awarded him ?1000 in 1861. In July 1860 the governors of the Australian colonies signed a certificate stating that the discovery of gold was made by Mr. Clarke in 1841. He also aided in developing the coalfields of New South Wales, and in 1877 was awarded the Murchison medal of the Geological Society of London for his services in determining the age of the carboniferous deposits in that colony. His labours also resulted in the discovery of tin. When the Sydney University was founded, he declined a seat in the Senate and the position of Professor of Geology.

Clarke, Hon. Sir William John, Bart. M.L.C., LL.D., J.P., is the eldest son of the late Hon. W. J. T. Clarke, M.L.C. (q.v.), and was born in 1831 in Tasmania. Sir William first arrived in Victoria in 1850, when he spent a couple of years in the study of sheep farming on his father's Dowling Forest station, and afterwards in the management of the Woodlands station on the Wimmera. For the next ten years he resided in Tasmania, working the Norton-Mandeville estate in conjunction with his brother, Mr. Joseph Clarke. In 1862 he assumed the management of his father's concerns in Victoria, and on the latter's death in 1874 succeeded to his estates in that colony. Sir William early evinced a very strong interest in farming pursuits, and introduced a scientific instructor in the person of Mr. R. W. E. McIvor, who lectured on agricultural chemistry for the benefit of the colony generally. Amongst Sir William Clarke's donations to public objects may be mentioned the gift of ?2000 to the Indian Famine Relief Fund, of ?10,000 towards building the Anglican Cathedral at Melbourne, of ?7000 to Trinity College, Melbourne University, and many others. In the domain of sport Sir William has figured prominently as a patron of coursing and yachting. He is the recognised head of the three Masonic constitutions in Victoria—a unique position not held by any other individual in the craft. On the death of Mr. John Thomas Smith, Sir William became Prov. Grand Master of the Irish Constitution; he followed the late Mr. A. K. Smith in the office of District Grand Master of the Scotch Constitution; and on the demise of Captain Standish in 1883, Sir W. J. Clarke was offered the position of District Grand Master of the English Constitution, the Prince of Wales signifying his warm approbation. The foundation stone of the Freemasons Hall in Melbourne was laid by him in March 1885, the finished building being consecrated by him to Masonic purposes in March 1887. Sir William founded, by a gift of 3000 guineas in the year 1882, the "Southern Province (Victoria) Scholarship," in the Royal College of Music, England, the distinction being first won in 1883 by Miss Ada Beatrice Bloxham, and in 1887 by Miss Isabella Webster. To the Melbourne Public Library he has presented some admirable statuary by Mr. Charles Summers and a full-length portrait by Mr. Dowling of Lord Melbourne, the minister after whom the Victorian metropolis is named. In 1886 Mr. Chevalier painted to Sir William's order, "The Renunciation of Prince Gautama," a work considered the painter's masterpiece. The defence movement has been encouraged by Sir W. J. Clarke's offer of valuable prizes for competition among the military and naval forces; and in addition a battery of three Nordenfeldt guns, commanded by Lieutenant Rupert Clarke—Sir William's eldest son—is horsed and maintained at his expense. Sir William has represented the Southern province in the Legislative Council since 1878, and in the following year he was President of the Melbourne International Exhibition; for his services in connection with which, he was raised to the baronetcy in Dec. 1882. Sir William was a member of the Victorian Commission to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and had the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred on him by the University of Cambridge during the same year. Sir William Clarke married, firstly, on Nov. 23rd, 1860, Mary, second daughter of the Hon. John Walker, M.L.C, of Tasmania, who died in 1871; and secondly, on Jan. 21st, 1873, Janet Marian, eldest daughter of the late Hon. Peter Snodgrass, M.L.C. and granddaughter of the late Colonel Kenneth Snodgrass, C.B.

Clarke, Hon. William John Turner, M.L.C., was the second son of William Clarke, of St. Botolph, Aldgate, London, by Sarah Turner, of Weston Zoyland, in Somersetshire. He settled in Tasmania in 1840, and subsequently acquired extensive pastoral property in that colony, and in Victoria, South Australia, and New Zealand. He married Eliza, daughter of Rev. George Pyke Dowling, of Puckington, Somerset, by Anne Biggs his wife, of an old and wealthy family of Bristol merchants, and had issue three sons—William John (now Sir W. J.) Clarke (q.v.); Thomas Biggs, who was endowed with his father's Quorn Hall and Brambletye properties in Tasmania; and Joseph (q.v.), who inherited the paternal estates in South Australia, New Zealand, and Tasmania. Mr. Clarke was member for the Southern Province in the Legislative Council, and again in 1874.

Clayden, Arthur, was born in Berkshire, and early identified himself with the agricultural labourers' movement, becoming a member of the consultative committee of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, under the presidency of Mr. Joseph Arch. In 1873 he accompanied Mr. Arch to Canada for the purpose of investigating that colony as a field of emigration, contributing letters to the Daily News on the subject. In 1879 he went out to New Zealand, and while there acted as correspondent for the Daily News. He returned to England in 1890. Mr. Clayden has delivered lectures on "New Zealand as an Emigration Field"; and in 1885 read a paper before the Royal Colonial Institute on "New Zealand in 1884." Some of his letters and lectures have been published in pamphlet form.

Clifford, Sir Charles, Bart., formerly Speaker of the House of Representatives, New Zealand, the eldest son of George Lambert Clifford (fifth son of the Hon. Thomas Clifford, second son of the third Lord Clifford of Chudleigh), by Mary, daughter of Walter Hill Coyney, of Weston Coyney, co. Stafford, was born at Mount Vernon, Liverpool, on Jan. 1st, 1813, and educated at Stonyhurst. He was one of the first settlers in Wellington, N.Z., under the New Zealand Company, arriving in 1843. While in England in 1850 he took a prominent part in the agitation for the grant of a constitutional government to New Zealand; and in 1854, upon the passing of the Constitution Act, returned to the colony, and was elected to the first parliament, of which he was appointed Speaker, an office he held until 1860. He was made a knight bachelor in 1858. Sir Charles was for long engaged in pastoral pursuits in the colony; but finally returned to England, where he has since lived. On July 16th, 1887, he was created a baronet of Flaxbourne, province of Marlborough. Sir Charles married, on Jan. 13th, 1847, Mary Anne, daughter of John Hercy, of Cruchfield House, D.L. for co. Bucks.

Clifton, Leonard Worsley, J.P., ex-Collector of Customs, Western Australia, sixth son of Marshal Waller Clifton, F.R.S. (successively Secretary to the Commissioners for Victualling the Navy and Chief Commissioner for Australind, an abortive settlement in West Australia), by Eleanor, daughter of Daniel Bend, of Wandle House, Surrey, and younger brother of Sir Francis Clifton, 11th Bart., of Clifton, co. Notts, was born in 1830, and married, in 1858, Elizabeth, daughter of J. Ferguson, M.D., J.P., formerly Colonial Surgeon, Western Australia. The following are the details of his official career: Landing Waiter and Postmaster, Bunbury, Western Australia, June 1849; Convict Clerk, Colonial Secretary's office, Jan. 1851, resigned Feb. 1852; reappointed Clerk in Colonial Secretary's office, and served from 1857 to 1859, when he was removed to the Customs Department as first clerk; Acting Collector of Customs, 1862; Collector, 1863; and also officiates as Registrar of Shipping, Shipping Master, and Receiver of Wreck. Mr. Clifton, who retired from the public service in Jan. 1891, is a J.P. for the colony.

Cockburn, Hon. John Alexander, M.P., M.D., son of the late Thomas Cockburn, of Berwickshire, and Isabella Wright his wife, was born at Corsbie, near Duns, in Scotland, on August 23rd, 1850, and was educated at Cholmeley School, Highgate. He studied medicine at King's College, London, and graduated M.D. Lond. (gold medal) in 1874. He emigrated to South Australia in 1875, and practised medicine in Jamestown, where in 1877 he was appointed first mayor of the town, which office he held for three and a half years. In 1884 Dr. Cockburn was returned as a member of the House of Assembly for the district of Burra, and was Minister of Education in Sir J. W. Downer's Government from June 16th, 1885, to June 7th, 1857. At the general elections in 1887 he was defeated for the Burra, but was immediately afterwards returned for the district of Mount Barker. On June 27th, 1889, Dr. Cockburn formed a ministry, and held office till August 1890 as Premier and Chief Secretary. His administration was characterised by the introduction of bills providing for Progressive Succession Duties, a Progressive Tax on Unimproved Land Values, and other advanced Liberal measures. Dr. Cockburn was one of the representatives of South Australia at the Australasian Federation Conference held in Melbourne in Feb. 1890, and was one of the delegates to the Federal Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Dr. Cockburn was chairman of a board appointed to inquire into the subject of technical education, and was first chairman of the School of Mines and Industries of South Australia, which was established as the result of that inquiry. He also carried a resolution in the House of Assembly in favour of the introduction of drawing, science, and manual training into the state schools. In 1886, while Minister of Education, he instituted Arbor Day in South Australia. Dr. Cockburn married, in May 1875, Sarah Holdway, fourth daughter of the late Forbes Scott Brown, of Berwickshire.

Cockle, Sir James, F.R.S., first Chief Justice of Queensland, second son of James Cockle, of Great Oakley, near Harwich, in Essex, was born on Jan. 14th, 1819, and educated at Stormont House, Bayswater, the Charterhouse, and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1841 and M.A. in 1845. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1838, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1846, practising as a special pleader and going the Midland Circuit. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1854, and of the Cambridge Philosophical Society in 1856. In Nov. 1862 he was appointed first Chief Justice of Queensland, and gained a high repute for judicial learning and impartiality. He was knighted in July 1869, and visited Europe in 1878. Sir James resigned in 1879, and has since resided in London. Whilst in Australia he was President of the Queensland Philosophical Society, and has been a member of the Royal Society since June 1865, and of the Royal Astronomical Society since March 1854. Sir James, who has published a work on mathematics, was for several years Honorary Treasurer of the London Savage Club, and was one of the Commissioners for Queensland at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. He married on August 22nd, 1855, Adelaide Catherine, eldest surviving daughter of the late Henry Wilkin, of Walton, near Ipswich, in Suffolk.

Coghlan, T. A., A.M.I.C.E., Government Statistician, New South Wales, is the author of "The Wealth and Progress of New South Wales," 1887-8, successive editions of which have been published under the auspices of the Government of that colony down to the present time.

Cohen, Hon. Edward, was born in London in 1822, and landed with his parents in Sydney, N.S.W., in 1833. In 1842 he came to Melbourne, and, after a successful career as an auctioneer, was elected a member of the city corporation in Nov. 1860, and an alderman in 1865, He was Mayor of Melbourne in 1862-3, and in the following year was elected to the Assembly for East Melbourne, which he continued to represent until his death. Mr. Cohen was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the Macpherson Government from Sept. 1869 to April 1870; and again in the Francis Administration from June 1872 to July 1874. Mr. Cohen, who was regarded as the head of the Jewish community, married, in 1847, the eldest daughter of the late Moses Benjamin, J.P., and died in March 1877.

Cohen, Hon. Henry Emanuel, sometime Treasurer of New South Wales, is the second son of Abraham Cohen of Sydney N.S.W., and entered as a student at the Middle Temple in Oct. 1868. In June 1871 he was called to the English bar, and returned to Sydney, where he was admitted to the local bar, and became member for West Maitland in the Legislative Assembly. He was Colonial Treasurer in the Farnell Ministry from Dec. 1877 to Dec 1878. In May 1881 he was appointed Judge of the Sydney Metropolitan Court, but resigned the position, and re-entered politics, being Minister of Justice in the Stuart Cabinet from Jan. 1883 to Oct. 1885. Mr. Cohen is not now in Parliament.

Cole, Edward William, was born in Jan. 1832, at Woodchurch, Kent, and in 1850 went to the Cape of Good Hope, from whence he arrived in Victoria in Nov. 1852. After leading a wandering life on the diggings, he came to Melbourne in 1862, and from small beginnings ultimately established the well-known Book Arcade in Bourke Street. Mr. Cole has also been successful in his literary efforts. He was married, on August 9th, 1875, to Eliza Frances, youngest daughter of the late C. J. Jordan, of Hobart, Tasmania.

Cole, Hon. George Ward, M.L.C., F.R.G.S., Commander R.N., was the fourth son of John Cole, of Durham, and was born at Lumley Castle, in that county, on Nov. 15th, 1793. He entered the Royal Navy in Oct. 1807, and served with distinction in various parts of the world, being on several occasions severely wounded. Having been placed on half-pay in Oct. 1817, Captain Cole went into the merchant service, and commanded several vessels of which he was part owner. After numerous adventurous voyages, and engaging in various speculations, Captain Cole in 1839 decided to settle in Sydney, and purchased land there; but, after a visit to England, he changed his intention, and made his home in Victoria, where he arrived in July 1840, and started business in Melbourne. In the following year he purchased land on the Yarra, and constructed the well-known Cole's Wharf in Flinders Street West, where Mr. Childers acted as a tally-clerk on his first arrival in the colony. In 1851 Captain Cole built the City of Melbourne, the first screw steamer seen south of the line. Captain Cole represented Gippsland in the old Legislative Council from 1853 to 1855, when he resigned with the object of revisiting England. Four years later he was returned to the Council for the Central Province, and was re-elected for ten years in 1860 and 1870 respectively. Captain Cole, who was a Protectionist, represented the McCulloch Government in the Upper House during the long and embittered struggle with the Assembly over the tacks to the Appropriation Bill from June 1863 to May 1868; and in Nov. 1867 was sworn of the Executive Council. Captain Cole died on April 26th, 1879.

Colenso, Rev. William, F.R.S., F.L.S., the representative of an old Cornish family, was born at Penzance in 1811. He is a first cousin to the late Bishop of Natal, John William Colenso, celebrated as a mathematician and Biblical critic. In his youth he learned the arts of printing and bookbinding and worked in the office of Watts & Son, 2, Temple Bar, Crown Court, where he was for a time engaged on work for the British and Foreign Bible Society. In 1833, the Church Missionary Society having decided to send out a press and outfit to New Zealand, Mr. Colenso was engaged in the double capacity of missionary and printer. After many difficulties and delays the press and plant were landed at the Bay of Islands on Jan. 3rd, 1835. On opening his boxes, however, New Zealand's pioneer printer found that he had no cases, leads, rules, ink-table, roller stocks, nor frames, lye-brush nor potash, and, worst of all, no paper! Fortunately he had provided himself with a composing stick, the resident missionaries had a little writing paper among their stores, the expert's ingenuity enabled him to supply other requirements after a fashion, and on Feb. 17th, 1835, was worked off, in the presence of admiring spectators, the first copy of the first book printed in New Zealand—the Epistles to the Ephesians and Philippians, in the Maori language. Surmounting all difficulties, Mr. Colenso, in Dec. 1837, completed his great work, the entire New Testament, in octavo, small pica type. Out of the large edition of six thousand copies only one is now known to exist, the volume being in Mr. Colenso's own possession. A full account of the difficulties attending this publication, which reads like a romance, will be found in Mr. Colenso's little book, published in 1888, "Fifty Years Ago in New Zealand." The year 1840 saw the birth of the newspaper press, and thenceforward Mr. Colenso chiefly devoted himself to missionary work, in the course of which he traversed nearly the whole of the North Island on foot, and twice over crossed the great snowy range of the Ruahine. For two years he resided with Bishop Selwyn at St. John's College, Waimate. In 1844 he took orders and settled down in Hawke's Bay, where he has since remained. As a man of science Mr. Colenso has a good reputation, ranking high as a botanist, and being an acknowledged authority on Maori arts, antiquities, myths, and legendary lore. He has also paid much attention to the natural history of the islands, and has been for the last twenty years or more an active contributor to "The Transactions of the New Zealand Institute." Since his retirement from active missionary work he has filled important public offices. In 1861 he was elected to represent Napier in the first General Assembly and retained the seat for many years. Under the old provincial system he was one of the town representatives in the Provincial Council, and at various times filled the offices of Provincial Treasurer and Inspector of Schools. A few years since he was elected F.R.S. He was the first to recognise the fossil remains of the Moa, and has in manuscript a copious lexicon of the Polynesian language.

Coles, Hon. Jenkin, ALP., J. P., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, son of Jenkin Coles and Caroline his wife, was born in Sydney on Jan. 19th, 1842. At the age of seven he went with his parents to England, where he was educated at the Blue Coat School (Christ's Hospital). In his sixteenth year he returned to Australia, and eventually settled in South Australia. He was in the mounted police for a short time, and subsequently started an auctioneering firm at Kapunda, where he has since resided. He was M.P. for the district of Light from May 17th, 1876, till the dissolution in March 1878, when he did not again offer himself. He re-entered political life, and was re-elected for Light on April 25th, 1881, and has ever since sat for the constituency. He was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in Mr. Colton's second Administration from June 16th, 1884, to Feb. 4th, 1885, when he succeeded Mr. Playford as Commissioner of Public Works, a position which he held till June 16th, 1885, when he resigned office with the rest of his colleagues. He remained in opposition for two sessions, being generally recognised as Mr. Colton's successor in the leadership. Mr. Playford, however, took the Premiership on the defeat of Sir John Downer's administration, Mr. Coles accepting office under him in his old post of Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration on June 11th, 1887, resigning with his colleagues on June 27th, 1889. He acted as Opposition Whip during the ensuing session, and received Her Majesty's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony in recognition of his Ministerial services. At the opening of the present Parliament he was unanimously elected Speaker of the House of Assembly in succession to Sir J. C. Bray. Mr. Coles married at Adelaide in 1865 Miss Ellen Henrietta Briggs.

Colton, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., formerly Premier, South Australia, was born in Devonshire, on Sept. 20th, 1823, and emigrated to South Australia in 1839. He is the senior partner in the firm of Colton & Co., and a prominent member of the Wesleyan body. He entered public life as an Alderman of the city of Adelaide in 1860, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Noarlunga in 1865. He was Commissioner of Public Works in the Strangways Ministry from Nov. 1868 to May 1870, when he retired from office and from Parliament. He was re-elected for Noarlunga in 1872, and was Treasurer in Mr. Boucaut's Government from June 1875 to March 1876, when the Ministry was reconstructed, and Mr. Colton left it. On Mr. Boucaut's defeat in June 1876, Mr. Colton became Premier, with the portfolio of Commissioner of Public Works. In Oct. 1877 he was displaced by Mr. Boucaut. Mr. Colton, who was Mayor of Adelaide in 1874, received Her Majesty's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the colony in 1878. In June 1884 he formed his second Administration, and was Premier and Chief Secretary till June 1885. He subsequently retired from public life and paid a lengthened visit to England. In Jan. 1891 he was gazetted K.C.M.G.

Combes, Hon. Edward, C.M.G., M.L.C., son of the late Wm. Combes, was born in 1830, and entered the Government service of New South Wales in 1858. Four years later he was appointed Government Mining Engineer, and was returned to the Assembly for Bathurst in 1872, for Orange in 1875, and at a later period for East Macquarie. Mr. Combes was Secretary for Public Works in the Robertson Ministry from August to Dec. 1877, and in the following year was appointed Executive Commissioner for New South Wales at the Paris International Exhibition, his seat in Parliament being declared vacant by reason of his acceptance of an office of emolument under the Crown. For his services at Paris and his successful management of the New South Wales Court he was created C.M.G. and an officer of the Legion of Honour. Mr. Combes, who married a daughter of the late Wm. C. Hare, is a member of the Institution of French Civil Engineers, and an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers of London. He is also an artist of considerable merit, and has exhibited with success at some of the leading London picture galleries. Mr. Combes was nominated to the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1891.

Conigrave, John Fairfax, J.P., is the son of Benjamin Conigrave and Martha his wife, and was born in Adelaide, S.A., on Nov. 23rd, 1843. He served his articles in the South Australian Register office, and was also for some years on the literary staff of the Advertiser. Mr. Conigrave, who has been secretary and shorthand writer to many royal commissions and select committees in South Australia, was for a number of years secretary to the South Australian Chamber of Manufactures. He was secretary to the South Australian Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, secretary to the Adelaide Jubilee International Exhibition of 1887, and representative of South Australia at the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888. Mr. Conigrave married in 1868 Sarah, daughter of Charles Price, of Hindmarsh Island, S.A.

Conolly, His Honour Edward Tennyson, Puisne Judge, New Zealand, the son of Dr. John Conolly, of Hanwell, Middlesex, the eminent authority on insanity, who divided with William Tuke and one or two more the credit of introducing the non-restraint system into England, was born on August 31st, 1822. He entered as a student of the Inner Temple on Jan. 18th, 1849, was called to the bar on Jan. 30th, 1852, and for thirteen years practised in England on the Home Circuit. In 1865 he went out to New Zealand, and took up his residence at Picton, in the south island. He represented Picton in the Marlborough Provincial Council from Jan. 1867 to 1876, when the provinces were abolished. In Dec. 1881 he was elected to the House of Representatives for Picton, and again in July 1884. In 1882 he accepted the office of Minister of Justice under Sir Frederick Whitaker. Under Major Atkinson, in Sept. 1883, he retained his portfolio, becoming also Attorney-General, but retired when the Government went out of office in August 1884. He was appointed a Supreme Court Judge in August 1889.

Cooke, Ebenezer, J. P., Commissioner of Audit, South Australia, was accountant and subsequently manager of the English and Australian Copper Company in South Australia from 1862 to 1882. From 1875 (in which year he was made J.P.) to 1882 he represented Flinders in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia. Mr. Cooke was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Finance from 1880 to 1882, and a member of the Royal Commission on Education from 1882 to 1883. In February of the latter year he was appointed First Commissioner of Audit.

Cooper, Sir Charles, first Chief Justice of South Australia, was the third son of the late Thomas Cooper, of Henley-on-Thames, Oxon, where he was born in March 1795. He entered at the Inner Temple in Jan. 1822, and was called to the bar in Feb. 1827, and went the Oxford Circuit until 1838, when he was appointed sole Judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia. He arrived in the colony in Dec. 1839, and for ten years exercised unaided jurisdiction in civil, criminal, and insolvency cases. In 1849 he was appointed first Chief Justice of the colony, and held that office until 1862, when he returned to England, and resided at Bath and Cheltenham. Sir Charles, who married, on July 7th, 1853, Emily Grace, eldest daughter of Charles Burton Newenham, Sheriff of South Australia, was knighted in June 1857, and died at Bath on May 24th, 1887. Cooper's Creek, in the centre of Australia, was named after him by the explorer Captain Sturt.

Cooper, Sir Daniel, Bart., G.C.M.G., second son of Thomas Cooper, of Richmond Cottage, Double Bay, near Sydney, N.S.W., who emigrated to Australia from Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire, was born on July 1st, 1821. In 1843 he went to New South Wales, and was elected a member of the Legislative Council in 1849. In 1856 he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of that colony for Sydney Hamlets, and was chosen the first Speaker of the Lower House. This position he held till 1860, when he resigned, and was asked to form a Ministry in succession to that of the late Mr. Forster. He, however, declined, and returned to reside in England in 1861. He married in 1846 Elizabeth, third daughter of William Hill, of Sydney, and was knighted in 1857, created a baronet in 1863, K.C.M.G. in 1880, and G.C.M.G. in 1888. Sir Daniel has on several occasions been Acting Agent-General for New South Wales, and was a member of the Royal Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. The primary honours conferred on Sir Daniel Cooper were due to his spirited action in subscribing to the relief of the sufferers during the Crimean war and the Lancashire cotton famine. Sir Daniel is a member of the Senate of Sydney University and President of the Bank of New South Wales.

Cooper, George Sisson, ex-Under Secretary, New Zealand, is the son of the late George Cooper, Colonial Treasurer of New Zealand in 1841-2. He entered the New Zealand public service in 1841 as a junior clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office. In 1847 he was appointed Assistant Private Secretary to Governor, Sir George Grey; in 1852 Native Land Purchase officer and J.P.; in 1861 Resident Magistrate and Native officer; in 1868 Under Secretary for Native Affairs and Defence, and Under Secretary for the Colony in 1870. This position he resigned in 1892.

Cooper, Hon. Pope Alexander, M.A., Puisne Judge, Queensland, fifth son of Francis Cooper, of Sydney, N.S.W., was educated at Sydney University, where he took the Gilchrist and several other scholarships, and graduated B.A. and M.A. He matriculated at London University, and entered as a student of the Middle Temple in Oct. 1868, being called to the bar in June 1872, when he returned to Queensland, and commenced practice in June 1874. Mr. Cooper was returned to the Assembly for Bowen, and was appointed Attorney-General and a member of the Executive Council in the McIlwraith Ministry in Dec. 1880. He resigned office in Jan. 1883 on being appointed to his present position of Judge of the Supreme Court, Northern division. Mr. Justice Cooper married, on August 19th, 1873, Alice Frener, daughter of James Cooper, of London.

Cope, His Honour Thomas Spencer, LL.B., third son of the late Thomas Cope, of West End, Hampstead, was born on April 19th, 1821, and in 1841 took the degree of LL.B. at the London University. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1842, and studied law in the chambers of Mr. Thomas Chitty, being called to the bar in Nov. 1845. He practised in the Courts at Westminster, and was for some time reporter for the Law Times in the Court of Exchequer, and at Nisi Prius for the Times and Daily News. He emigrated to Natal in 1851, but, attracted by the gold discoveries, proceeded to Victoria, where he arrived in April 1853, and was admitted to the local bar. In 1854 Mr. Cope was appointed Deputy Judge and Chairman of General Sessions for the Ballarat district, in place of the late Mr. Wrixon, and in 1858 was appointed Judge of the Court of Mines and of the County Court, and Chairman of General Sessions for the district of Beechworth, where he remained for ten years, when he became County Court Judge of Melbourne. Mr. Cope, who acted as a Judge of the Supreme Court for nearly a year in 1885 to 1886, during the absence of the late Chief Justice Stawell, resigned his seat on the bench in April 1888, and retired on a pension. He was one of the counsel for the Ballarat rioters in 1855, and was an advanced Liberal in politics, holding that the State should resume all sold lands and administer the same for the public benefit. He died on Nov. 11th, 1891.

Copeland, Hon. Henry, M.L.A., Minister of Lands, New South Wales, represents New England in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and was Secretary for Lands in the Jennings Ministry from Feb. 1886 to Jan. 1887. In Oct. 1891, when the second Dibbs Government was formed, he was again appointed Minister of Lands.

Copley, Hon. William, M.L.C., ex-Minister of Agriculture, South Australia, was born in 1845, at the village of Highgreen, near Sheffield, and left Yorkshire for South Australia with his parents when four years of age. For two years his parents lived in the neighbourhood of the Burra Burra mines, and in 1851 they made a brief visit to the Victorian goldfields. On their return they settled at York, in the West Torrens district, and Mr. Copley was educated at the Hindmarsh Public School and Mr. Bath's school at North Adelaide. At an early age he entered upon agricultural pursuits. For some years he was engaged on the Murray Flats, but for the last fifteen years he has held a farm on the Black Rock Plains, near Orroroo. In 1883-4 he was President of the Farmers Association; and in April 1884 he was returned with Mr. E. Ward as member for the newly constituted district of Frome. He sat for this constituency for three years, but was defeated at the general election in 1887. He was returned for the northern district of the Legislative Council in July 1887. When Mr. Playford came into office in August 1890 Mr. Copley consented to serve as Commissioner of Crown Lands, a post which in January 1892 he exchanged for that of Minister of Agriculture and Education. Mr. Copley was a member of the South Australian Commission in Adelaide for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Coppin, Hon. George Selth, M.L.C., son of a Norwich surgeon, who took to the stage, was born on April 8th, 1819, at Steyning, Sussex. Adopting the stage as his profession, when thrown on his own resources as a mere boy, he played in various provincial towns and villages in England, and emigrated to Sydney, arriving on March 10th, 1843. For some time Mr. Coppin led a wandering life between Sydney and the two chief towns of Tasmania. It was in Launceston that he first organised his own theatrical company, which included the names of artistes destined to gain almost world-wide fame. Among these were Mr. Charles Young, for many years the leading comedian of Australia, and his wife, a most powerful actress, better known in later life in England as Mrs. Hermann Vezin; several members of the gifted Howson family; and that prince of character-actors, the late Mr. G. H. Rogers. With this capable band of performers Mr. Coppin crossed Bass's Straits in the schooner Swan, and, undertaking the management of the Queen's Theatre, Melbourne, practically laid the foundations of the drama in Port Phillip (1845). In 1852 he became manager of the Geelong theatre, and in 1854 visited England, where he entered into his historic engagement with the famous tragedian, G. V. Brooke. With the energy that has always characterised him, Mr. Coppin returned to Australia, taking out with him not only G. V. Brooke and a company, but also an iron theatre, which he erected in Lonsdale Street, Melbourne, and named the Olympic. Mr. Coppin returned to Melbourne on Dec. 18th, 1854, and from that year to 1859 he and Brooke were in partnership. Through over-speculation in the purchase of the Theatre Royal, and the laying-out of Cremorne Gardens, the partnership ended in financial ruin; but it was during those five years that the successful and unsuccessful diggers, and all that early class of restless and eager pioneer colonists of Victoria, saw in the tragedy and high comedy of Brooke, and the irresistible broad humour of Coppin, perhaps the most memorable performances in the annals of the Australian stage. Mr. Coppin next visited America with the late Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean. Before this, in 1858, he had been elected to the Legislative Council for the South-Western Province; but resigned his seat on leaving the colony. On his return to Melbourne he again assumed the management of the Theatre Royal; but the building, which was uninsured, was almost immediately burnt down. He, however, rebuilt it in 1872, and from that time his career has been one of ever-increasing prosperity. Mr. Coppin claims to have built no less than six theatres in the Australian colonies, and to have introduced two hundred artistes, some, like Brooke and Mr. and Mrs. Charles Kean, of the highest dramatic excellence. His own name is a household word in Australia as the representative of certain characters in broad comedy, of which Tony Lumpkin and Bob Acres are types. But he is hardly less well known as a man of business and a politician. In 1874 he was returned for the important metropolitan constituency of East Melbourne; and he has left his mark on the statute-book as the founder of the Post Office Savings Bank. Mr. Coppin is also the founder of the Old Colonists' Association, the Victorian Humane Society, the Dramatic and Musical Association, and has been for years a Director of the Commercial Bank, as well as of innumerable financial companies. In conjunction with Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, he practically made the fashionable watering-place of Sorrento; and Mr. Coppin further claims to have introduced the camel and the English thrush into the colonies. He sat for East Melbourne until 1889, when he was defeated, and in August of that year entered the Upper House for Melbourne province.

Corbett, Right Rev. Dr. James Francis, Roman Catholic Bishop of Sale, Vict., was formerly stationed at St. Kilda in that colony, and was appointed first bishop of Sale in May 1887. He was consecrated at St. Mary's, St. Kilda, on August 25th. He held for a considerable period the post of Private Secretary to the late Archbishop Goold. He is a native of Limerick, and the freedom of that city was conferred upon him during a visit to Ireland in 1890.

Corney, Hon. Bolton Glanvill, M.L.C., M.R.C.S., Chief Medical Officer, Fiji, son of Bolton Corney, an author of repute, who wrote a famous attack on Isaac Disraeli's "Curiosities of Literature," was educated at Fontainebleau, in London, and at Schwerin. After studying at St. Thomas's Hospital, he was admitted M.R.C.S., England, in 1874. Three years later he entered the Colonial Service as Government medical officer in Fiji, and was also appointed health officer at Suva in that island. In 1881 he became medical officer to the Immigration Department, and was acting chief medical officer in 1882, 1883, 1884 and 1885. The latter post he has held continuously since June 1887, when he was permanently appointed. Dr. Corney was Acting Agent-General of Immigration from Jan. 1885 to March 1887, and was nominated a member of the Legislative Council and of the Native Regulation Board in the former year. He married, in 1874, Evelyn, daughter of Roland Hill, of Nibley, co. Gloucester.

Costley, Edward, claims a place among the notable colonists of New Zealand, not through any remarkable act which distinguished his long life, but because of his deathbed philanthropy. He was known among the "old identities" of Auckland as a man of rather penurious and retiring habits, who had acquired property in the early days, which, with the growth of the city, had become of great value. On his deathbed he summoned his lawyer, and directed him to divide his wealth among the city charities, seven of these being named. The estate realised ?93,000, which was divided between the Auckland Hospital, Old Men's Home, Sailors' Home, Auckland Institute, Costley Training Institute, Auckland Public Library, and the Parnell Orphan Home, each of which received ?12,500. Since Mr. Costley's death an unsigned draft will has come to light which showed that he had long contemplated the application of his wealth to charitable purposes. He died on April 17th, 1883.

Cottar, Thomas Young, L.S.A., was the son of Richard Cotter, a purser in the navy, and was born at Bantry, Ireland, in 1805. He served in the West Indies as a naval cadet, and was for some time in charge of the Government store depot at Bermuda. Subsequently he returned to London, and qualified for the medical profession in 1832. In Dec. 1835 he was appointed surgeon to the inchoate settlement of South Australia by the Board of Commissioners of that colony. He arrived in South Australia in the Coromandel in August of the next year, and acted as colonial surgeon. Subsequently he went into private practice, and died at Port Augusta, where he latterly resided, on Jan. 9th, 1882. He was one of the editors of the South Australian Magazine, and founder of the Adelaide Institute.

Couchman, Lieut.-Col. Thomas, was appointed a foreman in the Survey Department of Victoria in 1853; Assistant Surveyor in 1854; District Surveyor in 1854; Chief Mining Surveyor of Victoria in Jan. 1867; Secretary for Mines in Jan. 1877; a member of the Public Service Board in Feb. 1884, and Chairman of the Board in 1889, which position he still occupies. He served in the Volunteers from 1860 to 1883, and retired as Lieutenant-Colonel.

Counsel, Edward Albert, was born at Piper's River, Northern Tasmania, in 1849. Was appointed Government District Surveyor of the Oatlands district in 1880. In 1889 he was placed at the head of the Survey Department of Tasmania, with the title of Deputy Surveyor-General, in succession to the late Charles P. Sprent.

Courthope, Edward L., Auditor-General, Western Australia, entered the Civil Service of Western Australia as clerk in the Audit Office in 1847, and was appointed secretary to the Board of Education in 1854, and Acting Auditor-General in 1863. He resumed his duties as clerk in the Audit Office in 1805, and was appointed Registrar-General in 1871, being promoted to the Auditor-Generalship in 1872.

Couvreur, Jessie Catherine ("Tasma"), the well-known writer, is the daughter of Alfred James Huybers, J.P., of Hobart, Tas., and was born at Highgate, near London, being brought out as an infant by her parents to Tasmania in the early half of the fifties. Her father originally came from Antwerp to reside in England, and thence proceeded to Hobart, where the future novelist remained until her first marriage, when she went to live in Victoria, where her first story, "Barren Love" (recently republished by her in London in the collection "A Sydney Sovereign"), appeared in Mr. Garnet Walsh's Annual of 1877. She also contributed original tales, sketches, and essays to the Australasian and the Melbourne Review. In 1879 she went to reside permanently in Europe, which she had visited a few years previously. From 1880 to 1882 she lectured in French on Australia in France and Belgium for the Geographical Society of Paris. She also wrote for Madame Adam's Nouvelle Revue, and received from the French Government the decoration of Officier d'Acad?mie. In 1883-4 she revisited Australia. On her return to Europe she was married in 1885 to M. Auguste Couvreur, the well-known Belgian publicist, and has resided since in Brussels. M. Couvreur, who is the senior foreign member of the Cobden Club, and has been connected with the Independence Belge both as contributor and editor, was for twenty years one of the Liberal representatives of Brussels, and for four years Vice-President of the Chamber. In 1889, under her nom-de-plume "Tasma," Madame Couvreur published in London her first complete novel, entitled "Uncle Piper of Piper's Hill"—a story of Australian life and manners, which was most highly commended by the leading literary critics in England and on the Continent. Her second novel, "In her Earliest Youth," published in 1890, is likewise Australian, and was equally well received by the press. About the same time "Tasma" also brought out the collection of short tales called "A Sydney Sovereign." She has now a new one-volume novel in the press entitled "A White Feather," and from time to time she has contributed an occasional story to Mr. Edmund Yates's society journal, the World. Since her residence in Europe, Madame Couvreur has sent various contributions to the Melbourne Australasian, and is generally recognised, particularly in Victoria and Tasmania, as one of the leading writers, who, if not actually born, have been entirely educated in the colonies. "Tasma" contributed to Mr. Mennell's "In Australian Wilds" (published by Hutchinson & Co.), and in Christmas 1890 a story to "Over the Sea," a collection of stories for English and Australian children, one to the collection "Under the Gum-Tree," and also the opening tale, "An Old Time Episode in Tasmania," to Mrs. Patchett Martin's "Coo?e."

Cowie, Right Rev. William Garden, D.D., Bishop of Auckland, N.Z., the second son of Alexander Cowie, of Auchterless, Aberdeenshire, was born in London in 1881, and educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, of which college he was scholar in 1852. In 1852-4 he took the Latin and English Essay Prizes, and graduated First Class in Law 1854, being admitted to the B.A. in 1855, to M.A. in 1865, and having the degree of D.D. conferred upon him in 1869. Bishop Cowie was ordained deacon in 1854, and priest in 1855 by the Bishop of Ely. In 1854 he was curate of St. Clement's, Cambridge, of Moulton, Suffolk, 1855-7, and was chaplain to Lord Clyde's army at Lucknow in 1858, and to Sir Neville Chamberlain's column against the Afghans in 1863-4. He has the medal and clasps for Lucknow, and for the frontier campaign of 1863. In 1863 he was appointed chaplain to the Viceroy of India, and in 1864 to the Bishop (Cotton) of Calcutta. In 1865 he was Chaplain of Cashmere, and in 1867 was appointed rector of Stafford. In 1869 he was consecrated Bishop of Auckland in Westminster Abbey by the Archbishop (Tait) of Canterbury and Bishops (Selwyn) of Lichfield and (Browne) of Ely. Bishop Cowie is a governor of St. John's College, Auckland, and on the Senate of the New Zealand University (1880). He is the author of "Notes on the Temples of Cashmere," "A Visit to Norfolk Island," and "Our Last Year in New Zealand," published in 1888.

Cowley, Hon. Alfred Sandlings, M.L.A., J.P., Minister of Public Lands and Agriculture, Queensland, is the son of Isaac Cowley and Charlotte his wife, was born at Fairford, Gloucestershire, on April 24th, 1848, and when quite a boy accompanied his parents to Natal, South Africa. He served an apprenticeship to the building and engineering trade, making the erection of sugar machinery a speciality; but he subsequently became an agriculturist, and was for three years engaged in cultivating sugar and coffee. Early in 1871 Mr. Cowley left Natal for the Australian colonies, and was a resident of New South Wales for over two years, part of which time he was in charge of a central sugar-mill on the M?Leay river. Subsequently he resided in the Maryborough district of Queensland for three years, during which time he was engaged in the cultivation and manufacture of sugar. After that Mr. Cowley settled in the Lower Herbert district, and was actively employed in the sugar industry. He was elected to the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Herbert in 1888, and on the formation of the Griffith-McIlwraith Government in August 1890 was appointed Secretary for Public Lands and Agriculture, and sworn of the Executive Council. Mr. Cowley was married at Pietermaritzburg, Natal, on July 24th, 1880, to Miss Marie Campbell.

Cowlishaw, Hon. James, M.L.C., was born in Dec. 1834 in Sydney, where he was educated at St. James's Grammar School, and went to Queensland in 1861 to practise as an architect. In 1878 he was appointed to a seat in the Legislative Council, which he still retains. Mr. Cowlishaw was part proprietor and managing director for some years of the Brisbane Evening Telegraph, but sold his interest in the newspaper in 1885.

Cowper, Hon. Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., sometime Premier of New South Wales, son of the late Ven. Archdeacon William Cowper, D.D. (q.v.), was born at Drypool, Yorkshire, on April 26th, 1807, and when two years old was brought to Sydney by his father. He was educated privately, and entered the Commissariat department under Commissary-General Wemyss, being appointed secretary to the Church and School Lands Corporation in 1826 by Governor Sir Charles Darling. In 1831 he married Eliza, second daughter of Daniel Sutton, of Wivenhoe, near Colchester, Essex. When the Church and School Lands Corporation was dissolved in 1833 Mr. Cowper went to reside in the county of Argyle, and held some sheep stations on the Murray. He was made a magistrate of the territory in 1839, and in 1843 he contested Camden with Mr. Roger Therry, Attorney-General, and was only defeated by ten votes. Being immediately invited to stand for the county of Cumberland, he was returned to the Legislative Council by a large majority, defeating even so popular a man as the late Sir James Macarthur. He was chairman of a company formed in 1846 for railway construction, and in 1851 he contested Sydney against Dr. Lang, Captain Lamb, and Mr. Wentworth, but was defeated. He was then returned for Durham. He introduced the Act for incorporating the Sydney Grammar School, and that for establishing colleges affiliated to the university. He was offered the position of Chief Commissioner of the city of Sydney, with a salary of ?1000 a year, by Sir Charles Fitzroy; but declined it. At the general election in 1856 he was returned for Sydney to the first Legislative Assembly. On the resignation of the Donaldson Ministry, the first which held office under responsible government, in August 1856, Mr. Cowper was sent for by Sir W. Denison, and requested to form a Ministry. He was successful in that object, and himself held the post of Colonial Secretary, having for his colleagues the late Mr. Robert Campbell, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Terence A. Murray, Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin, and Mr. (afterwards Judge) Lutwyche. Objection was taken by the Opposition to the personal composition of the Ministry, and they were defeated and resigned in October, after holding office for six weeks. In Sept. 1857 Mr. Cowper became Premier and Colonial Secretary for the second time, and held office till Oct. 1859, passing the Electoral Act in 1858. His administration were defeated on their education policy, and Mr. Forster succeeded, but was ejected in less than five months, when Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Robertson's first Ministry was formed, with Mr. Cowper as Colonial Secretary. Under their ?gis the famous Land Bill of 1861 was carried, and also a measure prohibiting future grants in aid of the religious bodies. In Jan. 1861 Mr. Robertson, whilst continuing to hold office as Secretary for Lands, surrendered the Premiership to Mr. Cowper, who held it till Oct. 1863, when the Martin Ministry came in, but was in turn defeated in Feb. 1865, when Mr. Cowper became Premier and Colonial Secretary for the third time in a period of great financial difficulty, and he resorted to ad valorem duties to tide the colony over the crisis. In Jan. 1866 Mr. Martin again came into power; and the Robertson Ministry having intervened, Mr. Cowper became Premier and Colonial Secretary for the fifth time in Jan. 1870. He, however, resigned in December following, to become Agent-General for New South Wales in London. As a mark of appreciation of his public services the estate of Wivenhoe was purchased by public subscription, and settled on Lady Cowper. Mr. Cowper was created K.C.M.G., and died on Oct. 19th, 1875, in London, having resigned the AgentGeneralship some time previously.

Cowper, Charles, Sheriff of New South Wales, is the son of the late Sir Charles Cowper, K.C.M.G. (q.v.); and having been appointed clerk of the Executive Council of New South Wales, was a member of his father's Ministry, without a seat in the Cabinet, from Jan. 1861 to Oct. 1863. He is now sheriff of that colony.

Cowper, Ven. Archdeacon William, D.D., was born at Whittington, in Lancashire, on Dec. 28th, 1780, and ordained in 1808, when he was for a short time curate of Bawdon, near Leeds. He commenced his career in Sydney in August of the following year as assistant colonial chaplain, and was incumbent of St. Philip's. He was made Archdeacon of Cumberland and Camden in 1848, and was Commissary during Bishop Broughton's absence in 1852. Archdeacon Cowper died in Sydney on July 6th, 1858.

Cowper, Very Rev. and Ven. William Macquarie, M.A., Dean of Sydney, is the son of the late Ven. Archdeacon William Cowper (q.v.) and was born in Sydney on July 3rd, 1810. Dean Cowper was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1833 and M.A. in 1835. He was ordained deacon in 1833 and priest in the following year, and was curate of St. Petrox, Dartmouth, from 1833 to 1836, when he was appointed chaplain to the Australian Agricultural Company at Port Stephens, a post which he held for twenty years, when he became Principal of Moore College. In 1858 he was appointed Dean and Archdeacon of Sydney, and Vicar-General in 1866.

Cox, Alfred, youngest son of William Cox, of the 102nd Regiment, was born in Sydney in 1825, where his father, who had accompanied his regiment thither, had settled. He was educated at King's School, Parramatta, and in 1844 visited England, but returned to the colonies two years later. In 1854 he paid a visit to Canterbury, N.Z., and after another trip to England in the following year settled finally in the south of Canterbury, in 1857. In 1861 he represented Geraldine in the Provincial Council. After an attempt to establish himself in the Waikato, which was frustrated by the Te Kooti raid, Mr. Cox returned to Canterbury, where, for the most part, he has since lived. Mr. Cox is the author of "Recollections," 1884, and "Men of Mark of New Zealand," 1886.

Cracknell, Edward Charles, Superintendent of Electric Telegraphs, N.S.W., was born at Rochester, England, in 1831, and educated at Oxford. He came to Adelaide as Assistant Superintendent of Telegraphs in Nov. 1855, and became Assistant Superintendent of Telegraphs, N.S.W., in Jan. 1858, opening the first telegraph line to Liverpool on the 26th of that month. In 1861 he became Superintendent of Telegraphs. In 1876 he studied torpedo warfare, and is lieut.-colonel commanding the N.S.W. Torpedo and Signalling Corps. His younger brother, Mr. William John Cracknell, was for many years Superintendent of Telegraphs in Queensland.

Crane, Right Rev. Martin, D.D., O.S.A., Roman Catholic Bishop of Sandhurst, Victoria, was born in the county of Wexford, Ireland, in 1818. After spending his novitiate as an Augustinian at Grantstown, Wexford, and studying at Perugia, in Italy, he returned to Ireland in 1849, and was twice Provincial of the Augustinian Order. On Sept. 21st, 1874, he was consecrated first Bishop of Sandhurst in the Pro-Cathedral, Dublin, by Cardinal Cullen. In 1882 Dr. Crane visited Rome, and his sight having become impaired, he did not return to his diocese till Feb. 1886, Dr. Reville having in the meantime acted as administrator of the diocese, and subsequently as coadjutor, a position he still holds.

Crawford, James Coutts, F.G.S., only son of Captain J. C. Crawford, R.N., by his second wife Jane, daughter of Admiral John Inglis, of Redhall, N.B., was born on Jan. 19th, 1817, and was educated at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and joined H.M.S. Prince Regent in the Channel Fleet. He was engaged on the east and west coasts of South Africa and elsewhere, and received the medal of the Royal Humane Society for saving life. In 1837, when sub-lieutenant, he left the navy and went to Sydney. He visited New Zealand in 1838, and after some squatting experiences in Queensland, settled in New Zealand in 1846. In 1860 he was appointed to the Legislative Council, and in 1862 made a geological survey of the province of Wellington. In order to drain the Hataitai peninsula, he excavated the first tunnel in New Zealand. Mr. Crawford is the author of "Recollections of Travel in New Zealand and Australia" (1880); "The Reform of English Spelling" (London, 1883). He retired from the Legislative Council in 1867, and was fifteen years Resident Magistrate and Sheriff at Wellington, besides being a Captain in the New Zealand and 1st Lanark Militia. Mr. Coutts Crawford married first, on Nov. 28th, 1843, Sophia, youngest daughter of Sir James Whitley Deans Dundas, G.C.B., of Barton Court, co. Berks, and Aston Hall, co. Flint, who died 1852; and, secondly, in Aug. 1857, Jessie, only daughter of Alexander McBarnet, of Torridon and Attadale, Ross-shire, Scotland, who died in 1880. He died in London on April 8th, 1889.

Croke, The Most Rev. Thomas William, D.D., Archbishop of Cashel, Ireland, formerly Bishop of Auckland, N.Z., was born in Mallow, Cork, on May 19th, 1824. His career at the Irish College in Rome was remarkably distinguished. He carried off the gold and silver medals in 1846, and next year was ordained to the priesthood and awarded the degree of Doctor of Divinity. After holding professional appointments in Carlow and Paris, Dr. Croke engaged in missionary work in his native county. In 1858 he became President of St Colman's College, Fermoy, and seven years later received the dual appointment of parish priest of Doneraile and Chancellor of the Diocese of Cloyne. He was discharging the duties of this twofold office, when in 1870 he was nominated by Pius IX. to the bishopric of Auckland. On arriving in New Zealand Dr. Croke found himself confronted by a very heavy uphill task. He found his diocese exceedingly depressed and disorganised, the bitter legacy of recent wars between the British and the Maoris, but he went to work with characteristic energy and perseverance. He laboured zealously in building churches and founding missions all over the North Island of New Zealand. He devoted himself in a very special manner to the evangelising of the Maoris, with whom he became exceedingly popular, not only as an ecclesiastic, but as an athlete. A bishop who never inquired about gates, but took at a jump every fence or obstacle that came in his way, was just the type of prelate to captivate these brave and high-spirited children of nature. In 1874 Dr. Croke revisited Europe with the object of securing a further supply of missionaries for his Maori people, but it so happened that the archiepiscopal see of Cashel became vacant while he was in the Northern hemisphere, and Pius IX. insisted on his filling the position. The leading part that Dr. Croke has played in Irish politics since his elevation to the see of Cashel is too well known to need any detailed reference in this place.

Cross, Ada, is the daughter of Henry Cambridge, of Runcton, Norfolk, by his marriage with Thomasine, daughter of Charles Emerson, M.D., of Shipdham, in the same county. She was born at St. Germains, Norfolk, on Nov. 21st, 1844, and was married at Ely, Cambs, on April 25th. 1870, to the Rev. George Frederick Cross, of Beechworth, Victoria, with whom she arrived in that colony in August of the same year. She has written a number of serial tales in the Australasian and other Australian papers, under the pseudonym "A. C.," as well as essays and poems in the Melbourne Review. In a careful summary of Australian literature in the Sydney Daily Telegraph of April 11th, 1891, Mrs. Cross's poem "Unspoken Thoughts" was classed among the one or two really genuine poems produced in Australia, and her novels also received high commendation. Her first Australian novel, "Up the Murray," appeared in the Australasian in March 1875; "In Two Years' Time" (afterwards published by Messrs. Bentley & Son) followed in 1879; and "Dinah" was began in December of the same year. "A Mere Chance" (1880) was also published by Messrs. Bentley later; "Missed in the Crowd" appeared in 1881, and "Across the Grain" in 1882. Mrs. Cross has since published "A Marked Man" and "The Three Miss Kings."

Crossman, Major-General Sir William, R.E., K.C.M.G., A.M.I.C.E., F.R.G.S., J.P., eldest son of the late Robert Crossman, of Cheswick, Northumberland, by Sarah, his wife, daughter of Edmund Douglas, of Kingston-on-Thames, was born at Isleworth, Middlesex, on June 30th, 1830. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and entered the army as lieutenant R.E. in Dec 1848. He was appointed captain in 1858, major in 1872, lieut.-colonel in 1873, colonel in 1878, and retired with the rank of major-general in Jan. 1886. Sir William has held a large number of civil appointments, and was in charge of various public works in Western Australia from 1852 to 1856. He was also a visiting magistrate of the colony. Sir William married in 1855 Catherine Josephine, daughter of John Lawrence Morley, of Albany, W.A. He was created C.M.G. on May 1st, 1877, and K.C.M.G. on May 24th, 1884. He was returned at the head of the poll as M.P. for Portsmouth, in the Liberal interest, in Nov. 1885, and again in 1886 as a Liberal Unionist.

Crowther, Hon. William Lodewyk, M.L.C., M.D., is the son of William Crowther, M.R.C.S. (who emigrated to Tasmania), and grandson of Philip Wyatt Crowther, Comptroller of the City of London. He married Victoire Marie Louise, daughter of General Muller, Equerry-in-waiting to the Duke of Kent, who was Mrs. Crowther's godfather. Dr. Crowther sat in the Legislative Council of Tasmania, and was a member of the Reibey Ministry without portfolio from July 1876 to August 1877. In Dec. 1878 he formed an Administration, in which he was Premier without office until Oct. 1879. Dr. Crowther died on April 12th, 1885.

Cullen, Edward Boyd, eldest son of the Rev. J. G. Cullen. was born on March 19th, 1827, and educated in his father's parish of Balmaclellan, Kirkcudbright. He emigrated to New South Wales about 1849, and after some of the usual vicissitudes of colonial life became a clerk in the Bank of New South Wales. In this capacity he opened a branch at Ipswich, Queensland, but retired from the bank, and engaged in pastoral pursuits. On the establishment of the Ipswich Municipal Council, he became the first town clerk, and acted as secretary to the old North Australian Club in that town. Mr. Cullen in 1861 entered the Queensland Civil Service, being appointed Chief Clerk in the Treasury in 1862, and Under-Secretary to that department in Oct. 1877. He is also a Commissioner of Stamp Duties, and in Oct. 1880 was appointed Accountant-General of the Supreme Court of Queensland.

Cuninghame, Archibald, was a barrister in Melbourne "in the early days," and attained to prominence in the public affairs of the inchoate community. In 1845, prior to the separation of Port Phillip (Victoria) from New South Wales, it was proposed by the authorities of the latter colony to float an immigration loan in London, as security for which the lands of Port Phillip would be pledged, as well as those of the Mother colony. Under these circumstances a public meeting was held of the leading residents of Port Phillip, under the presidency of the Mayor of Melbourne, on Sept. 28th, 1845, for the purpose of taking into consideration the necessity of petitioning the Queen against the proposed scheme for pledging the lands of Port Phillip jointly with those of New South Wales proper, and to consider the propriety of appointing an agent to proceed to England to protest against the course proposed, and also to further the great cause of separation. The meeting passed resolutions against any further alienation of the land fund to afford labour to the middle district, and the scheme was also objected, to as creating a new and almost insurmountable barrier to separation. The assemblage appointed Mr. Cuninghame as their delegate to proceed to England to represent the views of the colonists at the centre of the Empire, and he was thus the first somewhat informally selected Agent-General of Victoria in London. A committee was also nominated to frame instructions for the guidance of the delegate, and to draw up a petition, requesting the Colonial Secretary to hold his hand until Mr. Cuninghame's arrival in London. On the committee were such well-known names as those of Curr, Westgarth, Niel Black, Stephen Henty, William Campbell, Verner, Stawell (afterwards Sir William), Pohlman, McCombie, Dalgety, and O'Shanassy. Mr. Cuninghame continued to represent the colony in England for some years, and died at the family residence, Thornton House, Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, in October 1856, without having revisited Australia. He was the eldest son of Lieut.-Col. John Cuninghame of Caddall and Thornton, and Sarah his wife, only child of Major John Peebles.

Curnow, Francis, J.P., was appointed District Clerk and Paymaster in the Roads Department at Ipswich, Qd., in March 1864; organiser of the Railway Store Department in Nov. 1865; Railway Storekeeper in June 1866; Administrator of the Locomotive Branch of the Railway Department, in addition, in June 1876, and Chief Clerk of Railways in Jan. 1877. In Jan. 1884 Mr. Curnow became Acting Commissioner of Railways, was permanently appointed in March 1885, and retired on a pension in July 1889.

Curnow, William, the present editor of the Sydney Morning Herald, was born in Cornwall, and emigrated to Australia in the year 1854. He had been in England a student for the ministry of the Wesleyan Church, and on arriving in Australia became an assistant minister in Queensland, being for some period in the Warwick district. He afterwards went to New South Wales, and resided for a number of years at Goulburn. He finally became the minister of the chief Wesleyan Church in Sydney, and remained in this position till about 1877, when, his health railing, he made a voyage to England. For some years Mr. Curnow had been editor of a religious newspaper in connection with the Wesleyan communion, and had also been an occasional contributor to the Sydney Morning Herald. On his return from England, with the throat affection from which he suffered still uncured, he resigned his charge, and became a member of the staff of the Sydney Morning Herald. When Dr. Garran retired from the editorship in 1885, after many years of service, Mr. Curnow became editor.

Curr, Edward Micklethwaite, the eldest son of the late Edward Curr, was born in Hobart, Tasmania, in 1820, educated in England and France, and in 1841 and subsequent years was a stockowner in Victoria, Queensland and New South Wales. In 1862 he was appointed an Inspector of Sheep in Victoria, and later on Chief Inspector of Stock. At that date there were five millions of sheep suffering from scab in the colony, the annual loss on which was computed at over half a million sterling. Parliament offered a prize of ?150 for the best essay on scab. The prize was given to Mr. Curr, and eventually the steps recommended therein were adopted, and the disease got rid of entirely. His essay was reprinted by the Government of Tasmania, and has been in demand in various parts of the world. In 1863 Mr. Curr published a work entitled "Pure Saddle Horses," in 1883 "Recollections of Squatting in Victoria," and in 1886 "The Australian Race" was published for him by the Government of Victoria. Mr. Curr's father, the late Edward Curr, of St. Heliers, was styled in Victoria " the Father of Separation," from the efforts which he exerted to secure severance from New South Wales. This gentleman had been manager for the Van Diemen's Land Company. Between 1827 and 1830 he induced the company to lay out ?30,000 in the importation from Europe of prime sheep, chiefly merinos, and further sums on pure cattle and high-bred horses. From the merinos thus imported, which were from the very best flocks of Germany, the leading flocks of Australia are principally descended. Mr. Curr resigned his position as Chief Inspector of Stock on July 30th, 1889, and died on August 3rd, 1889.

Curtis, Oswald, formerly Superintendent of the province of Nelson, N.Z., son of Stephen Curtis and Eleanora (Llewellyn) his wife, was born in London on Jan. 20th, 1821, and landed at Nelson, N.Z., on June 18th, 1853. He was for many years a member of the Nelson Provincial Council, and was Superintendent of the province from 1867 to 1876, when the provinces were abolished. Mr. Curtis was a member of the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1867 to 1878, and was Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Customs, Stamp Duties, and Telegraphs in the short-lived Stafford administration from Sept. 10th to Oct. 11th, 1872. Mr. Curtis was for many years resident magistrate, warden, and coroner of the Nelson district and a governor of Nelson College. He was a Fellow of the University of New Zealand, and a member of the Senate from 1870 to 1888.

Cuthbert, Hon. Henry, M.L.C., the eldest son of John Cuthbert, of Roscommon, Ireland, was born at that place on July 29th, 1829. In 1854 he was admitted a solicitor in Ireland, and the same year left for Victoria, where he was at once admitted to practice. In 1855 he went to Ballarat, and, besides being successful in his profession, became largely interested in mining. He was the original promoter of the well-known Buninyong Gold Mining Company. In 1874 Mr. Cuthbert was returned to the Legislative Council, unopposed, for the South-Western Province, and is now one of the representatives of the Wellington Province in that body. Mr. Cuthbert held the office of Postmaster-General in the second Berry Administration from July 1877 to July 1878, when he resigned in consequence of inability to support the Government scheme for Reform of the Council. In March 1880 he joined Mr. Service's Ministry as Commissioner of Customs and Postmaster-General, and held office till the defeat of the Government in the following August. Mr. Cuthbert was Minister of Justice under Mr. Gillies from Feb. 1886 to Nov. 1890. He married in May 1863 the second daughter of Mr. Kirby, of Melbourne, and was one of the representatives of Victoria at the Federation Convention of 1891.

D

Daintree, Richard, C.M.G., sometime Agent-General for Queensland, was born at Hemingford Abbotts, Huntingdonshire, in Dec. 1851, and was educated at Bedford Grammar School and Christ's College, Cambridge. Being in delicate health, he was recommended a voyage to Australia, and arrived in Victoria in 1852, where he was employed as assistant to Mr. Selwyn, the Government Geologist, from 1854 to 1856, when Mr. Daintree returned to England, and was for six months a student in Dr. Percy's laboratory in the Royal School of Mines. In August 1857 Mr. Daintree returned to Melbourne, and in 1858 was appointed Field Geologist on the Geological Survey of Victoria, on which he worked for seven years, paying special attention to the Cape Patterson coal formation and the exploration of the Bass river. Having resigned his post in Victoria and engaged in squatting pursuits in North Queensland, he was appointed Government Geologist for North Queensland in 1868, and in March 1872 Agent-General for the colony in London. He held this position till 1876, when he was compelled to resign through ill-health. He had been created C.M.G. in 1875, and died on June 25th, 1878.

Daldy, Captain William Crush, was born at Rainham, Essex, in 1816. He arrived in New Zealand in 1841, having brought out the schooner Shamrock, eighty-five tons. On the voyage to Launceston he touched at Tahiti. The trouble with the French was then going on, and Captain Daldy was arrested as a political prisoner, and tried on the beach by a black judge and jury. This caused considerable correspondence between the Governments of the day. Captain Daldy arrived in Auckland on July 1st, 1841, on which day the first Custom House was opened. He traded for some time with the schooner between Sydney and Auckland. In 1845 he returned to England in charge of the barque Bellina, the first vessel loaded at Auckland with merchandise for export to England. The cargo was somewhat mixed, including copper ore from Kawau, kauri gum, manganese from Waiheki, and the first export of wool, consisting of two bales. During the voyage home Dr. Martin and Mr. William Brown, who were passengers, both wrote their books on New Zealand. Captain Daldy returned to Auckland in 1847, and two years later commenced business as a general merchant and shipping agent in the firm of Coombes and Daldy. He was elected to the House of Representatives, and from May to June 1856 was a member of the Fox Ministry. Captain Daldy participated actively in provincial politics, holding various offices, and during the Maori disturbances he commanded a company of volunteers. In 1865 he again visited England, and for twelve months acted as agent for the Government, during which period he sent out a thousand emigrants. He has held many offices in connection with the municipal government of Auckland, was at one time captain of a volunteer fire brigade, and officiated for seven years as Chairman of the Harbour Board.

Dalley, Right Hon. William Bede, P.C., Q.C., was born in Sydney in 1831, of Irish Roman Catholic parentage, and was admitted to the New South Wales bar in 1856. Having early displayed great oratorical ability, he was returned to the Assembly for the city of Sydney in the first Parliament elected under responsible government, and was Solicitor-General in the Cowper Ministry from Nov. 1858 to Feb. 1859. Subsequently he retired from political life, and devoted himself to the practice of his profession, with the exception of a short interval, during which he visited England, in conjunction with Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes, on an official mission for the promotion of emigration to New South Wales. They delivered addresses at most of the main centres of population in the United Kingdom: but little or no success attended their efforts, owing to the anti-democratic feeling aroused by the outbreak of the American war. Having been nominated to the Legislative Council in 1875, he accepted office under Mr. (now Sir) John Robertson, and was Attorney-General from February of that year to March 1877, when he resigned with his colleagues, resuming office in the same capacity in Sir John Robertson's fourth Administration in August 1877. This Government only lasted till December of the same year, and Mr. Dalley remained out of office till Jan. 1883, when he became Attorney-General in the Ministry of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Alexander Stuart. It was whilst filling the post of acting Premier in this Administration, during the absence through illness of Sir Alexander Stuart, that Mr. Dalley took on himself the responsibility of despatching the New South Wales contingent to the aid of the Imperial troops operating in the Soudan. The Ministry resigned in Oct. 1885, and Mr. Dalley (who had refused knighthood, and also the succession to the Chief Justiceship vacated by the death of Sir James Martin in 1886) was in the latter year appointed a member of the English Privy Council, being the first Australian statesman upon whom that honour was conferred. He retired from the Legislative Council in 1887 on the ground of ill-health, and died on Oct. 30th, 1888. Mr. Dalley, who was not only an accomplished orator, but a man of remarkable artistic culture and great literary ability, was looked upon as the foremost representative of the Roman Catholic party in Australia. He had been a widower for some years, and left two sons. A medallion tablet, executed by Sir Edgar Boehm, was erected to his memory in St. Paul's Cathedral by public subscription in 1890, the ceremony of unveiling it being performed by Lord Rosebery, who delivered an impressive address on the occasion.

Dalrymple, George Augustus Frederick Elphinstone, First Speaker Legislative Assembly, Queensland, was the tenth son of Sir Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone, Bart., by his marriage with Graeme, daughter of Colonel David Hepburn, and was born on May 6th, 1826. He went to Australia as aide-de-camp to the late Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales, and became a partner with Mr. (now Sir Arthur) Hodgson in squatting ventures in the Moreton Bay district. He was one of the early explorers of what is now the colony of Queensland. In 1859 he explored the country between the parallels of 19? and 20? S., and greatly extended the knowledge of the country which Leichardt, Mitchell, Kennedy, and Gregory had primarily, opened up. In 1862 he made a second journey, and traced an opening from the Valley of Lagoons to Rockingham Bay in Queensland. Mr. Dalrymple, after whom the town of Dalrymple was named, sat in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales before Queensland was severed from New South Wales, and soon after separation was effected entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, and became Colonial Secretary in Mr. (now Sir Robert) Herbert's second ministry in July 1866; but did not remain in the Government when it was reconstructed under Mr. Macalister (who took the portfolio of Colonial Secretary) in the following month. He died on Jan. 22nd, 1876.

Daly, Sir Dominic, sometime Governor of South Australia, was the third son of Dominic Daly by his wife Joanna Harriet, eldest daughter of Joseph Blake, of Ardfry, co. Galway, and sister of the 1st Lord Wallscourt. He was born at Ardfry on August 11th, 1798, and was educated at Oscott Roman Catholic College, near Birmingham. He went to Canada in 1822 as private secretary to Sir Francis Burton, and in 1825 was appointed Assistant-Secretary to the Government of Lower Canada. Two years later he was appointed Provincial Secretary for Lower Canada; and upon the union of the Canadas, in 1840, became Provincial Secretary for the united provinces and member of the Board of Works with a seat in the Council. He retired from the latter post in 1846, and from the former in 1848, but continued to represent the county of Megantic in the Canadian parliament. Subsequently returning to England, he was, in Oct. 1849, placed on the Commission of Inquiry into the the New and Waltham Forest rights. Sir Dominic was Lieut.-Governor of Tobago from 1852 to 1854, when he was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Prince Edward Island, and was knighted by patent in 1856. He left Prince Edward Island in 1859, and assumed office as Governor-in-Chief of South Australia in March 1862. His administration, which only terminated with his death on Feb. 19th, 1868, was highly popular with all classes, and though a Roman Catholic, with the representatives of all the religious bodies. During his r?gime H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh visited the colony, and the Northern Territory was included within its limits. Sir Dominic married, on May 20th, 1826, Caroline Maria, second daughter of Ralph Gore, of Barrowmount, co. Kilkenny, who survived her husband, and died at Glenelg, South Australia, on July 16th, 1872, aged seventy-one years.

Daly, Dominick Daniel, nephew of Sir Dominic Daly (q.v.), went to South Australia in 1865 as aide-de-camp to his uncle, who was then Governor of the colony. He was appointed Surveyor under the South Australian Government in 1866, and took part in the Northern Territory Expedition from 1868 to 1870. From Feb. 1874 to March 1875 he was employed in the Engineer-in-Chief's Department, and was then appointed Surveyor for the Native States in the Malayan Peninsula. He died on July 15th, 1889, in Borneo. Mr. Daly married Harriett, daughter of Benjamin Douglas, formerly Collector of Customs in South Australia, and afterwards Government Resident of the Northern Territory. She has written several works.

Dampier, Alfred, was born in London in 1847, and educated at the Charterhouse[1]. He began his professional career at Stratford-on-Avon, and subsequently travelled with a company through the chief provincial towns of England and Scotland. In 1872, while playing in Manchester, he was engaged by Mr. H. R. Harwood, then one of the managers of the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, whither he proceeded; and in the following year made his d?but in Australia as Mephistopheles in his own version of Goethe's Faust. After a three years' engagement in Melbourne, during which period he appeared successfully in Hamlet, Othello, Iago, Richard III., Jaques, and other leading parts, Mr. Dampier visited Sydney, Adelaide, and New Zealand, and thence proceeded to America and London, where, at the Surrey Theatre, he produced, among other pieces, the drama All for Gold, by Mr. F. R. Hopkins, the Australian dramatist. During his various engagements in Australia, America, and England, Mr. Dampier's daughters, Rose and Lily, came into great prominence by their acting in a dramatic version of Helen's Babie's written by Mr. Garnet Walch, of Melbourne. Mr. Dampier returned to Australia, and became lessee of the Alexandra Theatre, which he rechristened the Australian, and there produced with great success a drama founded on Rolf Boldrewood's "Robbery under Arms," written by Mr. Garnet Walch and himself, and in which he appeared as the hero, Captain Starlight. In 1868 Mr. Dampier married Katherine Alice, daughter of T. H. Russell, of Birmingham.

Dangar, Hon. Henry Cary, M.L.C., M.A., second son of Henry Dangar, of Neotsfield, N.S.W., was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated M.A. in 1857. He entered at the Inner Temple in August 1849, and was called to the bar in June 1854. He was nominated to the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1883. Mr. Dangar married Lucy, daughter of Hon. John Lamb, M.L.C., of New South Wales, formerly Commander R.N., and Emma, his wife, daughter of John Robinson, of London.

Darley, Hon. Sir Frederick Matthew, Chief Justice of New South Wales, son of the late Henry Darley of county Wicklow, Ireland, was born on Sept. 18th, 1830, and educated at Dungannon College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1851. He was called to the Irish bar in Jan. 1853, and went the Munster Circuit. Having determined to try his fortunes in Australia, he went to New South Wales, and was admitted to the bar there in June 1862. In Sept. 1868 he was called to the Legislative Council Having practised at the bar with success, he was made Q.C. in 1878. From Nov. 1881 to Jan. 1883 Sir Frederick was Vice-President of the Executive Council, and represented the Parkes Government in the Legislative Council. Upon the death of Sir James Martin in Nov. 1886 he was offered the position of Chief Justice; this he refused, whereupon Sir Julian Salomons was appointed to that office. On his resignation, however, before he was sworn in, the position was again pressed upon Sir Frederick, who finally accepted the office, and was knighted in April 1887. Sir Frederick was married at Hunsdon, Hertfordshire, England, on Dec. 13th, 1860, to Miss Lucy Forest Browne.

Darling, Sir Charles Henry, K.C.B., third Governor of Victoria, was the eldest son of Major-General Henry Charles Darling, Lieut.-Governor of Tobago from 1833 to 1845, by his marriage with the eldest daughter of Charles Cameron, Governor of the Bahamas. He was the nephew of Sir Ralph Darling, Governor of New South Wales from 1825 to 1831, and was born in Nova Scotia in 1809. He was educated at Sandhurst Military College, whence he obtained an ensign's commission without purchase in the 57th Regiment of Foot in Dec. 1825. In 1827 he was appointed assistant private secretary to his uncle, the then Governor of New South Wales, and in 1830 became his military secretary. When Sir Ralph Darling retired in 1831, his nephew re-entered the senior department of the Sandhurst Military College, and in 1833 was appointed on the staff of Sir Lionel Smith, whom he served as military secretary in the West Indies from 1833 to 1836, and in Jamaica from 1836 to 1839. Sir Charles Darling was made captain in 1839, and retired from the army in 1841. Two years later he was appointed by Lord Elgin, then Governor of Jamaica, Agent-General for Immigration and Adjutant-General of Militia on that island. Subsequently he was the Governor's secretary till 1847, when he was appointed Lieut.-Governor of St. Lucia, and in 1851 Lieut.-Governor of the Cape Colony during the temporary absence of Sir George Cathcart, on whose permanent departure he acted as administrator from May to Dec. 1854, during which period parliamentary government was established in the colony. Sir Charles Darling was then appointed Governor of Antigua and the Leeward Islands, but never took up the appointment, as on his return home he was sent to administer the government of Newfoundland, where he inaugurated responsible government, and acted as Governor until Feb. 1857, when he was appointed Governor of Jamaica. In 1863 he was nominated successor to Sir Henry Barkly as Governor of Victoria, and assumed office on Sept. 11th of that year. He unfortunately arrived on the eve of the most embittered crisis which ever disturbed the politics of the colony. The facts of "the deadlock," as it was called, will be found fully narrated in the notice of Sir James McCulloch, and need not be recapitulated here. Suffice it to say that Sir Charles Darling went heart and soul with his Ministry and the majority in the lower house in their contest with the upper chamber over the rejection of the Protectionist tariff both in its separate form, and as a "tack" to the Appropriation Bill of the year. A protest was sent home by the Legislative Council, and at the end of 1865 a petition was sent to the Queen protesting against the Governor's conduct, signed by twenty-two out of the forty-five executive councillors of the colony. In commenting on this petition in a despatch to Mr. Cardwell, the then Colonial Secretary, Sir Charles Darling made a fierce attack on the signatories, accusing them of "a treacherous conspiracy against the Governor" and intimating that but for liability to misapprehension he would "have suspended them all from office until her Majesty's pleasure was known." He then incautiously declared it " impossible that the relations between the petitioners and myself can, in the face of this conspiracy, be such as ought to subsist between the Governor and gentlemen holding the commission of an executive councillor, whether occupying or not responsible office; and it is at least to be hoped that the future course of political events may never designate any of them for the position of a confidential adviser of the Crown, since it is impossible their advice could be received with any other feelings than those of doubt and distrust." A little later, and a despatch was received from Mr. Cardwell plainly intimating that the Governor's conduct in assenting to the devices of his Ministry for obtaining money without the assent of Parliament had been inconsistent with the policy announced by himself of rigid adherence to the law. The despatch did not, however, go beyond censure. A second, received in April 1866, in reply to that of Sir Charles Darling above quoted, however, contained the mandate of dismissal, Mr. Cardwell pointing out with a cogency which it was impossible to dispute that Sir Charles Darling had precluded himself by his conduct from acting freely with those whom the course of parliamentary proceedings might present to him as confidential advisers. "It is your own act now," Mr. Cardwell insisted with merciless logic, "which leaves me no alternative. You force me to decide between yourself and the petitioners. It must be evident to yourself that you occupy a position of personal antagonism...It is impossible after this that you can with advantage continue to conduct the government of the colony." On the other hand, the Legislative Assembly passed a resolution asserting that the country was "greatly beholden to him for his steady adhesion to the principles" of responsible government. They further decided to vote a solatium of ?20,000 to Lady Darling by way of compensation to the Governor for his forfeiture of the pension which he would lose by his recall. Sir Charles Darling declined to permit any member of his family to receive a gift pending the signification of the Queen's pleasure. In the meantime, on May 5th, 1866, Sir Charles Darling left Victoria, a demonstration of his sympathisers being made on his departure. A vast crowd turned out to bid him farewell with every mark of respectful regret. On his arrival in England, Lord Carnarvon, who had replaced Mr. Cardwell, declined to allow him to accept the proffered gift, intimating that if he did so, he must not look for anything further at the hands of her Majesty's Government. Sir Charles took the hint, and resigned, and a series of rejections and "tacks" now ensued on the proposed vote of ?20,000 more insurmountable and irritating, if possible, than those which had arisen in reference to the tariff. Later on Sir Charles Darling made his peace with the Colonial Office, and withdrew his resignation, withdrawing also his acceptance of the much-debated gift The cause of contention between the Houses was thus removed, and almost immediately after came the news of Sir Charles Darling's death, whereupon the grant was "untacked," and an annuity for life of ?1,000 a year conferred on Lady Darling, together with a lump sum of ?5,000 for the education of her children. Sir Charles Darling, who was created K.C.B. in 1865, died at Cheltenham on Jan. 25th, 1870. He was thrice married, his third wife, who is still in receipt of the ?1,000 a year pension from Victoria, being Elizabeth Isabella Caroline, the only daughter of Christopher Salter, of Stoke Poges, Bucks, to whom he was married in 1851.

Darling, Hon. John, M.L.C., was member for West Adelaide in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia in 1870-1 and 1875-6, and for Yatala in 1878-81; and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Downer Ministry from June to Oct 1885. In May 1888 he was elected to the Legislative Council.

Darling, Lieut.-General Sir Ralph, G.C.B., seventh Governor of New South Wales, was the son of Christopher Darling, who was promoted from Sergeant-Major to the adjutancy of the 45th Foot in 1778, and was afterwards Quarter-Master of that regiment. Sir Ralph, who was born in 1775, was employed in the Custom House at Grenada. In May 1793 he was appointed Ensign in the 45th Foot, and was engaged in suppressing the negro insurrection in Grenada. In 1795 he became Lieutenant, and was Adjutant of the 15th Foot at Martinique, where, in August 1796, he was appointed Military Secretary to Sir Ralph Abercromby. After seeing a variety of service, he commanded a regiment at the battle of Gorunna, and was Deputy-Adjutant-General in the Walcheren expedition. He became brevet-Colonel in 1810, Major-General in 1813, and in 1815, when on the Horse Guards' staff, took the extraordinary step of writing to the Duke of Wellington, asking for a command in the army in Belgium. This elicited a characteristic reply from the Duke. He commanded the troops in Mauritius from 1818 to 1823, and in May 1825 was gazetted Lieut.-General. In the same year he was appointed to succeed Sir Thomas Brisbane as Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales and its dependencies. He was sworn in at Sydney on Dec. 19th, 1825. On his way out from England he called at Van Diemen's Land, which until then had been a dependency of New South Wales, and on Dec. 3rd proclaimed its independence as a separate colony. His first task on his arrival in Sydney was to re-organise the Civil Service, and he thus commenced by creating ill-feeling and discontent. According to Blair, he was precise and methodical, his habits being painfully careful, and exhibiting that sort of diligence which takes infinite trouble and anxiety over details to the neglect of larger and more important matters. He had not been long in the colony before he embroiled himself with the press, and became involved in mostly bootless prosecutions for libel. The Joint Stock Company mania came on the top of other troubles. A drought of three years ensued; a financial crash followed, the value of cattle falling from pounds to shillings. The Governor reduced the compulsory scale of rations issued to assigned servants in consequence of the scarcity, and of course became still more unpopular. The feeling against him was intensified by his conduct towards Sudds and Thompson, two soldiers who committed a theft in order, as they thought, to better their condition, which they regarded as worse than that of convicts. Darling subjected them to rigorous military punishment, and Sudds died in confinement whilst cruelly fettered. These circumstances produced immense excitement. Wentworth, the leader of the popular party, drew up an impeachment, which he caused to be formally delivered at Government House, and openly threatened never to lose sight of so great a criminal until he had brought him to justice. The case was repeatedly brought before the House of Commons; but it was not until 1835, four years after Darling's return to England, that a Committee of Inquiry was granted. When at length it was obtained (Mr. Gladstone being one of the members), the evidence for the prosecution fell through, and Darling was honourably acquitted. He was knighted soon afterwards, and in England public sympathy was entirely with him, though he was never again officially employed. After a prolonged struggle with Darling's military despotism, the colonists succeeded, in 1829, in securing the boon of trial by jury. Previously, military juries were the only tribunals before which all penal offences were tried. The Executive Council of New South Wales was enlarged, under Darling's rule, into a Legislative Council of fifteen members, but with secret proceedings. This body it was that granted trial by jury. A period of extreme depression, and almost universal bankruptcy, was succeeded by a period of prosperity, and during the last three or four year of Darling's rule the colony made rapid progress. The differences between the Governor and the principal colonists became so acrimonious, that in Dec 1827 he resigned his patronage of the Turf Club in consequence of some speeches which were made at a dinner given by the Club. In these, severe remarks were uttered in reference to the Governor's administration; and to crown the insult, when the Governor's health was drunk the musicians played the air, "Over the hills and far away." Darling was recalled from his administration of the colony, and embarked for England on Oct 21st, 1831, no demonstration, either of regret or joy, being made at his departure. Darling did not re-enter the Colonial service, but continued his military career, and became successively Colonel of the 90th, 41st, and 49th Regiments of Foot. He died at Brighton, England, on April 2nd, 1858. Sir Ralph Darling married Elizabeth, second daughter of Colonel John Dumaresque, and sister of Lieut.-Colonel Henry Dumaresque, Chief Commissioner of the Australian Agricultural Company in New South Wales.

Darrel, George, Australian actor, dramatist and manager, began his professional career with Simonson's Opera Company in New Zealand; but, on migrating to Melbourne, took to the regular dramatic profession, earning some distinction as a juvenile supporter of the once idolised Walter Montgomery. He married Mrs. Robert Hair (n?e Fanny Cathcart), the admirable trag?dienne, and subsequently visited professionally America and England, where, at the Grand Theatre, Islington, he produced his play The Sunny South. Mr. Darrel is the author of a number of Australian melodramas, including The Struggle for Freedom, Transported for Life, Book from the Grave, The Forlorn Hope, The Sunny South, The Squatter, The Soggarth, etc., and at least half a dozen dramatisations of popular novels. Mr. Darrel's first wife died some years ago at Melbourne, where she was held in great esteem; and he has since married a young actress belonging to one of his New Zealand companies, who has appeared in many of his more recent productions.

Darvall, Hon. Sir John Bayley, K.C.M.G., Q.C., M.A., was the second son of Captain E. Darvall of the 9th Dragoons, and was born at Nunnington Hall, Yorkshire, and educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1833, and was admitted to the degree of M.A. in 1837. He was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1838, and a year later went to New South Wales, where he practised at the bar till 1867, being made Q.C. in 1853. He was appointed a nominee member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales in 1844, and in 1848 was elected for Bathurst. He joined in the opposition to the measure conferring responsible government on New South Wales, owing to disapproval of Wentworth's scheme for a non-elective Upper House. In 1861 he was appointed a life member of the Legislative Council, but resigned his seat, and subsequently represented the electoral districts of West Maitland and Sydney in the Legislative Assembly. In April 1856 he was appointed a member of the Executive Council as one of the first responsible ministry, but did not assume office as Solicitor-General till the following June, and resigned with his colleagues in August. He was Solicitor-General in the Parker Ministry from Oct. 1856 to May 1857, and Attorney-General from May to Sept. 1857. He held the same post under Mr. (afterwards Sir) Charles Cowper from August to Oct. 1863, and from Feb. to June 1865. In 1850 Sir John Darvall was appointed a member of the first Senate of the University of Sydney, and in the next year refused a judgeship in Victoria. He was a strenuous opponent of the separation of Queensland from New South Wales in 1859-60. In 1867 he returned to England, and was created C.M.G. in 1869 and K.C.M.G. in 1877. He died in London on Dec. 28th, 1883.

Davenport, Sir Samuel, K.C.M.G., LL.D., J.P., fourth son of George Davenport, banker, Oxford, and of Great Wigston, co. Leicester, by Jane Devereux, his wife, daughter of Joseph Davies, of Mineweare, co. Pembroke, was born at Shirburn, Oxfordshire, on March 5th, 1818, and came to South Australia in 1842, whither his elder brother, George Francis Davenport, had preceded him. He was appointed one of the four nominee members of the Legislative Council on May 5th, 1846, and was a nominated non-official member of the enlarged Legislative Council when the Constitution Act was passed (Jan. 2nd, 1856), but resigned on August 19th, 1856. He was an elected member of the new Council from March 9th, 1857, to August 30th, 1866, when he resigned. Sir Samuel was Commissioner of Public Works in the first ministry formed after the concession of responsible government, and acted as its representative in the Legislative Council from March 20th, 1857, to August 21st in the same year. He resumed office as Commissioner of Public Works in Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. Torrens' Ministry, Sept. 1st to Sept. 30th, 1857. He was Executive Commissioner for South Australia at the International Exhibitions held in London in 1851, Philadelphia in 1876, Sydney in 1879, Melbourne in 1880. He was knighted in 1884, and was President of the South Australian Commission to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held at South Kensington in 1886. For his services at the latter he was created K.C.M.G., and received the honorary degree of LL.D. from Cambridge University. He was Executive Commissioner and Trustee of the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition in 1887, and a member of the South Australian Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888. He married, on June 1st, 1842, Margaret Frazer, only daughter of William Lennox Cleland, barrister, Calcutta, and his wife Harriett Erekine Fullerton. Sir Samuel is President of the South Australian branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. In June 1891 he was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Legislative Council.

Davidson, Rev. John, was born at Burntisland, Scotland, in 1834, and educated for the ministry. Having gained a considerable repute as a preacher, he was invited to assume the pastorate of Chalmers Church, Adelaide. Accepting the call, he arrived in South Australia in June 1870, and was connected with Chalmers Church till 1877, when he associated himself with the Adelaide Union College. When Sir W. W. Hughes agreed to endow the Adelaide University with ?20,000 for two professorships, he stipulated that Mr. Davidson should fill the first chair of English Language and Literature and Mental and Moral Philosophy. Accordingly, when the University was constituted, in 1874, Mr. Davidson assumed the duties of the position. He died on July 22nd, 1881, leaving a widow, the daughter of the late Hugh Miller the famous Scotch geologist and writer. Mrs. Davidson, who died at Adelaide in Dec. 1883, was the author of "Isabel Jardine's History" (1867), "Christian Osborn's Friends" (1869), and contributed to the Adelaide newspapers and Chambers's Journal.

Davidson, William Montgomery Davenport, J.P., Surveyor-General, Queensland, was born at Richmond, Surrey, in 1830. He was educated at the Moravian School in Yorkshire, and afterwards at the Stockwell Grammar School, which is connected with King's College, London. Mr. Davidson then went to the College of Civil Engineers, where he took his diploma. He left England for Tasmania in 1852, going over to Victoria the same year. He returned to Tasmania in 1854, and was appointed Inspecting Surveyor for the southern part of the island. In response to an invitation from Mr. A. C. Gregory, who was then Surveyor-General, he went to Queensland in 1861, and was appointed Staff Surveyor. In 1868 he became District Surveyor, a position he held until June 1st, 1875, when he accepted the post of Deputy-Surveyor-General. In Dec. 1889, on the resignation of Mr. Tully, Mr. Davidson exchanged this position for that of Surveyor-General. He is a J.P. for Queensland.

Davies, Hon. David Mortimer, M.L.A., was born at Blains, Monmouthshire, Wales, and was educated for the ministry at the Brecon Independent College, in that principality, but, his views having undergone a change in regard to some important religious doctrines, he resigned his charge, and entered on agricultural pursuits. He emigrated to South Australia, arriving at Adelaide in 1866, and removed thence to Ballarat, in Victoria, the next year, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits, in the Buninyong district. Mr. Davies was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for Grenville in 1877, and still represents the constituency. He is a strong Liberal and Protectionist, and was Government whip during the Berry r?gime. In Oct. 1887 he joined the Gillies-Deakin Cabinet, but held no portfolio till June 1889, when he became Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works. From June to Nov. 1890 he was Minister of Mines in the same Government, resigning with his colleagues at the latter date.

Davies, Hon. John, C.M.G., M.L.C., J.P., son of the late John Davies, of New South Wales, was born in Sydney on March 2nd, 1839. Starting in business as an ironmonger and general blacksmith, he commenced to take an active part in politics on the Liberal side as soon as he was of age, and in Dec. 1874 he was returned to the Assembly for East Sydney, which constituency he continued to represent until his appointment to the Legislative Council in Dec. 1887. He was Postmaster-General in the John Robertson Government from August to Dec. 1877. Mr. Davies was acting British Commissioner at the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879, and was created C.M.G. in the following year, when he was a Commissioner for New South Wales to the Melbourne International Exhibition; as also for the Amsterdam Exhibition in 1882, and the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. Mr. Davies, who was President of the Royal Commission on Friendly Societies, married, in 1861, Miss Elizabeth Eaton.

Davies, Hon. John Mark, M.L.C., ex-Minister of Justice, Victoria, is the son of the late Ebenezer Davies by his marriage with Ruth, daughter of Mark Bartlett, of Bracknell, Berks, and elder brother of the Hon. Sir Matthew H. Davies (q.v.). He has been in practice in Melbourne as a solicitor since 1863, and was elected to the Legislative Council for the South Yarra Province in 1889. On the formation of the Munro Government in Nov. 1890, Mr. Davies accepted the position of Minister of Justice, and was sworn of the Executive Council. Twelve months later he resigned, owing to inability to support the one man one vote policy of the Cabinet. He, however, resumed office when the measure was dropped, but finally retired in Feb. 1892, when the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels.

Davies, Hon. Sir Matthew Henry, M.L.A., ex-Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Victoria, is the son of Ebenezer Davies and Ruth his wife, daughter of Mark Bartlett, of Bracknell, Berks, England, and grandson of the Rev. John Davies, of Trevecca College, South Wales. He was born at Geelong in 1850, and educated at the Geelong College, and matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1869. He was admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1875, and married Elizabeth Locke, eldest daughter of the Rev. Peter Mercer, D.D., of Melbourne, Presbyterian minister. For five years he was hon. secretary to the Council of the Law Institute of Victoria, and is a J.P. for the central bailiwick. He was mayor of the city of Prahran in 1881-2; represented the electoral district of St. Kilda in the Legislative Assembly from 1883 to 1888; was a member of the Royal Commission on Transfer of Land and Titles to Land in 1885; was sworn of the Executive Council in Feb. 1886, and held a portfolio in the Gillies-Deakin Government as a Minister without responsible office from that date till Oct. 1887. Sir Matthew visited England in connection with the Colonial and Indian Exhibition while a member of the Victorian Government, 1886-7. He was Chairman of the Royal Commission on Banking in 1887, and was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in Oct. 1887. He was Chairman of the Royal Commission on the Electric Lighting and Ventilation of the Parliament Houses in 1888; Executive Commissioner and a Vice-President of the Centennial International Exhibition, held in Melbourne in 1888; was returned unopposed for the electoral district of Toorak in 1889, and unanimously re-elected Speaker in the same year. He was knighted in 1890, and he gave the munificent sum of ?10,000 to the Imperial Institute and other public objects in the Jubilee year of the Queen's reign. Sir Matthew Davies held the Speakership up to the General Election in April 1892, when he retired from Parliament.

Davies, Rowland Lyttleton Archer, son of Ven. Rowland Robert Davies, at one time Colonial Chaplain of Tasmania, and subsequently Archdeacon of Hobart (who came of a Mallow family, and died in 1880), was born at Longford, Tas., on March 28th, 1837. He was sent to England for his education, and returned to Tasmania in 1859. Mr. Davies, who at a very early period cultivated the belles lettres, married in Jan. 1875, and died on July 11th, 1881. After his death a selection from his literary productions was published, under the editorship of his English tutor: "Poems and other Literary Remains," edited, with biographical sketch, by Charles Tomlinson, F.R.S. (Stanford, 1884).

Davis, Hon. George, M.L.C., Minister of Defence, Victoria, emigrated to that colony at an early age, and took a prominent part in municipal affairs in Emerald Hill, one of the suburbs of Melbourne. Subsequently he removed to Gippsland and embraced pastoral pursuits, taking a keen interest in horse-breeding and racing. Having unsuccessfully contested the North Gippsland electorate, he was returned to the Upper House for the Gippsland province in Sept. 1888. When the Munro Government was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels, Mr. Davis, who is looked on as one of the leaders of the country party in Parliament, accepted a position in the Cabinet, and was sworn in as Minister of Defence in March 1892.

Davis, James Davidson, is deserving of mention as the author of the first "Bibliography of New Zealand" (Lyon & Blair, Wellington, N.Z.). It is admirably compiled and annotated, affording evidence of painstaking research and scholarly tastes. Mr. Davis was a native of Hastings, England, and emigrated for the benefit of his health. He obtained an appointment on the staff of the Auckland Star and entered as a student of the University College of that city. Consumption, however, cut off a promising career in 1887. Mr. Davis was author of a brochure upon "Social Life in England in the Sixteenth Century."

Davy, Edward, son of Thomas Davy, a surgeon practising at Ottery St. Mary, Devonshire, and Elizabeth (Boutflower) his wife, was born at Ottery on June 16th, 1806, and was brought up to the medical profession, becoming M.R.C.S. in 1829. Having been deceived into buying a chemist's business in the Strand, London, under the idea that he was purchasing a medical practice, he made the best of his disappointment, and traded as an operative chemist under the style of "Davy & Co.," dealing mostly in scientific apparatus of his own invention, such as "Davy's blowpipe" and "improved mercurial trough." He also patented "Davy's diamond cement," for mending glass and china. In 1836 he published "An Experimental Guide to Chemistry". He also commenced experiments in electric telegraphy, which entitle him to be regarded as one of the pioneers of the science, inventing the "relay," or, as he called it, the "electric renewer." In 1836 he issued "Outline of a New Plan of Telegraphic Communication." The next year he laid down a mile of copper wire around the inner circle of Regent's Park, by means of which many successful results were developed. In May of this year he opposed the grant of a patent to his rivals, Cooke and Wheatstone, but failed in the attempt. In 1837, too, a working model of his improved apparatus was shown at the Belgrave Institution and at Exeter Hall, where his invention of the needle telegraph excited much attention. In 1838, despite much opposition, he succeeded in patenting his "electro-chemical recording telegraph." Fortune and fame seemed now to await him, but he chose this very juncture to go to Australia as medical superintendent of an emigrant ship, sailing on April 15th, 1839. During his absence his schemes collapsed, and his invention being bought up by the old Electric Telegraph Company, was quietly allowed to drop. In Australia Mr. Davy started farming and then turned to journalism, contributing to the Melbourne Argus from 1843 to 1845, and was then engaged as editor of the Adelaide Examiner. From 1848 to 1851 he managed some smelting works at Yatala, in South Australia. He took charge of the Government Assay Office in Adelaide in 1852, and was then tempted away to Melbourne to take charge of a similar establishment, where he was paid ?1,500 a year. The latter engagement only lasted from July 1853 to Dec. 1854, when the post was abolished in a fit of Government economy. He again tried farming, but could not make it pay. He then reverted to his original calling, and practised as a surgeon at Malmesbury, in Victoria. At the close of his career the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians made him an honorary member (Nov. 1884). He died on Jan. 27th, 1885, at Malmesbury. Justice was done to him in his lifetime by Mr. Fahie; and since his death his nephew, H. Davy, M.D., has published a memoir of him.

Dawes, Right Rev. Nathaniel, M.A., Coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane, was born on July 24th, 1843. He was educated at Montpelier College, Brighton, and St. Alban Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. (3rd class in theology) in 1872, and M.A. in 1875. He was ordained deacon in 1871 and priest in 1872, and was curate of St. Peter's, Vauxhall, from 1871 to 1877; evening lecturer at St. Leonard's, Streatham, from 1874 to 1877; vicar of St Mary's, Charterhouse, from 1877 to 1886, in which year he went to Australia, and acted as rector of St Andrew's, in South Brisbane, and Archdeacon of that city. He was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of Brisbane in Sydney on May 1st, 1889, by the Primate, Dr. Barry, being the first bishop consecrated in Australia.

Dawson, James, was born at Bonnytown, Linlithgow, Scotland, and arrived in Melbourne, Vict., in May 1840. He took up a station on the Yarra, but after three or four years removed to the Port Fairy district, where he continued squatting. He is author of "Australian Aborigines," published in 1881 (Robertson, Melbourne).

Day, William Henry, is the son of the late Captain John Day, 49th Regiment, by Emily, only daughter of Jan Caspar Hartsinck. Mr. Day, who is a brother of Mr. Justice Day, was born on May 13th, 1828, and educated at St. Gregory's College, Downside, Bath. In Dec. 1854 he arrived in Melbourne, and went to Queensland in the following year. From 1859 to 1862 he was a clerk in the Colonial Secretary's office, and afterwards clerk of Petty Sessions until 1874, when he was appointed Acting Police Magistrate. In 1883 he received the appointment of Water Police Magistrate, and also became Second Police Magistrate in 1884. He was a member of the Education Board when it was first established, and has been Police Magistrate of South Brisbane since 1888. He married Margaret Ellen, only daughter of the late Captain Tom Buttanshaaw, R.N., a pioneer colonist; and Mrs. Henry Day has contributed in prose and verse to various Queensland papers.

Deakin, Hon. Alfred, M.L.A., J.P., ex-Chief Secretary of Victoria, is the son of William Deakin, a well-known coach proprietor in the early days of the colony, and an emigrant from England, his mother being the daughter of a farmer in Monmouthshire. He was born at Fitzroy, Melbourne, on August 3rd, 1856, and educated at the Church of England Grammar School, under Dr. Bromby, and at the Melbourne University, but did not graduate. He was called to the Victorian bar in 1877, and adopted the profession of journalism, being connected with the editorial department of the Melbourne Age and Leader from 1878. He was elected to the Assembly for West Bourke in Feb. 1879, as a supporter of the second Berry Ministry, defeating Mr. R. Harper by fifty-six votes. There was one drawback to this gratifying success, that at Newham, an inconsiderable polling place, a complete poll was not taken. The result could not in any case have been altered, as if all the votes bad gone to his adversary they would not have exceeded at the outside thirty. Still, Mr. Deakin felt it a matter of principle, as a Liberal, that a full ballot should be taken; and so, after taking his seat and moving the address in reply to the Vice-regal speech when the House met in July, he, without any consultation with supporters or opponents, resigned his seat, much to the chagrin of a good many of the former, who thought his conduct Quixotic. At the election which ensued he again had Mr. Harper as an opponent, and after one of the severest contests on record was defeated by fifteen votes on a total poll of 4000. The strain had been so severe that, in order to recruit his health, Mr. Deakin went on a trip of some months to Fiji and the South Sea Islands. On his return he recurred to politics, and at the general election in Feb. 1880 again stood for West Bourke; but although he polled a larger vote he was thirteen behind Messrs. Harper and Stoughton. Five months later, Mr. Service, who had succeeded Mr. Berry, was beaten on his Reform Bill, and appealed to the country, when Mr. Deakin once more wooed the suffrages of West Bourke; this being the fourth time within eighteen months. On this occasion he was returned at the head of the poll along with Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, and continued to represent the district until 1889, when he was returned for Essendon and Flemington. Mr. Deakin married Pattie, eldest daughter of Hugh Junor Browne of Melbourne, on April 3rd, 1882. He was Commissioner of Public Works from March 8th to Nov. 13th, 1883; Commissioner of Water Supply from March 8th, 1883, to Feb. 18th, 1886, and Solicitor-General from Nov. 13th, 1883, to April 23rd, 1884, in the Service-Berry Coalition Government. In 1883 he carried an amending Water Conservation Act, which was the first measure passed in Australia providing for public irrigation on a large scale, and became President of the Royal Commission on Irrigation and Water Supply. In the latter capacity be visited America, with the view of investigating the various systems of irrigation in force in that country, and on his return prepared a report, of which 10,000 copies were, at the request of agricultural societies, distributed throughout the colony, and the recommendations of which have been endorsed by some of the highest authorities in England and elsewhere. In the same year Mr. Deakin became sponsor for another ameliorative measure, which, though mainly based upon the provisions of the English Factory Acts, is in some respects greatly ahead of them in providing for the effective protection of women and children. Towards the end of 1885 the Coalition Government was dissolved by the resignations of Messrs. Service, Berry, and Kerferd. Mr. Deakin was then, by a unanimous choice, elected to succeed Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry, who went home as Agent-General, in the leadership of the Liberal Party. In this capacity he formed a junction with Mr. Gillies' following, assuming (Feb. 18th, 1886) the post of Chief Secretary and Commissioner of Water Supply in that gentleman's cabinet. The new Government, in the absence of contentious topics, went to the country on Mr. Deakin's irrigation policy, which was endorsed by a decisive majority. In view of this result, Mr. Deakin, in June 1886, submitted to the Assembly a measure which, in addition to an alteration of the law of riparian rights, provided for the carrying out of a national system of irrigation, under which the Government were to construct head works, the task of distribution being allotted to the local bodies, who were ultimately to be reimbursed by the private beneficiaries, and in their turn to reimburse the central Government. The measure was adopted in its main features, and a loan floated to effectuate its provisions, which have been largely availed of in various parts of the colony. Perhaps the most important outcome of the irrigation policy launched under Mr. Deakin's auspices was the arrangement entered into with Messrs. Chaffey Brothers for the sale to them of 250,000 acres on the Murray frontage at Mildura for the formation of an irrigation settlement. Mr. Deakin was senior delegate for Victoria to the Colonial Conference held in London in 1887, and took a prominent and successful part in its proceedings; he, however, declined the honour of knighthood (K.C.M.G.) which was offered him during its sittings. Mr. Deakin visited Egypt and Italy, and wrote a second report on irrigation. He was Victorian delegate to the Chinese Conference in 1888, member of the Federal Council, session 1889, and was one of the two delegates of Victoria to the Federation Conference in Melbourne in 1890; being also one of the seven delegates of the colony to the Federation Convention of 1891. Mr. Deakin was appointed First Minister of Health in 1890 and Solicitor-General, taking the place of the Hon. H. J. Wrixon, Attorney-General, during his absence in England in that year. Mr. Deakin resigned office in Oct. 1890 along with the rest of his colleagues, and was joint leader of the Opposition until the dissolution in April 1892, prior to which he had intimated his intention to take up an independent r?le, apart from any party trammels. Mr. Deakin is now devoting the major part of his attention to the practice of his profession, and was leading counsel for the defence in the Deeming murder trial in April 1892. He visited India to study its irrigation systems in 1891.

De Boos, Charles, was born in London on May 24th, 1819, and educated at Addiscombe. He served in the British Legion during the Carlist war in Spain from 1835 to 1837, and emigrated to Australia in 1839. Having been Government shorthand writer in Victoria from 1851 to 1856, he became connected with the press, and removed to Sydney. Mr. De Boos was the author of numerous works, and was appointed Warden of the New South Wales Goldfields in Dec. 1874. He afterwards retired on a pension.

Deering, Samuel, J. P., Assistant Agent-General for South Australia, son of the late William Deering, of Gravesend, Kent, was born at Andover, Hants, on Oct. 11th, 1835. He was clerk in the Census Office, London, in 1851, and emigrated to South Australia, arriving at Adelaide on Sept. 1st, 1853. He has held the following appointments under the South Australian Government: clerk in the Audit Office, 1855; chief clerk, 1859; clerk of Executive Council, 1863; aide-de-camp to Sir D. Daly, Governor-in-Chief, 1867; captain Volunteer Military Staff, 1867; aide-de-camp to the Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, Bart., Governor of South Australia, 1869; also clerk to the Court of Appeals, Jan. 1869; resigned the foregoing appointments on being made Secretary to the Attorney-General, July 1869; secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Nov. 1870; a magistrate of the Province, Feb. 1874; a commissioner in London for taking affidavits in the Supreme Court of South Australia, August 1874 ; and was appointed Assistant Agent-General and Assistant Emigration Agent in London in August 1874. Mr. Deering acted as Secretary to the Adelaide Commission for the Melbourne Exhibition of 1866-7, and for the Paris Universal Exhibition of 1867. He was a member of the Commission in London for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition of 1887, and was acting Agent-General for South Australia from June 1891 to Feb. 1892, whilst Sir Arthur Blyth was disabled by illness and pending the arrival of Sir John Bray, after the former's death.

Deffell, George Hibbert, M.A., third son of John Henry Deffell, of London, was educated at Harrow and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took his M.A. degree. He entered at the Inner Temple in Jan. 1839, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1846. He was appointed Commissioner of the Court of Claims in New South Wales in 1856, Master in Equity of the Supreme Court of that colony in 1857, and Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Estates in July 1865. In 1888 he was appointed Judge in Bankruptcy, and Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He retired from the bench in the following year.

Deighton, Edward, J. P., was appointed Under Secretary of the Works and Mines Department of Queensland in Jan. 1877, and held the post till Dec. 1888, when he retired on a pension.

de Labilliere, Francis Peter, is of Huguenot origin, his family having occupied a prominent position amongst the nobility of Languedoc as far back as the thirteenth century. Capt. Peter de Labilliere, who was naturalised by Act of Parliament in 1701, served under William III. in Ireland and the Netherlands, and in the British army in Spain. His grandson, Peter de Labilliere, emigrated to Port Phillip in 1839, taking with him his son, Charles Edgar, the father of the subject of the present notice, by his marriage with Miss Hannah Balle, which was solemnised at St. Mark's, Dublin, July 4th, 1839. They made the voyage by the Westminster, the second ship which sailed from England direct for Port Phillip, and landed in Melbourne in Dec. 1839. Mr. Charles Edgar de Labilliere engaged in pastoral pursuits at Tallook Yale, near Bacchus Marsh, and died in London on Nov. 2nd, 1870. The subject of this notice, who was his only son, was born in Melbourne on August 13th, 1840, went to England with his father in 1859; entered at the Middle Temple on Nov. 7th, 1860; called to the bar on June 6th, 1863; married at St. Saviour's, Paddington, on Oct. 9th, 1867, Adelaide, eldest daughter of the late Rev. Edward Ravenshaw, rector of West Rington, Wilts. He has always taken a deep interest in the relations of the mother country and the colonies, and was one of the very earliest advocates of Imperial Federation, developing his views on the question in a succession of papers, the first at the Social Science Congress at Bristol, in 1869, on "The Future Relations of England and her Colonies"; the second at the Colonial Conference, Westminster Palace Hotel, in 1871, of which he was hon. secretary, on "Imperial and Colonial Federalism"; the two next before the Royal Colonial Institute, in 1875 on "The Permanent Unity of the Empire"; and in 1881 on "The Political Organisation of the Empire." He again opened the question before the Social Science Congress at Birmingham, in 1884, and before the conference arranged by the Royal Colonial Institute at the Colonial Exhibition of 1886. He also combated the views of Mr. Goldwin Smith and other advocates of disintegration, in an article on "The Contraction of England, and its Advocates," in the National Review, in 1884. In that year also, on his suggestion, the first steps were taken to found the Imperial Federation League, he being hon. secretary to the provisional committee, and afterwards, jointly with Mr. Arnold Forster, to the League, on its establishment. From 1874 to 1881, as a member of the council of the Royal Colonial Institute, he assisted Sir Fred. Young in the honorary secretarial work of the society before it was in a position to maintain a paid staff. As appears by the correspondence laid before Parliament in 1876, he was the first to suggest the annexation of Eastern New Guinea, in a long letter addressed in 1874 to the Secretary of State for the Colonies, a copy of which was sent, with a covering despatch, by the late Earl of Carnarvon to each of the governors of the Australian colonies. In 1878 his "Early History of the Colony of Victoria" appeared, in two volumes. It corrected the previously received date of the discovery of Port Phillip Bay, and brought to light many facts and documents which had been forgotten, or never before made public. Mr. de Labilliere resides at Harrow.

Deniehy, Daniel Henry, a brilliant but eccentric litt?rateur and publicist, was the son of Daniel Henry Deniehy, and was born in Kent Street, Sydney, N.S.W., in 1828. Having been educated at a private school and at the old Sydney College, he continued his reading in French and Italian literature. In his fifteenth year his parents took him to England with the intention of placing him at college at Oxford; but his age and diminutive appearance prevented his immediate reception, and he was left in charge of a tutor, with whom he read classics for some months. Weary of his isolation, he visited his relatives in Ireland, and became acquainted with some of the leading members of the Young Ireland party, in whose enthusiasm he participated. On his return to Sydney he became articled clerk to Mr. N. D. Stenhouse, a man of great literary acquirements and generosity of disposition. During the time of his clerkship Deniehy contributed sketches, verses, and criticisms to various newspapers, all of which were received with favour on account of their freshness and vigour of style. At this period he was an unwearied student of the best authors both English and foreign, and in 1853 he delivered a series of lectures on modern literature at the Sydney School of Arts. He also met with popular acceptance as a speaker on the great political topic of the day, the Constitution Bill. In 1856 he was returned to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for Argyle, and soon gained a reputation for debating power. He was returned by the electors of East Macquarie in 1858, and kept his seat till after the passing of the Reform Bill in the following year, when he voluntarily withdrew from public life. During his Parliamentary career he invariably took the Liberal side, and was one of the authors of the selection clauses of the Robertson Land Bill, which is regarded as the Magna Charta of agricultural settlement in New South Wales. Meantime he practised at Goulburn as an attorney, but the time he devoted to his Parliamentary duties seriously interfered with his business. In 1858 he returned to Sydney and devoted himself to literature, contributing essays, critical and aesthetical, to the newspapers. In 1860 he became one of the founders of the Southern Cross, to which he contributed brilliant papers on some of the most distinguished writers of the century. On the invitation of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy and others in Victoria, he went in 1862 to Melbourne, where for nearly two years he edited the Victorian newspaper, a Roman Catholic organ, which has been asserted to be one of the most vigorously written political journals ever published in Australia. It succumbed, however, to bad management, and Deniehy returned to Sydney broken in health and hopes. He contributed admirable critical essays to the Sydney Morning Herald at this time (1864-65). In the latter year, acting on the advice of his friends, he removed to Bathurst, N.S.W., where he renewed the practice of his profession, but under depressing circumstances. He died in the hospital of that city on Oct. 22nd, 1865. Deniehy married in 1855 Adelaide Eliza, only daughter of John Cassima Hoalls, of Kellsthorpe, Notts, England, and grand-niece of Lord Gough. This lady, who survived him, was disinherited by her father for what he regarded as an unsuitable alliance, contracted without his consent. In 1884 the "Life and Speeches of Deniehy" were edited by E. A. Martin and published by George Robertson, of Melbourne and Sydney.

Denison, Major-General Sir William Thomas, R.E., K.C.B., successively Governor of Tasmania and of New South Wales, was the son of John Denison (formerly Wilkinson), of Ossington, Notts, who succeeded to the fortune made by his uncles as manufacturers in Leeds, and was for nine years a member of the House of Commons. Three of Sir William Denison's brothers rose to eminence, viz., John Evelyn, who, after being Speaker of the House of Commons, was created Viscount Ossington; Edward, who became Bishop of Salisbury; and George Anthony, the well-known Archdeacon of Taunton. Sir William, who was born in 1804, and was educated at Eton and Woolwich, entered the Royal Engineers, of which he ultimately became colonel, in 1826. In Oct. 1846 he was appointed to succeed Sir J. Eardley Wilmot as Governor of Van Diemen's Land, where he arrived in Jan. 1847. He entered on his administration under many difficulties, the bequest of his predecessor, and his reception by the colonists was not enthusiastic. Sir William Denison had had much experience of public works in England, and the object of Mr. Gladstone, the then Colonial Secretary, in sending him to Van Diemen's Land was the better disposal of the labour and the more effectual control of the prisoners; and throughout his whole period of rule he held to his instructions on these points as the sole obligation binding on him. He attempted an amicable adjustment of the claims of the Legislative Councillors, including both those appointed by his predecessor, and also the "Patriotic Six" whom Sir J. Eardley Wilmot had dismissed. Out of the whole body it was left to his discretion to select six for his own council, which was then a purely nominated body. The whole number of the existing councillors were summoned to Government House to hear the English Minister's decision, and were requested to decide among themselves who should be the half-dozen to be retained. Mutual recriminations, however, arose, and knotty points of law were raised; so that in the end Sir William Denison adjourned the Council to await special instructions from Downing Street or a royal warrant making a fresh and final nomination. The latter was only despatched from England in July. Thus during 1847 there was no Legislature sitting; but at length the Gazette announced that the Queen had reinstated the "Patriotic Six," which was regarded as a great popular triumph. Sir William Denison's next trouble was a quarrel with the judges of the Supreme Court respecting the differential duties on which a revenue of ?20,000 depended, and which the judges declared to be illegal There was also a dispute over the "Dog Act," which they declared void. The Governor, determined to resist their flat, removed a judge (Montagu) against whom there were charges of personal misconduct. The Governor also recommended the Chief Justice (Pedder) to take leave of absence; but this he firmly refused to do, and was strongly backed by public opinion in this course. The next step of the Governor was to carry through the Council a Doubts Bill which set aside the ruling of the judges, and bound them to accept as law any ordinance which they did not declare to be repugnant to the Constitution or British law within fourteen days. For his conduct in these matters Sir William Denison was censured by the Home Government; but the removal of Judge Montagu from the Bench was confirmed. The struggle for constitutional government was earnestly carried on for years by the colonists, and at length the boon was gained and was cordially welcomed. It curtailed considerably the power of the Governor. The great anti-transportation struggle succeeded, and Denison took strongly the side opposed to the popular sentiment of the Australian colonies. This imprudent step involved him in years of trouble and angry contention, in the course of which his reputation for justice and fair dealing suffered severely. "His opposition to the colonial will on the subject," says West, "his injustice to the judges, and his sarcastic delineations of colonial character narrowed the circle of his friends." In 1855, after the battle of the League had been fought and won, Denison was transferred to New South Wales, with the title of Governor-General of Australia. His rule in the mother colony was free from any serious political complications, and he personally promoted many public works of a useful character, as indeed he had done in Tasmania. The fortifications of Sydney were planned by him, and bear his name. He was appointed Governor of Madras in 1861. On the death of Lord Elgin he acted as Governor-General of India pending the arrival of Sir John (afterwards Lord) Lawrence. In 1866, his term of rule having expired, he retired into private life, and died in England on Jan. 19th, 1871. He gave to the world his experiences as a governor in two volumes, bearing the title of "Varieties of Viceregal Life." Sir William married in 1838 Caroline Lucy, daughter of the late Admiral Sir Phipps Hornby, K.C.B. He was promoted to be major-general, and was created K.C.B. in 1856. Despite the personal opprobrium under which Sir William Denison laboured during the major portion of his rule in Van Diemen's Land, the colonists on his leaving presented him with ?2000 for the purchase of plate, which, after a long correspondence with Downing Street, the Colonial Office authorities ultimately permitted him to accept, contrary to the usual precedent. Sir William deserves credit for the care which characterised his initiation of responsible government in New South Wales and for the conscientiousness which marked his nominations to the Upper Chamber when the bicameral system was instituted. In 1857, when the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of New South Wales, he drew up an excellent code of government for the descendants of the mutineers of the Bounty. He also gave good advice to Governor Gore Browne, of New Zealand, which, had it been followed, might have prevented the war commenced at Waitara. Writing on the subject to Sir Roderick Murchison in 1860, he gave it as his opinion that the "treatment of the natives by the whites had been such as would naturally induce the conduct which was designated rebellion," and added, "To tell you the truth, I believe it was intended that such should be the result." In New South Wales, even after the inauguration of responsible government, he allowed himself no inconsiderable discretion in dealing with the advice tendered to him by his Ministers. In 1858 he would not allow the Upper House to be "swamped". When urged by Mr. Cowper, as Mr. Rusden narrates, to dissolve the Legislative Assembly in 1860 and to allow the public payments to be met by payments unwarranted by law, he declared that after a certain date he would sanction no disbursements unauthorised by regular Appropriation Acts. When, after correspondence about the issue of a Crown grant (promised long before by a previous Governor), he received instructions to issue it, and Mr. Cowper (then Colonial Secretary in the Robertson Ministry) refused to affix the public seal, the resolute Governor desired the Secretary to hand the seal to him, and with his own hand sealed the grant The Ministry resigned in consequence, but immediately reconstructed themselves under Cowper; and a vote of censure on the Governor mooted in the Assembly after his departure to Madras was shelved by the passing of the previous question. Sir William Denison's "Varieties of Viceregal Life" was published in London in 1870.

Denniston, His Honour John Edward, Puisne Judge, New Zealand, is the eldest son of Thomas Denniston, of Invercargill, N.Z., by his marriage with Helen French, daughter of the late Gabriel Walker, of Glasgow. He was born in 1845 and educated at Greenock Academy, Blair Lodge, and at Glasgow University Returning to New Zealand, he was admitted to the Bar there in 1874, and appointed a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of that colony in Feb. 1889. He married in 1877 Mary Helen, daughter of the late Hon. John Bathgate, M.L.C.

De Quincey, Lieut.-Col. Paul Frederick, son of Thomas de Quincey, the great English writer, was born at Grasmere, Westmoreland, on Nov. 26th, 1828, and was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and at the Lasswade School, near that city. He entered the army in 1845 as ensign in the 70th Regiment, and served with distinction in India from 1846 to 1860, when, having become successively captain and major of brigade on the permanent staff of the Bengal Presidency, he was ordered with his old regiment, which he had rejoined after serving with several others, for active service in New Zealand. Colonel de Quincey arrived in that colony in May 1861, served there for a time, commanded the 1st Company Transport Corps, and then rejoined his regiment; but seeing no prospect of returning to India without sacrificing his position, sold out, and turned his attention to farming, with the unsatisfactory results usually experienced by military men. In 1863, the war breaking out, and the Auckland Militia being called out for active service, he was appointed to the command of the left wing of the 3rd Battalion Artillery, with a captain's commission and without pay, and embodied it on those terms. Major-General Galloway, under whom he had served in India, on being appointed to the command of the colonial forces selected Captain de Quincey as his military secretary, to which appointment he was gazetted with the rank of major, and soon afterwards he was gazetted to a lieutenant-colonelcy. On General Galloway leaving the colony in 1864, he was succeeded in the command by Colonel Haultain, Lieut.-Col. de Quincey continuing as military secretary. Subsequent to the termination of the war in the Auckland province, he lived principally in the country till the year 1889, when, the office of Serjeant-at-Arms of the House of Representatives having become vacant, the appointment was conferred on him by the Speaker.

Derham, Hon. Frederick Thomas, ex-Postmaster-General, Victoria, son of Thomas Plumley Derham and Sarah his wife, is a native of Bristol, England, was born on Jan. 8th, 1844, and arrived in Victoria in 1856. He is a member of the well-known firm of Swallow & Derham, formerly Swallow & Ariell, biscuit manufacturers, and was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly for Sandridge, now Port Melbourne, in Feb. 1883, being re-elected at the general elections in Feb. 1886 and March 1889. He was sworn of the Executive Council on Feb. 20th, 1886, on his accepting the office of Postmaster-General in the Gillies-Deakin Government—a post which he held till August 1890, when he resigned. Whilst at the head of the Victorian Post Office he was instrumental in introducing a number of valuable reforms. Mr. Derham married Miss Frances D. Swallow. At the general election in April 1892 Mr. Derham was defeated at Port Melbourne, and is now out of Parliament.

Derrington, Edwin Henry, was member for Victoria in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia in 1872-3, and unsuccessfully contested Gumeracha in 1887. He was Commissioner of Crown Lands in the Ayers Ministry from Jan. to March 1872. Mr. Derrington was born in Birmingham, England, and for many years was connected with journalism in Victoria and South Australia. He resides at Kensington, S.A.

Deshon, Edward, Auditor-General, Queensland, was born at Belgaum, Bombay Presidency, in 1836, and educated at Bath Grammar School He became ensign in the 68th Light Infantry in June 1854, and was afterwards promoted to a lieutenancy, serving with his regiment at the siege and fall of Sebastopol from Nov. 1st, 1854, to the end of the war. Mr. Deshon was Instructor of Musketry to the 68th Light Infantry from Nov. 1857 to Oct. 1861, and passed the competitive examination for admission to the Staff College in 1861. In that year he sold his commission, and went to Queensland in 1862, where he became manager of the Caboolture Cotton Company, and the following year was accountant to the Moreton Bay Savings Bank. From 1865 to 1872 Mr. Deshon served as Pay and Revenue Clerk in the Treasury, being appointed in the latter year travelling inspector in the Audit Office—a post which he filled until Jan. 1st, 1879, when he became chief clerk of the Public Lands Department, and Under Secretary on Dec. 1st, 1882. On Jan. 1st, 1885, he received the appointment of member of the Land Board, under the provisions of the new Land Act, and was appointed to his present office in Dec. 1889.

Des Voeux, Major Charles Hamilton, formerly a Major in the Bengal Staff Corps, was appointed Deputy Assistant Adjutant General of the Queensland Defence Force in Feb. 1884. In May 1889 he received the additional appointment of Extra Aide-de-Camp to his Excellency Sir Henry Norman, Governor of Queensland. He is now in India.

Des Voeux, Sir George William, K.C.M.G., third son of the late Rev. Henry Des Voeux, and brother of Sir Henry Dalrymple Des Voeux, 5th Bart., of Indiaville, Queen's County, was born in 1834, and educated at the Charterhouse and Balliol College, Oxford. He was called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1861; was Stipendiary Magistrate at British Guiana from 1863 to 1869; Administrator of the Government and Colonial Secretary of Lucia 1869-77; Lieut.-Governor of Trinidad in 1877; Lieut.-Governor of Fiji from June 1878 to Sept. 1879, during the absence of Sir Arthur Gordon; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Bahamas from May to August 1880; of Fiji from Jan. 1880 to Dec. 1886; of Newfoundland from 1886 to 1887; and of Hong Kong from 1887 to 1891, when he retired. In 1880, whilst Governor of Fiji, Sir William was Assistant-High Commissioner for the Western Pacific, and from 1882 to 1885 acting High Commissioner. He was created C.M.G. in 1877 and K.C.M.G. in 1883. Sir William married, in 1877, Marion Denison, daughter of Sir John Pender, K.C.M.G. In 1883, whilst Governor of Fiji, Sir William attended the Intercolonial Conference held in Sydney, out of which the Federal Council of Australasia sprang.

de Winton, Major George Jean, F.R.G.S., son of Captain George de Winton, of Heywood Hall, D.L. for Somerset, by Emma Juliana, daughter of the late George Robinson, of Bath, and Rose Hill, Tonbridge, Kent, entered the army in the year 1841, at the age of seventeen, as an ensign in the 99th Regiment; and in 1843, with Lieutenant Elliot of the same regiment, embarked for Hobart Town in the barque Constant, in command of a convict guard. The surgeon superintendent was Dr. Stephen Hampton, R.N., afterwards Governor of Western Australia. Landing the prisoners at Hobart Town, the vessel proceeded to Sydney, and the detachment joined the headquarters of the regiment at Parramatta. After serving on detachment at Windsor, Newcastle, and Port Macquarie, he was, on promotion, on the occasion of the projection of a new penal settlement in North Australia, selected to command a detachment embarked in the Thomas Lowry, the civil staff and another detachment having before left in the ship Lord Auckland. The Lord Auckland went ashore in Port Curtis, her passengers encamped on Facing Island, and thus it came about that Lieutenant de Winton was the first to land and encamp on the mainland on the spot which is now Port Gladstone. On the first night the natives, by a shower of spears, signified their disapproval of the invasion of their territory. While taking precautions for repelling attacks, Lieutenant de Winton would not permit reprisals, being anxious to establish friendly relations with the natives; and in this, after a time, he succeeded, though on occasion at considerable personal risk. The Home Government, yielding to the strong opposition of the colonists of New South Wales to the formation of the projected penal settlement, it was abandoned, and the expedition returned to Sydney. Lieutenant de Winton was then sent in command of a detachment to Brisbane, being at the same time nominated on the commission of the peace. Brisbane was then little more than a collection of weatherboard huts, its commerce represented by three or four general storekeepers, a fortnightly steamer from Sydney, with an occasional small sailing-vessel, sufficing to supply its wants and those of the district. Its government was represented by the police magistrate, Captain Wickham, R.N., who had been a brother officer of Darwin in the Beagle, and the officer commanding the military detachment. Visiting the settlers and squatters on the Logan and the Darling Downs, Lieutenant de Winton was so impressed with the capabilities of the country to support a large population, that he, in letters to friends at home and to the London press, strongly advocated emigration to Moreton Bay. One of the letters, drawing a comparison between the wages of artificers and agricultural labourers in the Moreton Bay district and those ruling at home, was widely published, and drew the attention of many to the growing importance of the rising colony. In 1848 the detachment was withdrawn from Brisbane, and after a short period of service with the headquarters in Sydney, Lieutenant de Winton proceeded with a detachment of the regiment to Norfolk Island, remaining there for eighteen months, returning to the island for another two years, after an interval of service at Hobart Town. In 1853 Lieutenant de Winton was invalided from the island, and granted two years' sick leave. A sea voyage to England having much restored his health, he applied for employment, and was selected to form a recruiting subdivision at Preston. In 1854 Lieutenant de Winton was promoted, and went to command the dep?t of his regiment at Chatham, and subsequently to command a detachment at Harwich. The Crimean war being then raging, Captain de Winton volunteered for active service, and was appointed Brigade-Major of the British Swiss Legion. After the peace Major de Winton returned to England, and shortly afterwards retired from the army. Major de Winton was one of the secretaries to the National Society for Aid to Sick and Wounded in War in 1870-71, was Deputy Foreign Commissioner of the South Kensington Exhibitions in 1871-2, and was connected with other exhibitions abroad. His name is not unknown in the literary world, he having for some time edited Colburn's United Service Magazine, and being still an occasional contributor to the press. Major de Winton married at Brisbane, in 1848, a daughter of Mr. Thomas White Melville Winder, of Windermere, Hunter River, New South Wales.

Dibbs, Sir George Richard, K.C.M.G., M.L.A., Premier of New South Wales, is the son of the late Captain John Dibbs of the East India Company's service, and has represented the Murrumbidgee in the Legislative Assembly for some years past. He was Colonial Treasurer in the Ministry of the late Sir Alexander Stuart from Jan. 1883 to Oct. 1885, when he succeeded that gentleman, and was Premier till December following. From Feb. 1886 to Jan. 1887 he was Colonial Secretary in the Jennings Ministry, and formed another short-lived Administration in Jan. 1889, in which he was Premier and Colonial Secretary until March in the same year. Mr. Dibbs is a strong Protectionist. He was appointed one of the representatives of New South Wales to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891, although considerable objection was made to his appointment by Sir Henry Parkes, on the ground that he had expressed himself opposed to Federation under the Crown. In Oct. 1891, on the defeat of the Parkes Ministry, Mr. Dibbs once more became Premier of the colony, and succeeded in carrying a Protectionist tariff. In June 1892 he visited England on an important financial mission, in which he appeared as the representative not only of New South Wales, but of Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. He was created K.C.M.G. in July.

Dick, Hon. Thomas, is a native of Edinburgh, and was born there in 1823. Having gained commercial experience in London, he left that city for St. Helena, but after seven years' residence there resolved on removing to New Zealand, arriving in Otago, accompanied by his wife and family, on Nov. 26th, 1857. After some mercantile experience, Mr. Dick entered the political arena. Mr. Harris having resigned his seat as a member of the Provincial Council for Dunedin at the end of 1858, Mr. Dick was unanimously elected to succeed him in Feb. 1859. During the ensuing session of the Council an adverse vote caused the Executive to resign office, and a new one was formed by Mr. Reynolds, of which Mr. Dick was a member. A Bill having been passed considerably increasing the number of members of the Council, early in 1860 a general election took place, and Mr. Dick was returned at the head of the poll for Dunedin, eleven candidates having been proposed, five to be elected. On the assembling of the new Council Mr. Dick occupied a seat on the Ministerial benches, which he, however, quickly resigned. It was not till 1862 that he again held an official position in the Council. At the opening of the session that year he proposed an amendment on the address in reply, carrying it by a small majority, and thereby relegating the Cutten-Walker administration to the Opposition benches, when he himself assumed office as Provincial Secretary. Another general election took place in May, 1863, when Mr. Dick was again returned at the top of the poll for Dunedin, retaining the position of Secretary at the opening of the new Council. He was however, shortly compelled to resign, but was again reinstated for a few months. He succeeded Mr. Harris as superintendent of the Otago province, in August 1865, but was displaced by Mr. Macandrew in Feb. 1867, when his first term expired. Mr. Dick sat in the New Zealand House of Representatives in 1861 and 1862, but he was not a member of Parliament in 1863-4 and 5. In 1866 he was elected for Port Chalmers. After the first session he resigned his seat, and it was not till 1879, on the general election for the seventh Parliament of New Zealand, that he again appeared on the scene as a Dunedin representative, in conjunction with Messrs. Oliver and Stewart. The result of the election of 1879 placing the Hall Ministry in power, Mr. Dick joined the administration in 1880, holding the portfolios of Colonial Secretary, Minister for Education, and Minister for Justice. Sir John Hall having resigned on account of ill-health in 1882, Sir F. Whittaker became the Premier, Mr. Dick occupying his old position, with the added responsibilities of Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Telegraphs. In 1883 Sir F. Whittaker retired, being followed by Major Atkinson as Premier, but the Government continued, with one or two alterations, the same as that formed by Sir John Hall in 1879. Mr. Dick consequently remained in office, confined, however, on this occasion to the responsibilities of Colonial Secretary and Minister for Education. A dissolution by effluxion of time occurring at the close of this session, and a rearrangement of electorates having been decided on, Mr. Dick offered himself as a candidate for the new district of Dunedin West, having for his opponent his old colleague in the united electorate, Mr. W. D. Stewart, who after a severe contest won the seat by a small majority. At the general election in 1887, the contest for the representation of the district between the two gentlemen was renewed, ending with a similar result; so that Mr. Dick has since been excluded from public life.

Dicken, Charles Shortt, C.M.G., F.R.G.S., second surviving son of late William Stephens Dicken, M.D., Deputy Inspector-General of Hospitals, Bengal, and Catherine Lamb, his wife, youngest daughter of Captain Joseph Lamb Popham, R.N., and niece of Admiral Sir Home Popham, was born Sept. 18th, 1841, at Balasore, India, and educated at the Charterhouse. Entered the army as ensign 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, July 1859; lieutenant 1861; first-class certificate School of Musketry, Hythe, Nov. 1861; retired in 1864, by the sale of commission, for the purpose of settling in Queensland. Arrived in Brisbane in August of that year, and at once proceeded north to Port Denison, and thence to the Suttor River, where he was engaged on a cattle station till shortly before he entered the native mounted police, in June 1866. In Oct. 1867 he was appointed clerk of petty sessions at Springsure; police magistrate, Springsure, July 1872; Gold Commissioner and police magistrate, Ravenswood, July 1874; police magistrate and Gold Fields Warden, Charters Towers, May 1875; police magistrate, Townsville, Dec. 1878 to May 1880, when he was appointed secretary in the office of the Agent-General for Queensland, in London, which position he still holds. Student Middle Temple, Nov. 20th, 1880. Called to the bar June 6th, 1883. Hon. Secretary to the Queensland Commission in London, Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1866; is a magistrate of Queensland, and Captain (unattached) in the Defence Force. Married, August 25th, 1875, in Sydney, Emily Augusta, eldest daughter of the late Charles William Sheridan, of Becauba Station, Castlereagh River, New South Wales. In May 1891 he was created C.M.G.

Dickinson, Sir John Nodes, M.A., son of Nodes Dickinson, F.R.C.S., of London, Staff-Surgeon to Her Majesty's Forces, was born on the island of Grenada, West Indies, in 1806, and educated at Caius College, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. degree in 1829, and graduated M.A. in 1832. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1840, and four years later went to Sydney with the appointment of Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. He was knighted in 1860, and retired in Feb. 1861 on a pension of ?1050 per annum. He married, in 1844, Helen, daughter of Captain Henry Jauncey. He died at Rome on March 16th, 1882.

Dickson, Hon. James Robert, M.L. A., was born at Plymouth in 1832, and educated at Glasgow, and emigrated to Australia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits in Victoria, and subsequently in Queensland, of which colony he is now a resident. He entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland in 1873, and for a number of years represented Ennogera. He was Secretary for Public Works and Mines in the Macalister Ministry from May to June 1876, when the Government resigned. He was a member of the Douglas Cabinet as Colonial Treasurer from June 1876 to Jan. 1879, and filled the same post in the first Griffith Administration from Dec. 1883 to August 1887, when he resigned, owing to a difference of opinion with his colleagues on the subject of the land tax, of the incidence of which he disapproved. He also resigned his seat for Ennogera, in order to test the opinion of the electors, and was again returned, after a severe contest with Mr. Drake, who now holds the seat. At the general election in 1888 Mr. Dickson contested Toombul as an independent candidate, but was defeated by Mr. Gannon. Mr. Dickson, who in 1887 received the Queens permission to bear the title of Honourable within the colony, revisited England in 1890. He is a director of several of the leading banking and financial institutions of Queensland. In April 1892 he was returned to the Assembly for Bulimba at a bye-election.

Disney, Colonel Thomas Robert, R.A., formerly Commandant Victorian Forces, was born on Oct. 16th, 1842. He became lieutenant R.A. in 1861, captain in 1875, and major in 1882; was adjutant R.A. from July 1st, 1877, to Sept. 10th, 1880, and served throughout the Abyssinian campaign in 1868, being present at the fall of Magdala, for which he received a medal. On Sept. 1st, 1883, he became commandant of the military forces of Victoria, with the local rank of Colonel. This post he held till Sept. 28th, 1888, when he returned to England.

Dobson, Hon. Alfred, Solicitor-General, Tasmania, sixth son of the late John Dobson, of Hobart Town, Tasmania, solicitor and public notary, and previously of Gateshead, co. Durham, by his marriage with Kate, daughter of the late Richard Willis, member of the old Legislative Council of Tasmania, was born in 1849, and became a student of the Inner Temple on April 20th, 1872, being called to the English bar on Jan. 26th, 1875. Returning to Tasmania, he was called to the bar there on Sept. 10th, 1875, and was a member of the House of Assembly from 1877 to 1887. Mr. Dobson was Attorney-General in the Fysh Ministry from August 13th, 1877 (when he was sworn of the Executive Council), to Dec. 20th, 1878, and was Speaker of the House of Assembly from July 1st, 1885, to May 29th, 1887, when he resigned his seat for Glenorchy on accepting the appointment of Solicitor-General.

Dobson, Edward, M.Inst.C.E., arrived in Canterbury, N.Z., in 1850, and was for many years Provincial Engineer. In 1854 he was a member of the commission to report on the Moorhouse Tunnel, between Christchurch and Lyttelton. Mr. Dobson—who was awarded, in 1870, the Telford gold medal of the Institute of Civil Engineers for "A Memoir on the Public Works of the Province of Canterbury, New Zealand"—is the author of numerous works on engineering.

Dobson, Hon. Frank Stanley, M.L.C., M A., LL.D., F.L.S., second son of John Dobson, of Hobart, by Mary Anne, daughter of Matthew Atkinson, of Carr Hill, near Gateshead, and of Temple Sowerby, was born in Tasmania in 1835, and educated at Hutchins School, Hobart, and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1861 and LL.D. in 1870. Mr. Dobson entered at the Middle Temple in Jan. 1856, and was called to the English bar in April 1860, and to the Tasmanian bar on August 28th, 1861. Having taken up his residence in Australia, he was called to the Victorian bar on Sept. 26th, 1861. He was Law Lecturer at Melbourne University, of which he was made M.A. In 1865 he entered the Legislative Council of Victoria as member for the southern province, and held office as Solicitor-General in the O'Loghlen Ministry from July 9th, 1881, to March 7th, 1883. Mr. Dobson now represents the south-eastern province, and has for some years past been Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Council. He married, on June 8th, 1871, Edith Mary, younger daughter of John Carter, Q.C., who died; and he then married his present wife, Henrietta Louisa, daughter of the late W. S. Sharland, of New Norfolk, Tasmania.

Dobson, Hon. Henry, M.H.A., Premier of Tasmania, is the fourth son of the late John Dobson and his second wife, Kate, daughter of Richard Willis, of Wanstead, Tasmania. He was born at Hobart on Dec. 24th, 1841, and embracing the legal profession, was admitted to practice in Dec. 1864. He married at Ratho on Feb. 4th, 1868, Emily, daughter of the late Assistant Commissary-General Thomas James Lempriere. In August 1891 Mr. Dobson was returned to the House of Assembly for the Brighton district, and in August 1892 moved an amendment to the financial proposals of the Fysh Government, which was accepted by them as a vote of want of confidence. It was carried by four votes, and Mr. Dobson took office as Premier a few days later. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Dobson, Hon. Sir William Lambert, F.L.S., Chief Justice, Tasmania, brother of the preceding, eldest son of John Dobson, of Hobart Town, by Mary Anne, daughter of Matthew Atkinson, was born in 1833. He entered at the Middle Temple on Nov. 7th, 1853, received a certificate of honour in May 1856, and was called to the English bar on June 6th, 1856. He was called to the Tasmanian bar on Jan. 22nd, 1857, and married, in 1858, Fanny Louisa, daughter of Ven. William Henry Browne, LL.D., of Ballinvoher, co. Cork, Archdeacon of Launceston. He was appointed Crown Solicitor in 1859, and entered the House of Assembly in 1861, retaining his seat till 1870. He was Attorney-General in the Weston Administration from Feb. 5th to August 2nd, 1861, and in the Chapman Ministry from the latter date till Jan. 20th, 1863. He filled the same post in the Dry Ministry from Nov. 24th, 1866, to August 4th, 1869, and in the Wilson Ministry from that date till Feb. 5th, 1870, when he was appointed Puisne Judge of Tasmania, becoming Chief Justice on the retirement of Sir Francis Smith (q.v.), on Feb. 7th, 1885. Sir Lambert, who is Chancellor of the University of Tasmania, was sworn of the Executive Council on June 6th, 1861, and was created K.B. on August 16th, 1886. He administered the government from Nov. 18th, 1886, till March 11th, 1887.

Docker, Hon. Joseph, M.L.C., second son of Robert Docker, of London, and Eliza (Perry) his wife, was born in 1802, and became a surgeon in the East India Company's service. He was married in April 1839 to Matilda, daughter of Major Thomas Brougham, H.E.I.C.S., of Penrith, Cumberland; and emigrating to Australia, was appointed a member of the Upper House in New South Wales, after being defeated as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly. He was Postmaster-General in the first Martin Administration, from Jan. 1866 to Sept. 1868, when he became Colonial Secretary, and retired with his colleagues in the following month. He was again Postmaster-General in Sir James Martin's second Ministry, from Dec. 1870 to May 1872. Whilst holding office on the first occasion he introduced and carried through the Upper House Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes' Public School Bill in 1866. He was Minister of Justice and Public Instruction in the Robertson Ministry, from Feb. 1875 to March 1877; and again, under the same Premier, from August to Dec. 1877. He died on Dec. 9th, 1884.

Dodds, Hon. John Stokell, C.M.G., Puisne Judge, Tasmania, was born in Durham, England, in 1848, and having emigrated to Tasmania, was admitted to the bar there in 1872. Having unsuccessfully contested South and North Hobart, Mr. Dodds succeeded Mr. Fysh as the representative of East Hobart in, 1878, and held the seat till 1887, when he assumed his present judicial position. Immediately after his election he accepted the post of Attorney-General in the Crowther Administration, which took office in Dec. 1878. On their defeat in Oct. 1879, Mr. Giblin undertook the formation of a Coalition Government, Mr. Dodds and Mr. O'Reilly being selected as representatives of their party. The office of Treasurer was offered to and declined by Mr. Dodds, who was unwilling to take any portfolio other than that of Attorney-General. Mr. Giblin then waived his own personal wishes, and consented to Mr. Dodds retaining the Attorney-Generalship, he taking the Treasury. Ultimately, however, Mr. Dodds changed places with him, and held the office of Treasurer until the Coalition Government oeased to exist on Mr. Giblin resigning, in August 1884, to become a Judge of the Supreme Court. The Administration was then reconstructed, and Mr. Dodds resigned the Treasurership and became Attorney-General again. In 1886, when Mr. Douglas proceeded to England as Agent-General, it was thought that Mr. Dodds would become Premier; but the Governor, Sir George Strahan, was advised by Mr. Dodds to send for Dr. Agnew^who assumed that position. But the real work of guiding the administration, and of leading the House of Assembly, fell upon Mr. Dodds, who safely steered his party through a general election and a stormy session of Parliament. When still Attorney-General, and whilst en route to England to represent the colony at the Colonial Conference held in London in 1887, he was appointed to the senior puisne judgeship, rendered vacant by the death of his old chief, Mr. Giblin. After attending the Conference, Mr. Dodds returned to Tasmania to assume the seat upon the bench to which he had been appointed in the previous February. In 1890, during the absence of Governor Hamilton, Mr. Dodds exercised for a short time the functions of Deputy Governor.

Dodery, Hon. William, M.L.C., Chairman of Committees, Legislative Council, Tasmania, was returned to the House of Assembly for Norfolk Plains in 1861, and was re-elected in Nov. 1862 and in Oct. 1866. In 1875 he resigned his seat in the Assembly, and in March 1877 was elected to the Council for Longford, now Westmoreland, and was re-elected in April 1883 and in May 1889.

Domett, Alfred, C.M.G., formerly Premier of New Zealand, was the fourth son of Nathaniel Domett, and was born at Camberwell Grove, Surrey, on May 20th, 1811. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he matriculated in 1829, but left the University without graduating. He then spent a couple of years in America and travelled extensively on the Continent, occupying his time in literary pursuits, and contributing verse to the magazines. He entered at the Middle Temple, Nov. 7th, 1835, and was called to the bar Nov. 19th, 1841. In May of the following year he went out to New Zealand, and settled in the Nelson district, becoming, in 1848, Colonial Secretary for the province of New Munster. In 1851 he was made Civil Secretary for the whole of New Zealand, but resigning the conjoint offices in 1853, he became Commissioner of Crown Lands and Resident Magistrate of Hawke's Bay. He was elected to a seat in the House of Representatives for Nelson in 1855, and was re-elected in 1860. On August 6th, 1862, Mr. Domett became Premier in succession to Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fox. It was then the eve of the Waikato war, and the difficulties encountered in the House led to his resignation on Oct. 29th, 1863, when the Whitaker-Fox Ministry (commonly regarded as the "War Ministry") came into office. Mr. Domett was then appointed Secretary for Crown Lands, and was allotted a seat in the Legislative Council, afterwards becoming Commissioner of Old Land Claims. He was appointed Registrar-General of Land in 1865, and in 1870 Commissioner for Confiscated Lands. In 1871 he retired from his offices, and returned to England, where he lived till his death, which took place in London on Nov. 2nd, 1887. In 1880 he was created C.M.G. Mr. Domett was the author of several volumes of poetry, and enjoyed the friendship of Browning. He it is who was referred to by the latter in his poem beginning, "What's become of Waring, Since he gave us all the slip." Mr. Domett published "Venice: a poem," 1839; "Narrative of the Wairau Massacre," 1843; "Ordinances of New Zealand, Classified," 1850; "Ranolf and Amohia; a South Sea Day Dream," 1872, being an epic poem on a Maori subject; "Flotsam and Jetsam: Rhymes Old and New," 1877. Mr. Domett was for some years a contributor to, and for a portion of the time editor of, the Nelson Examiner, the best of the early New Zealand newspapers.

Don, Charles Jardine, was born at Cupar, Scotland, in June 1820, and apprenticed to a hand-loom weaver. He took part in the Chartist movement in 1842, and in 1853 emigrated to Victoria, where he worked as a stonemason. He was returned to the Assembly for Collingwood in 1859 and 1861. Mr. Don, who was regarded as a working-class champion, and who was a strenuous advocate of the liberalisation of the land laws, died in 1867.

Donaldson, Hon. John, M.L.A., was born at Terang, Victoria, and engaged in squatting pursuits, proceeding to New South Wales in 1876, and to Queensland in 1881. He was returned to the Assembly for Warrego in 1883, but now represents Bulloo. He was appointed Postmaster-General and Secretary for Public Instruction in the McIlwraith Ministry on June 13th, 1888; and when the ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Morehead, on Nov. 30th in that year, continued to hold the same posts until Nov. 19th, 1889, when he succeeded Mr. Pattison as Colonial Treasurer. He resigned with his colleagues in August 1890, owing to the opposition of the Assembly to his financial proposals. He was one of the Queensland delegates to the Federation Convention held at Sydney in March 1891.

Donaldson, Sir Stuart Alexander, was the son of Stuart Donaldson, and was born in London on Dec. 26th, 1815. He emigrated to Sydney in 1840, and became a clerk in the firm of Dawes & Co., of which he was afterwards the head. In Sept. 1851 he fought a duel with Sir Thomas Mitchell, Surveyor-General of New South Wales (q.v.). He was elected to the Assembly for Cumberland in 1856, and formed the first Constitutional Ministry in New South Wales in June 1856, but resigned his position as Premier and Chief Secretary in August in consequence of a vote of want of confidence. He accepted office again as Colonial Treasurer under Mr. (afterwards Sir Henry Watson) Parker in Oct. 1856, but on seeking re-election he was defeated for Sydney Hamlets. However, the member for South Cumberland retired to make way for him, and he was elected on Nov. 4th, but retired with his colleagues in Sept. 1857, after their defeat on the Electoral Bill. In 1860 he was knighted, and left the colony, which he twice revisited. Sir Stuart married in Feb. 1854, Amelia, seventh daughter of Frederick Cowper, of Carlton Hall and Unthank, Cumberland (who survived him), and died at Carlton Hall on Jan. 11th, 1867.

Douglas, Hon. Adye, M.L.C., is of Scotch descent. His grandfather, a naval officer of distinction, was Port Admiral at Yarmouth, and subsequently at Chatham. Mr. Douglas's father was an officer in the British army, and married a Norfolk lady, the late Agent-General for Tasmania being born at Thorpe, near Norwich, on May 30th, 1815. Sprung of a naval stock, five of his uncles being post captains in the royal navy, Mr. Douglas was intended for the sea, but entered the legal profession, and was articled to a firm of solicitors at Southampton, where, when admitted, he himself subsequently practised. When only twenty-three, however, Mr. Douglas emigrated to Tasmania, then and until 1857 known as Van Diemen's Land. Arriving in the colony early in 1839, he was admitted to the local bar, but having a few months later visited Victoria (then the Port Phillip district of N.S.W.), Mr. Douglas decided to embrace pastoral pursuits in the young settlement. Taking a number of sheep with him he settled near the Saltwater ranges; close to what is now the flourishing town of Kilmore, but ultimately abandoned squatting and returned to Tasmania. In 1842 Mr. Douglas re-commenced the practice of the law at Launceston, and quickly achieved a leading position. He also turned his attention to public affairs, becoming a prominent member of the Anti-Transportation Association, and in 1856 member for Launceston in the old Legislative Council. In that capacity he assisted materially in the formation of the new constitution of Tasmania, his efforts being mainly devoted to liberalising its basis. Mr. Douglas revisited England in 1857, and made a tour of the country in company with his friend, Sir Richard Dry. He was so much impressed with the advantages secured by what he saw of the extension of the railway system that on his return to Tasmania, where he was elected to the Assembly for Westbury in 1862, he vigorously championed the advent of the iron horse into his adopted country; being the foremost, in spite of strenuous opposition, in securing the formation of the first Tasmanian railway, from Launceston to Deloraine, the first sod of which was turned by the Duke of Edinburgh in 1868. In August 1884 Mr. Douglas somewhat reluctantly became Premier and Chief Secretary of the colony, and resigning his seat in the Lower House, was elected to the Legislative Council for South Esk. Mr. Douglas represented his colony at the Sydney Convention, and was responsible for the policy which led to the inclusion of Tasmania in the Federal Council of Australasia. The official representation of Tasmania in London having, after a good deal of irresolution, been decided on, Mr. Douglas resigned the Premiership in March 1880, and became the first Agent-General of the colony. At the London Colonial Conference of 1887 Mr. Douglas was associated with the present Judge Dodds in the representation of the colony. At the close of the year Mr. Douglas resigned his position in London and returned to Tasmania. In July 1800 he was elected a member of the Legislative Council for Launceston. He was one of the delegates of Tasmania to the Sydney Federation Convention in March 1891.

Douglas, Hon. John, C.M.G., son of Henry Alexander Douglas and Elizabeth (Dalziel) his wife, was born in London on March 6th, 1828, and after receiving his education at Rugby School and Durham University, he emigrated to New South Wales in 1851, and received the appointment of a goldfields' commissioner, a post he gave up in order to follow pastoral pursuits. He sat as member for Darling Downs, and afterwards for Camden, in the New South Wales Parliament; but in 1863 he settled in Queensland, and entered the Legislative Assembly for Port Curtis. Mr. Douglas joined the Macalister Ministry in Feb. 1866, and was Postmaster-General from March to July of that year. He was called to the Legislative Council in the same year; but when, some months after Mr. Macalister's return to power, he was appointed Treasurer, he re-entered the Assembly as member for the Eastern Downs, afterwards resigning to take the leadership in the Council. He resigned the treasurership in May 1867, and was Secretary for Public Works till the August following. In the Lilley Ministry Mr. Douglas was Postmaster-General from Dec. 1868 to Nov. 1869, when he resigned on accepting the post of Agent-General, which he held till 1871, when he returned to Queensland, and was elected in 1875 for Maryborough. In June of the following year he accepted office as Secretary for Public Lands in the Thorn Ministry, and became Premier upon the resignation of Mr. Thorn in March 1877. In the following year he exchanged the portfolio of Lands for the Colonial Secretaryship, and remained in power until Jan. 1879, when his Government was defeated, and he resigned. Subsequent to the assumption of a protectorate over a portion of New Guinea by the British Government, he was a candidate for the poet of High Commissioner, but Sir Peter Scratchley's claims were preferred by the Imperial authorities. Mr. Douglas became Resident at Thursday Island in April 1885, and on the death of Sir Peter Scratchley he was appointed Special Commissioner for British New Guinea, which post he held for nearly three years, until the sovereignty of England was proclaimed. In 1889 he returned to Thursday Island, where he acts as Government Resident and police magistrate.

Dow, Hon. John Lamont, M.L.A., ex-Minister of Lands and Agriculture, Victoria, son of the late David Hill Dow, was born at Kilmarnock, Ayr, Scotland, on Dec. 8th, 1837. He came to Victoria with his father and the other members of his family, landing at Geelong in 1848. Mr. Dow having learnt farming in the Barrabool district, took up pastoral country, in 1861, at the Gulf of Carpentaria, in Northern Queensland, and had a chequered experience, through the depression in wool and the unhealthiness of the climate. In 1867 he returned to Victoria, and, having adopted journalism, became agricultural editor of the Leader, the weekly journal published by the Age proprietary. Having had intimate opportunities of studying the anomalies of the land question, Mr. Dow lectured on the subject throughout Victoria, and the agitation which he initiated had very much to do with the subsequent imposition of a land tax, with the view of limiting the aggregation of large landed estates. In May 1877 Mr. Dow was returned to the Assembly as member for Kara Kara, and has ever since enjoyed the confidence of the same constituency. Having remained loyal to the democratic and protectionist policy which he avowed on entering politics, Mr. Dow was included, as one of the Liberal representatives, in the Coalition Government formed by Messrs. Gillies and Deakin in Feb. 1886. He then resigned his press appointments. Previous to this, in 1883, he visited America as the special correspondent of the Age and Leader, and embodied the result of his investigations into the agricultural condition of the country in a series of letters, which were ultimately republished in book form, under the title of "The Australian in America." In 1885, having been appointed a member of the Victorian Irrigation Commission, he accompanied the president, Mr. Deakin, in his official mission to America to collect statistics on the subject; and on this occasion contributed a series of letters to the Age and Leader, which had much to do with smoothing the path of the Coalition Government when the results of Mr. Deakin's investigations were in the following year embodied in practical legislation. Mr. Dow during his term of office elevated the portfolio of agriculture to the position of an independent department, establishing a scheme of technical agricultural education by means of experts travelling through the colony, forming also a Forest Department and sections dealing with viticulture and pests inimical to vegetation, while a successful export trade in dairy produce and fruit was initiated under his administration. In the summer of 1890 Mr. Dow, as a director of the Premier Permanent Building Society, became involved in the legal proceedings taken against the officers of the institution after its disastrous suspension of payment, and insisted, contrary to the unanimous desire of his colleagues, who felt entire confidence in his integrity, on resigning his position in the Cabinet pending the result of the action taken. At the initiatory stage of the proceedings the prosecution were compelled to admit that there was no case against Mr. Dow, and to withdraw the indictment against him. He was at once invited to resume office, and did so, resigning with the rest of his colleagues in Nov. 1890. Mr. Dow married, in 1869, Marion Jane, second daughter of William A. Orr, of Toorak. Mr. Dow's younger brother, Mr. T. K. Dow, is also an eminent authority on agricultural matters.

Dowling, Henry, son of the Rev. Henry Dowling, Baptist minister at Gloucester, England, in which city Mr. Dowling was born in the year 1810, was educated at the Free Grammar School, Colchester, and was afterwards apprenticed to the printing business. In 1830 he emigrated to Tasmania, and was for some time on the staff of the Hobart Town Courier, but in the following year he purchased from the late Mr. J. P. Fawkner the Launceston Independent, and changing its name to the Launceston Advertiser, conducted it for some years with much success. In 1839 Mr. Dowling proceeded to England, having received the appointment of Immigration Agent for Tasmania, in which capacity he was the means of introducing into the colony many settlers whose names are now well known in Northern Tasmania. In 1842 he returned to Launceston, and was for some years engaged in the printing and drapery business. He was one of the founders of the Launceston Savings Bank, and in 1844 was appointed manager of that institution. Mr. Dowling was always active in public affairs, and was specially prominent in the anti-transportation movement, and in the agitation for railways. He was Mayor of Launceston from 1857 to 1861, and in the latter year was elected to the House of Assembly as Member for Launceston, but only held the seat for two years. In 1868 he accepted the secretaryship of the Launceston and Western Railway Company, and held that position until the year 1872, when this, the first of Tasmanian railways, was taken over by the Government. Amongst the works issued from Mr. Dowling's press may be mentioned an illustrated edition of the "Pickwick Papers" and West's "History of Tasmania." He died at Launceston, Sept. 17th, 1885.

Dowling, His Honour James Sheen, L.L.B., District Court Judge, New South Wales, is the eldest son of the late Sir James Dowling, sometime Chief Justice of New South Wales, by his first wife. Sir James Dowling's brother, Vincent George Dowling, was for many years editor of Bell's Life in London, and was the first to seize the miscreant Bellingham after he had assassinated Mr. Spencer Perceval, the Prime Minister of England, in the lobby of the House of Commons on May 11th, 1812. Judge Dowling was born in London on Dec. 2nd, 1819, and was taken to Australia by his father in 1828. Returning to London in 1836, he entered at King's College, and graduated LL.B. in 1841. In Nov. 1836 he became a student at the Middle Temple, and was called to the Bar in Nov. 1843. He was appointed Attorney-General at Port Curtis in 1849, and subsequently went to Sydney, where he was appointed a police magistrate in 1851, Crown Prosecutor in 1857, and in 1861 District Court Judge, a position he still holds. Judge Dowling married on June 20th, 1849, Katherine Marion, fourth daughter of the late James Laidley, of Sydney, sometime Deputy Commissary-General.

Downer, Henry Edward, M.P., J.P., brother of Sir John Downer (q.v.),is a native of Adelaide, S.A., and for fifteen years held the position of stipendiary magistrate and Commissioner of Insolvency. He is now in partnership with his brother Sir John as a legal practitioner in Adelaide. Mr. Downer has been M.P. for Encounter Bay in the South Australian Legislature since 1881. He was Attorney-General in the Cockburn Government from May to August 1890.

Downer, Hon. Sir John William, K.C.M.G., M.P. Q.C., formerly Premier of South Australia, was born in Adelaide on July 5th, 1844, and educated at St Peter's College in that city. He was admitted to the South Australian bar in 1868, and belongs to one of the most prominent legal firms in the capital. Mr. Downer, who was made Q.C. in 1878, entered the Assembly in the same year as member for Barossa, and still represents that constituency. He was Attorney-General under Mr. (now Sir) John Bray from June 1881 to June 1884. In this capacity he introduced and carried through the House a measure to allow persons charged with criminal offences to give evidence upon oath, and a Married Woman's Property Bill. In 1883 he was one of the representatives of South Australia at the Sydney Convention, which gave birth to the abortive Federal Council of Australasia. Mr. Downer took the leadership of the opposition during Mr. Bray's absence in Europe in 1885; and having carried a motion of want of confidence in the Cotton Ministry, assumed office in June 1885 as Premier and Attorney-General. The accession of Mr. Bray, later in the same year, strengthened the Ministry, which carried a tariff, going a considerable way in a protective direction. In Jan. 1887 Mr. Downer left for England to attend the Colonial Conference as one of the delegates of South Australia. He attended all the sittings, and was entrusted by his Australian colleagues with the duty of presenting the case for an assimilation of the law of England with that of the colonies. in regard to marriage with a deceased wife's sister. During his stay in England he was offered and accepted the distinction of K.C.M.G. Sir John Downer only returned to Adelaide to learn of the defeat of his Government, and the resignation of his colleagues in June 1887 during his absence. He has not since taken office, but was appointed one of the delegates of South Australia to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Sir John, who was elected a member of the Council of the University of Adelaide in Nov. 1887, married Elizabeth, daughter of J. Henderson.

Downes, Major-General Major Francis, C.M.G., Commandant South Australian Forces, is the son of the late William Downes, of Dedham, Essex, and was born on Feb. 10th, 1834. He was educated at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich; entered the Royal Artillery in 1852, became lieut.-colonel in 1877, colonel in 1882, and major-general (retired) in 1884. He served in the Crimean Campaign 1855 (medal with clasps and Turkish medal); was Instructor in Fortifications at the Royal Military College in 1858-9; commanded Royal Artillery at Mauritius in 1863-5, and at St. Helena in 1869-71; was for five years Instructor to the Artillery School for Militia and Volunteer Officers; and subsequently held the position of Commandant of the South Australian Military Forces from 1877 to 1885, being a Member of the Royal Commission on Defences in 1881, and Secretary of Defence for Victoria from 1885 to 1888. In March of the latter year, he was reappointed Commandant of the South Australian Military Forces. He married, in 1858, Helen, daughter of the late B. Chamberlin, of Catton, Norwich. Major-General Downes was created C.M.G. in 1885.

Doyle, Right Rev. Jeremiah Joseph, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Grafton, N.S.W. This was one of the new dioceses created in 1887, and Dr. Doyle was consecrated the first Bishop on August 28th of that year.

Drake, Sir William Henry, K.C.B., son of John Drake, Deputy Commissary-General, by Maria, daughter of George Story, of Silksworth Hall, county Durham, was born in 1812, and entered the War Office in 1831. He was Colonial Treasurer of Western Australia from 1838 to 1848, and Commissary-General and Director of Supplies and Transports from 1871 to 1877. He died on Jan. 28th, 1882.

Draper, Rev. Daniel James, was born in the parish of Wickham, Hampshire, England, in August 1810, and apprenticed to a carpenter. At the age of twenty he became a local preacher amongst the Methodists. Becoming a regular minister in 1834, he married Miss Webb, a farmer's daughter, and emigrated to Tasmania in 1836, subsequently devoting himself to missionary work in Sydney. Leaving New South Wales, he settled in Adelaide in 1846, and during his nine years' residence accomplished marvels in the way of chapel building, besides otherwise greatly promoting the extension of the body with which he was associated. In 1855 he became head of the Wesleyan denomination in Victoria, and discharged the onerous duties of the position till March 1865, when he took a trip to England to recruit his health. He secured his return passage in the ill-fated London, which sailed from Plymouth on Jan. 5th, 1866, and foundered on the 11th in the Bay of Biscay, when out of 239 souls on board 220 perished. Mr. and Mrs. Draper were amongst the victims, the former bravely encouraging and exhorting his fellow-passengers to the last. The Draper Memorial Church in Adelaide commemorates the esteem in which he was held by the citizens.

Drew, William Leworthy Goode, C.M.G., son of Captain George Drew, R.N., was born at Broadstairs, Kent, on Oct. 14th, 1826, and received his education at the Blue Coat School. After fourteen years in H.M.'s navy, five years as paymaster of H.M.S. Fantome on the Australian station, he settled in New South Wales in June 1856, and was appointed secretary to the Railway Commissioners, and afterwards secretary to the Marine Board of that colony. He then entered the Union Bank, Sydney; but his health failing he engaged in country pursuits. In Feb. 1862, however, he accepted the Under-Secretaryship of the Treasury of Queensland. In Oct. 1877 he was appointed Auditor-General of that colony—a post which he held till Dec. 1889, when he became Chairman of the Civil Service Board and of the Civil Service Investment. Board. Mr. Drew, who has been Chairman of the Immigration Board, Brisbane, since July 1883, was in 1855 made "Fleet Paymaster" by Queen's warrant. In 1891 he was created C.M.G.

Driver, Richard, M.L.A., was born at Coolah, near Liverpool, N.S.W., on Sept. 16th, 1829, and was admitted as attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of that colony in 1856, being subsequently appointed solicitor to the Corporation of Sydney. He was elected to the Assembly for West Macquarie in 1860, and afterwards successively represented Carcoar and Windsor. He carried the Game Act, and was Minister for Lands in the Parkes Government from March to August 1877. He died in Sydney on July 7th, 1880.

Drury, Albert Victor, son of the late Rev. William Drury, and brother of Lieut.-Colonel Edward Robert Drury, C.M.G. (q.v.), entered the Civil Service of Queensland in March 1862, and was appointed clerk of the Executive Council in Jan. 1867. He acted as private secretary to Sir Arthur R. Palmer, K.C.M.G., when Administrator of the Government from Oct. 1888 to May 1889.

Drury, Lieut.-Colonel Edward Robert, C.M.G., J.P., is a son of the late Rev. William Drury, M.A., sometime a master at Harrow School, and tutor to the late Prince Consort and his brother and to the sons of the King of the Belgians, by his wife Anne, daughter of Robert Nicholas, M.P., of Ashton Keynes, Wilts. He was born and educated at Brussels, and in 1852 emigrated to Australia, entering the service of the Bank of Australasia in the following year. In 1860 he was appointed manager of that Bank in Brisbane; and in 1872 he became general manager of the Queensland National Bank, which appointment he still holds. Mr. Drury served in the first volunteer corps raised in Queensland in 1854, and holds the rank of lieut.-colonel commanding the Field Artillery of the Queensland Defence Force, and has several times filled the position of Acting Commandant. His services in connection with the force were favourably noticed by H.R.H. the Commander-in-Chief in 1883, and he was deputed by the Queensland Government to give evidence before the Royal Commission on the defence of British possessions, being created C.M.G. in 1885. Mr. Drury is consul for Belgium, and a J.P. of Queensland. He married, in 1869, Barbara, daughter of the late John Grahame, of Sydney, N.S.W.

Dry, Hon. Sir Richard, formerly Speaker and Premier of Tasmania, was the son of an Irishman who was exiled to Van Diemen's Land in the early part of the century in connection with the United Ireland troubles. He was born at Elphin, near Launceston, Tasmania, on August 15th, 1815, and at an early age succeeded to his father's estate at Quamby. Having been appointed a member of the old Legislative Council, he became the leader of the party which sought to compel the Imperial Government to relieve the local Treasury of the expenses of the police and gaol system rendered necessary by the existence of convictism. This and the agitation for responsible government brought the non-official members of the council into collision with Governor Wilmot, who forced his financial measures through the Council with a high hand. The dispute came to a head in 1845, and after much unavailing opposition, Sir Richard Dry and five of his colleagues in the first instance absented themselves from the Legislative Council, so as to prevent the forming of a quorum, and ultimately resigned their seats in that body. Henceforward they were known as "the Patriotic Six," Sir Richard becoming the idol of the hour, and securing a popularity which his exceptional qualities enabled him to retain to the last hour of his life. In 1848 the Patriotic Six were reappointed to the Council by the Queen's mandate. As the first native politician to take the leading part in championing the rights of his native land, Sir Richard Dry will always be an interesting figure in Tasmanian history. When the first instalment of representative institutions was granted, in 1851, he was elected to the new Legislative Council for Launceston, and was chosen Speaker, a post which he retained till 1855, when he retired from ill-health, the Council complimenting him by a request that he should sit for his portrait to be placed on the walls of the chamber in which he had played so high-minded a part. Sir Richard subsequently visited England, and was knighted in 1858. After his return to the colony he re- entered Parliament, and took office as Premier and Colonial Secretary in Nov. 1866, his term of power being ended by his death on August 1st, 1869. The "Dry Scholarship" was founded in his honour in connection with the Tasmanian Scholarships by public subscription. Sir Richard married a daughter of George Meredith, of Cambria, Great Swan Port, who still survives.

Du Cane, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., formerly Governor of Tasmania, son of Captain Charles Du Cane, R.N., of Braxted Park, Witham, Essex, by his marriage with Frances, second daughter of Rev. Charles Prideaux Brune, of Prideaux Place, Padstow, Cornwall, was born at Ryde, Isle of Wight, in 1825, and educated at the Charterhouse, and at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. (fourth class in classics and mathematics) in 1847 and M.A. in 1864. Sir Charles represented Maldon in the House of Commons from 1852 to 1853, when he was unseated on petition, and North Essex from March 1857 until Dec. 1868, and was a Civil Lord of the Admiralty from 1866 to Dec. 1868, when he was appointed Governor of Tasmania, a post which he held from Jan. 1869 to March 1874, when he returned to England and was created K.C.M.G. in 1875, and appointed Chairman of the Board of Customs, a position which he filled from 1878 till his death on Feb. 25th, 1889. Sir Charles married, in June 1863, Hon. Georgiana Susan Copley, youngest daughter of Lord Lyndhurst.

Duffield, Walter, sometime Treasurer of South Australia, was member for Encounter Bay in the Legislative Assembly of that colony from 1857 to 1868 and from 1870 to 1871, and was Treasurer in the Hart Government from Oct. 1865 to March 1866, and in the Ministry of Mr. (now Judge) Boucaut, which succeeded it, from the latter date till May 1867. Mr. Duffield subsequently sat in the Legislative Council from 1873 to 1879, and died on Nov. 5th, 1882.

Duffy, Hon. Sir Charles Gavan, K.C.M.G., sometime Premier of Victoria, was born in Monaghan, Ireland, where his father was a farmer, in 1816. In his twentieth year Mr. Duffy became sub-editor of the Dublin Morning Register, and entered as a law student at King's Inn. In 1839 he became editor and proprietor of the Belfast Vindicator. He returned to Dublin in 1842, and, in conjunction with John Dillon and Thomas Davis, established the Nation. In 1844 Mr. Duffy was tried and convicted of sedition along with O'Connell; the conviction, however, was set aside on appeal by the House of Lords. In 1846 O'Connell quarrelled with the Young Ireland party, of which the Nation was the organ, and they established the Irish Confederation, of which Mr. Duffy was one of the leaders. The famine in Ireland in 1848 and the example of the Continental revolutions of that period constrained Young Ireland to the advocacy of extreme courses. An Act was passed to control the Irish press, and under its provisions Mr. Duffy, John Martin, John Mitchell, and Dr. O'Doherty, now of Queensland, were indicted for treason felony. In Mr. Duffy's case, after he had been four times successively arraigned, it was found impossible to procure a conviction, the juries disagreeing at each trial. Subsequently, in 1852, he revived the Nation, which had been suppressed, conducting it on constitutional and anti-physical force lines. He also joined in starting the Tenant League, in which the Protestants of Ulster co-operated with the Catholics of the south, and which succeeded in sending fifty members to the Parliament elected in 1852. Amongst the latter was Mr. Duffy, who was returned for New Ross, after a notable contest with Sir Thomas Redington, Under-Secretary for Ireland in the Government that had prosecuted him. He now worked in the House of Commons in association with Frederic Lucas and George Henry Moore, the founder of the independent Irish party in the House of Commons which sprang out of the Tenant League. After four trying sessions, the defection of a large section of that party induced him to resign his seat in Parliament; and in Nov. 1855 he emigrated to Australia. Mr. Duffy was received with extraordinary enthusiasm by his fellow-countrymen at the Antipodes. At a banquet in Melbourne, presided over by his subsequent opponent Mr. (afterwards Sir John) O'Shanassy, he made his famous declaration that he was still an Irish rebel to the backbone and spinal marrow. Mr. Lang, the veteran Sydney publicist, pressed him warmly to take up his abode in New South Wales, but he adhered to his decision in favour of Victoria, where property valued at ?5000 was purchased and presented to him by his admirers in order to give him a qualification either for the Upper or Lower House of the Legislature. So great was the popular enthusiasm that the diggers at Ballarat pledged themselves to contribute an ounce of gold apiece to the presentation fund. He was elected to the first Parliament of Victoria for Villiers and Heytesbury, his experience of the House of Commons enabling him to aid materially in introducing the practice of that body into the new Assembly. In the first session he was chairman of a select committee on a federal union of the colonies, whose labours gave the original impulse to Mr. Darcy M?Gee in Canada some years later in founding the new Dominion; and he passed, against the determined resistance of the Government, the first Act of Parliament of Victoria, being one abolishing the property qualification for the popular branch of the Legislature. In the same session (March, 1857) he became Commissioner of Public Works and chairman of the Central Road Board in the second responsible Government, Mr. (afterwards Sir John) O'Shanassy being Chief Secretary and Premier. This administration only lasted till April 29th, but in March 1858 Mr. O'Shanassy resumed office, with Mr. Duffy as Minister of Lands. In about a year a dispute arose with Mr. O'Shanassy and some of his colleagues on the policy and management of the public estate, and Mr. Duffy resigned office in March 1859. On the defeat of the O'Shanassy Government in October of the same year, Mr. Nicholson, who succeeded him, offered Mr. Duffy and any one political friend he thought proper to select places in the new administration, but he declined to accept these terms unless a majority of the Cabinet were of his own way of thinking on the question of land law reform. In 1860, on the defeat of the Nicholson Government, a new administration was proposed by a coalition between Mr. Heales and Mr. Verdon with Mr. Brooke and Mr. Aspinall, of which Mr. Duffy was designed to be Premier; but as the Governor, Sir Henry Barkly, refused to promise a dissolution in certain contingencies, Mr. Duffy declined to proceed, and the former Government were recalled. He returned to office, however, in Nov. 1861, as Minister of Lands in a coalition Ministry of which Mr. O'Shanassy, Mr. Haines, and Mr. Nicholson, each of whom had been Premier, were members, and next year he passed the well-known Land Act of 1862. He wrote a pamphlet illustrating the new Act, entitled "Guide to the Land Law," of which three publishers issued separate editions in the colony, and three others published separate editions in London. But the industrious classes whom the new law was intended to benefit hired themselves to the pastoral tenants to defeat it, and it was widely evaded, with the result of still further assisting the aggregation of large estates. On an attempt to amend the Act the Government were defeated, and Sir James McCulloch came into office in June 1863, but Mr. Duffy, though displaced, supported all the land reforms proposed by the new administration. In 1864 he visited Europe for two years, and on his return speedily re-entered Parliament (in 1867) as member for Dalhousie. The Darling grant controversy was then commencing, and he took at the hustings the grounds which were finally adopted by nearly all parties—that the grant ought never to have been made, but that having been made, it ought to be sanctioned if sent in a separate Bill to the Council, on which it had been attempted to be forced in the shape of a tack to the Appropriation Bill. While a private member, Mr. Duffy was chairman of a Royal Commission which brought up a report that led to the experiment of payment of members being tried in Victoria, and chairman of a Royal Commission on the subject of federation of the Australian colonies, which recommended a permissive Act (which would enable two or more of the colonies to join together at their discretion), a principle which was applied to the Cape of Good Hope and the South African colonies by the Imperial Government. In 1869, the McCulloch Government having been defeated on the motion of Mr. Robert Byrne, that gentleman invited Mr. Duffy to become Premier and form the new administration; but the state of parties at the moment made the time inopportune, and, after a lengthy consultation with political associates, he declined to proceed. In 1870 Mr. Duffy ventilated a project for the neutralisation of the colonies in case of the mother country being involved in war, but it met with no very definite encouragement from any contemporary Australian statesman. In June of the next year, on the defeat of the fourth McCulloch Government, Mr. Duffy at length became Premier. During his administration the whole country was for the first time thrown open for selection by the abolition of the reserves made in favour of the pastoral tenants, and the tariff was made more protective. In 1872 Mr. Duffy was chairman of a conference of Cabinet Ministers from all the Australian colonies to press on the Imperial Government the repeal of the law limiting inter-colonial legislation on fiscal subjects, an object which has since been effected in pursuance of that remonstrance. After a year the Government were defeated by a narrow majority nominally on an amendment moved by Mr. Ramsay, but really in consequence of certain alleged abuses of patronage, including the appointment of Mr. Cashel Hoey to the position of Secretary to the Agent-General's office in London. Lord Canterbury having refused him an appeal to the country, Mr. Duffy resigned in June 1872. A few months afterwards he was offered a companionship of St. Michael and St. George, which he respectfully declined. In May 1873 he was knighted by patent, and in 1874 he made a second visit to Europe, his eldest son being elected for Dalhousie in his father's place. On his visit to Ireland he was invited to re-enter the House of Commons, a county member making way for him; but he declined on the ground that he disapproved of the programme which had been substituted for the policy of the repeal party. On his return to Australia in 1875 Sir Charles was elected for North Gippsland, one of the largest constituencies in Victoria, without his presence at the election being required. In returning thanks he stated the remarkable fact that during the twenty-four years since he first entered Parliament he had never lost an election. On the assembling of Parliament in May, he was unanimously chosen Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, and discharged the duties of the post till Feb. 1880. In the meantime it was suggested that Sir Charles Duffy should accompany the embassy to England on the subject of reform of the Upper House in 1879. In the end, however, the project was abandoned, as it met with little popular favour, and Messrs. Berry and Pearson went alone. In 1880 Sir Charles Duffy, who had been created K.C.M.G. in 1877, returned to Europe, and has since resided in the south of France. He is in receipt of a pension of ?1000 a year from the colony of Victoria under an early act for the benefit of ex-Ministers which was quickly repealed. It is understood that Mr. Parnell was not favourable to the return of Sir Charles Duffy to public life as a member of the House of Commons and of the Irish Parliamentary party. It is to be doubted also whether Sir Charles Duffy could have rendered that unquestioning obedience to his leadership which he desired in his subordinate colleagues. Sir Charles Duffy was chairman of the Trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria, and took an active share in projects for encouraging art, literature, and industrial enterprise in that colony. Since his return to Europe in 1880, he has published "Young Ireland: a Fragment of Irish History, 1840-50" (London, 1880); "Four Years of Irish History, 1845-49" (London, 1883), being a sequel to "Young Ireland": the "League of the North and South" (London, 1886), which contains a trenchant refutation of John Mitchell's personal charges against him; and written on colonial and Irish questions in the Contemporary Review, Nineteenth Century, National Review, Freeman's Journal, and other periodicals. Sir Charles Duffy married first, in 1842, Emily, daughter of Francis McLaughlin, of Belfast (who died in 1845); secondly, in 1846, Susan, daughter of Philip Hughes, of Newry, who died in 1878; and thirdly, in 1881, Louise, eldest daughter of George Hall, of Rockferry, Cheshire, who died in 1890.

Duffy, Hon. John Gavan, M.L.A., eldest son of the above, was born in Dublin in 1844, and was educated at Stonyhurst. In 1859 he went to Victoria, where he took the Vice-Chancellor's prize for the best English essay at the Melbourne University. He is in practice as a solicitor in Melbourne, and has represented Dalhousie in the Legislative Assembly since 1874. He is a moderate Liberal and Freetrader, and was Minister of Agriculture in Mr. Service's first Government from March to August 1880. He was Postmaster-General in the Munro Government from Nov. 1890 to Feb. 1892, when he took office as Attorney-General under Mr. Shiels. In April 1892, however, he resigned with a view of becoming a candidate for the Speakership of the Legislative Assembly. He was, however, defeated without a division, and was readmitted to the Shiels Cabinet as a Minister without portfolio in May 1892.

Duncan, William Augustine, C.M.G., was born in Aberdeenshire in 1811, and educated for the ministry of the Scotch Church, but became a Roman Catholic, and was a student at the Scots Benedictine College, Ratisbon, and then at Blairs, Kincardineshire, where he renounced the intention he had formed of joining the priesthood. He married, and was a bookseller and publisher at Aberdeen. He emigrated to Sydney in 1888, and the next year was appointed editor and trustee of a new paper, the Australasian Chronicle, which was to be the organ of the Roman Catholic party. In 1843 Mr. Duncan started Duncan's Weekly Register. He was appointed Sub-collector of Customs at Moreton Bay in 1856, and after his settlement at Brisbane was appointed Water Police Magistrate, Guardian of Minors, and Local Immigration Commissioner. In May 1859 he returned to Sydney, and was made a member of the National Board of Education and Collector of Customs. He was created C.M.G. in 1881, when he resigned the position of Collector of Customs of New South Wales, and died on June 26th, 1885.

Dunne, Right Rev. John, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Wilcannia, N.S.W. This was one of the new dioceses created in 1887, Dr. Dunne being consecrated the first Bishop on August 14th, 1887.

Dunne, the Most Rev. Robert, D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Brisbane, was born near Clonmel, co. Tipperary, Ireland, in 1833. He received his preliminary education at the Grammar School at Lismore, and went thence to Rome, to pursue his ecclesiastical studies. He entered the Irish College in that city, and attended lectures at the Roman University. After a brilliant course he was ordained, in 1855, a priest for the Archdiocese of Dublin. Returning to Ireland, he was appointed a professor in the Seminary of St. Lawrence O'Toole, one of the colleges of the Catholic University of Dublin. The President of this Seminary, the late Bishop O'Quinn, was appointed, in 1859, the first Bishop of Brisbane, and soon afterwards, in 1863, Dr. Dunne went out to Queensland as a priest of the diocese of Brisbane. He officiated in Brisbane until 1868, when he was appointed parish priest of Toowoomba, which office he held until 1881, when he left on a visit to Europe. In 1869 he was created a Doctor of Divinity by a brief of Rome. He returned from Europe at the close of the year 1881, and found letters from Rome appointing him Bishop of the Roman Catholic see of Brisbane, then vacant by the death of Dr. O'Quinn. Dr. Dunne was consecrated Bishop of Brisbane, by the late Archbishop Vaughan, in St. Stephen's Cathedral, Brisbane, on June 18th, 1882, and was created Archbishop of Brisbane in 1887, by papal brief.

Dutton, Hon. Charles Boydell, J. P., was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland and Secretary for Lands from Nov. 1883 to August 1887; Secretary for Works and Mines from the latter date till Dec. 1887; and from that date till June 1888 Secretary for Railways in the first Griffith Government. At the general election in 1888 Mr. Dutton was an unsuccessful candidate for the Leichardt district. Mr. Dutton, who embraced Henry George's land nationalisation theories, and endeavoured as Secretary for Lands to give some approximate effect to them in legislation, is now a squatter in New South Wales.

Dutton, Francis Stacker, C.M.G., F.R.G.S., sometime Agent-General for South Australia, was the son of Henry Hampden Dutton, British consul at Cuxhaven, on the Elbe, and was born at Cuxhaven in 1816, and educated at Hofwyl, near Berne, Switzerland. From his seventeenth to his twenty-second year he was employed as a mercantile clerk in Brazil and Rio Janeiro. In 1839 he joined his elder brothers, William Pelham and Frederick Hansborough, in New South Wales. The former temporarily resided in Portland Bay, when engaged in sealing, from 1828 to 1838; and thus disputed with the Hentys the honour of having formed the first permanent settlement in the Port Phillip district. The other brother, Mr. F. H. Dutton, went largely into squatting pursuits in South Australia, and died in London in 1890, possessed of the famous Anlaby estate in that colony, and of personalty amounting to several hundred thousand pounds. The subject of this notice engaged in commercial pursuits in Victoria for two years; and in 1841 settled in South Australia, where his brother Frederick had preceded him. In 1843, when acting as overseer to the late Captain Bagot, he discovered the Kapunda Copper Mine, and in 1845 visited England, when he sold his interest in the mine to the East India firm of Cockerall, Larpert & Co., who made arrangements for working it. Mr. Dutton was a member of the mixed Legislative Council from 1851 to 1857, and of the Legislative Assembly from 1857 to 1865. He was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in the Hanson Ministry, from Sept. 1857 to June 1859, and in the Ministry of which he himself was Premier in July 1863. He formed his second Administration in March 1865, and remained in office till the following September, when he became Agent-General for South Australia in the United Kingdom. Mr. Dutton, who was an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers, and was created C.M.G. in Nov. 1872, died in London on Jan. 25th, 1877, whilst still occupying the position of Agent-General. He was the author of "South Australia and its Mines" (1846).

E

Eager, Hon. Geoffrey, J. P., the son of Richard Eager, who came of a good Irish stock, was born in Sydney in 1818, and educated at Cape's school. He was appointed to the Legislative Council in 1859, and was Secretary for Public Works in Mr. Forster's Ministry, from Oct. 1859 to March 1860. After resigning his seat in the Council he was elected for West Sydney in July 1863; and was Treasurer in Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin's first Ministry, from Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865. In 1865 he was re-elected for West Sydney, and was Treasurer in the second Martin Ministry, from Jan. 1866 to Oct. 1868. He was appointed permanent Under Secretary to the Treasury in Feb. 1872, and retained the post till his death on Sept. 12th, 1891.

Eaton, Henry Francis, J.P., Under-Treasurer, Victoria, son of William Eaton and Esther (Haseldine) his wife, was born at East Bridgeford, Nottingham-shire, on Sept. 16th, 1831. He emigrated to Victoria with a view of going to the gold diggings, but sixteen days after his arrival in Jan. 1853, was appointed clerk in the office of the Colonial Storekeeper, Melbourne. Mr. Eaton was transferred to the Civil Commissariat in Feb. 1854, and inspected the accounts of the department at all the principal goldfields. He was appointed Accountant of the Government Stores in Feb. 1855, transferred to the Treasury in March 1865, appointed Accountant to the Treasury on Feb. 1st, 1887, and Under-Treasurer of Victoria (permanent head of the Treasury) on Sept. 10th, 1889, which office he still holds. Mr. Eaton is Chairman of the Police Superannuation Board, a Justice of the Peace, and a captain (retired) Victorian Volunteer Artillery. He married at St. Paul's Church, Kyneton, Victoria, on Jan. 17th, 1860, Miss Elizabeth Davy.

Ebden, Hon. Charles Hotson, sometime Auditor-General and Treasurer of Victoria, was born in London in 1811, and when little more than twenty emigrated to New South Wales, where he took up pastoral country on the Murray and invested a large sum of money in stock and improvements. In 1836 he decided to explore the Port Phillip district in search of suitable sheep country. In the result he formed a station south of the Goulburn, in what is now Victoria, and later on at Carlsruhe. He formed the first crossing-place over the Murray at Albury, and the nine thousand sheep which he sent to Carlsruhe from his New South Wales station in March 1837 were the first sheep which came into Victoria overland. In July 1843 Mr. Ebden was returned at the head of the poll as one of the first four members sent by Port Phillip to the New South Wales Legislative Council, which was then the sole chamber, this election being the first for members of Parliament which ever took place in Australia. Mr. Ebden sat in the New South Wales Legislative Council for the full term of five years, but declined to offer himself for re-election in 1848, on the ground that the representation of Port Phillip at Sydney was a farce. Mr. Ebden was an active worker for separation from New South Wales, and having been in the meantime re-elected to the Legislative Council of New South Wales, he seconded the address in reply to the Governor's speech when, in March 1851, the Council was convened to arrange the preliminaries for conferring a distinct constitution on Victoria. After that was achieved later in the year, he was appointed Auditor-General of Victoria by Governor Latrobe in July. This post he held, together with a seat in the Legislative and Executive Councils, till Oct. 1852, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Childers, afterward Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom. Mr. Ebden then revisited England, but returned to Victoria in 1855; and entering the Assembly, was Treasurer in the second Haines Ministry from April 1857 to March 1858. Mr. Ebden was chairman of the St. Kilda and Brighton Railway, but went back to England in 1860. There he resided for six years, when he again visited Victoria, and died at the Melbourne Club in Oct 1867.

Edwards, Major-General Sir James Bevan, R.E., K.C.M.G., C.B., is the son of Samuel Price Edwards and Jane his wife, and was born on Nov. 5th, 1834, at Wimburn, Staffordshire. He married, in 1868, Alice Anne, only daughter of Ralph Brocklebank, of Childwall Hall, Lancashire. Sir Bevan, who entered the army in Dec. 1852, as second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, and became lieutenant in Feb. 1854, was ordered to the Crimea in the following year, and for his services in the demolition of Sebastopol docks received the British and Turkish medals. He served in India during the Mutiny, becoming captain in April 1859. For services at the siege and capture of Chandairee and Jhansi, the capture of Calpee, and actions at Betwa Koouch, Gowlowlee, and before Gwalior, he was mentioned in despatches, received the medal with clasp, and was appointed brevet-major in 1860. He served in China in 1864-5 with the late General Gordon, and received a gold medal from the Imperial Chinese Government. Sir Bevan became major in the Royal Engineers in 1872 brevet lieut.-colonel in 1871, lieut.-colonel in the Royal Engineers, brevet colonel and C.B. in 1877. He was employed in 1877, when war was imminent with Russia, on a confidential mission to the east end of the Mediterranean, on behalf of the War Office and Admiralty. In 1882 he was placed on half-pay, but was employed as colonel on the staff commanding the Royal Engineers in the Northern district from 1884 to 1885 in February of which year he went in the same capacity with the expeditionary force to the Soudan, where, for services at the actions at Hasheen and Tamai he was mentioned in despatches and received a medal with clasp. From 1885 to 1888 he was commandant of the School of Military Engineering; and having been promoted to major-general in 1887, commanded the troops in China from 1889 to 1890. It was whilst stationed at Hong Kong that General Edwards received instructions to proceed to Australia and inspect the military forces of the several Australian colonies. Arriving in July 1889, he visited each colony, and recommended a general federation of the local forces for defence purposes, his suggestions forming the basis of Sir Henry Parkes' subsequent action in favour of the political federation of the Australasian group. In addition General Edwards furnished separate reports on the defences of each colony and received the special thanks of the Secretary of State for the Colonies for his valuable services. General Edward returned to England in 1890, and was created K.C.M.G. on New Year's Day 1891.

Edwards, Worley Basset, son of Charles Scatcherd Wilson Edwards and Cornelia Allen (Waller), his wife, was born in London on Sept 5th, 1850, and went to Otago, N.Z., with his parents in 1856. Having embraced the practice of the law he gained a leading position in the profession, and was appointed a judge of the native land court, with the position of a puisne judge of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, in 1890 by the Atkinson Government. When the Ballance Cabinet came into power in 1891, they disputed the appointment as ultra vires, but the New Zealand Court of Appeal decided that the nomination was valid. The case was carried to the Privy Council, and in May 1892 the Judicial Committee gave a decision adverse to the legality of the appointment, on the ground that Parliament had not previously been asked to provide Judge Edwards's salary. Mr. Edwards married at Wellington in June 1886 Miss Mary A. Cutten.

Egan, Hon. Daniel, M.L.A., was born at Windsor, New South Wales, in 1803, and was foreman of the dockyards of Sydney until the establishment was broken up, when he engaged in mercantile pursuits, He was an alderman of the city of Sydney, and Mayor in 1853. Mr. Egan was elected to the Legislative Council in 1854, and in 1856 was returned to the first Legislative Assembly elected under responsible government, as member for Monaro. In 1861 he was elected for Eden, but was rejected by this constituency in 1869, and again returned for Monaro in the same year. He was Postmaster-General in the Robertson and Cowper Ministries from Oct. 1868 until his death on Oct. 16th, 1870.

Eggers, William, was born in 1815 at Brunswick, Hanover, where his father was a medical man. After a university training he went to London, and entered the employment of the eminent printing firm of Clowes, Gilbert & Rivington. In 1848 he emigrated to Adelaide, where he was employed in the mechanical department of the South Australian Register. Subsequently he started the Australische Deutsche Zeitung, the first German newspaper published in the colony. He died on Jan. 20th, 1882.

Elder, Alexander Lang, second son of George Elder of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, by Joanna Haddo, his wife, daughter of Alexander Lang, of Leith, N.B., and brother of Sir Thomas Elder (q.v.), was born at Kirkcaldy in April 1815, and emigrated to South Australia in 1839, where he founded the well-known mercantile firm of Elder & Co., now Elder, Smith & Co., of Adelaide. In 1853 he went to reside in England, and was head of the firm of A. L. Elder & Co., of London, until his death. Prior to his leaving South Australia, he was member for West Adelaide in the mixed Legislative Council inaugurated in 1851, but resigned his seat on March 30th, 1853. He married a daughter of the late Rev. John Baptist Austin, of South Australia. He died in London on Sept. 5th, 1885.

Elder, David, J.P., son of Douglas Elder, by his wife Euphemia Adam, was born at Dundee on June 19th, 1850, and arrived in Melbourne on August 10th, 1855. He was educated at the Scotch college, and entered the office of Mr. Andrew Lyell, public accountant, in 1865, becoming a partner in the firm in 1874. In 1880 Mr. Elder left the firm to assume the Melbourne managership of the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, Limited, and in 1890 he was made general manager of the Company in Australia. Mr. Elder is a justice of the peace for the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales, and returning officer for the district of Essendon and Flemington, in the former colony. He was Commissioner of Savings Banks, but resigned the position on visiting England in 1890. Mr. Elder married, on May 23rd, 1873, Miss Emma Turner.

Elder, Sir Thomas, G.C.M.G., is the fourth son of the late George Elder, of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, by his marriage with Joanna Haddo, daughter of Alexander Lang, of Leith, N.B., and was born at Kirkcaldy in 1818. He emigrated to South Australia in 1854, and joined the firm of Elder & Co., founded by his brother, Mr. A. L. Elder, and on the retirement of the latter became its head, as he now is of the present firm of Elder, Smith & Co., of Adelaide. Sir Thomas Elder was mainly instrumental in forming the company to work the famous Moonta copper mines. He also introduced camels into the colony for exploratory purposes in 1861, and allowed of their use by the expeditions under Mr. Giles, Major Warburton, and Mr. Gosse. Sir Thomas contributed ?20,000 towards the endowment of Adelaide University in 1874, and, in addition to other benefactions, endowed a scholarship in connection with the Royal College of Music of London, and offered ?5000 towards the exploration of the interior of Australia, and a similar amount towards the expenses of the proposed Antarctic expedition, conditionally, in both cases, on a certain amount of public subscriptions being obtained. Ultimately he undertook the sole cost of the exploring expedition under Mr. Lindsay in 1891-2. He has taken an active interest in the breeding of first-class stock, and has imported some of the finest horses brought to Australia. He was a member of the Legislative Council from 1863 to 1868 and from 1871 till 1878, when he resigned his seat, and in the latter year went to Europe as Honorary Commissioner for South Australia at the Paris International Exhibition. In 1887 he offered to contribute ?10,000 towards the establishment of a Medical School in connection with the University of Adelaide. He was knighted in May 1878, and created K.C.M.G. in 1887 and G.C.M.G. in 1888.

Elder, William, was the eldest son of George Elder, of Kirkcaldy, Scotland, and Joanna Haddo, his wife, and brother of Sir Thomas Elder (q.v.), and of Mr. A. L. Elder (q.v.). He was in the merchant service, and first came to South Australia in command of the ship Malcolm. He subsequently became a member of the eminent firm of Elder & Co., of Adelaide, but retired in 1854, and returned to reside in Scotland. He died at Cannes in April 1882, at the age of seventy-eight.

Eliott, Gilbert, C.M.G., sometime Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Queensland, was third son of Sir William Eliott, the 6th Bart. of that name, of Stobs, Roxburghshire. He was born in 1796, and married, in 1830, Isabella Lucy, daughter of the Rev. Robert Eliott, vicar of Askham (who died in 1871). He emigrated to Queensland, and was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of that colony in April 1860, as member for Wide Bay. On the meeting of the House in May he was elected the first Speaker, and, having been thrice successively re-elected in the next three Parliaments, voluntarily retired in Nov. 1870, when he was created C.M.G. He died on June 30th, 1871. Mr. Eliott's eldest son, Gilbert William, was a police magistrate in Queensland from 1865 to 1878; and, by his marriage with Jane Penelope, daughter of Thomas Thomson, of Tasmania, had a son, Gilbert Francis Eliott, born in 1859, who is Engineer of Harbours and Rivers for Northern Queensland, and has been resident at Townsville since 1880.

Ellery, Robert Lewis John, C.M.G., F.R.S., F.R.A.S. (Government Astronomer of Victoria), is the son of the late John Ellery, of Cranleigh, Surrey, where he was born in July 1827. He was educated at the local grammar school, and subsequently adopted the medical profession. Astronomical researches, however, mainly occupied his attention; and after his arrival in Victoria, in 1851, he was employed by Mr. La Trobe to establish an observatory at Williamstown, near Melbourne. He assumed office on July 13th, 1853, and has since, under various titles, discharged the functions of Government astronomer. In 1858 he initiated a geodetic and trigonometrical survey of the colony. Five years later the observatory was removed from Williamstown to its present site in the Domain, Melbourne, and the meteorological and physical observatory, previously conducted by Professor Neumayer, was amalgamated with it under the control of Mr. Ellery. He was President of the Royal Society of Victoria for twenty years, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1873. He has been a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society since 1855, and is an honorary member of numerous foreign scientific societies. Mr. Ellery is also a member of the Council of the University of Melbourne, and one of the trustees of the Public Library. In 1873 Mr. Ellery assisted in organising the Torpedo and Signal Corps (now the Submarine Mining Engineers), and held the rank of lieutenant-colonel in connection therewith. In 1889 he was created C.M.G. His first wife died in 1856, three years after their marriage; and Mr. Ellery married secondly, in 1858, Margaret, daughter of John Shields, of Launceston, Tasmania.

Emberson, Hon. Horace G. C., Receiver-General and Agent-General of Immigration, Fiji, is an Associate of Arts of Oxford University, and a notary public. He was appointed a stipendiary magistrate in Fiji in Oct. 1874, a member of the Lands Commission in Oct. 1875, Registrar-General, Chief Police Magistrate, and Commissioner of the Supreme Court in 1876, Registrar of Titles in 1877, Acting Commissioner of Crown Lands and Acting Member of the Executive Council in 1880, Acting M.L.C. in June 1881 Acting Receiver-General and Comptroller of Stamps, and a Member of the Executive Council in 1877, and, along with other duties, Acting Agent-General of Immigration in 1888. To the latter post he was permanently appointed in 1889, and holds it in conjunction with that of Receiver-General and Commissioner of Stamps. He is also a member of the Legislative Council.

Embling, Thomas, M.R.C.S., L.S.A., is a native of Oxford, and was born in 1814. After embracing the medical profession, and becoming M.R.C.S. England, and L.S.A. London, he left for Australia in Oct. 1850, and after spending "Black Thursday" in Adelaide, S.A., reached Melbourne in Feb. 1851. Shortly after his arrival he was commissioned to overhaul the management of the Yarra Bend Lunatic Asylum; and having done this successfully, commenced the practice of his profession in Fitzroy, Melbourne, in 1853. In the following year he took a prominent part in the agitation for the redress of the gold-diggers' grievances, which culminated in the regrettable outbreaks at Ballarat and elsewhere. In 1855 Dr. Embling entered the Legislative Council as member for North Bourke, and represented Collingwood in the Assembly from 1856 to 1869, when he retired from political life. Dr. Embling aided in the start of the eight hours movement, and endeavoured to pass the Torrens (Land Transfer) Act through Parliament; but the measure was for the time rejected, though subsequently adopted on the initiative of Mr. Service. Dr. Embling was successful in obtaining a committee to inquire into the industries of the colony, which reported in favour of Protection; but it was several years before the present fiscal policy was adopted. Dr. Embling has long since retired from the practice of his profession.

English, Hon. Thomas, M.L.C., sometime Minister of Works, South Australia, was a member of the Legislative Council of that colony from 1865 to 1878 and from 1882 till his death, and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Hart Government from Oct. 1865 to March 1866, and in the Boucaut Ministry from the latter date till May 1867. He died on Dec. 17th, 1884.

Erskine, Vice-Admiral James Elphinstone, sometime commodore on the Australian station, is the second son of the late James Erskine, of Cardross, Perthshire, and was born on Dec. 2nd, 1838. He entered the royal navy as a cadet in 1852, became sub-lieutenant in 1859, lieutenant in 1859, commander in 1862, captain in 1868, rear-admiral in 1886, and vice-admiral in 1891. In May 1880 he was appointed private secretary to Lord Northbrook on the latter's becoming First Lord of the Admiralty. He was commodore on the Australian station from June 1881 to 1884, and on Nov. 6th in the latter year hoisted the British flag at Port Moresby, and proclaimed the British protectorate over the south coast of New Guinea and the adjacent islands. Admiral Erskine was naval aide-de-camp to the Queen from Dec. 1882 to Jan. 1886, and was a Lord of the Admiralty from Feb. to August 1886. From Dec. 1888 to Dec. 1891 he was senior officer commanding on the coast of Ireland. In May 1892 Admiral Erskine wrote to the Times expressing his doubts as to whether under any circumstances the recruiting of Kanaka labour for the Queensland sugar plantations could be conducted with freedom from abuse and without depopulating the islands whence the supply was drawn. He married in 1885 Margaret Eliza, daughter of Rev. John Constable, of Marston Biggott, Somersetshire.

Evans, Hon. George Samuel, LL.D., one of the earliest English settlers in New Zealand and for some time a Minister of the Crown in Victoria, was admitted to the English Bar, and early became associated with the Wakefield colonisation schemes. He decided to go out with the first party of settlers to Wellington (Port Nicholson), N.Z., under the auspices of Colonel William Wakefield, who had selected the site on Cook Straits in the previous year. He sailed from London in the Adelaide on Sept. 18th, 1839, and arrived at Port Nicholson with his family early in 1840, another eminent jurist, the late Sir Richard Davis Hanson (q.v.), who however, held a secondary position to Dr. Evans, having previously landed from the Cuba. Colonel Wakefield had selected Petone as the site of the future capital of New Zealand, but there was a strong feeling amongst the emigrants that the site of the present city of Wellington was the preferable one. Colonel Wakefield was, however, obstinate until the arrival of Dr. Evans, who called a public meeting of the pioneer settlers, and used his oratorical powers with such effect that the popular feeling aroused compelled Colonel Wakefield to give way. Dr. Evans was thus in a sense the "father" of Wellington (then called Thorndon). It must be borne in mind that when the foundation of the Port Nicholson settlement was projected in London England had not yet annexed New Zealand. A self-governing constitution was therefore drawn up under date Sept. 14th, 1839, which all the settlers were expected to sign. Under this constitution a committee or council of colonists was appointed, of which Colonel Wakefield was president, and Dr. Evans the next most important member. Though only given the curious title of "umpire," the latter was virtually the chief judicial authority of the settlement, both in civil and criminal cases. The first meeting of the committee was held on March 2nd, 1840, and in the meantime Captain Hobson had landed further north with a commission as first Lieutenant-Governor. He was furious when he heard of the proceedings at Port Nicholson, characterising the actions of the council of colonists as high treason. He at once proclaimed the Queen's sovereignty over both the North and South Islands, a proceeding which might otherwise have been long delayed, and in hot haste despatched the acting Colonial Secretary, Willoughby Shortland, to Port Nicholson to dissolve the council, displace their officers, and cancel their acts. Instead, however, of meeting with opposition, Shortland was cordially welcomed by the supposed rebellious settlers when he arrived at Port Nicholson on June 2nd, 1840. He was at once waited on by Dr. Evans and two others, who assured him of the loyalty of the community. Two days later the provisional government was declared illegal, and the Queen's authority formally proclaimed. On July 1st following a great public meeting was held, at which Dr. Evans moved the adoption of a loyal address to Captain Hobson in a long speech, in which, whilst vindicating the legality of the proceedings of the council, he advised the settlers to sacrifice their feelings and submit to its dissolution with a good grace. He strongly advocated the claims of Wellington to be regarded as the seat of government, and the address was then adopted. On August 19th Dr. Evans presided over another meeting at which the reply of Governor Hobson to the address was received. Subsequently the meeting deputed Dr. Evans, Mr. Hanson, and Mr. Moreing to proceed to Sydney to lay before the Governor of New South Wales (Sir George Gipps), who then had superior jurisdiction over New Zealand, the views of the settlers on the land question, a Bill being then before the Legislative Council of New South Wales having for its object to cancel all rights acquired of the Maoris except such as her Majesty might allow. The Bill was passed, but it was really more particularly aimed at the exorbitant claims of- New South Wales residents like Mr. Wentworth, who professed to have acquired twenty million acres from the Maoris, than at the requirements of genuine settlers such as those at Port Nicholson. Dr. Evans and his colleagues were therefore successful in their mission, a fact which they reported to a public meeting on Dec. 11th. In the meantime the Government did not give satisfaction, and in July 1841, when Governor Hobson proposed revisiting Port Nicholson, Dr. Evans took an active part in opposing the presentation of a congratulatory address to him pending the disclosure of the Government policy on various matters affecting the welfare of the settlers. He carried an amendment to this effect, despite the support given to the motion for the address by Mr. Hanson. On August 30th Dr. Evans was one of a deputation which presented a petition to the Governor requesting the immediate grant of a charter of incorporation to the town. In 1843 Dr. Evans took a prominent part in representing the views of the settlers in relation to the melancholy Wairau massacre. He did so as the champion of those whose injudicious conduct caused the affray, and was sent as a delegate to Auckland to put their view of the matter before the Governor. He was also hotly opposed to the policy of Governor Fitzroy in cancelling the award of Mr. Spain (q.v.) in relation to the Wellington land claims. Dr. Evans was no believer in the treaty of Waitangi, that Magna Charta of the Maoris, and when in England in 1845 acted as the representative of the discontented colonists who demanded the recall of Fitzroy. On this subject he had interviews with the Under-Secretary for the Colonies (Mr. Hope), and corresponded with the late Lord Derby, then, as Lord Stanley, head of the department. Dr. Evans subsequently went to the colony of Victoria, and took a prominent part in the discussion of the various questions which agitated the early stages of its development under representative institutions. When responsible government was conceded he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly in 1856 for Richmond. He was Postmaster-General in the second O'Shanassy Ministry throughout the whole term of its existence, from March 1858 to Oct. 1859. When Sir Charles Gavan Duffy left the Government in March 1859, Dr. Evans took the additional portfolio of Minister of Lands, which he held till the dissolution of the Cabinet. In the third O'Shanassy Government Dr. Evans was Postmaster-General from Dec. 1861 to June 1863. He was for a considerable period editor of the Melbourne Herald. Dr. Evans died on Sept. 23rd, 1868.

Evans, Gowen Edward, M.A., only son of the late Rev. Gowen Evans, M.A., of Potterspury, Northamptonshire, was born in 1826, and educated at Lincoln College, Oxford, where he matriculated in May 1845, and graduated B.A. in 1849 and M.A. in 1852. He entered at the Inner Temple in November of the latter year, and was called to the bar in Jan. 1864. His tastes tending in the direction of literature, he became a writer for the Spectator, and having become acquainted with Mr. Edward Wilson, one of the proprietors of the Melbourne Argus, he was selected by that gentleman, when he came to reside in England, to represent the Wilson interest in the management of the Argus. Mr. Gowen Evans went to Melbourne in that capacity in 1867, and has ever since taken a prominent part in the direction of the paper. Mr. Evans was admitted to the Victorian bar in 1867, and in the following year he received the honorary degree of M.A. from Melbourne University.

Everard, William, was one of the early pioneers of South Australia, having been present at the proclamation of the colony by Governor Hindmarsh in Dec. 1836. He did not enter political life till 1868, when he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Encounter Bay, and subsequently sat in the Legislative Council from 1873 to 1878. Mr. Everard was Commissioner of Public Works in the Hart Ministry, from Sept. to Oct. 1868; Commissioner of Crown Lands in the Blyth Ministry, from July 1873 to June 1875; and Minister of Education in that of Mr. Boucaut from March to June 1876. He was a member of the council of Adelaide University and of the governing boards of the Art Gallery, Museum, Public Library, and Botanic Gardens of Adelaide. He died, at the age of seventy, on August 25th, 1889.

Eyre, Edward John, son of the late Rev. Anthony Eyre, vicar of Hornsea and Long Riston, Yorks, was born on August 15th, 1815, and educated at Louth and Sedbergh Grammar Schools. In 1833 he emigrated to Sydney, and entered upon pastoral pursuits, with some success, in the Lower Murray district, where he was subsequently appointed Resident Magistrate and Protector of the Aborigines. Mr. Eyre early began to interest himself in exploration, and in 1836 conducted an expedition across the Australian continent from Sydney to Swan River, W.A. He was afterwards a settler in South Australia, and in 1840 started on a journey for the South Australian Government into the interior. His object was to explore Lake Torrens and penetrate to the heart of the continent. After visiting Lake Torrens, he struck into the Flinders Range; but, owing to the scarcity of food and water, found himself unable to proceed northwards through the impenetrable bush. At last he succeeded in rounding the Great Bight, whence he pushed on to King George's Sound, in the company of one Englishman (Baxter) and three aborigines. The party endured great privations, and after two months of hardship two of the natives murdered Baxter and decamped with the provisions. Mr. Eyre, left alone with a solitary aboriginal, pushed on, and was eventually rescued by a French whaling ship, the Mississippi, and reached Adelaide in July 1841. In 1845 he returned to England, and in 1847, when Earl Grey separated the colony of New Zealand into two provinces and appointed lieut.-governors, Mr. Eyre was nominated to this office for the South Island, Sir George Grey being then Governor-in-Chief. During his term of office he lived mostly at Wellington; but his powers as lieut.-governor were inconsiderable, owing to the overshadowing authority of the Governor-in-Chief. In 1853 he retired and went to England, and in December of the following year was appointed Governor of the island of St. Vincent, and subsequently Lieut.-Governor of the Leeward Islands. On July 13th, 1864, he was made Captain-General and Governor-General-in-Chief and Vice-Admiral of Jamaica. It was during his tenure of office that the insurrection broke out in Oct. 1865, but owing to his energetic measures it was completely crushed. His action, especially in relation to the execution under sentence of court martial of George William Gordon, a mulatto of property, was, however, much canvassed in England, and he was recalled, and a commission of inquiry appointed to investigate the charges against him. The result was to exonerate him from blame; but his accusers, not content with the issue, instituted proceedings against him, which lasted for four years, but came to nothing. A "Jamaica committee" was formed to carry on the prosecution, which led to a defence fund being started. Mr. Eyre was then prosecuted for murder before the magistrates of Market Drayton, in Shropshire, but they declined to commit him for trial. Subsequent proceedings before the Court of Queen's Bench also proved abortive. Mr. Eyre is the author of "Discoveries in Central Australia," 1845; "Journals of Expeditions and Discovery into Central Australia, and Overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound," 1846. He resides at Steeple Aston, in Oxfordshire.

F

Fairfax, Rear-Admiral Henry, C.B., second son of Colonel Sir Henry Fairfax, Bart., was born in 1837, and entered the Royal Navy in 1850, becoming commander in 1862, captain in 1868, and rear-admiral in 1885. He was naval attach? to Sir Bartle Frere's mission to Zanzibar in 1872-3; private secretary to the First Lord of the Admiralty in 1873-4; and was created C.B. (Civil Division) in 1879, and Military Division in 1882. He commanded H.M.S. Monarch at the bombardment of Alexandria in 1882, for which he received a medal, the Khedive's bronze star and the 3rd class Osmanlieh. He was naval aide-de-camp to the Queen from 1879 to 1885 and Commander-in-Chief on the Australian station from 1887 to 1889, assuming the command on the 17th of April in the former year. In 1889 Admiral Fairfax became Second Naval Lord of the Admiralty. Admiral Fairfax married, in 1872, Harriet, daughter of Sir David Kinloch, 9th Bart.

Fairfax, Hon. John, M.L.C., whose reputation is inseparably identified with the pioneer days of Australian journalism, was born at Warwick in 1804. Trained as a compositor, he obtained employment on the Morning Chronicle of London at the completion of his apprenticeship; but, after a time, returned to his native county and commenced business as a printer and bookseller at Leamington, where he started the Leamington Spa Chronicle. The venture was successful; but an outspoken criticism upon the conduct of public officials resulted in a prosecution for libel. Mr. Fairfax successfully defended his position; but was overwhelmed with the heavy costs of litigation, and this circumstance caused him to emigrate to Sydney in 1838. He obtained employment on the Sydney Herald, which had begun its career in 1831, and was then issued bi-weekly by Mr. F. M. Stokes, and as a daily in 1840. Mr. Fairfax also obtained the position of librarian to the Australian Subscription Library in Sydney, Sept. 13th, 1838. His energy, prudence, and enterprise secured him powerful friends. The proprietor of the Herald wishing to retire from business, the paper was purchased in 1841 by Mr. Fairfax and Mr. C. Kemp, a reporter, for the sum of ?10,000, which was partly advanced by friends of the new proprietors. The partnership prospered, and the foundation of the great future success of the Herald was securely laid. The paper has always jealously asserted its independence, and has never been considered a party journal. It has been conducted with rare moderation and unusual literary ability, and has secured an amount of commercial support which is unprecedented even in the colonies. In 1851 Mr. Fairfax revisited Leamington, and honourably defrayed all the liabilities which he had left when he emigrated thirteen years before. His old townsmen recognised his sterling qualities, and gave him a most cordial reception. Returning to Sydney in 1853, Mr. Fairfax purchased the share of his partner, Mr. Kemp, and became the sole owner of his paper, which since August 1st, 1842, had assumed the name of the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1867 Mr. Charles Fairfax was taken into partnership, and on the accidental death of his eldest son, Mr. John Fairfax admitted his younger sons—Mr. James Reading Fairfax and Mr. Edward Ross Fairfax. Under their management the paper acquired an undisputed precedence in New South Wales. Mr. John Fairfax again visited England in 1863, and utilised his leisure to familiarise himself with all the latest phases of newspaper management, with the result that his own journals were always in possession of the most modern machinery and equipments. In the political struggles of his day Mr. Fairfax took little personal part. He once sought election to the Legislative Assembly, and was defeated; but in 1874 he was nominated to a seat in the Legislative Council. He was a devoutly religious man, and throughout his career was a prominent member and a most generous supporter of the Congregational body. In 1840 he was chosen as a deacon of the Pitt Street Congregational Church, in Sydney, and took a deep interest in its welfare until his death, which took place at his residence, Ginahgulla, Bose Bay, Port Jackson, June 16th, 1877. His two sons conducted the Herald, and its powerful adjuncts, the Mail and Echo, until 1888, when Mr. E. R. Fairfax withdrew from the partnership. Mr. J. R. Fairfax then admitted his sons—Messrs. Charles Geoffrey and James Fairfax, jun.—into the partnership, and as he only exercises a supervising influence himself, the control of the journals is virtually vested in them.

Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, the well-known writer, went to Australia in early life, and, after some experience on the gold diggings of Victoria, migrated to New Zealand, where he assisted Mr. (now Sir Julius) Vogel in starting the Otago Daily Times at Dunedin in 1861, the former being editor, and the latter business manager. Subsequently Mr. Farjeon took to literature, and married a daughter of Joseph Jefferson, the celebrated American actor. His successful career as a story-writer since his return to England is well known.

Farnell, Hon. James Squire, was born in 1827 at Parramatta, N.S.W. In 1859 he was elected to the Assembly for St. Leonard's, and in the following year for Parramatta. Subsequently he again sat for St. Leonard's. Having acted for some time as Chairman of Committees, he was Secretary for Lands in the Parkes Government from May 1872 to Feb. 1875. In Dec 1877, on the defeat of Sir John Robertson, he became Premier of the colony of New South Wales, with the portfolio of Minister of Lands. Failing, however, to carry his Land Bill, he resigned in Dec. 1878. He was again Secretary for Lands in the Stuart Government from Jan. 1883 to Oct. 1885, and was appointed Minister of Justice in the Dibbs Ministry which followed, but he almost immediately resigned. Mr. Farnell, who was first Grand Master of the New South Wales Constitution of Freemasons, died on August 21st, 1888.

Farr, Ven. Archdeacon George Henry, M.A., LL.D., son of George Farr and Eleanora his wife, was born on July 2nd, 1819, at Tottenham, England, and educated at Christ's Hospital, where he was "Grecian," and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1843 and M.A. in 1853. He entered at the Middle Temple in 1841, but was ordained deacon in 1844 and priest in 1845, and was Diocesan Inspector of Schools in West Cornwall. He emigrated in 1854 to South Australia, where he was head master of St. Peter's Collegiate School, Adelaide, from that year till 1879. He was appointed Canon of the Cathedral Church of Adelaide in 1857, and Archdeacon of Missionary Districts in the Diocese of Adelaide in 1880. He took the degree of LL.D. at Cambridge University in 1882; and in connection with the University of Adelaide was made M.A. in 1877, Warden of the Senate in 1880, LL.D. in 1883, and was twice elected Vice-Chancellor—viz., in 1888 and 1889. Archdeacon Farr, who was captain and stroke of his college eight when at Cambridge and winner of a silver medal at the Thames Regatta in 1843, was married at Woolwich on Feb. 5th, 1846, to Miss Julia Warren Ord. He is chairman of the Public Library, Museum, and Art Gallery of South Australia.

Farrell, Very Rev. James, M.A., first Dean of Adelaide, was born in Ireland on Nov. 26th, 1803, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated M.A. Having taken orders in the Church of England, he emigrated to South Australia, and arrived in Sept. 1840, when he acted as assistant to Rev. C. B. Howard, the first Colonial Chaplain. He had sole charge of the Anglican communion in Adelaide from 1843 to 1846, when he was relieved by the arrival of Archdeacon Woodcock and the Rev. James Pollitt. On Dr. Short (the first bishop's) arrival, in Dec. 1847, Mr. Farrell was created Dean of Trinity Church, which at first served as the cathedral of the diocese. Prior to this, in Nov. 1845, Mr. Farrell married the widow of the Rev. C. B. Howard, whom he succeeded as Colonial Chaplain, an office which expired with him. He died at Malvern, whilst on a visit to England, on April 26th, 1869. He left four scholarships of ?50 each to St. Peter's Collegiate School, Adelaide; and a window was erected to his memory in Trinity Church, which he had been incumbent of as well as dean.

Farrell, John, was born in Buenos Ayres, La Plata, South America, on Dec. 18th, 1851, of Irish parentage. He came with his parents to Victoria in the following year, and up to the age of twenty was engaged in farming in that colony. He afterwards learned the trade of a brewer in Sandhurst, and followed this business for several years in New South Wales. He contributed during this period a number of poems on Australia and other subjects to various periodicals, notably the Bulletin, which attracted a good deal of notice; and in 1887 published a volume, "How He Died, and other Poems." On the publication of "Progress and Poverty," Mr. Farrell became convinced that Henry George had found the solution to the problems of social want and misery, and has since largely devoted himself to the work of spreading abroad a knowledge of the single tax principle. In 1888 he established a newspaper at Lithgow, N.S.W., with this object, which had a considerable influence on public thought. In 1889 he joined with several others in bringing Henry George through the colonies on a lecturing tour, and in June 1890 became editor of the Sydney Daily Telegraph. Some months afterwards he resigned this position, but remains on the editorial staff of that journal. Mr, Farrell was married in Melbourne in 1876, and is regarded as one of the most uncompromising leaders of the Single Tax Movement in Australia.

Faucett, Hon. Peter, M.L.C., formerly Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court, New South Wales, was born in Dublin, and educated at Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. in 1842, and was called to the bar in 1845. He emigrated to Sydney In 1852, and was admitted to the colonial bar. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly as member for King and Georgiana in 1856, and was elected for East Sydney in 1860. He was Solicitor-General in the Martin Ministry from Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865, and in October of the latter year was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. In 1889 he retired on a pension, having been called to the Legislative Council in the previous year.

Favenc, Ernest, the explorer and historian of exploration, was born in London and educated in Berlin, arriving in New South Wales in 1863. After residing in Sydney a year he relinquished his commercial employment and went on to a station in the frontier squatting districts of Northern Queensland, where he was actively engaged during the early pioneering times. Subsequently he gave his attention to "overlanding" (i.e. taking cattle across country) and wrote for the press under the nom de plume of "Dramingo." In 1878 the proprietor of the Queenslander newspaper employed him to explore the line of country extending from Blackall, on the west boundary line of Queensland, to Port Darwin, with the view of solving the question then being debated as to whether a railway could be constructed across the continent along that route. The task was successfully performed by Mr. Favenc at the head of a small and well-equipped party. In 1888 Messrs. Favenc and Crawford explored the McArthur from the Queensland boundary, In 1888 Mr. Favenc published a "History of Australian Exploration" (London and Sydney). Mr. Favenc has the advantage of being a good artist as well as a facile writer. His magnum opus, the "History of Australian Exploration," was dedicated to Sir Henry Parkes, and was published in one large volume at the expense of the New South Wales Government. Prior to the issue of the work on Exploration, Mr. Favenc had published two other brochures, entitled respectively, "The Great Australian Plain," and "Western Australia."

Fawkner, Hon. John Pascoe, M.L.C., who has sometimes been styled "the father of the colony of Victoria," was the son of John Fawkner and Hannah his wife, and was born in London on Oct. 20th, 1792. On Feb. 10th, 1803, he, with his parents, sailed in the Calcutta with the expedition sent out under Collins to found a penal settlement at Port Phillip, where they arrived on Oct. 9th, 1803, and landed on the site of what is now Sorrento. Shortly afterwards the attempt to found a penal settlement was abandoned, and he went with the rest of the party in the Ocean to the Derwent, in Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), where he arrived on Feb. 10th, 1804. Living with his father about eight miles from Hobart Town, he first assisted the latter in farming, and then turned sawyer. In 1814 he mixed himself up in a plot for the escape of a party of convicts, two of whom betrayed his complicity. In consequence he was flogged, and had to leave for Sydney, whence he returned to Tasmania in March 1817. He then engaged in business at Hobart Town, removing in 1819 to Launceston, where he engaged in the timber trade, which he relinquished in 1826, and started a public-house at Launceston called the Cornwall Hotel. In 1829 he started the Launceston Advertiser, which he sold in 1831, acting in the meantime as a sort of amateur solicitor or "agent" for litigants in the local police courts. In 1835 Fawkner concocted a plan for the settlement of Port Phillip and brought five associates into his scheme, for the effectuation of which he bought the schooner Enterprise, of fifty-five tons burden. The expedition sailed from George Town, Tasmania, on July 27th, but was obliged to beat about for three days, during which Fawkner suffered so much from sea sickness that he had himself put ashore again, the Enterprise, with his coadjutors, proceeding to Western Port, in what is now Victoria, where they arrived on August 8th. Not liking the look of the adjacent country, the party made for what is now Hobson's Bay, and undeterred by warnings that "John Batman, King of Port Phillip, had bought all the lands and desired all trespassers to keep aloof," explored the Yarra Yarra river, with which and the surrounding district they were much delighted. They put the first plough into the earth on Sept. 8th, 1835, and sowed the first crop of five acres of wheat. Fawkner himself, cheered by the accounts which the advance party brought back, landed in Hobson's Bay in Oct. 1835, and may be justly regarded as the real founder of Melbourne, leaving Messrs. Batman (who reached Hobson's Bay in May 1835) and Henty to dispute the glory of being the founders of the colony. In Jan. 1838 Fawkner started the first newspaper, which was written on four pages of foolscap. In March some type arrived from Tasmania, and the journal was printed weekly. In 1839 he commenced the Port Phillip Patriot, which he afterwards made into a daily paper, and which is now, after many mutations, the daily Argus. In 1842 he was elected one of the Market Commissioners, and in 1843 a town councillor, an office which he held for many years. In 1851 he was elected a member of the first Legislative Council for Dalhousie, and on the introduction of a free Parliament in Victoria in 1856 was returned to the Legislative Council for the central province. Though Batman must have the credit of originally selecting the site of Melbourne, Fawkner not only followed closely on his heels, but in his uncouth way contributed materially to promoting the infant interests of what is now the magnificent Victorian metropolis. He was also to the fore in all the public affairs of the colony, generally on the Liberal side. He took a leading part in the movement for declining to elect members for Port Phillip to the New South Wales Legislative Council before its separation from the mother colony. A public meeting in Melbourne selected him as one of the delegates to negotiate a compromise between the Government and the malcontents during the riots regarding the diggers' licences in 1854. In Nov. of that year the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, nominated him as one of the members of a special commission which he appointed to inquire into the grievances or the goldfields; and he was a party to the voluminous report which they sent in. He died on Sept. 4th, 1869.

Featherston, Isaac Earl, M.D., sometime Agent-General, New Zealand, fourth son of Thomas Featherston, of Cotfield House, Durham, was born in Durham on March 21st, 1813, and took his M.D. degree at Edinburgh in 1836. He was one of the earliest settlers in Wellington, N.Z., under the New Zealand Company. He took a prominent part in the agitation for self-government in and about 1850. In 1852, when the province of Wellington was constituted, he was elected first superintendent, and represented Wanganui in Parliament from 1853 to 1871, when he resigned the superintendency. From July 12th to August 2nd, 1861, he was Colonial Secretary under Mr. Fox, and held office without portfolio under the same gentleman from Nov. 16th, 1869, to March 31st, 1871. In Jan. 1866 he persuaded the friendly Maoris about Wanganui to join General Chute in his campaign on the west coast, and his march toward Mount Egmont; and he himself accompanied and led the Maori contingent in the various actions at Otapawa and elsewhere. For his gallantry on these occasions he received the New Zealand Cross, on the recommendation of General Chute. In 1869 Dr. Featherston was sent home to England, in company with Mr. Dillon Bell, as commissioner to treat with the Imperial Government for a force to put down rebellion and to raise another force for colonial service. When the Vogel Government started the Public Works policy, the Commissioners were instructed to arrange with the Home Government to guarantee a loan for ?1,000,000 for public works and immigration, to be spent at a rate not exceeding ?200,000 a year. This they succeeded in doing. By the Public Works and Immigration Act of 1870, the office of Agent-General in London was created, and Dr. Featherston became first Agent-General. This post he held from the year 1871 till his death at Brighton on June 19th, 1876. Dr. Featherston married, in 1839, a daughter of Mr. A. Scott, of Edinburgh.

Fehon, William Meeke, Commissioner of Railways, New South Wales, was born on March 5th, 1834, in London. He was employed on some of the leading railway companies in England and Canada, prior to emigrating to Victoria, where he arrived in April 1858, and was appointed traffic manager of the Victoria railways. Mr. Fehon subsequently engaged in pastoral and commercial pursuits, but in 1888 accepted a position as one of the Commissioners of Railways in New South Wales.

Fellows, Hon. Thomas Howard, formerly Puisne Judge, Victoria, son of Thomas Fellows, of Moneyhill, Herts, solicitor, was born in England in 1823, and, after being educated at Eton and studying under Chitty in London, was called to the bar in 1852, and soon afterwards emigrated to Victoria. In that colony he gained a high repute in his profession, and, having become a member of the old Legislative Council in 1855, was appointed Solicitor-General in the Haines Ministry in June 1856, in succession to Mr. (afterwards Sir) Robert Molesworth, who was raised to the bench. This post he held till Feb. 1857, when he succeeded Sir William Stawell (appointed Chief Justice) as Attorney-General. In the meantime responsible government had been inaugurated, and Mr. Fellows had been returned to the first Legislative Assembly for St. Kilda as the colleague of Mr. (now Sir) F. T. Sargood. In March 1857 Mr. Fellows retired from office on the defeat of the Haines Ministry. They came back to power again a month later, and Mr. Fellows was their Solicitor-General till March 1858, when he quitted the Assembly, and was elected to the Legislative Council, in opposition to Mr. T. T. ?-Beckett. He represented the Nicholson Ministry in the Upper House, without portfolio, from Oct. to Nov. 1860. In Oct. 1863 Mr. Fellows joined that powerful combination, the first McCulloch Ministry, as Postmaster-General, but quitted the Cabinet in March 1864, as soon as the drift of their policy was made apparent. He now appeared as the determined opponent of his former colleagues, and led the Council in their resistance to the Tariff and Darling grant "tacks." The better to champion the cause of the Conservative party, he resigned his seat in the Council, and was returned in 1867 to the Legislative Assembly for St. Kilda. The McCullochites commanded an overwhelming majority in the Lower House, but Mr. Fellows discharged the difficult task of marshalling his meagre minority with conspicuous tact and ability. In 1868 Sir James McCulloch resigned, owing to a difference with the Governor over the procedure to be pursued in relation to the Darling grant; and after prolonged negotiations, during the course of which Mr. Fellows was frequently suggested as Premier, Sir Charles Sladen agreed to champion the forlorn hope of the Council in their constitutional battle with the Assembly, Mr. Fellows agreeing to take the leadership of the latter body, with the portfolio of Minister of Justice. In spite of several hostile votes carried against them in the popular Chamber, the Sladen Ministry held on from May 6th to July 11th, 1868, when the crisis was terminated by a request from Sir Charles Darling that the grant should be withdrawn, as he had made his peace with the Colonial Office. Mr. Fellows did not again take office, though he remained in the Assembly till 1872, when, it having been decided to nominate a fifth Puisne Judge, he was appointed to that position by the Francis Ministry, and remained on the bench till his death, on April 8th, 1878.

Fenton, Francis Dart, a native of Yorkshire, went out to Auckland, N.Z., in 1850, and cultivated land on the Waikato River. In 1851 he was appointed by Sir George Grey (then Governor) to a position in the Deeds Office at Auckland, and subsequently became Resident Magistrate and Collector of Customs at Kaipara. In March 1856 he was made Native Secretary by Governor Browne; but his policy clashing with that of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Donald McLean, Chief Native Land Commissioner, he was compelled to resign, and was appointed Resident Magistrate at Whaingaroa. On May 9th, 1857, as the result of a paper of suggestions which he had addressed to the Governor, he was summoned to act as magistrate at Waikato at a critical time in the difficulties preceding the Waikato war. His appointment, "at the earnest request of the natives," was the promise of a new departure on the part of the Government, who had resolved that the Maoris should be governed by laws "enacted with their own consent," and instructed Mr. Fenton to prepare a code upon this understanding. Mr. Fenton proceeded to Waikato, but on July 14th, 1857, Potatau accepted the kingship offered him by the malcontent tribes, and he was shortly afterwards withdrawn. From 1858 to 1864 Mr. Fenton acted as assistant law officer of the Crown. In 1861 he prepared the Domain Act, and in 1863 was charged with the working of the New Zealand Settlement Act. Mr. Fenton was admitted as a barrister and solicitor in New Zealand in Jan. 1857. In 1865 Mr. Fenton was employed to draw up the Native Lands Act, and became Chief Judge of the Native Land Court, a post which he held for seventeen years. In 1869 he was called to the Legislative Council, and introduced a bill to amend the Native Lands Act, which was passed, but he failed to pass the Native Reserves Bill. He assisted in the successful opposition to the importation of Ghoorka regiments for the purposes of the war, but was ultimately disqualified as an official from sitting in the Council. He was for two years district judge of Auckland, in addition to his other appointments, and retired from public service in 1882. Mr. Fenton is singularly well acquainted with the Maori language, and the history and customs of the people. In addition to various pamphlets, he is the author of "Observations on the State of the Aboriginal Inhabitants of New Zealand" (Auckland, 1859), and "Suggestions for a History of the Origin and Migrations of the Maori People" (1885).

Fenton, James, son of James Fenton, was born at Dunlavia, County Wicklow, Nov. 20th, 1820. His father was a landholder in the county, but in consequence of religious and political disturbances in Ireland, emigrated with his family to Tasmania in 1833. Mr. Fenton was educated at Elton School, Arklow, and afterwards at the schools of Mr. James Thomson and Mr. R. W. Giblin at Hobart. In 1839 he took up land in West Devon, Northern Tasmania, where he was the first settler. He was an active pioneer of the district, was appointed a J.P. in 1856, and was for years Chairman of the Devon Road Trust. After seeing Devon grow into a populous district he fixed his residence in Launceston. Mr. Fenton has for half a century been a constant contributor to colonial newspapers and magazines. His "History of Tasmania" was published at Hobart in 1884. He is also author of the "Life of Rev. Charles Price" (Melbourne, 1886), and "Bush Life in Tasmania Fifty Years Ago" (London, 1891).

Fenton, Hon. Michael, formerly captain in the 12th Regiment, after service in India, sold out and emigrated to Tasmania in 1829, settling on a grant of land at Fenton Forest, near Glenora, on the river Derwent. He was appointed a member of the nominee Legislative Council by Sir John Franklin in 1840, and was one of the "Patriotic Six," who resigned their seats in the Council, in order to frustrate the financial policy of Governor Wilmot, in 1846, but was reappointed by royal warrant in March 1847. In 1851 he became one of the first elected members of the Legislative Council, representing New Norfolk. In 1855 he was elected Speaker in succession to Sir R. Dry. When responsible government was conceded he entered the House of Assembly for the same district, and was elected the first Speaker in Dec. 1856. Mr. Fenton continued to fill the chair of the House till May 1861, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Sir Robert Officer. He died at Fenton Forest on April 6th, 1874, aged eighty-five years.

Fenwick, George, J.P., editor of the Otago Daily Times, was born at Sunderland, England, on Feb. 2nd, 1847. He arrived with his parents in Melbourne on Jan. 1st, 1853, and subsequently came to New Zealand, landing in Dunedin in 1856. He entered the office of the Otago Witness in 1859, and there remained until 1866, when he visited Australia. Returning to Otago, he became part proprietor of one or two provincial newspapers, and in 1875 was appointed manager of the Otago Guardian, a daily paper of considerable merit, at that time published in opposition to the Otago Daily Times. The Guardian subsequently became the property of Mr. G. M. Reed, whom Mr. Fenwick joined in partnership. In 1877 the subject of our sketch conceived the project of purchasing the Otago Daily Times, and, after much negotiation, Messrs. Reed and Fenwick became proprietors of the Times and of the Otago Witness. Subsequently Mr. Fenwick was appointed managing director of a company which purchased the property. This position he still holds, and in conduction therewith he was appointed editor of the Times in August 1890. Mr. Fenwick is chairman of the Dunedin City and Suburban Tramways Company and a Justice of the Peace.

Fergus, Hon. Thomas, M.H.R., was born at Ayr, Scotland, on April 6th, 1851, went with his parents to Melbourne, Australia, as a boy, and arrived in Otago, N.Z., in the beginning of 1870. Shortly after landing in Otago he decided to enter the engineering profession, and to that end studied at the Otago University under Professor Shand, who was one of Mr. Fergus's tutors when at Ayr Academy. In 1872 he was appointed by the Provincial Government as district engineer for the goldfields, with his headquarters at Cromwell, and held that position until 1876, when he left the service of the Government in order to enter into partnership with Mr. D. Henderson. The firm of Henderson & Fergus carried out several important undertakings, including the construction of the Mosgiel-Outram Railway, the Patea Bailway, the waterworks at New Plymouth, and the railway wharf at the Bluff. In partnership with Mr. J. B. Blair, he was instrumental in building the Deloraine-Mersey Railway in Tasmania and the Heidelberg-Alphington Railway in Victoria. At the general election of 1881 he was returned to the New Zealand House of Representatives for the Wakatipu district, after a severe contest, and in 1884 he was re-elected, having had again to encounter strong opposition. In 1887 and in 1890 he was returned unopposed. On the formation of the Atkinson administration in 1887, Mr. Fergus attained Cabinet rank, being entrusted with the portfolios of Justice and Defence, which he retained until Oct. 15th, 1889, when, consequent on the re-election of the Hon. T. W. Hislop, a rearrangement of portfolios took place, Captain W. R. Russell joining the Ministry and relieving Mr. Fergus of the departments of Justice and Defence, while the latter took over the more important portfolios of Public Works and Mines. He administered these departments until Jan. 1891, when, the Atkinson Government having been defeated at the polls in the previous December, he resigned with his colleagues. He married a daughter of Mr. Donald Reid (q.v.).

Fergusson, Right Hon. Sir James, Bart., G.C.S.I., K.C.M.G., C.I.E., M.P., is the eldest son of the late Sir Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, of Kilkerran, Ayrshire, on whose death, in 1849, he succeeded as 6th baronet. His mother was Helen, second daughter of the Right Hon. David Boyle, Lord Justice-General of Scotland. He was born on March 14th, 1832, and was educated at Rugby and University College, Oxford. Having entered the army in 1850, he became successively lieutenant and captain in the Grenadier Guards. Serving in the Crimea in 1854-5, he was wounded at Inkerman, and received a medal with three clasps and a Turkish medal. He was M.P. for Ayrshire from 1854 to 1857, when he was defeated, but was again returned in 1859, and sat till 1868. He was Under- Secretary for India from 1866 to 1867 in the third Derby Government, and Under-Secretary for the Home Department in the first Disraeli Ministry from the latter year till 1868, when, having been sworn of the Privy Council, he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of South Australia, and held office from Feb. 1869 to Feb. 1873. Responsible government leaves but little to the initiative of the governors of the self-governing colonies; but Sir James Fergusson is entitled to considerable credit in connection with the establishment of cable communication between Australia and England, the construction of the overland telegraph line from Port Darwin to Adelaide resulting from the encouragement which he gave to Mr. Strangways when the latter was Premier of South Australia. Sir James married, in 1859, Lady Edith Christian Ramsay, daughter of the Marquis of Dalhousie; and this lady died in 1871, during his tenure of the government of South Australia. Two years later he married a second time, the object of his choice being a South Australian lady—Olive, daughter of the late John Henry Richman, of Wambanga, in that colony, and previously of Adelaide, solicitor. From June 1873 to Dec. 1874 Sir James was Governor of New Zealand, when he resigned and returned to England, being created K.C.M.G. in the same year. In 1875 he unsuccessfully contested Frome, and in 1878 Greenock with a like fate. He was Governor of Bombay from March 1880 to March 1885. In Jan. 1882 his second wife, who in the previous December had received from the Queen the decoration of the Imperial Order of the Crown of India, died suddenly in Bombay, of English cholera, during her husband's absence at Baroda. Sir James, who was created G.C.S.I. in 1885, was elected for one of the divisions of Manchester at the general election in that year, and again in 1886. In August of the latter year he was appointed Under Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, and in Sept. 1891 Postmaster-General, in succession to the late Mr. Raikes. He has been for some years past a director of the Bank of New Zealand.

Fergusson, Major John Adam, is the third son of the late Sir Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, Bart., and younger brother of Sir James Fergusson (q.v.). He was born on May 7th, 1845, and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He passed first on the list for a direct commission in the army in 1865, and was appointed to the Rifle Brigade. After serving in India, he was private secretary to Sir James Fergusson, and Clerk of the Executive Council South Australia from 1870 to 1873. He passed the Staff College in 1878, served on the staff of the Intelligence branch of the Horse Guards in 1879, and was Garrison Instructor in North Britain from 1879 to 1880; when, having in the meantime become Captain of the Prince Consort's Own Regiment of the Rifle Brigade, he was appointed Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General of the South Australian military forces, with the local rank of major. In 1881 he was commissioned by the South Australian Government to proceed to India and arrange for the introduction of Coolie labour into the Northern Territory. Subsequently returning to England, he unsuccessfully contested Peterborough in 1883, and, having been promoted to major, was Deputy-Assistant Adjutant-General in Ceylon from 1887 to 1889. Major Fergusson, who is now serving with the Rifle Brigade in India, married, in 1871, Sarah, daughter of Joseph Gilbert, of Pewsey Vale, S.A.

Finch-Hatton, Hon. Harold, is the son of the 9th Earl of Winchelsea and Nottingham, by Fanny Margaretta, eldest daughter of Edward Royd Rice, of Dane Court, Kent. He is the younger brother of the 11th and present Earl, and was born at Eastwell Park, Kent, in 1856, and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. When nineteen, Mr. Finch-Hatton went out to Queensland, where he remained until 1883, engaging, in the first instance, in pastoral pursuits in the Mackay district, and subsequently going in for hard work as a practical miner on the Nebo goldfields. A pleasant record of his colonial experience is to be found in "Advance, Australia!" a book from his pen, which has gone through two editions. Mr. Finch-Hatton is a warm upholder of the integrity of the empire, and was one of the founders of the Imperial Federation League, of which he has been treasurer since its start. In politics he is a staunch Conservative, and at the general election in 1885 contested Nottingham in this interest against Mr. Arnold Morley, the Liberal whip. The contest was in the nature of a forlorn hope, and Mr. Finch-Hatton was defeated by a majority of 991. In 1886 and 1892 he again stood but was beaten by his former opponent. Mr. Finch-Hatton is an ardent advocate of the development of the Pacific route to Australia and the East, and has been secretary of the Pacific Telegraph Company, formed for the purpose of laying a line from Vancouver Island to Australia, since its establishment. When the North Queensland Separation League extended its organisation to the Metropolis, Mr. Finch-Hatton was appointed permanent delegate and chairman of the London committee. These offices he still holds, and it is in a great degree owing to his energy in the cause that it has arrived at its present prominence in the eyes of the Colonial Office, and of English public men.

Fincham, James, Engineer-in-Chief for Tasmania, was born in London in 1838. He was for a number of years employed as Assistant and Resident Engineer' on various railway works in England, in surveys for railways and architectural work in connection with railway stations. In 1872 he went to Tasmania as District Engineer for the Tasmanian Main Line Railway, then in process of construction, and subsequently had charge of the whole line as Engineer. He returned to England in 1876, and was shortly afterwards selected by the Government of Tasmania for the appointment of Engineer-in-Chief for the colony. His appointment dates from April 1877.

Finlayson, John Harvey, J. P., is the son of William Finlayson by his marriage with Helen Harvey. His parents arrived in South Australia in Feb. 1837, and he was born at Helenholme, Mitcham, near Adelaide, on Feb. 3rd, 1843. He joined the staff of the South Australian Register and Adelaide Observer in 1861, became one of the proprietors in 1877 and editor of the Register in 1878, which latter position he still holds. Mr. Finlayson, who is a Justice of the Peace, married at Adelaide on March 20th, 1878, Alice, daughter of Thomas Shoobridge. He was a member of the commission for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition of 1887 and of the South Australian Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888. He is also a member of the North Adelaide School Board of Advice and of the Council of the South Australian Acclimatisation Society.

Finn, Edmund, was born in Tipperary, Ireland, on Jan. 13th, 1819, and arrived in Melbourne in July 1841. Up to June 1858, when he became Clerk of the papers in the Legislative Council, he was connected with the Port Phillip Herald. He retired from the Civil Service in 1886, and is the author of "The Chronicles of Early Melbourne," published under the nom de plume of "Garryowen."

Finniss, Lieut.-Colonel Hon. Boyle Travers, was born at sea on August 18th, 1817, and educated under Dr. Burney at Greenwich, and at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst. He joined the 56th Regiment as ensign in 1825, and became lieutenant in 1827, being shortly afterwards transferred to the 82nd Regiment. He sold his commission in 1835 with the view of emigrating to New South Wales as a military settler; but having been appointed Assistant Surveyor under Colonel Light, Surveyor-General of South Australia, he arrived in that colony in Sept. 1836, and four years later became Deputy Surveyor-General. In 1843 he was appointed Commissioner of Police and Police Magistrate, becoming Registrar-General, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils, in succession to Captain Sturt, in 1847. This post he held till 1852, when he was appointed Colonial Secretary, a position which he had temporarily held in 1849, during the absence of Captain Sturt. In his official capacity Mr. Finniss carried the Constitution Act through the Legislative Council, and from Dec. 1854 to June 1855 was Acting Governor, during the interval between the departure of Governor Young and the arrival of his successor, Sir R. G. MacDonnell. Mr. Finniss continued to act as Colonial Secretary till Oct. 24th, 1856, when he was gazetted Chief Secretary, and became first Premier of the colony under the present constitutional r?gime. He was also one of the first members for the city of Adelaide in the first South Australian Legislative Assembly, and represented Mount Barker in the second parliament from 1860 to 1862. Mr. Finniss, who resigned the premiership in August 1857, was Treasurer in the Hanson Ministry from June 1858 to May 1860. He was appointed Lieut.-Colonel commanding' the Adelaide Volunteer Regiment, having raised a company of Volunteers called the Adelaide Marksmen, and organised a Volunteer force of 2000 men under the Act of 1853. In 1864 he was appointed Government Resident of the Northern territory, where it had been decided to form a settlement. On arrival with his party he selected a site for the capital at Adam Bay, which caused much opposition, and the break-up of the expedition. This ill-judged act and the indiscipline which prevailed in his party led to his recall in 1865, when an official inquiry took place as to the selection of the site and the general management of the expedition, the result of the report being that Mr. Finniss resigned. Having held ministerial office for three years, he received the Queen's permission in 1866 to bear the title of Honourable within the colony of South Australia. He was appointed a member of the Forest Board in 1875, and was Acting Auditor-General during the next year in the absence, on leave, of Mr. Hitchin, the Auditor-General. He resigned his position in the Civil Service in 1881.

Firth, Josiah Clifton, was born in Yorkshire in 1826. In 1854 he settled in Auckland, N.Z., and was formerly a member of the House of Representatives. In 1869, at the height of the Te Kooti trouble, Mr. Firth, who had been a great friend of Wiremu Tamehana, the "king-maker," and was acknowledged by the Maoris as a friend, negotiated with Tawhiao, the Maori king, for a cessation of hostilities, and subsequently had an interview with the notorious Te Kooti himself, in order to try and arrange a general amnesty. Te Kooti was willing, but the Government, being confident of his capture, refused the terms, and the war went on. On the occasion of Tawhiao's visit to Auckland, early in 1882, Mr. Firth entertained him and his chiefs. Mr. Firth was the owner of a model farm of fifty thousand acres at Matamata, in the Auckland Provincial District. He is the author of "Our Kin across the Sea," with a preface by Mr. Froude (Longmans), and "Nation-making" (Longmans, 1890).

Fisher, George, M.H.R., sometime Minister of Education and Customs, New Zealand, is the son of James Fisher and Elizabeth (McLeod) his wife, and though of Scotch descent, was born at Dublin in Dec. 1843. At nine years of age he was engaged in a printing office in Gough Square, London, and arrived in Melbourne, Vict., with his parents in Sept. 1857, where he was employed as reading boy on the Age newspaper, and subsequently on the Herald, his father being a small proprietor in the former journal. He was next employed as a compositor by Messrs. Ferguson & Moore, of Melbourne, but left that firm in 1863 to go to the Otago gold diggings in New Zealand. After working at his trade in Invercargill, Dunedin, and Christchurch, Mr. Fisher settled in Wellington, and was employed in the Government printing office till 1872, when he became a reporter on the Independent, and having learnt shorthand, obtained a footing on the New Zealand Hansard staff, which he held for eleven years, being in the meantime returned to the Wellington City Council, and holding the mayoralty of the capital for four consecutive years. In 1884 he was elected to the House of Representatives for South Wellington, and has represented East Wellington since 1887. He was Minister of Education and Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the last Atkinson Government from Oct. 1887 to April 1889, when he resigned, the vacant portfolios being taken over by the Premier. Mr. Fisher was married at Christchurch, N.Z., on March 1st, 1866, to Miss Laura Emma Tompkins.

Fisher, Sir James Hurtle, son of the late James Fisher, a London architect, was born in 1790, and educated for the legal profession, practising as a solicitor in Cavendish Square from 1811 to 1832. When the colony of South Australia was founded, in 1836, he was appointed by the Imperial Government, Resident Commissioner for Crown Lands, and arrived in Adelaide with the first Governor, Captain Hindmarsh, in December, being present at the proclamation of the colony in that month. The pair quickly quarrelled over the selection of a site for the capital, and possessing virtually concurrent powers, and neither being inclined to give way, a deadlock ensued, which was only broken by the interference of the Home Government, who after their representatives had spent fourteen months in wrangling, dismissed the Commissioner and recalled the Governor. This occurred in Oct. 1838, Sir James Fisher thenceforward throwing in his lot with the colony, as a much- respected private citizen. The same year he became President of the School Society, and was elected first Mayor of Adelaide in 1840; being re-chosen five times subsequently, the last occasion being in 1853, in July of which year he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and held a seat till 1855, when he became a nominated non-official member and Speaker of the united Council which passed the Constitution Act. At the first election under the Constitution Act in 1857, Sir James was returned to the Legislative Council, and was chosen Speaker in April of that year, a position which he held until he retired from the Council in Feb. 1865. Sir James, who was an active patron of the turf, was created Knight Bachelor in May 1860, up to which year he successfully practised his profession, and was for some time leader of the South Australian bar. He died in Adelaide on Jan. 28th, 1875.

Fitzgerald, Captain Charles, R.N., C.B., formerly Governor of Western Australia, was the son of Robert Fitzgerald, of Kilkee, county Clare, and entered the royal navy in 1809. He was Governor of the Gambia from 1844 to 1847, and of Western Australia from August 1848 to June 1855. During an exploring expedition, undertaken in Dec. 1848, with a view of confirming Mr. A. C. Gregory's reported discovery of a lead mine on the Murchison, the Governor was speared by blacks, and narrowly escaped with his life. He was created C.B. in 1857, and died on Dec. 29th, 1887, in his ninety-sixth year, at Geraldine House, Kilkee.

Fitzgerald, Hon. George Parker, M.H.A., has been the representative of Hobart in the House of Assembly since 1886, and was appointed a member of the Fysh Ministry, with a seat in the Executive Council, without office, in Oct. 1888. He is Chairman of the Board of Technical Education, and of the Chamber of Commerce, Hobart.

FitzGerald, James Edward, C.M.G., B.A., J.P., son of the late Gerald FitzGerald, of Queen's County, was born in 1818 at Bath, and educated at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1842. He was assistant in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum, 1844-8, and Under-Secretary to the British Museum 1849-50. When the Canterbury Association was founded, to settle the province of Canterbury, N.Z., he became an active member, and in 1850 arrived in one of the first four ships at Lyttleton, N.Z., where he started and edited for two years the Lyttleton Times, acting at the same time as Police Inspector and Immigration Agent. In 1853 he was chosen first superintendent of Canterbury, and held the office till 1857, when he went to England as agent for the province. He was one of the members for Lyttleton returned to the first Parliament in 1854, and was appointed to the Executive Council on June 14th. This was the first step taken towards responsible government, Mr. FitzGerald becoming virtually the first Premier of New Zealand. The newly appointed members were anxious to secure genuine power for themselves as representatives of constituencies, and they urged the Acting Governor (Colonel Wynyard) to get rid of the permanent office holders and re-constitute the Government upon "the ordinary responsible basis." This request being put before the office holders, including Mr. William Swainson (Attorney-General), Mr. Alexander Shepherd (Colonial Treasurer), and Mr. Andrew Sinclair (Colonial Secretary), they declined to advise on the subject, and on August 2nd Mr. FitzGerald and his colleagues resigned from the Executive Council. In 1857-60 he was agent in England for the province of Canterbury. In 1862 Mr. FitzGerald re-entered Parliament as member for Akaroa, and on August 12th, 1865, became Minister for Native Affairs, in succession to Mr. W. B. D. Mantell, in the Weld Administration, which office he held till Oct. 16th, when the Cabinet resigned upon a practical failure to carry stamp duties. In 1866, after his retirement from public life, Mr. FitzGerald was appointed Comptroller-General, and in 1872 Commissioner of Audit, and Comptroller and Auditor-General in 1878, which office he still holds. In 1870 he was created C.M.G. Mr. FitzGerald married in 1850 Fanny Erskine, daughter of the late George Draper, of London.

Fitzgerald, Hon. John Foster Vesey (formerly John Fitzgerald Leslie Foster), is the second son of the late Hon. John Leslie Foster, Baron of the Irish Court of Exchequer, and sometime M.P. for the county of Louth and the University of Dublin, by his marriage with the Hon. Letitia Vesey Fitzgerald, sister of Lord Fitzgerald and Vesci. The families of Foster and Fitzgerald have been for generations distinguished in the Church and politics of Ireland, as well as at the bar and in the judicial arena; Mr. Fitzgerald's grandfather having been Bishop of Clogher, and his great-grandfather the Right Hon. Anthony Foster, Lord Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer. Mr. Fitzgerald, who was born in Dublin on August 19th, 1818, was educated at Dublin University, where he graduated B.A. in 1839 with honours, and became a student for the bar, but abandoned the legal profession in favour of a colonial career. The colony of Victoria, then only the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, was his choice, and he landed there on March 28th, 1841. At first he devoted himself to pastoral and agricultural pursuits, but in 1847 he was elected as representative of Port Phillip, and in July 1848 again came forward for election as one of the six members allotted to Port Phillip in the Legislative Council of of New South Wales. The feeling was, however, so strong that this so-called representation was a mere farce, that the majority were desirous not to elect any more members until separation was secured. In deference to the protests of this party Mr. Foster's nomination was withdrawn, but a few days later he was put up as a candidate for the borough of Melbourne, when the non-election party nominated Earl Grey, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, in opposition to him, in the hope that his election would call public attention in England to the grievances of which the colonists complained. In the result Earl Grey was returned by a large majority, and Mr. Foster on a subsequent occasion declined to stand. Ultimately, however, he was elected, to sit in the Sydney Parliament till he left for England on a visit in 1849. In 1853 Mr. Foster returned, with the appointment of Colonial Secretary of the colony of Victoria, which had in the meantime been constituted. He was thus virtually Premier during the difficulties caused by the discovery of gold and the rigid enforcement (which he deprecated) of the unpopular diggers' licences. The troubles culminated in the Ballarat riots, of which Mr. Foster was made the scapegoat. Aware of the hostile feeling against him, he tendered his resignation to Sir Charles Hotham, by whom it was accepted on the ground that the Queen's government of the colony was endangered, and with the implied pledge that compensation should be given Mr. Foster for the pecuniary loss which he would sustain by his retirement from the public service. Mr. Foster, however, failed in all attempts to obtain any recognition of his claims to compensation. During his tenure of office he introduced and passed the measure which embodied the new constitution of Victoria, and which for the first time included the principle of an elective Upper House. In 1854 he turned the first sod at Williamstown of the great system of railways which has since been developed, and was also instrumental in introducing telegraphs into the colony. Considerable difference of opinion existed as to some of the measures proposed by him; but it is remarkable that every one of them has since been adopted by subsequent legislative action under the new constitution—as, for instance, the abolition of the gold diggers' licence, and the appropriation of the Land Tax to purposes of general utility instead of expending it on immigration. The contracting of loans for public works, which he proposed as the necessary complement of his policy, has since been largely developed. When his conciliatory policy with reference to the diggers' licences was reversed by the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, and unfortunate results ensued at Ballarat, he retired from office. Subsequent legislative inquiry proved that for such results he was in no way responsible. After the concession of responsible government he sat in the first Legislative Assembly as member for Williamstown, and acted as Treasurer in the first Administration of Sir John O'Shanassy from March to April 1857 soon after which he returned to England, where he has since resided. In accordance with the will of his uncle, the last Lord Fitzgerald and Vesci, he assumed the name of Vesey and Fitzgerald in addition to his own name of Foster, by which latter he was known in Australia. Mr. Fitzgerald married in 1851 Emily, daughter of Rev. J. J. Fletcher, D.D., and administered the government of Victoria from May to June 1854, during the interval between the departure of Mr. Latrobe and the arrival of Sir Charles Hotham. Several of his relatives achieved distinction in Australia. Of these it is only necessary to mention his three first cousins—the late Sir William Foster Stawell, Mr. Justice Foster of New South Wales, and the late Mr. Charles Griffith of Victoria, notices of each of whom will be found elsewhere.

Fitzgerald, Hon. Nicholas, M.L.C., eighth son of the late Francis Fitzgerald, a well-known brewer in the west of Ireland, and brother of Sir Gerald Fitzgerald, K.C.M.G., Accountant-General of the Navy, was born at Galway in 1829. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took honours, and also won a scholarship at the Queen's College, Galway, in 1849. After spending some time in legal studies, he embraced commercial pursuits, and in 1859 arrived in Victoria, where he started the Castlemaine brewery, and did an extensive business throughout the Australian colonies. Mr. Fitzgerald, who is also largely enraged in squatting, has been a member of the Upper House for the past five-and-twenty years, and is regarded as one of the most prominent representatives of the Catholic body in Victoria. He married in Sept. 1863 Marianne, eldest daughter of the late Sir John O'Shanassy, K.C.M.G. He was one of the representatives of Victoria at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891.

Fitzgerald, Thomas Henry, a Queensland politician, joined the Lilley Ministry as Colonial Treasurer in Nov. 1868, but resigned in Jan. of the following year. He died on Nov. 10th, 1888. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

FitzGibbon, Edmond Gerald, C.M.G., Chairman of Metropolitan Board of Works, Melbourne, Vict., is a native of Cork, Ireland, and was employed under the Committee of the Privy Council on of Education in England. Having decided to emigrate, he arrived in Melbourne in Sept. 1852, and went to the Mount Alexander gold diggings, where he remained until the next year, when he was appointed Reader to the Legislative Council of Victoria by Governor Latrobe. Mr. FitzGibbon was appointed to assist Mr. Kerr, the Town Clerk of Melbourne, in 1854, and on Mr. Kerr's resignation in 1856 he succeeded him in that position, which he held till 1891, when he was appointed first Chairman of the newly constituted Metropolitan Board of Works of the city of Melbourne. Mr. FitzGibbon was called to the Victorian Bar in 1860, and in 1861 unsuccessfully contested South Bourke in the Free Trade interest. Two years later he was appointed secretary of the Victorian branch of the league formed to prevent the transportation of criminals to Australia. He married a daughter of the late Mr. Michael Dawson, one of the early colonists of Victoria, and was created C.M.G. in 1892.

Fitzherbert, Hon. Sir William, K.C.M.G., ex-Speaker of the Legislative Council, New Zealand, third son of the Rev. Samuel Fitzherbert, of Buckshaw House, Dorsetshire, was born in 1810, and educated at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1832, M.A. in 1836, becoming Fellow of his college. He then took up the study of medicine, and became a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, practising for a time in Hanover Square, London. In 1842 he migrated to New Zealand, and in the following year was placed by Captain Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand, at the head of the list of the colonial magistracy. He was also offered a seat in the first Legislative Council Mr. Fitzherbert at this time was engaged in commercial pursuits. Subsequently he threw himself into the agitation for constitutional government, which was granted by the Home Government in 1853. Immediately afterwards Mr. Fitzherbert entered the Provincial Council of Wellington, of which he was elected Superintendent in 1871. He was also elected in 1856 to the House of Representatives for Wellington, and subsequently for Hutt. On Nov. 24th, 1864, he became Colonial Treasurer and Commissioner of Customs in the Weld administration, in which Major Atkinson was Minister of Defence. On Oct. 16th, 1865, the Cabinet retired, owing to the increasing opposition in the House and upon a nominal failure to carry stamp duties. Mr. Stafford succeeded, but in a short time made common cause with a section of the Weld party, and on August 24th, 1866, Mr. Fitzherbert resumed his office of Colonial Treasurer in succession to Mr. Jollie. Subsequently, on May 6th, 1867, he added thereto the Commissionership of Stamp Duties. During his term of office the Imperial authorities put in large claims against the colony for expenses incurred in the suppression of the native rebellion. Of this Sir William Fitzherbert, as Treasurer, remitted to England a sum of ?500,000, which he admitted to be justly due; but with regard to a balance of ?750,000 he absolutely declined, on behalf of the Government of which he was a member, to pay a farthing. Negotiations and commissions were resorted to; the parleying extending over a protracted period and proving wholly futile, until at last the Stafford Government decided to avail themselves of the remarkable financial and diplomatic abilities of their colleague, and sent him to England on a special mission, with plenipotentiary powers, to come to a final settlement with the British Government. Sir William's idea of a settlement was the entire abandonment of the Imperial demand. And from this standpoint he never wavered during his numerous interviews and communications with the Duke of Buckingham, the then Colonial Secretary, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Mr. Ward Hunt. At last, after months of negotiation, the Treasury agreed to accept ?200,000, this being announced as the ultimatum; and Sir William was, at the same time, privately informed that in case he did not accept these terms his further stay in England was useless. Nothing daunted, Sir William requested another interview with the Duke of Buckingham, and as a result obtained a complete triumph and an entire surrender. During his stay in England he also consolidated the various colonial and provincial loans, and was successful in persuading Lord Granville to retain the one English regiment in the North Island. On June 28th, 1869, the Stafford Government went out of office and was succeeded by that of Mr. Fox; but on Sept. 10th, 1872, Mr. Stafford again came into power, and Mr. Fitzherbert was Secretary for Crown Lands and Immigration. The Cabinet, however, only lasted till Oct 11th. In 1876 he was appointed Speaker of the House of Representatives, and in 1879 Sir George Grey made him Speaker of the Legislative Council. This latter position he held till his death, in Jan. 1891. He was created C.M.G. in 1872 and K.C.M.G. in 1877. In 1887 Sir William Fitzherbert visited England as one of the representatives of New Zealand at the Colonial Conference, and in 1890 he was elected one of the delegates of the colony to the Federation Convention at Sydney, but died before it met, on Feb. 9th, 1891.

Fitzpatrick, Michael, M.L.A., was born at Parramatta, N.S.W., on Dec. 16th, 1816, and educated at a Roman Catholic school and at the Australian College, where he entered in Jan. 1832, and carried off the highest prizes. After acting as tutor at the Normal Institution, he became a clerk in the Lands Department of New South Wales in Oct. 1837, first-class clerk in 1846, and clerk of the Executive Council in 1851. Mr. Fitzpatrick was selected as the first Under Secretary for Lands and Works in 1856, on the introduction of responsible government. When these departments were divided, he held the office of Under Secretary for Lands until 1869, when he retired on a pension. In December of that year he was returned for the district of Yass Plains, and represented the constituency in several parliaments. He first supported the Cowper-Robertson party, and afterwards voted with Sir Henry Parkes. He was Colonial Secretary in Mr. Farnell's Administration from Dec. 1877 to Dec. 1878. Mr. Fitzpatrick married, in August 1846, Theresa Anastasia, third daughter of Captain Small, Superintendent of Hyde Park Barracks. He died on Dec. 10th, 1881. Owing, as it was supposed, to his attitude on the education question, he was refused the rites of Christian burial by the Roman Catholic authorities. A great sensation was created, and ultimately on Dec. 22nd it was officially notified that the contretemps had arisen through a mistake, and a funeral service was performed over the grave.

Fitzroy, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Charles Augustus, K.C.B., K.C.M., ninth Governor of New South Wales and first Governor-General of her Majesty's Australian possessions, was the only son of Lord Charles Fitzroy by his first wife, Frances, daughter of Edward Miller-Mundy, of Shipley, Derby, and was born in 1796. Sir Charles Fitzroy's grandfather, the third Duke of Grafton, sometime Prime Minister of England, was the object of the envenomed attacks of Junius. His half-brother, Admiral Fitzroy, famous for his storm warnings, was Governor of New Zealand from 1843 to 1845. Having entered the army, Captain Fitzroy, as he was then called, was for some time Governor of Prince Edward Island, and. from 1842 to 1845 of Antigua. In 1846 he was appointed to succeed Sir George Gipps as Governor of New South Wales, and arriving in Sydney on August 2nd of that year, was sworn in on the following day. The year after his arrival in the colony a distressing accident occurred. On Dec. 7th, 1847, whilst he was driving his wife, Lady Mary Fitzroy, in the neighbourhood of Parramatta, the horses took fright, and one of the wheels struck against a tree, causing the occupants to be thrown out, Lady Mary being killed on the spot. The deceased, to whom Sir Charles Fitzroy was married on March 11th, 1820, was the eldest daughter of Charles, fourth Duke of Richmond. Shortly after his arrival Sir Charles Fitzroy avowed his entire neutrality in regard to all matters of local concern, and it was well that he did so, as the public mind was then greatly agitated on some of the most momentous questions affecting the welfare of Australia as a whole. Mr. Gladstone, when Secretary for the Colonies in the Peel Government, from 1845 to 1846, roused great bitterness by suddenly mooting the renewal, of transportation and actually constituting a new colony in the Port Curtis district of what is now Northern Queensland by the name of Northern Australia, with at view of making it a receptacle of British convictism on a large scale. The scheme, however, collapsed on Mr. Gladstone's retirement from office, and Northern Australia reverted to the jurisdiction of New South Wales in 1849. In 1847 a long-standing difficulty was settled by the concession of some sort of fixity of tenure to the squatters, In 1848 the New South Wales Legislative Council, acting in a manner quite contrary to the public sentiment, passed a resolution of Wentworth's approving the importation of a certain number of selected convicts, provided they were accompanied by an equal number of free emigrants sent out at the imperial expense. Earl Grey (the then Colonial Secretary) revoked the Order in Council of 1840 by which the colony had been declared to be a place to which criminals could not be deported, and started transportation on the old unsatisfactory lines, much to the indignation even of the Legislative Council. Sir Charles Fitzroy encouraged Earl Grey in his action all through, and thus appropriated a good deal of the unpopularity which the temporary renewal of transportation involved. As the result, however, of a vehement agitation, it very quickly ceased, and was formally terminated in 1853. In 1851 the gold discoveries were made, and it was a good deal owing to Sir Charles Fitzroy's prudent management that the results of the "fever" evolved were not so disastrous in New South Wales as in Victoria, where expenditure and extravagance ran riot. In the same year Victoria won the long-sought boon of severance from the mother colony, and in May the old purely official Legislative Council of New South Wales was transmuted into an assemblage in which the elective principle was partially recognised, the new chamber being opened by Governor Fitzroy on Oct 16th, 1851. This popularisation of the Constitution only whetted the appetite for a further instalment of constitutional government, and before Sir Charles Fitzroy left the colony the boon of responsible government in connection with a bicameral Legislature was conceded to New South Wales. The first sod of the Sydney and Goulburn Railway was turned by Governor Fitzroy's daughter on July 3rd, 1851. In Oct. 1852 the Sydney University was inaugurated, and in the next year a branch of the Royal Mint was opened in Sydney. The progress made in New South Wales and throughout Australia during Sir Charles Fitzroy's unprecedentedly long term as Governor was enormous, and predisposed the colonists to short memories of former grievances, so that before he left Sydney on Jan. 28th, 1855, Sir Charles Fitzroy was presented with a public testimonial of ?2,000. On the motion of Mr. James Macarthur, the Legislative Council also passed resolutions acknowledging the practical ability, sound judgment, and eminent success, which had characterised his rule; a condemnatory amendment, proposed by the redoubtable Dr. Lang, being rejected by twenty-eight votes to six. Sir Charles Fitzroy died on Feb. 16th, 1858. In connection with the Constitution Act of 1850, which authorised the separation of Victoria from New South Wales, and otherwise liberalised government in Australia, the Governor of the mother colony was constituted Governor-General of all her Majesty's Australian possessions, including Western Australia. Under the new r?gime Sir Charles Fitzroy held four separate commissions as Governor of New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, South Australia, and Victoria. He was not, under his commission as Governor-General, to interfere with the internal interests of Van Diemen's Land, South Australia, Victoria, and Western Australia, whose lieutenant-governors would correspond directly with the Colonial Office; but he had "general authority to superintend the initiation and foster the completion of such measures as those communities may deem calculated to promote their common welfare and prosperity." In case of necessity he would repair to another colony and assume and retain the government during his residence there, the functions of the Lieutenant-Governor being meanwhile completely suspended. Remote Western Australia alone was exempt from such a contingency. The title of Governor-General was continued to Sir Charles Fitzroy's successor, Sir W. Denison, and then dropped. Sir Charles Fitzroy formally proclaimed his new dignities on June 12th, 1851.

Fitzroy, Vice-Admiral Robert, R.N., F.R.S., late Governor of New Zealand, second son of General Lord Charles Fitzroy, brother of the 4th Duke of Grafton, by Frances Anne, eldest daughter of Robert, 1st Marquess of Londonderry, was born in June, 1805, and entered the navy in 1819, becoming lieutenant in 1824. In 1828-36 he was in command of the Beagle in important hydrographical operations in South America and elsewhere (Darwin him on one of these voyages). Captain Fitzroy was Conservative M.P. for Durham, 1841-3, when he was appointed Governor of New Zealand in succession to Captain William Hobson, and arrived in the colony in Dec. 1843. At this time the colony was not possessed of responsible government, and Captain Fitzroy was called upon to adjudicate upon the Wairau affray of 1839, in which Captain Wakefield and others were killed in a skirmish with Rauparaha and his natives over a disputed section of land in the Nelson district. The Governor arrived at the decision to pardon Rauparaha, being of the opinion that the colonists had been in the wrong, the Maoris having been "hurried into crime by their misconduct." Subsequently Captain Fitzroy, with the view of allowing greater freedom in land transfer, practically rescinded a clause in the Treaty of Waitangi, by which the Maoris could sell only to the Government, by a proclamation permitting the colonists to buy on payment of a ten shilling fee per acre to the Government. This having been regarded as a heavy tax on the sales, in Oct. 1884 he reduced it to the nominal fee of one penny per acre. About the same time the Waitara difficulty came before him. Colonel Wakefield claimed to have bought certain lands in the Taranaki district, and the Ngatiawas disputed the sale. A commission under Mr. Spain reported in favour of Colonel Wakefield, but the Governor decided to have further investigations made. This course, among other things, led to a memorial, signed by many leading, public men, praying for the censure of the Governor by the Queen. Captain Fitzroy struggled with his difficulties, which included a lack of money and of troops, but the rising of a chief called Honi Heke, and his attack on Kororarika, induced the Home Government to recall him, and, on Nov. 18th, 1845, Sir George Grey assumed the reins of Government In 1857 he became Rear-Admiral, and Vice-Admiral in 1863. In 1854, when the meteorological department of the Board of Trade was established, he was placed at its head, and for many years devoted himself to the duties of his office. His assiduity has identified his name to a large degree with the science of meteorology; but it would seem that his mind gave way under the strain, for he committed suicide on April 29th, 1865. He was the author of "Narrative of Voyages of the Adventure and Beagle and the Beagle's Circumnavigation of the Globe" (3 vols.), 1839; "Remarks on New Zealand," 1846; and "Sailing Directions for South America," 1858. Admiral Fitzroy married, first, in 1836, Mary Henrietta, second daughter of Major-General B. J. O'Brien (who died 1852); second, in 1854, Maria Isabella, third daughter of John Henry Smyth, of Heath Hall, co. Yorks.

Flanagan, Roderick, historian of New South Wales, was born at Elphin, Roscommon, Ireland, in April 1828, and went with his family to New South Wales in 1840. He was apprenticed to a printer, but soon took to journalism and literature. Mr. Flanagan contributed to the Empire when edited by Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes, and in 1854 joined the staff of the Sydney Morning Herald. He commenced a history of New South Wales, and after four years' labour took the MS. to England to be published by Messrs. Sampson Low & Marston. He was seized with a fatal illness whilst revising the sheets of the first volume, and died suddenly in 1861 in London. The history was subsequently published in two volumes, and is a work of great interest and reliability.

Fleming, Sir Valentine, formerly Chief Justice of Tasmania, was the son of Valentine Fleming (captain 9th Foot), of Tuam, Galway, by his wife, Catherine, daughter of John Hunter Green, of Mount Nebo, Wexford, and was born in 1809. He was educated at Bangor and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in honours in 1834. He was called to the bar at Gray's Inn in 1838, and was Commissioner of the Insolvent Debtors Court at Hobart, Tasmania, from 1841 to 1844; Solicitor-General for Tasmania from 1844 to 1848; Attorney-General from 1848 to 1854; when he was appointed Chief Justice. This post he held till May 1870, when he retired, but was Acting Chief Justice from 1872 to 1874, in which year he administered the government of Tasmania, after the resignation of Sir Charles Du Cane, from March to June. Sir Valentine married, first, in 1852, Elizabeth Oke, daughter of Charles Buckland, of Hobart, who died in 1870; and secondly, in 1872, Fanny Maria, daughter of William Seccombe, sen., Medical Officer of Tasmania, who survives him. Sir Valentine, who was knighted in 1856, died on Oct. 25th, 1884.

Fletcher, James, M.L.A., was for some years the representative of Newcastle in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, and was Secretary for Mines in the Jennings Ministry from Feb. to Dec. 1886, when he resigned. He was Secretary for Public Works in the Dibbs Ministry from Jan. to March, 1889. Mr. Fletcher died on March 22nd, 1891.

Fletcher, Rev. William Roby, M.A., is the son of the late Rev. Richard Fletcher, a well-known Congregational minister, who officiated in Manchester, and subsequently in Melbourne, Vict., where he died in 1861. He was born in Manchester on April 6th, 1833, and was educated at Silcoats School in Yorkshire, at the University of Bonn, the Lancashire Independent College, and at Owens College (now the Victoria University), Manchester. Mr. Fletcher graduated B.A. at London University in 1853, and in the following year took the London University prize for the Scripture examination. In 1856 he graduated M.A., and won the gold medal. He soon afterwards sailed for Sydney, and ultimately proceeded to Victoria, where he acted as his father's assistant at St. Kilda and Sandhurst. In 1866 he removed to Richmond, near Melbourne, and was appointed a professor at the Congregational College of Victoria. After a tour round the world he became pastor of the Stow Memorial Church, Adelaide, in March 1876. Since 1878 he has been a member of the Council of Adelaide University, of which he was made an honorary M.A. in 1877. During the last illness, and subsequent to the death of the late Professor Davidson, he was acting Hughes Professor of English Language and Literature and Mental and Moral Philosophy. In 1890 he was elected Vice-Chancellor of the University.

Flood, Hon. Edward, M.L.C., a New South Wales politician, was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of that colony elected under responsible government in 1856 for the North-eastern Boroughs. He was Secretary of Public Works in the second Cowper Ministry from Oct. 1st to the 25th, 1859. Mr. Flood died on Sept. 9th, 1888. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Folingsby, George Frederick, was born in Ireland in 1830, but went, when young, to America, where he commenced his artistic career by contributing illustrations to Harper's Magazine. Subsequently he studied for six years at the Munich Academy, and after a varied artistic experience on the continent of Europe, settled at Munich, where he remained for twenty-five years, painting pictures which were exhibited in the principal galleries of Europe. In 1880 he visited Victoria at the request of the trustees of the National Gallery in Melbourne, of which he was subsequently appointed director, a post which he held till his death. The collection contains his painting of Henry VIII. and Anne Boleyn; but his work in Australia was mainly confined to portraiture. He died in Melbourne on Jan. 4th, 1891.

Forbes, Frederic Augustus, was born in Sydney in 1818, and educated at Cape's School, Sydney, and at the King's School, Parramatta. After engaging in business at Liverpool, in New South Wales, he removed to the Moreton Bay district in 1848, and resided at Ipswich. Having entered the Legislative Assembly of Queensland after the formation of that colony, he was appointed Chairman of Committee in 1870, and was Speaker from Nov. 1871 to Sept. 1873. Mr. Forbes died in 1877.

Forbes, Henry Ogg, A.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., ex-Director of Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, N.Z., is the son of Rev. Alexander Forbes, M.A., and Mary (Ogg) his wife. He was born at Drumblade, Huntly, Aberdeenshire, and was married in Java on April 5th, 1882, to Annabella, daughter of William Keith, of Aberdeen. From Oct. 1878 to the end of 1883 he was engaged in exploring the islands of the Dutch East Indies, travelling in Java and Sumatra; and after April 1882, accompanied by his wife, he visited the Moluccas and Timorlaut (where, in daily peril of their lives, they were forced to spend three months), Bouru, and Timor. The results of these years have been published in "A Naturalist's Wanderings in the Eastern Archipelago" (Sampson Low) and by Mrs. Forbes in a volume, "Insulinde: Experiences of a Naturalist's Wife in the Eastern Archipelago" (Blackwood). On the publication of the "Wanderings" Mr. Forbes started for New Guinea to attempt the exploration of Mount Owen Stanley. This expedition was under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal Scientific Geographical Society, and under the recognition of the Government, by whom it was recommended to Sir Peter Scratchley, K.C.M.G., then appointed first Special Commissioner over British New Guinea. With twenty-five Malays and Amboinese carriers, he reached Port Moresby in Sir Peter's yacht, the Governor Blackall. Arriving too late for the dry season of that year, he established a camp to the east of the Astrolabe mountains, in the Sogeri country, whence explorations were conducted for many miles round the camp, and surveys made of the region. Toward the end of the year, he accompanied Sir Peter as a scientific expert on his journey along the north-eastern coast to Nutre rock and the Boundary Cape, on the 8th parallel of south latitude, the line of separation between the German and English spheres of influence. On this journey Sir Peter contracted the illness which so suddenly and unexpectedly proved fatal. His illness and death prevented the signing of the papers to authorise the payment of the contribution which was largely to support the expedition. Mr. Forbes maintained the expedition at Sogeri as long as the public and his own private resources could afford, in the hope that Sir Peter's successor, the Hon. J. Douglas, would contribute the sum well known to have been promised by Sir Peter Scratchley to the expedition, but not seeing his way to do this, he appointed Mr. Forbes Resident at Dinner Island, and subsequently Government Meteorologist at Port Moresby, whence he was in 1887 instructed to conduct an exploration towards Mount Owen Stanley via the Goldie Valley. This expedition reached the very base of the mountain, and would have without doubt attained the summit but for the unexpected attack on the main camp by the natives of Ebe, during Mr. Forbes' absence, in which everything was looted. This calamity necessitated a withdrawal from the region back to the coast, which was effected without loss of life, though after many hardships. Returning to England in March 1888, Mr. Forbes was appointed in July to succeed the late Sir Julius von Haast as Director of the Canterbury Museum at Christchurch, N.Z., a position he held till 1892. He has contributed to the transactions of various learned societies.

Forbes, Sir William Stuart, Bart., son of Charles Hay Forbes, second son of the 7th baronet of that name, of Pitsligo and Monymusk, Aberdeenshire, by his marriage with Jemima Rebecca, daughter of the late Alexander Donaldson Macdonell, of Glengarry, was born on June 16th, 1835, and emigrated to New Zealand, where he resides at Carterton, near Wellington. In 1865 he married Marion, daughter of J. Watts, of Bridgend, Nelson, N.Z., and in the following year succeeded as 9th baronet on the death of of his uncle, Sir John Stuart Hepburn Forbes, when the family estates descended to the latter's daughter, who married the 20th Baron Clinton.

Forrest, Alexander, M.L.A. younger brother of the Hon. John Forrest, Premier of Western Australia (q.v.), was born in that colony in 1849, and is one of the most eminent of the explorers of Western Australia. He accompanied his brother's expeditions in 1870 and 1874. On Jan. 18th, 1879, with a party of five and two natives, with twenty-six horses and six months' provisions, he started from Perth to explore the north-west portion of Australia, Port Darwin being their ultimate destination, which was reached on Oct 6th. The chief results of this expedition were the discovery of the source and course of the Fitzroy and other large streams, together with an estimated area of 20,000,000 acres of good well-watered country now known as the Kimberley district, which, in addition to its vast pastoral possibilities, is well suited for tropical cultures, and has been proved to be auriferous. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Western Australia as member for West Kimberley in 1890, and was one of the delegates to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Mr. Forrest married in 1880 Amy, eldest daughter of Edward Barrett Lennard, of Annandale, W.A.

Forrest, Hon. Edward Barrow, M.L.C., was born in England in Feb. 1838, and educated at the King's School, Parramatta, N.S.W., in which colony he arrived in 1852. He is managing partner in Queensland of the firm of Parbury, Lamb & Co., and was sworn on August 15th, 1882, of the Queensland Legislative Council. Subsequently he was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the working of the Colonial Stores Office.

Forrest, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., Premier of Western Australia, the third son of William Forrest, of Leschenault, near Bunbury, W. A., was born in that colony on August 22nd, 1847, and educated at the Bishop's School, Perth. In 1865 he entered the Survey Department of Western Australia, and in 1869 was selected to command an exploring expedition into the interior in search of the remains of Dr. Leichardt. In 1870 he commanded an exploring expedition from Perth to Adelaide along the south coast, and proved the practicability of the route for the telegraph line, which was afterwards erected. In 1874 he commanded an exploring expedition from Champion Bay, on the west coast, to the overland telegraph between Adelaide and Port Darwin, a journey of nearly 2000 miles, without the aid of camels, and with horses only. For these services he received the thanks of the Governor and Legislative Council, and was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, May 22nd, 1876, and was also presented by the Imperial Government with a grant in fee of 5000 acres of land. In 1876 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor-General of Western Australia. In 1878 and 1882 he conducted the trigonometrical surveys of the Nickol Bay District, and the Gascoyne and Lyons District, in North-Western Australia. From Sept. 1878 to Jan. 1879 Mr. Forrest was Acting Commissioner of Crown Lands and Surveyor-General. He is a justice of the peace for Western Australia, and acted as Comptroller of Convicts from May 1880 to July 1881. In Jan. 1883 he was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands and Surveyor-General of Western Australia, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils. In March 1883 and April 1886 he proceeded to the Kimberley district, North-Western Australia, on behalf of the Government, to specially report on its character and capabilities. Mr. Forrest is the author of "Explorations in Australia, 1876," and of "Notes on Western Australia, 1884-7." In 1874, such was his repute as an explorer, that the Governor of Western Australia, Sir Frederick Weld, in writing to Lord Carnarvon, said: "Mr. Forrest's expedition has bridged the gap that separated Western Australia from the other colonies, has led to settlement on the shores of the Great Bight, and to the connection of this colony with the rest of the world by electric telegraph. I never doubted of the future of Western Australia from the day when the news of Mr. Forrest's success reached Perth." In 1876 Mr. Forrest married Margaret Elvire, eldest daughter of Mr. Edward Hamersley, of Pyrton, near Guilford, W.A., and in the same year was created a Chevalier of the Order of the Crown of Italy by Victor Emmanuel. He is an Honorary Fellow of the Italian Geographical Society and of the Imperial Geographical Societies of Vienna and St. Petersburg. He was created C.M.G. in 1882; proceeded to Cambridge Gulf, in the extreme north, in 1886, and selected the site of the town of Wyndham. In the same year he was mainly responsible for the Land Act passed by the Legislative Council, rendering alienation conditional on improvements. He was a member of the local commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and was one of the delegates of Western Australia to the Colonial Conference held in London in 1887. In Dec. 1890 Mr. Forrest was returned unopposed to the first Legislative Assembly for Bunbury, and became first Premier and Treasurer of Western Australia under responsible government. In March 1891 he represented the colony at the Sydney Federation Convention, and in June 1891 he was created K.C.M.G.

Forrest, Hon. William, M.L.C., is a member of the well-known Queensland firm of B. D. Morehead & Co., and was appointed to the Legislative Council on March 15th, 1883. He has been long and extensively engaged in pastoral pursuits in Queensland and the neighbouring colonies.

Forsaith, Rev. Thomas Spencer, who was for two days Premier of New Zealand, was born in 1814, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1840. He settled at Mangawhare, on the North Wairoa river, in the province of Auckland, a hundred and eighteen miles north-east of the city of Auckland. In Nov. 1841 a skull which had been washed down the river was found on Mr. Forsaith's property by a party of Maoris, who believed that it had been taken from one of their sacred places. They accordingly "raided" Mr. Forsaith's premises in the absence of himself and Mrs. Forsaith, carrying off everything movable and wrecking the interior of the house. An inquiry into this outrage was held in the following March before the Chief Protector of Aborigines, when the natives reluctantly acknowledged their error and surrendered a tract of land in payment. The Government also gave Mr. Forsaith compensation, and he removed to Auckland, where he opened a store. He was subsequently appointed a sub-protector of Aborigines, and accompanied the late Admiral Fitzroy, then Governor of New Zealand, to Waikanae in Feb. 1844, when the latter held a conference with the Maori chiefs concerned in the Wairu massacre. Mr. Forsaith interpreted for Rauparaha his address to the Governor on the occasion. He was elected a member of the first House of Representatives in 1854; and when subsequently the acting Governor, Colonel Wynyard, was pressed to initiate responsible, government under the new Constitution, and made a second attempt to carry on with a hybrid Government, including the old imperial administrative officials, he was one of the four members of the General Assembly who were appointed to the Executive Council in August 1854, on condition of their resigning in case they failed to carry with them the support and confidence of the Houses of Parliament. This they failed to do, for on Sept. 2nd, 1854, two days after they had taken office, they were defeated in the House of Representatives on an amendment to the Address by 22 votes to 11. Of this short-lived Government of responsible and irresponsible Ministers Mr. Forsaith was Premier, so far as such an office was then recognised. His two days' taste of the sweets of office was his only one. His Ministry is famous in the annals of New Zealand, besides its brevity, for the soubriquet which it obtained of "the Clean Shirt Ministry." The popular tradition concerning the phrase is that Mr. Forsaith, when making his Ministerial statement in the House, explained that while pursuing his avocation in his shop in Queen Street, Auckland, he received a communication from the Governor requesting his presence, whereupon he went home and put on a clean shirt and repaired to Government House. What really happened, according to Mr. Forsaith's own account, was that he had been assisting his employ?s to unpack some drapery cases recently landed, whereby his clothing became very dusty. On receiving his Excellency's command to come and see him respecting the formation of a new Ministry, he naturally went home first and changed his dusty garments. Later on, when making his Ministerial statement, he narrated the simple incident, and this so tickled one of the southern members as to wring from him the chaffing declaration that he gathered little more from the Premier's "statement" than that the hon. gentleman had gone home and put on a clean shirt. In due time Mr. Forsaith had his revenge by retorting that, though clothed with but "little brief authority," his Ministry had come and gone in clean garments, which was the happiest condition he could hope for the hon. member when his time came. Mr. Forsaith subsequently settled in Sydney, N.S.W., and was ordained a minister of the Congregational Church in 1865. Recently he retired, and has resided at Parramatta. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Forster, Anthony, was for some time editor of the South Australian Register. In 1855 he was elected to the Mixed Legislative Council for West Adelaide, in opposition to Mr. (afterwards Sir James) Hurtle Fisher. The seat was, however, declared vacant by the Court of Disputed Returns in November, Mr. Forster being re-elected in Jan. 1856. When the present Constitution Act came into force, Mr. Forster was elected to the Legislative Council in March 1857, and sat till Feb. 1861, when he retired by rotation, but was immediately re-elected, and sat till Dec. 1864, when he resigned. He has published "South Australia: its Progress and Prosperity" (London, 1866).

Forster, Hon. William, was born at Madras in 1818, and came to Australia at eleven years of age. He was educated at Cape's School, in Sydney, and became a squatter early in life. Mr. Forster soon attained prominence as a politician, but in his early career was better known as a satirical versifier and an incisive contributor to the press. He was elected at different times to the Lower House for East Sydney, St. Leonards, the Hastings, Queanbeyan, Illawarra, and Murrumbidgee. In his place in parliament he was a severe critic of the education policy of the Cowper Administration formed in 1857, and on their defeat on this question in Oct. 1859 he himself formed an administration, which, however, only lasted till the following March. Mr. Forster was Colonial Secretary in Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin's first Ministry from Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865, and Secretary for Lands in Mr. (now Sir) John Robertson's second Ministry and the succeeding Cowper Ministry from Oct. 1868 to April 1870. In Feb. 1875 he again took office under Sir John Robertson, this time as Colonial Treasurer—a post which he held till the following February, when he resigned to become Agent-General of the Colony of New South Wales in London. This post he held for three years, when he was recalled by the Parkes Ministry, and returned to New South Wales, where he died on Oct. 30th, 1882. Mr. Forster whilst resident in London, published The Weir-Wolf, a Tragedy. He also published "Political Presentments" in 1879, and was the author of two other poetical works, "The Brothers" and "Midas"— the latter issued posthumously.

Fosbery, Edmund Walcott, J.P., Inspector-General of Police, New South Wales, was born at Wotton, in Gloucestershire, in 1833, and educated at the Royal Naval School, New Cross. He went to Melbourne in 1852, and was employed in the police department. Ten years later, when the New South Wales Constabulary was reorganised, he was appointed Secretary to the Force, and Superintendent and Deputy Inspector-General. In Oct 1874 he succeeded the late Captain McLerie as Inspector-General.

Foster, Hon. William John, Puisne Judge, New South Wales, son of, the Rev. W. H. Foster, of Lough Gilly, co. Armagh, by Catherine, daughter of James Hamilton, of Brown Hall, Donegal, and niece of the first Duchess of Wellington, was born on Jan. 13th, 1831, at Rathescar, co. Louth, the residence of his uncle, John Leslie Foster, Baron of the Irish Court of Exchequer. He was educated at Cheltenham College, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the Vice-Chancellor's prize for Greek in 1850, also the composition prize in the same year, as well as honours in classics and mathematics. He left the University in 1851, and arrived in Sydney in August 1854, and for the first three years of his residence in New South Wales devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He then studied law, and was called to the colonial bar in 1858, when he entered on the practice of his profession. In 1859 he published a work on the District Courts Act, which was the standard work on the subject until 1870, when a revised edition was issued. In 1877 be published a supplement to the same work. He acted as a Crown prosecutor from 1859 to 1862 and from 1864 to 1870, when he was appointed Crown Prosecutor for Sydney, in succession to Mr. Butler, who had accepted the Attorney-Generalship. In Dec. 1877 he resigned this post, and became Attorney-General in the Farnell Administration, with a seat in the Legislative Council. Retiring with his colleagues in Dec. 1878, he again took office in Oct. 1881, being Minister of Justice in the Parkes Administration from that date till Jan. 1883, when the Government resigned. He retired from the Legislative Council in 1880, and was returned to the Lower House for Newtown. In 1882 he was defeated, but was re-elected in 1885, and sat in the Assembly till he retired from political life in 1888. Judge Foster was made Q.C. in 1886, and in the following January he again took office as Attorney-General under Sir Henry Parkes, but resigned in Feb. 1888, on the ground that his prior claim to the vacant Puisne Judgship had been slighted. Later in the same year he was raised to the Supreme Court Bench. Mr. Justice Foster married in 1854 Matilda Sophia, daughter of John Williams, of Landigige, Pembrokeshire. He on several occasions refused District Court Judgeships, and declined the Speakership of the Assembly in 1887.

Fowler, David, was born near Anstruther, in Scotland, in 1826, and emigrated to South Australia in 1852. He founded the mercantile firm of D. & J. Fowler of Adelaide, which city he quitted in 1873 to assume the direction of the London branch. He died at Norwood, in Surrey, on Nov. 11th, 1881.

Fowler, George Swan, a partner in the firm of D. & J. Fowler, of Adelaide and London, was member for East Adelaide from 1878 to 1881 in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia. He accepted office in the last Morgan Ministry as Treasurer, in March 1881, but in the following May he resigned. Early in 1892 he contested the seat for East Adelaide, left vacant by the retirement of Sir John Bray, but was defeated by the labour candidate.

Fox, Sir William, K.C.M.G., M.A., formerly Premier of New Zealand, third son of George Townshend Fox, J.P. and D.L. for co. Durham, was born on June 9th, 1812, and educated at Wadham College, Oxford, graduating B.A. in 1832, M.A. in 1839. He entered at the Inner Temple on Nov. 15th, 1838, and was called to the bar on April 29th, 1842. In the latter year he emigrated to Wellington, N.Z., and in 1843 succeeded Captain Wakefield as the Resident Agent of the New Zealand Company at Nelson. Early in 1848 he became Attorney-General of the Southern Province, but resigned when it appeared that no steps were to be taken to grant self-government to the colony. In Sept. 1848 he succeeded Colonel Wakefield as principal agent of the New Zealand Company. In 1850 he returned to England as honorary political agent of the Wellington settlement to assist in getting the Constitution Act through the Imperial Parliament, and travelled for a year in the United States. On May 7th Mr. Sewell formed the first responsible ministry; but on May 20th he resigned upon a want of confidence motion carried by Mr. Fox in connection with the powers of the provincial governments, which Mr. Sewell desired curtailed. But his tenure of office was as brief as that of his predecessor, as on June 2nd he also was defeated, Mr. Stafford assuming office with Mr. Sewell as treasurer. On July 3rd, 1861, Mr. Fox carried a vote of want of confidence in the ministry by 24 votes against 23, and formed a cabinet on July 12th. In 1862 Mr. Fox brought before the House a resolution affirming exclusive Ministerial responsibility for Maori affairs, and, the votes being equally divided, resigned the same year. On Nov. 2nd, 1863, Mr. Fox came into office as Colonial Secretary, Mr. Whitaker being Premier and Attorney-General. The Waikato war had now begun, and the burden of responsibility fell jointly upon the Governor (Sir George Grey) and the Fox-Whitaker cabinet. Mr. Fox carried through the Suppression of Rebellion Bill by a large majority; also the Defence Bill and the New Zealand Settlements Bill; and it was owing to difficulties with Sir G. Grey during the progress of the war (notably concerning confiscation) that the ministry resigned on Nov. 24th, 1864. Mr. Fox was not in office again till June 28th, 1869, when he once more became Premier and a member of the Executive Council, after the defeat of the Stafford Government. During his term of office in 1870 a bill was passed founding the University of New Zealand, and the Public Works scheme was inaugurated by Mr. Vogel. The Land Transfer Registration Act was also passed. On Sept. 10th, 1872, he resigned, and Mr. Stafford came in again; but on March 3rd, 1873, Mr. Fox once more returned to office, though he resigned on April 8th, leaving his colleague, Mr. (afterwards Sir) Julius Vogel, to take his place as Premier. On July 29th, 1879, Sir George Grey's Government was defeated on an amendment moved by Sir William Fox (as he was now), but he failed to secure a seat at the general election in the same year. In 1880 he was appointed, with Sir F. D. Bell, upon the Commission for the West Coast to inquire into the question of native titles and report upon the confiscated lands, and subsequently became sole commissioner. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1879, and since his retirement from public life has devoted himself to lectures and addresses upon the temperance question. He married May 3rd, 1842, Sarah, eldest daughter of William Halcombe, of Poulton House, Wilts, who died in June, 1892. Sir William Fox is the author of "The Six Colonies of New Zealand" (1851), and "The War in New Zealand" (1866).

Francis, George W., the first director of the Adelaide Botanic Garden, was born in England in 1799, and emigrated to South Australia in 1849. Soon after his arrival he leased the old Botanic Garden, north of the Torrens, and was ultimately appointed director under Government. This post he held till his death on August 9th, 1865. Mr. Francis was the author of several works.

Francis, Hon. James Goodall, sometime Premier of Victoria, was born in London in 1819, and emigrated to Tasmania in 1834. Here he entered the mercantile firm of Boys & Painter, whose business he took over in 1847, in conjunction with his partner, Mr. Macpherson. A branch establishment was opened in Melbourne in 1853, under the management of Mr. Francis, and he henceforward resided in Victoria, going largely into squatting and viticulture, in addition to his mercantile concerns, which proved highly successful. In 1855 he was elected a director of the Bank of New South Wales, and was President of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce as far back as 1857. In Oct. 1859 he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Richmond, which he represented till he resigned in 1874. Mr. Francis was Minister of Public Works in the Nicholson Administration from Nov. of that year to Sept. 1860, when he resigned with Mr. Service in connection with the dispute with the Upper House over the Land Bill. He was Minister of Trade and Customs in the first McCulloch Government from June 1863 to May 1868, supporting and in a great measure initiating the partially protective tariff introduced by the Treasurer, Mr. Verdon, and also the Darling Grant; the tacking of both which measures to the Appropriation Bill he cordially approved. He was himself Treasurer in the third McCulloch Government from April 1870 to June 1871. During the latter part of the Duffy Administration which succeeded, he led the opposition, and after the former were defeated, in June 1872, he formed a government which lasted until July 1874, when he retired, partly on political grounds and partly with a view to recruiting his health by a visit to the old country. Parliament under the auspices of his administration sanctioned a railway expenditure of ?2,250,000; but the chief event of his tenure of power was the passing of the Education Act, introduced by Mr. Stephen, the Attorney-General, and which established the present highly popular, though expensive system of free education. Mr. Francis was by no means a skilled parliamentary orator or an eminently adroit manager of men, but his downright manners and bluff honesty rendered him, apart from mere politics, one of the most popular premiers Victoria has possessed. As a means of reforming the Upper House and averting deadlocks, Mr. Francis introduced into the Assembly a scheme embodying the Norwegian system, but it met with but cold support, and Mr. Francis in consequence resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Kerferd. He on three occasions refused the honour of knighthood—a fact which no doubt contributed to establish his popularity. On his return from England Mr. Francis, though always previously looked on as a Liberal, avowed himself as strongly opposed to what he regarded as the extreme policy of the Berry Government, and was induced to enter the lists against Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, when that gentleman contested West Melbourne in 1878. Despite Mr. Francis' personal popularity, he was, however, defeated, and the same result accrued when he again opposed Sir Bryan on his seeking re-election after accepting the office of Attorney-General in the Berry Government. Shortly afterwards Mr. Francis was returned to the Assembly for Warrnambool, and was re-elected in 1880 and again in 1883. Meanwhile he acted with Mr. Murray Smith as joint leader of the Constitutional party, as the combined Conservatives and old Liberals now called themselves. Mr. Francis, whose health had been for some time failing, died on Jan. 25th, 1884. His widow, Mrs. Mary Grant Francis, died in England on May 13th, 1887, at the age of sixty-three.

Frankland, Frederick William, F.I.A., son of Professor Edward Frankland, D.C.L., and his wife Sophie Fick, was born on April 18th, 1854, in Manchester, and landed in Lyttleton, N.Z., in May 1875. In September of the same year he entered the New Zealand civil service, and in March 1884 became Actuary of the New Zealand Government Insurance Department, and also Registrar of Friendly Societies. Subsequently, in 1886 he was appointed Government Actuary and statist, and in 1889 Government Insurance Commissioner. Mr. Frankland returned to England early in 1890, and is now Assistant Actuary of the Atlas Assurance Company. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Actuaries (1884), and has contributed to various journals on actuarial and mathematical topics. Mr. Frankland married, on April 30th, 1879, Miss Miriam Simmons.

Franklin, Lady, the wife of the ill-fated Arctic explorer, Sir John Franklin, was the daughter of John Griffin, and was born in 1792. She married Sir John as his second wife at Liverpool in Nov. 1828, and accompanied him to Van Diemen's Land when he was appointed Governor there in 1836. They arrived in the island in Jan. 1837 and remained till August 1843. She was a great traveller, and was the first lady to cross overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, a feat she accomplished in May 1839, two years only after the latter settlement was founded. Though a most intrepid explorer, Sir John was only a weak administrator, and his term of office was embittered by perpetual contentions between Lady Franklin and Montagu, the Colonial Secretary, nephew of the previous Governor, Arthur, as to which should dictate the policy of the Government, the matter being ultimately the subject of amusing references to the Colonial Office, who when Sir John Franklin dismissed Montagu practically reversed his decision. In 1845 Sir John Franklin proceeded on his ill-fated expedition to the Arctic seas, and perished in 1847. His wife's heroic efforts in organising search expeditions are well known. In 1860 she was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, being the first woman on whom that distinction was conferred. She died in London on July 18th, 1875, aged eighty-three years.

Franklyn, Henry Mortimer, started the Victorian Review, a monthly magazine for some time published in Melbourne, and devoted to Australasian politics, commerce and pastoral pursuits. He also started and edited the Federal Australian, a weekly newspaper, published in Melbourne, and based on the idea of intercolonial unity. Both these enterprises have now, for some years, ceased publication. Mr. Franklyn has published "Australia in 1880" (issued in Melbourne), and "The Unit of Imperial Federation" in London in 1887.

Fraser, Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., sometime Minister of Public Works, Victoria, was the son of a Scotch farmer, and was born at Aldoura, near Inverness. In 1827 he went to London and five years later sailed for Sydney, N.S.W., in the Rubicon. The ship, however, put in at Hobart Town, Tas., and he decided to stay there, which he did till 1852, when he visited Victoria and decided to settle there. He had been interested in pastoral properties in the colony as far back as 1836, and he now started as an auctioneer in Bendigo, removing the business to Melbourne in 1853. In 1858 he was elected to the Legislative Council for the western province, and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Francis Ministry from June 1872 to May 1874, representing the Government in the Upper House. He was principally known as the plaintiff in an action which he brought against the Melbourne Age in 1878 for damages for a libel contained in an article reflecting on his conduct towards a deceased brother who had died in England in indigent circumstances. He recovered ?250. Mr. Fraser died on August 21st, 1888, aged eighty-seven years.

Fraser, Sir Malcolm, K.C.M.G., C.E., Agent-General, Western Australia, was employed in various departments of the government of New Zealand in 1857-70, was appointed Surveyor-General of Western Australia, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils, in Dec. 1870, and Colonial Secretary of Western Australia Jan. 1883. He represented the latter colony at the Intercolonial Conference on Cable Duplication held at Sydney in 1874, the Australasian Convention at Sydney in 1883, and at the Intercolonial Conference at Sydney in 1888. He was Executive Commissioner for Western Australia to the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880, and to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South Kensington in 1886. He was created C.M.G. in 1881 and K.C.M.G. on June 21st, 1887. Sir Malcolm administered the Government in the absence of Sir F. Napier Broome from Jan. 1st to Feb. 21st, 1888, and from Dec. 21st, 1889, until the return of Sir W. Robinson in Oct. 1890. His duties as Colonial Secretary ceased with the inauguration of responsible government in Western Australia, towards the end of 1890, and he arrived in England in Jan. 1891. In April 1892 he was appointed first Agent-General for Western Australia.

Fraser, Hon. Simon, M.L.C., Victoria, youngest son of William Fraser, mill-owner and farmer, of Nova Scotia, to which colony that gentleman emigrated from Inverness, Scotland, soon after it was taken from, the French by the English. Mr. Fraser was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, August 21st, 1834. On his arrival in Victoria, in 1853, Mr. Fraser spent some time at the diggings, but in a year or two turned his attention to contracting—at first in road works and bridge building, and later in railway construction,—being at various times a member of firms who carried out contracts in Victoria, New South Wales, and South Australia. In the last-named colony he was one of the constructors of the Port Augusta and Government Gums Railway. While engaged in these works he also entered into squatting pursuits, first in Queensland, where he resided from 1867 to 1869, and afterwards in Victoria and New South Wales. He is still considerably interested in pastoral properties in the northern colony. At the general election of 1874 he stood for Rodney, in the interest of the Francis Ministry, and was opposed by Mr. J. J. Walsh, whom he beat by a large majority, and at the general election of May 1877 was again elected to the Legislative Assembly for the same district as a supporter of the McCulloch Ministry. After representing that constituency nine years, he retired in 1883, and visited Europe and America, being absent about two years. In 1885 he unsuccessfully contested West Melbourne with Mr. Carter, the Mayor of Melbourne. He was also an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the Legislative Council for the Northern province, in April 1886, but was returned as member for South Yarra province in August of the same year. In politics Mr. Fraser is a man of moderate views, and took an active interest in promoting the Service-Berry coalition of 1883. He is a J.P. for Victoria, and was for a lengthened period chairman of the Australian Widows' Fund Life Insurance Society, and a director of the City of Melbourne Bank and the private railway line between Deniliquin and Moama. Mr. Fraser has been twice married. In Nov. 1890 he became a member without portfolio of Mr. Munro's Cabinet. Twelve months later he voted against his colleagues' measure for establishing the principle of "one man one vote," and it was rejected by the Council, Mr. Fraser tendering his resignation in consequence. It was not, however, accepted, and the Bill was withdrawn. In Feb., however, when Mr. Shiels reconstructed the Cabinet, Mr. Fraser finally withdrew from office.

Freeling, Major-General Sir Arthur Henry, Bart., sometime Surveyor-General, South Australia, son of John Clayton Freeling and grandson of Sir Francis Freeling, Bart., for thirty years Secretary to the General Post Office, entered the Royal Engineers, and ultimately took service under the South Australian Government as Surveyor-General. In this capacity he did some valuable exploring work, and was a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils prior to the concession of responsible government. He was elected to the new Legislative Council in March 1857, and sat till August 1876, when he resigned. In the meantime he was a member of the Finnis Ministry as Commissioner of Public Works from Oct. 1856 to March 1857, when he retired rather than relinquish the permanent post of Surveyor-General, which he resigned in 1861, and returned to England. He was then lieut.-colonel in the Royal Engineers, but became major-general on retiring, and succeeded in 1871 as 5th baronet of Ford and Hatchings, Sussex. Sir Arthur (who was the elder brother of Sir Sanford Freeling, K.C.M.G.) married, in 1848, Charlotte Augusta, daughter of Sir Henry Rivers, 9th baronet, who still survives. Sir Arthur died on March 26th, 1885, when he was succeeded by his son Harry, the 6th and present baronet.

French, Colonel George Arthur, R.A., C.M.G., ex-Commandant of Defence Force, Queensland, son of the late John French, of Mornington Park, co. Dublin, was born at Roscommon on June 19th, 1841, and educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. He was commissioned as lieutenant of the Royal Artillery, on June 19th, 1860, and became captain in 1872, major in 1881, and lieut.-colonel in 1887. He was adjutant of the Royal Artillery at Kingston from 1862 to 1866; Inspector of Artillery in the Dominion of Canada from 1870 to 1878, being appointed Lieut.-Colonel of Canadian Militia in the former year. He was Commissioner of the North-West Mounted Police in Canada from 1873 to 1876; and Inspector of Warlike Stores at Devonport from 1878 to 1888. He organised the Permanent Artillery and Mounted Police of Canada, and commanded the expeditionary force of 300 mounted men and two guns, sent from the Red River to the Rocky Mountains, in 1874. He was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George on May 30th, 1877. In Sept. 1883 he was appointed Commandant of the Queensland Local Forces with the local rank of colonel, and arrived in the colony on Jan. 4th, 1884. Colonel French married, in 1862, Janet Clarke, daughter of the late Robert Long Innes, formerly of the 37th Regiment. Colonel French retired in 1891, and returned to England.

Frome, General Edward Charles, was a lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, and arrived in South Australia with a surveying party of sappers and miners in 1836. He succeeded Captain Sturt as Surveyor-General in Oct. 1839, and was also Engineer-in-Chief till 1843. Returning to England, he became Colonel Commandant R.E., and rose to the rank of General in 1877. He died on Feb. 12th, 1890, at the age of eighty-eight. He was formerly Governor of Guernsey.

Furner, Luke Lydiard, M.P., represents Wallaroo in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Downer Ministry from June 1886 to June 1887. He was first returned for Wallaroo in 1878.

Fysh, Hon. Philip Oakley, M.L.C., was born at Highbury, London, in 1835. In 1859 he emigrated to Tasmania. After a successful commercial career he went into politics and became Premier of Tasmania, was member for Hobart in the Legislative Council from 1866 to 1869, and for Buckingham from Nov. 1870 to July 1873, when he left the Upper House for the House of Assembly, in which he represented East Hobart from August 1873 to Nov. 1878. In March 1884 he was re-elected to the Legislative Council for Buckingham, for which constituency he still sits. Mr. Fysh was in the Kennerley Government from August 1873 to March 1875 as Treasurer, and from that date till July 1876 as a minister without portfolio. He became the recognised leader of the Opposition in July 1877, and the next month formed an Administration, in which he took the position of Premier without office. In March 1879 Mr. Giblin became Premier, Mr. Fysh remaining a member of the Ministry without portfolio till its retirement in the following December. In March 1887 Mr. Fysh, who is President of the Central Board of Health, and was major commanding the Tasmanian Volunteer Rifle Regiment from 1880 to 1884, formed his second Government, of which he is still Premier and Chief Secretary. He was one of the delegates from Tasmania to the Sydney Federation Convention in 1891. [Supplement: In August 1892 Mr. Fysh resigned the office of Premier and Chief Secretary of Tasmania, owing to the defeat of the Government in the House of Assembly on their financial proposals.]

G

Gahan, Charles Frederick, F.R.G.S., sometime Postmaster-General, Western Australia, entered the Royal Navy in June 1862, and served for about eleven and a half years, principally at the Cape of Good Hope and on the east coast of Africa. He was specially employed under the India Office from 1875 to 1878, and under the Admiralty from June of the latter year till Nov. 1881. For four years subsequently he was Head Accountant and Acting Secretary of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Mauritius. In 1885 he was despatched on special service to the Bahamas, and in 1887 was appointed to succeed Mr. Helmich as Postmaster-General and Superintendent of Telegraphs in Western Australia, both which posts he held till his death on April 27th, 1889, at the age of forty-three years.

Galloway, Frederic William, was born at Delhi, India, in 1856, and entered the 85th Regiment (King's Light Infantry) as sub-lieutenant in 1875. After serving with credit in India and South Africa, he retired from the service, and went, in 1880, to Australia, where he entered the Queensland Civil Service as Clerk of Petty Sessions at Port Douglas in 1883, being promoted to Ipswich in 1885, and becoming Immigration Agent at Brisbane in July 1889.

Galloway, John James, was nominated to the Legislative Council of Queensland immediately on its being constituted a separate colony, and was in the first responsible ministry of the colony, as a member of the Executive Council, without portfolio, from August to Nov. 1860.

Garner, Arthur, was born on Feb. 8th, 1851, at Bath, England, where his father, Dr. Jonathan Garner (M.D. of Edinburgh) practised his profession, his mother being a Miss Cobden. Arthur Garner was articled to Mr. C. J. Phipps, the architect, whose connection was largely theatrical, he having erected no less than forty English theatres; from which circumstance may perhaps be traced the young pupil's gravitation to the stage, where he became a prot?g? of Mr. George Gordon, the scenic artist. From the paint-room Mr. Garner soon found his way to the footlights, and for some time appeared in various provincial companies. In 1873 he arrived in Melbourne, returning to London in 1876. In 1879 Mr. Garner began his career as an Australian entrepreneur by taking out "The London Comedy Company" (1879), of which the late Fred Marshall was the bright particular comic star and Mr. George Gordon the hardly less indispensable scenic artist. In 1881 he joined Mr. J. C. Williamson, the eminent Australian-American actor, and Mr. Musgrove in establishing the leading firm of Australasian managers, generally known as the "Trio," which has controlled a greater number of theatres and entered into engagements, dramatic and operatic, on a larger scale than has ever been attempted south of the Line. Their operations practically commenced at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, on July 1st, 1882, with the production of Gilbert and Sullivan's Patience. Many eminent London artistes were introduced to the colonies under their r?gime; but the most substantial undertaking of Messrs. Williamson, Garner & Musgrove was the building of the new Princess's Theatre, Melbourne, in 1886, by universal consensus one of the finest dramatic temples in the world. Mr. Garner has been twice married: first, to the excellent English actress, Miss Blanche Stammers, who died in Melbourne in 1883; and, secondly, to Miss Letitia Hill Martin, sister of Mr. Patchett Martin, herself an accomplished litt?rateur, and formerly a contributor to the Australian press.

Garran, Hon. Andrew, M.L.C., LL.D., was born in London on Nov. 19th, 1825, and educated at a proprietary grammar school in Hackney, and afterwards at Spring Hill College, Birmingham. He subsequently graduated at London University, taking the M.A. degree in the philosophical branch in 1848. Falling ill with what was pronounced to be consumption, he went to Madeira for eighteen months, and then resolved to emigrate to Australia. Shortly after arriving in Adelaide in 1851, Dr. Garran was engaged to write for a short-lived weekly newspaper called the Austral Examiner. On the outbreak of the gold diggings he went to Victoria, and was engaged there as private tutor to Mr. C. E. Labilli?re on a station near Ballan. Returning to Adelaide, he was engaged as editor on the South Australian Register in 1854 and 1855, when he removed to Sydney, on the invitation of the proprietor of the Sydney Morning Herald, to be assistant editor to the Rev. John West. On the latter gentleman's death in 1873 Dr. Garran became editor-in-chief, and held that post till he was forced to retire from failing health at the beginning of 1886. In Feb. of the following year he was appointed by Sir H. Parkes to the Legislative Council of New South Wales. Dr. Garran has been a member of the Parliamentary Committee on Public Works, of the Board of Technical Instruction, and of the Board of the Sydney Grammar School He was for many years Sydney correspondent for the Melbourne Argus, and also for the London Times. Dr. Garran, edited "The Picturesque Atlas of Australia," the most comprehensive descriptive work on Australia hitherto published, He married at Adelaide on Dec. 1st, 1854, Miss Mary Isham Sabine. From 1890 to 1891 he presided over the deliberations of the Royal Commission on labour questions.

Garrard, Jacob, M.L.A., represented Balmain in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for a number of years, and was returned at the head of the poll at the general election in 1889. He was Secretary for Public Works in the last John Robertson Ministry from Dec. 1885 to Feb. 1886. At the general election in June—July 1891 he was elected for Central Cumberland.

Garrett, Thomas, M.L.A., represented Camden in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for a number of years. He was born in Liverpool, England, on July 16th, 1830, and went to New South Wales with his parents when nine years of age. A year later he was bound to the printing business, but during his apprenticeship he ran away, and became a cabin-boy on H.M.S. Fly, then employed in resurveying the coast between Port Jackson and Hobson's Bay. The youth was soon sent back, and having finished his apprenticeship, he was engaged on a number of newspapers, subsequently being employed in the Government printing office, where he worked for three years. Mr. Garrett then turned his attention to journalism, and in 1855 established the Illawarra Mercury, and afterwards also the Alpine Pioneer and the Cooma Mercury. In 1860 he first entered Parliament, sitting for the Monaro constituency. He retired four years later in favour of Mr. Alexander Montague, but was elected for Shoalhaven, for which electorate he sat as member until 1872. Afterwards he acted for a short period as police magistrate for Berrima, but not caring for official life, he again entered Parliament, this time for Camden, for which electorate he sat until the general election in June 1892, when, on account of ill-health, he decided not to again contest the seat, and bade farewell to political life. He was Secretary for Lands in the third John Robertson Ministry from Feb. 1875 to Feb. 1877, when he resigned. In the fourth Robertson Government he filled the same post from August to Nov. 1877, when he again resigned, and was succeeded, as on the former occasion, by Mr. E. A. Baker. He was Minister of Lands in the Parkes Government from Jan. 1887 to July 1888. Mr. Garrett died on Nov. 25th, 1891.

Garrick, Hon. Sir James Francis, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., Q.C., Agent-General for Queensland, is the second son of the late James Francis Garrick, of Sydney, New South Wales, in which city he was born in 1836. After practising as a solicitor in Brisbane, Queensland, where he was a partner of the present Chief Justice, Sir Charles Lilley, and for several years City Solicitor for Brisbane, he was elected to the Assembly for East Moreton, and subsequently visited England, entering as a student at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1870. He was called to the bar in June 1873, and, returning to Brisbane, practised at the local bar with great success, and also took a leading position in politics. Mr. Garrick was Crown Prosecutor from 1874 to 1877; and having been returned for Moreton, in that year entered the Douglas Ministry as Secretary for Lands and Mines, a post which he held from Feb. to Dec. 1878, when he was appointed Attorney-General. Mr. Garrick retired with his colleagues in Jan. 1879, and became Q.C. in 1882, when he was again returned for Moreton. On the formation of the first Griffith Ministry, in Nov. 1883, Mr. Garrick was nominated to the Legislative Council, and was appointed Colonial Treasurer, but exchanged this post for that of Postmaster-General in the following December. In June of the next year he was appointed Agent-General for Queensland, and for the first time in the history of the colony held that post in conjunction with a seat in the Government, of which he was a member without portfolio till Sir Samuel Griffith's resignation in June 1888. During his first tenure of office as Agent-General in London, he was a Royal Commissioner and Executive Commissioner for Queensland at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and was one of the representatives of the colony at the Colonial Conference in the next year. In 1885 he was created C.M.G., and K.C.M.G. in 1886. Sir James, who married in 1865 Kate, daughter of the late J. J. Cadell, M.D., was reappointed Agent-General in Dec. 1890. He is a member of the governing body of the Imperial Institute.

Garvan, Hon. James Patrick, M.L.A., has represented Eden in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for some years past. He was Minister of Justice in the Jennings Government from Feb. 1886 to Jan. 1887, and Colonial Treasurer in that of Mr. Dibbs from Jan. to March 1889.

Gaunson, David, M.L.A., the fourth son of the late Francis Gaunson and Elizabeth his wife, was born in Sydney, N.S.W., on Jan. 19th, 1846, and educated in Sydney, and at Brighton, Victoria. Having served his articles to his brother-in-law, the late Hon. J. M. Grant, he was admitted an attorney of Victoria in 1869, and continues to practise his profession in Melbourne. After fighting two unsuccessful contests in 1871, and in 1872 unsuccessfully opposing the Hon. J. G. Francis, the then premier, at Richmond, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly in 1875 for Ararat, which constituency he continued to represent till July 1881. Mr. Gaunson was a prominent member of the "Stonewall" party, which, under Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry, after an unparalleled agitation in Parliament and in the country, ultimately annihilated the followers of Sir James McCulloch at the general election in 1877. Subsequently, however, he acted in opposition to Mr. Berry, and also opposed the Service Government formed in 1880. In the following year, on the formation of the O'Loghlen Ministry, Mr. Gaunson accepted a portfolio as President of the Board of Lands and Works and Commissioner of Crown Lands and Survey. He was, however, defeated at Ararat by the Hon. Wm. Wilson on presenting himself for re-election after his acceptance of office, and at once resigned his position in the Ministry which he only held from July 9th to August 2nd. Mr. Gaunson was returned to the Assembly at the general election in March 1886; but on his contesting South Melbourne at the ensuing general election in March 1889 he was defeated by Mr. Mountain.

Gawler, Colonel George, K.H., second Governor of South Australia, was the only son of the late Captain Samuel Gawler of the 73rd Regiment, who led one of the storming parties at the siege of Seringapatam. He was born in 1796, and educated at the Military College, Great Marlow. Colonel Gawler joined the 52nd Light Infantry in Nov. 1811, and served to the end of the Peninsular War in 1814. During the course of the latter he led the forlorn hope at the storming of Badajoz, and was struck by a grape shot in the right knee, and fell from the parapet into the ditch below, where he lay all night, but was rescued by a private of his regiment, who had his own head shot off whilst in the act of saving his superior. When still under twenty he commanded the right company of the 52nd at Waterloo, and took part in the attack upon the Imperial Guards, for which he received the war medal, with clasps. He was appointed Governor of South Australia in 1838, and, arriving in the colony on the 12th, assumed office on the 17th of October in that year. The reaction from the over-speculation and extravagance which prevailed at the initiation of the colony set in during his term of office in full force, and resulted in an appalling state of depression, which Colonel Gawler sought to relieve by encouraging settlement on the country lands, which his predecessor had obstructed, and undertaking extensive public works with a view of giving employment to the urban population, whom he also assisted out of his private purse. With a view of meeting the Government outlay incurred, Colonel Gawler, despite the fact that it had been expressly stipulated that the colony should be self-supporting, drew upon the British Treasury for about ?155,000, the authorities of which dishonoured his drafts; thus, by public repudiation, intensifying the prevailing financial stringency into almost universal private bankruptcy. The Governor, too, whose policy the equity of time has largely justified, was deposed by Lord John Russell in a manner which has not often been paralleled in the annals of official curtness and harshness—the first intimation which Colonel Gawler got of his recall being afforded when Captain (now Sir) George Grey, whose father, curiously enough, had fallen at the assault on Badajoz where Governor Gawler himself had won his spurs, walked into Government House, Adelaide, on May 10th, 1841, and displayed his own commission to become Colonel Gawler's successor. The Colonel, after whom the town of Gawler in South Australia is named, relinquished office on May 15th, and immediately left the colony. He died at Southsea on May 8th, 1869.

Gawler, Henry, eldest son of Lieut.-Colonel George Gawler, K.H., formerly Governor of South Australia (q.v.), was born at Quorn, near Derby, in 1827, and went to that colony with his father in 1838, but was sent to England to be educated. He was at Rugby under Dr. Tait, and afterwards studied at King's College, London. He entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1849, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1852. Mr. Gawler married on June 25th, 1857, Caroline Augusta, third daughter of the Rev. B. Philpot, sometime Archdeacon of the Isle of Man, and returned to South Australia early in 1858, when he was appointed solicitor to the Lands Titles Office under the "Torrens Act," which then came into force. Mr. Gawler was Attorney-General without a seat in Parliament for a few days in Oct. 1861 and March 1876, under Messrs. Waterhouse and Boucaut. In 1870, at the request of the Government of New Zealand, Mr. Gawler performed valuable service in the inauguration of the Torrens system of land transfer in that colony.

Gellibrand, Hon. Walter Angus Bethune, M.L.C., J.P., son of the late Joseph Tice Gellibrand, has sat in the Legislative Council of Tasmania for Derwent since Dec. 1871, and was President of that body from July 1884 to Feb. 1889. He is a member of the Fisheries Board.

Geoghegan, Right Rev. Patrick Bonaventure, D.D., second Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide, was born at Dublin in 1811, and was primarily educated at Edgworthstown. At the age of sixteen he entered the Irish College at Lisbon, and afterwards joined the Franciscan Order at Coimbra, where he was ordained a priest. After officiating for a few years at St. Francis' Church, Dublin, he volunteered for the mission of New Holland, and was appointed first resident priest of Port Phillip, where he arrived in 1839. The spot where he celebrated the first mass on Victorian soil is marked by a cross in the grounds of St. Francis' Church, Melbourne. When the late Dr. Goold was made first Bishop of Melbourne, he appointed Dr. Geoghegan Vicar-General. On the death of Bishop Murphy, of Adelaide, he was appointed to succeed that prelate in the see, and was consecrated in Sept. 1859. He took possession of the see in the following November, but only held it for about five years, when he returned to Ireland, where he died at Kingstown, on May 5th, 1865.

Gibbes, Sir Edward Osborne, Bart., is the eldest son of the late Sir Samuel Osborne Gibbes, the 2nd baronet, who emigrated to New Zealand, by his second wife, Anne, daughter of Richard Penny, who still survives and resides at Whangarei, N.Z. He was born in Nov. 1850, succeeded as 3rd baronet on the death of his father in 1874, and married in 1879 Sara, daughter of John Mitchell, a captain in the New Zealand Militia. He resides at Wellington, and is chief clerk in the Education Department of New Zealand. His son Philip Arthur, born in 1884, is heir to the baronetcy, which was created in 1774.

Giblin, Hon. William Robert, sometime Premier and Puisne Judge of Tasmania, was the eldest son of William Giblin, Registrar of Deeds for the colony, and was born at Hobart on Nov. 4th, 1840. He was educated at the school of his uncle, Mr. Robert Giblin, and at the High School, Hobart. In 1864 he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court. He entered the House of Assembly as member for Hobart in 1869, and soon secured a prominent place in the House. He succeeded Mr. Dobson as Attorney-General in the Wilson Ministry on Feb. 5th, 1870, and remained in office until Nov. 4th, 1872. He distinguished himself as an ardent supporter of a railway policy, and when Parliament re fused to sanction the construction by Government of a main line of railway from Hobart to Launceston, Mr. Giblin as a last resource, introduced, and carried by a narrow majority, a Bill authorising its construction by an English company. He was again Attorney-General in the Kennerley Ministry from August 4th, 1873, to July 20th, 1876. During his term of office he carried several important legal reforms, amongst others measures amending the law of real property and abolishing primogeniture. The most useful work of the Ministry, however, was an extensive scheme for the construction of roads, bridges, and public works, which was carried in spite of determined opposition in the Legislative Council In 1877 he was defeated in a contest for Central Hobart, but shortly afterwards was elected for the northern district of Wellington, which constituency he represented until his elevation to the Bench. He was Treasurer in Mr. Fysh's first Ministry from August 1877 to March 1878, when he became Premier, but only held office for nine months. As Treasurer he was successful in placing on the London market on advantageous terms the first 4 per cent. loan issued by the colony. On the defeat of the Crowther Ministry Mr. Giblin was sent for, and formed from both sides of the House a Coalition Ministry, which held office for five years, viz., from Oct. 30th, 1879, to August 15th, 1884. In this administration he acted as Treasurer, and his first task was to meet a large deficit, which he accomplished with great ability, carrying a large scheme of new taxation, including a tax on the annual value of land and invested personal property, an excise on beer, and a revised Customs' tariff. The measure passed both Houses almost without opposition, and met with general approbation. In Dec. 1881 he exchanged the post of Treasurer for that of Attorney-General, and remained at the head of the Government until August 1884, when he finally resigned office in consequence of failing health. In politics Mr. Giblin was a staunch Liberal. He represented Tasmania at the Intercolonial Tariff Conference at Sydney in 1881, and also at the Sydney Federal Conference in 1883. At the latter Conference he took a prominent part in the debates and in shaping the Bill which resulted in the establishment of the present Federal Council of Australasia. He was one of the earliest and most earnest advocates of the federation of the Australian. On the promotion of Mr. (now Sir W. L.) Dobson to the post of Chief Justice in succession to Sir Francis Smith, Mr. Giblin was offered and accepted a puisne judgeship. During the absence of Mr. Dobson in England he was acting Chief Justice, and for a short time Administrator of the Government. He died at Hobart on Jan. 17th, 1887, in his forty-seventh year. Mr. Giblin married in 1865 Emmely Jean, eldest daughter of John Perkins, of Hobart.

Gibney, Right Rev. Matthew, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Perth, W.A., was formerly Vicar-General of that diocese, and was consecrated bishop by Cardinal Moran on Jan. 23rd, 1887. Dr. Gibney's name is best known in connection with a gallant feat which he performed on the occasion of the destruction of the Kelly gang of bushrangers at Glenrowan, in Victoria, where Bishop Gibney happened to be on a collecting tour, which he had undertaken on behalf of a Western Australian orphanage. The outlaws, who, to quote from Mr. Hogan's well-known work, "The Irish in Australia," "had long defied capture, and had carried on a career of murder and robbery, descended from their haunts in the mountain ranges and took possession of the village, making all the inhabitants prisoners. They cut the telegraph wires and tore up the railway; nevertheless, the authorities in Melbourne were apprised of this daring outrage, and despatched a large force to the locality. The bushrangers, taken by surprise, threw themselves into the village hotel, which they defended against the besiegers for the greater part of the day. Father Gibney, who happened to be in the neighbourhood at the time, hastened to the scene of strife, so that the services of a priest might not be wanting, if required. At an early stage of the conflict he endeavoured to advance through the open, and exert his influence with the besieged bushrangers to induce them to surrender, and thereby avert further bloodshed. He was confident that even such desperadoes would not fire on a priest; but the officers in command thought differently, and declined to allow him to place his life in jeopardy. When, however, late in the afternoon, the hotel was seen to be in flames, the brave priest refused to be kept back any longer, and rushed to the burning building, in the hope of being able to administer the last sacraments of the Church to any of the surviving bushrangers within. He was watched with eager and breathless attention as he crossed the open space in front of the outlaws' citadel, the general fear being that he would be shot down before he reached the house. A cheer went up from the excited spectators, as they saw him rush through the flames into the interior of the hotel, and a number of them were emboldened to follow in his footsteps. When Father Gibney got within the blazing building, he saw the bodies of the bushrangers lying on the floor, having apparently preferred to shoot themselves or each other rather than fall into the hands of the authorities. He had just time to touch their bodies, and ascertain that they were lifeless, before the advancing flames compelled him to beat a hasty retreat in order to save his own life. The courage and intrepidity displayed by Father Gibney on this occasion won universal admiration, and the news of his elevation to the mitre was received with cordial approval by the press and the public of all the colonies."

Gifford, Right Hon. Edric Frederick, 3rd Baron, V.C., sometime Colonial Secretary, Western Australia, is the eldest son of Robert Francis, 2nd Baron, by Charlotte, eldest daughter of Maurice, Lord Fitzhardinge. He was born on July 5th, 1849, educated at Harrow, and entered the 83rd Foot in 1869. He exchanged to 24th Foot in 1873; served in the Ashantee war with that regiment as lieutenant, and received the Victoria Cross on March 28th, 1874, for distinguished gallantry at the taking of Bequeh. His lordship exchanged into the 57th Foot in 1876, and retired with the rank of major on July 24th, 1880. He served on the staff of Sir Garnet Wolseley in 1875, when on a special mission to Natal, and in Cyprus in 1878-9; served in Zulu war in 1879 as A.D.C. to Sir G. Wolseley; took a leading part in the capture of Cetewayo; he was colonial secretary and senior member of the Executive Council of Western Australia from 1880 to 1882; colonial secretary at Gibraltar from Dec. 1882 to 1887, and became a director of the chartered British South Africa Company in 1889. He succeeded his father on May 13th, 1872, and married on April 22nd, 1880, Sophia Catherine, daughter of Lieut.-General John Alfred Street, C.B.

Giles, Ernest, F.R.G.S., the well-known explorer, son of William Giles and Jane Elizabeth his wife, was born at Bristol, educated at Christ's Hospital, London, and after leaving school joined his father and family in South Australia, to which colony they had preceded him. In 1852 he went to the Victorian goldfields, and subsequently became a clerk in the Post-office, Melbourne, and afterwards in the county court. Resigning his clerkship, he joined an exploring party in Queensland, and after several expeditions made his first memorable journey on his own account in the year 1872. In August of that year, with the assistance of his steadfast friend Baron von Mueller and his own slender resources, he managed to equip a light party, and penetrated into some fine country about 250 miles west of the great overland telegraph line between Adelaide and Port Darwin. The qualities shown on this expedition brought him friends. On a second appeal by Baron von Mueller a fund was raised by the liberality of some wealthy Victorians and some assistance from the South Australian Government, and Mr. Giles again set out with a party of four white men and twenty-four horses. He remained in the field constantly endeavouring to reach the western coast for one year, when, his provisions having given out and the party reduced to living on their horses, he made his way back to the settled districts of South Australia through great hardships, having added some 700 miles to previous knowledge of the interior. In 1875 he was fitted out by that munificent patron of exploration Sir Thomas Elder, of Adelaide, with nineteen camels and provisions for eighteen months. Through desert after desert for a distance of nearly 1500 miles he made his way. For one fearful stretch of 325 miles the party found no water for seventeen days. After a struggle of six months, during which they had traversed some 2400 miles, they made the outlying settlements of Western Australia. Mr. Giles departed on his return journey several hundred miles to the north of his former route in Jan. 1876, and arrived at the telegraph line in August. In 1889 Mr. Giles, who is a gold medallist of the Royal Geographical Society, published a narrative of his explorations in two volumes entitled "Australia Twice Traversed."

Giles, William, was born at Great Staughton, in Huntingdonshire, on Dec. 27th, 1791. Having obtained an appointment under the South Australian Company at the start of its operations in 1836, he arrived at Kangaroo Island, where its headquarters were at first fixed, in the following year. He was appointed a Stipendiary Magistrate shortly after his arrival, and in 1840 succeeded Mr. McLaren as manager of the South Australian Company. In 1851 he was returned to the mixed Legislative Council in Yatala, and took part in framing the present Constitution Act. He belonged to the Congregationalist body, and was a strong opponent of State Aid to religion, which was finally abolished in 1851. He died in Adelaide in 1861.

Gill, Rev. William Wyatt, B. A., LL.D., was born in December, 1828, at Bristol. He became a student of Highbury College in 1847, and graduated B.A. at London University in 1850. The perusal in early life of the martyr Williams' missionary enterprises interested him in the conversion of the heathen world. In 1851 he was introduced to the late Rev. A. Buzacott, who was about to return to the Pacific in the mission barque John Williams, along with five other missionaries. Finding the young man sympathetic, Mr. Buzacott asked him to take the place of one of the young men, who at the last moment was obliged to stay behind on account of ill-health. Dr. Gill offered himself, was at once accepted by the directors of the London Missionary Society, and was set apart for the work at old Spafields Chapel, London. In fourteen days from the offer of service he was sailing for the Pacific. For upwards of twenty years Dr. Gill laboured on the island of Mangaia (peace) in the Hervey group. In 1872, accompanied by the Rev. A. W. Murray, he located teachers for the first time on the mainland of New Guinea, Loyalty Island teachers in the neighbourhood of the Fly river, and Rarotongan teachers in the south-east peninsula of that vast island. Some account of this appeared on his return to England, in a volume published by the Religious Tract Society, entitled "Life in the Southern Isles." About the same time was published his "Myths and Songs from the South Pacific," with an introduction by the well-known Professor Max M?ller, of Oxford. In 1876 Dr. Gill again left England for the Pacific, this time for the island of Rarotonga, with a printing press, and contemplating the education of a native Gospel ministry. His hands were full, as he had largely the care of the outlying islands, where no European missionary had ever been stationed. His residence at Rarotonga enabled his friend the Rev. James Chalmers to join the New Guinea Mission, where, in conjunction with the Revs. W. G. Lawes and Dr. McFarlane, he has done such excellent work. Whilst Dr. Gill was at Rarotonga the New Zealand Government published his "Historical Sketches of Savage Life, with Illustrative Clan Songs." This was intended as a sequel to "Myths and Songs." At Rarotonga overwork began to tell very seriously upon the missionary's health. Some nine years ago therefore he bade farewell to the Hervey Islanders, and was succeeded by the Rev. J. J. K. Hutchin. A band of thirty-three native pioneer teachers and their wives, destined for New Guinea, was entrusted to Dr. Gill's care. These he had the satisfaction of landing in good health in Port Moresby in Feb. 1884. A pleasant stay of seven weeks in New Guinea enabled him to see the marvellous progress made during the eleven years which had elapsed since his first visit to that vast country. Soon after his return to Sydney was published "Life and Adventures in New Guinea," by Messrs. Chalmers and Gill. In 1885 appeared the last volume from the pen of the veteran missionary, entitled "Jottings from the Pacific." On leaving active mission service, the revision of the Rarotongan Scriptures was entrusted to Dr. Gill by the British and Foreign Bible Society. This work took three years of incessant labour in Sydney. To print it he was, with Mrs. Gill, invited to visit England by the society. The printing and stereotyping of the Rarotongan Bible occupied fifteen months. The correction the press was a matter of great anxiety, as there was no second proof-reader in Europe. The book contains twelve hundred and fifty-one pages, is beautifully printed, and along with the text are given references and maps. The original translation was made by Williams, Pitman, and Buzacott. Dr. and Mrs. Gill returned to Sydney in July 1888, and soon after Great Britain assumed the protectorate of the Hervey group, so that there could be no hindrance to the circulation of the Scriptures which had just been printed in the Rarotongan language. The article on the Rarotongan Bible in "The Bible in the Pacific," by the Rev. A. W. Murray (published in 1888), is from Dr. Gill's pen. To the Melbourne volume of the Australasian Society for the Advancement of Science for 1890 he contributed three papers, and still writes occasionally for the press. He was created an honorary LL.D. by the university of St. Andrews.

Gillen, Hon. Peter Paul, M.P., Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration, South Australia, was returned to the Legislative Assembly of that colony for Stanley in 1887. In June 1892 he accepted a portfolio in the Holder Ministry. [in Supplement: Mr. Gillen is the son of the late Thomas Gillen, of Clare, S.A., and was born at Golden Grove, in that colony, in 1858. He carries on business as a storekeeper at Clare.]

Gilles, Lewis W., commenced life as a naval officer, but after seeing considerable service embraced commercial pursuits. Subsequently he emigrated to Tasmania, and, as a pastoralist, was prominent as a breeder of first-class sheep. He established the Tamar Bank, which was merged into the Union Bank of Australia, and was afterwards Assistant Colonial Secretary of Victoria, going ultimately to South Australia, where he opened up the Glen Osmond silver mines, near Adelaide, on the property of his relative, the late Mr. Osmond Gilles (q.v.). He died at Glen Osmond on Jan. 2nd, 1884, at the age of eighty-eight.

Gilles, Osmond, was born in England in 1797, and was engaged in mercantile pursuits at Hamburg for fourteen years. He took a great Interest in the preliminary arrangements for the formation of the colony of South Australia, to which he emigrated in 1836, being amongst those who were present on Dec. 28th, when Captain Hindmarsh read the official document proclaiming the colony. He was the first Colonial Treasurer of South Australia, but only held office for two years. He was a large purchaser of town and country lands; and the Glen Osmond silver lead mines, worked by an English Company, were situated on his property. He introduced Saxony and Merino sheep into South Australia, and was a considerable benefactor to the Church of England and to German charities. He died at Glen Osmond on Sept. 24th, 1876.

Gillies, Hon. Duncan, M.L.A., sometime Premier of Victoria, the son of the late Duncan Gillies and Margaret his wife, was born at Glasgow in Jan. 1834, and went to Victoria in Dec. 1852, when he proceeded to the Ballarat goldfields, where he engaged as a working miner, and where he first took part in public affairs as a member of the local mining court, which granted the first mining lease, and thus paved the way for the introduction of company, as opposed to individual, working in mining ventures. He was a working partner in the Great Republic Company, and was elected, as the miners' candidate, to the Legislative Assembly for Ballarat West in 1859, being four times re-elected prior to his acceptance of office in the unpopular Sladen Ministry in May 1868, when he was rejected. In June 1872 Mr. Gillies was included in the Francis Ministry as Commissioner of Railways and Roads, and held office till July 1874, when he accepted the same post under the late Mr. Kerferd, retiring with his colleagues in August 1875. Mr. Gillies, who had meantime been returned for Maryborough, was Minister of Lands in the last McCulloch Government, from Oct. 1875 to May 1877. At the general election in the latter year he was returned for Rodney, but was unseated on petition, on the ground of undue influence having been used by the Lands Department, by the issue of leases to selectors and electors during the contest, the committee finding that such influence had been used without Mr. Gillies' knowledge. Later on he once more took his seat in the Assembly, and, as a Conservative and free-trader, strongly opposed the Berry party. He, however, entered the Service-Berry Coalition Ministry in March 1883 as Minister of Railways and Public Instruction, and held office until, in Feb. 1886, on the retirement of Messrs. Service, Berry and Kerferd, he himself was nominated Premier under a fresh coalition arrangement with Mr. Deakin, the new Liberal leader, taking in addition the offices of Treasurer, Minister of Railways, and subsequently Minister of Mines. Mr. Gillies, having been defeated on a want of confidence motion, retired in November 1890. In 1887 Mr. Gillies refused the offer of knighthood (K.C.M.G.). He has represented Victoria on numerous occasions at Intercolonial Conferences, as well as at the three first sessions of the Federal Council of Australasia. He presided at the Federation Conference held in Melbourne in Feb. 1890, and was selected as one of the representatives of Victoria to the Federation Convention in Sydney in 1891. Mr. Gillies, who is leader of the opposition to the Shiels Ministry, now represents the Eastern Suburbs.

Gillies, Hon. Thomas Bannatyne, formerly Puisne Judge, New Zealand, arrived in Otago in 1852, and after a time practised as a lawyer. In 1860 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and became Attorney-General in Mr. Domett's Administration on August 6th, 1862, retiring fifteen days later, when he was succeeded by Mr. Sewell. In the Whitaker-Fox Ministry which followed on Oct 30th, 1863, Mr. Gillies had the portfolios of Postmaster-General and Secretory of Crown Lands, which he held till Nov. 24th and Jan. 13th, 1864, respectively. Under Mr. Stafford, from Sept. 10th to Oct. 11th, 1872, Mr. Gillies was Colonial Treasurer. In 1865 he removed to Auckland, and was Superintendent of the province of Auckland from 1869 to 1873. In 1875 he was appointed Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court. Mr. Gillies, who died in August 1889, founded two science scholarships in connection with Auckland University College.

Gillon, Edward Thomas, was born in Douglas, Isle of Man, in Jan. 1842. He arrived in New Zealand with his parents in 1851 and settled in Otago, where for several years he endured the rough experiences of settlement in a new country. While quite a youth he became a contributor to the Otago Witness, and was engaged reporting the Provincial Council proceedings for that paper, when, in 1861, the Otago goldfields were discovered. Mr. Gillon was at once sent to Gabriel's Gully as special correspondent for the Witness, and was the first press representative on the diggings. He remained there until recalled to Dunedin to again report in the Provincial Council, and he was so engaged when Mr. (now Sir Julius) Vogel arrived from Australia and, entering into partnership with Mr. Cutten, the proprietor of the Witness, established the Otago Daily Times, the first daily paper published in New Zealand. Mr. Gillon joined the Times staff as chief reporter, and remained on it until early the following year, when severe illness compelled him to relinquish newspaper work for a time. He accepted a Government appointment which, after two or three years, he resigned to resume journalistic work. In 1867 he went to Wellington as a member of the first Hansard staff, and was subsequently appointed Clerk of Private Bills to the New Zealand Parliament. He resigned this office after a brief tenure in order to devote himself exclusively to literary work, and became connected with the Wellington Evening Post as well as acting as special correspondent for the Otago Daily Times, Lyttelton Times, and other leading journals. In 1872, when cable communication between Europe and Australia was first established, Sir Julius Vogel brought about a combination of New Zealand papers for obtaining supplies of telegraphic news, and Mr. Gillon was selected as manager. After a time this association handed its business over to a private firm, and Mr. Gillon rejoined the Post as editor. In 1878 another press association was formed, and Mr. Gillon was again appointed manager. In less than two years this association absorbed all opposition, and developed into the present United Press Association, which Mr. Gillon continued to manage with great success until 1884, when he resigned in order to resume his former position of editor of the Post, which he still retains. Mr. Gillon is recognised as the doyen of New Zealand journalists, and when the Institute of Journalists was formed recently he was unanimously chosen as Chairman of the Council. At the time of the abolition of the provinces he was one of the city representatives in the Provincial Council of Wellington. Some years ago one of the prizes offered by the New Zealand Parliament for the best essays on the settlement of the people on the land was awarded to Mr. Gillon. He is a Justice of the Peace for the colony, and occupies a prominent position in the Masonic body. As chairman of the central executive committee, he was the leading spirit in the movement which recently resulted successfully in the establishment of an independent Grand Lodge of New Zealand. As he declined to accept active office, the rank of Past Deputy Grand Master was conferred upon him, in recognition of his services to the craft.

Gilmore, George, went to New South Wales in 1839, in command of the barque Uretta. He took a prominent part in the establishment of the intercolonial coasting trade, starting a line between Sydney and the Hunter River, and later on between Melbourne, Tasmania, and Sydney. He was one of the founders of the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company, which was formed in Sept. 1841, and became merged in the Australian Steam Navigation Company, the latter in its turn having recently become absorbed in the Australasian United Steam Navigation Company. In the year 1842 Captain Gilmore ran the first steamer into Moreton Bay, now known as Brisbane, and brought away the first cargo of wool from that now prominent emporium. He subsequently resided in Launceston, Tasmania, and was Colonial Secretary in the Kennerley Ministry from April 10th to July 20th, 1876. He died at Launceston on Jan. 2nd, 1884.

Gisborne, Hon. William, who comes of an old Derbyshire family, and emigrated to New Zealand, was Commissioner of Crown Lands in that colony from 1848 to 1853, and from 1853 to 1869 Under-Secretary. On July 5th in the latter year, while holding a seat in the Legislative Council, he became Colonial Secretary, which office he retained till Sept. 10th, 1872, and acted also till Dec. 6th, 1871, as Minister of Public Works. During his term of office he resigned from the Legislative Council and was elected to the House of Representatives. From 1870 to 1875 he was New Zealand Government Insurance Commissioner; in 1877 he once more entered the House of Representatives, and in July 1879 joined the Grey Cabinet in which he held office till October of the same year: from July 5th to 19th as Minister of Lands and from July 5th to Oct. 8th as Minister of Mines and Immigration. Mr. Gisborne, who has lived in England of late, was a member of the New Zealand Commission in London for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886, and is the author of "New Zealand Rulers and Statesmen" (Sampson Low, 1886), and, more recently, of "The Colony of New Zealand" (E. A. Petherick & Co., 1888).

Glasgow, His Excellency the Right Hon. David (Boyle), Earl of, G.C.M.G., Governor of New Zealand, is the eldest son of the late Patrick Boyle, of Shewalton, Ayrshire, by his marriage with Mary Frances, daughter of Sir Robert Dalrymple Horn Elphinstone, Bart. He was born on May 31st, 1833; and entering the royal navy, served through the Crimean war, during which he was wounded. Later on he retired with the rank of captain. He married on July 23rd, 1873, Dorothea Elizabeth Thomasina, eldest daughter of Sir Edward Hunter Blair, Bart., and Elizabeth his wife, daughter of George Wauchope. In 1892 Lord Onslow, the late Governor of New Zealand, having decided to retire, the appointment was offered to Lord Glasgow and accepted by him. The Ballance Government immediately on the occurrence of the vacancy conveyed to the Colonial Office the wish that they should be consulted prior to a final appointment being made. As this was disregarded, something in the nature of a protest was made against Lord Glasgow s appointment, but it was in no way dictated by personal disapproval, and merely related to the principles regulating the method of such appointments. Lord Glasgow left for New Zealand, vi? Sydney, in April 1892, and was received with much effusion on his landing in June. His family had already formed a connection with the colony, his cousin, Alexander Boyle, having married in 1883 Fannie, daughter of Michael Studholme, of the Waimate, Canterbury, N.Z. His aunt having become the wife of the late Sir Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, of Kilkerran, Lord Glasgow is first cousin to Sir James Fergusson, formerly Governor of New Zealand (q.v.). He was also cousin to the late George Elphinstone Dalrymple, first Speaker of the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Lord Glasgow was for many years convener of the county of Ayr, but was not prominent in English politics, though professing moderate Conservative views. He succeeded his cousin as sixth earl in 1889.

Glass, Hugh, was born at Portferry, county Down, Ireland, in 1817, and was brought up to farming. He emigrated to Port Phillip, Vict., in 1840, and setting up in the squatting agency business in Melbourne, became himself one of the most extensive run-holders in Australia. He was a member of the Legislative Assembly, and died in 1870.

Glyde, Hon. Lavington, sometime Treasurer of South Australia, was born at Exeter, in England, in 1825, and emigrated to South Australia in 1847. Ten years later he entered the Assembly, in which he sat in every parliament from the first to the tenth inclusive. From 1857 to 1860 he represented East Torrens, from the latter year to 1875 Yatala, and from 1877 to 1884 Victoria. He was Treasurer in the Dutton Ministry in July 1863, and Minister of Lands on four occasions—viz., from July 1863, to July 1864, Oct. to Nov. 1865, May 1867 to Sept. 1868, and Oct. to Nov. 1868, in the first Ayers, the first Hart, and the fourth and fifth Ayers Ministries respectively. Mr. Glyde was Treasurer in Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth's Government from July 1873 to May 1875, and again in Mr. (now Sir) John Bray's Government from June 1881 to April 1884. He subsequently retired from public life, and in Oct. 1885 accepted the Accountancy to the Court of Insolvency, a position he held till his death, which took place at Kensington, Adelaide, on July 31st, 1889. With the one exception of Sir Arthur Blyth, Mr. Glyde had been a Minister of the Crown for a longer term of years than any other South Australian politician. He was a singularly able debater, and his Budget speeches and financial addresses generally were models of clearness.

Godley, John Robert, B.A., eldest son of John Godley of Killigar, co. Leitrim, J.P. and D.L., by Catherine, daughter of Right Hon. Denis Daly, of Dunsandle, co. Galway, was born in 1814 and educated at Iver and Harrow, and subsequently at Christ Church, Oxford, where he obtained the Fell Exhibition in 1835 and graduated second class in classics. After being called to the bar he travelled extensively. At the time of the great Irish famine he urged the Government to inaugurate a large scheme of emigration, by which over a million of the poorer Irish might be removed to Canada. Failing in this, he devoted himself to county duties, and in 1847 stood for Leitrim, but was defeated. About this time he came in contact with Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who was busy arranging for the settlement of Canterbury, N.Z. Mr. Godley threw himself with vigour into the scheme, and joined the Canterbury Association, promoting in many newspaper articles, notably in the Morning Chronicle, the cause he had at heart. Captain Thomas, the agent of the Association in New Zealand, had secured a vast tract of land, and in 1849 Mr. Godley set sail to New Zealand to prepare the way for the immigrants. On the eve of his departure he wrote a public letter to Mr. Gladstone, assailing in strong terms the policy of the Colonial Office. After attending to the business of the Association in Port Lyttelton, he proceeded to Wellington and threw himself into the agitation then in progress for constitutional government. In Dec. 1850 he returned to Lyttelton to meet the first four ships of immigrants, and from that time till Dec. 1852 he was the practical controller and ruler of the new settlement, having mapped out the town of Christchurch and being the arbiter and chief of all the colonists. In 1852, feeling his work was done and the new colony inaugurated, he returned to England, where Mr. Gladstone appointed him a commissioner of income tax in Ireland. He was subsequently removed to England, and became head of the stores department of the War Office. At a later period he was made Assistant Under-Secretary for War, which office he held till his death on Nov. 6th, 1861. In 1854 he was appointed first agent in England for the province of Canterbury, but resigned in 1856. After his death, the Provincial Council erected his statue in Christchurch, and the work was executed by Mr. Woolner. Mr. Godley married in 1846 Charlotte, daughter of Charles Griffith Wynne, of Voelas, Carnarvonshire.

Goe, Right Rev. Field Flowers, D.D., Bishop of Melbourne, is the son of the late Field Goe, and was born at Louth in 1832. He was educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. (third class Lit. Hum.) in 1857, and M.A. in 1860, being given the honorary degree of D.D. in 1886. He was ordained deacon and priest in 1858, and was curate of Christchurch, Kingston-on-Hull, in 1858, and perpetual curate from 1858 to 1873. In the latter year he was appointed rector of Sunderland, and held the post until 1877, when he became rector of St. George's, Bloomsbury, London, a preferment which he resigned in 1887 to accept the bishopric of Melbourne. He was consecrated to that see in Westminster Abbey on Feb. 24th by Archbishop Benson, and Bishops Temple, Thorold, Moorhouse, Parry (of Perth, West Australia), Perry (formerly of Melbourne), Alford, and Marsden (formerly of Bathurst).

Goldsbrough, Richard, was born at Shipley, near Bradford, in Yorkshire, in 1821. He was employed by a wool-stapler at Bradford, and subsequently went into business there on his own account. Struck with the superiority of the Australian wools, he went out to Melbourne in 1847, and after visiting Adelaide and other places established a wool business in Melbourne in 1848. In 1853 he joined with Messrs. Edward Bow and George Kirk in starting the stock and station business of Bow, Kirk & Co. Mr. Goldsbrough acquired large station property, principally in Riverina, but ultimately devoted himself solely to wool-broking. In 1852 his brother-in-law, Mr. Hugh Parker, came out from England and became a partner with him in 1857, when the firm was known as Richard Goldsbrough & Co. In 1873 Mr. John Sutcliffe Horsfall was admitted a partner in the firm, into which the son and nephew of Mr. Hugh Parker, Messrs. Arthur and David Parker, were admitted in 1876. Five years later Messrs. Goldsbrough & Co. amalgamated with the Australasian Agency & Banking Corporation, Limited, the whole of the immense combined business being formed into a company with a capital of ?3,000,000 in 300,000 shares of ?10 each, under the style of R. Goldsbrough & Co., Limited Mr. Goldsbrough did not live to see the further development of the business of the Company, which resulted from its amalgamation with the great Sydney firm of Mort & Co. in 1888. He died on April 8th, 1886

Goldsworthy, Sir Roger Tuckfield, K.C.M.G., sometime Colonial Secretary, Western Australians the younger son of the late Thomas Goldsworthy, of Calcutta, by Sophia, daughter of Wm. Tuckfield, R.N. He was born in 1839, and educated at Sandhurst College. He served during the Indian mutiny in the volunteer cavalry of Havelock's forces; and was present in the actions of Oonao, Busserutgunj, and at the re-capture of Busserutgunj. For these services he was twice mentioned in despatches and received two medals and a commission in the 17th Lancers. He assisted in the relief and defence of Lucknow, and saw much other service in India and Africa. In May 1876 he was appointed President of Nevis, and was Colonial Secretary of Western Australia and senior member of the Legislative Council from 1877 to 1880. He was administrator of the Government, and Colonial Secretary of St. Lucia from 1881 to 1884, when he was appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of British Honduras. In 1891 he became Governor of the Falkland Islands. He married, in 1869, Eliza, daughter of John Gawler Prior, of Sunderland and widow of Captain Egan, R.A.; was created C.M.G. in 1874 and K.C.M.G. on Jan. 2nd, 1889.

Goodchap, Hon. Charles Augustus, M.L.C., was born in Kent, England, on April 2nd, 1837, and educated at Huntingdon Grammar School. He went to New South Wales in 1853, and obtained a clerkship in the Colonial Secretary's office, from which he was transferred to the Lands and Works Department in 1856, and in 1859 to the Department of Public Works. He became Chief Clerk for Railways in 1870, Secretary for Railways in 1875, and Commissioner for Railways in 1878. Mr. Goodchap retired from the Civil Service of New South Wales in 1888, and was returned to the Assembly for Redfern at the general election in 1889 in the Protectionist interest. At the election in June-July 1891 he was defeated, and was nominated to the Legislative Council by the Dibbs Government in May 1892.

Goodenough, Commodore James Graham, C.B., C.M.G., son of Very Rev. Edmund Goodenough, Dean of Wells, was born on Dec. 3rd, 1830, and entered the navy in May 1844. He went to China in the Raleigh in 1857, and having become post-captain was appointed to the Pearl in 1873, as Commodore of the Australian Station. In August of that year he was commissioned by the Earl of Kimberley to proceed to Fiji, and in conjunction with Mr. Layard, the British consul, to inquire into the expediency of annexing that island to the Imperial Crown. In March 1874 they sent in their report, which contained an offer of cession from the principal chiefs; but the terms not proving acceptable, they were subsequently modified through the exertions of Sir Hercules Robinson, who negotiated the conditions of annexation subsequently adopted. On August 12th following, during a cruise amongst the Polynesian Islands, Commodore Goodenough was shot by arrows at Santa Cruz, and tetanus supervening, he died on the 20th of the same month on board the Pearl, about five hundred miles from Sydney. This distinguished officer, whose professional capacities and philanthropic character rendered him an ornament to the navy, married Victoria, daughter of William Hamilton. The "Goodenough Royal Naval Home" in Sydney was founded to commemorate his virtues and premature death. He worked for the Daily News French Peasant Relief Fund in 1870, and was created C.M.G. in May 1875 and C.B. in May 1879.

Goold, Most Rev. James Alipius, D.D., O.S.A., first Archbishop of Melbourne, was born at Cork, Ireland, on Nov. 4th, 1812, and joined the Order of St. Augustine. Pursuing his ecclesiastical studies abroad, he met the late Bishop Ullathorne in Rome, and was induced by him to enter on the Australian Mission, and arrived in Sydney on Feb. 24th, 1838, by the Upton Castle, the same vessel which conveyed Sir George Gipps to the scene of his eventful governorship. Dr. Goold was one of the most energetic assistants of Archbishop Polding in consolidating the Catholic Church in the parent colony, and became Dean of Campbell Town in New South Wales. In 1847 it was determined at the Vatican to constitute a separate diocese in the Port Phillip district of the colony, and Dr. Goold was selected as the first Bishop of Melbourne, being consecrated in St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, in August 1848, by Archbishop Polding, assisted by Bishop Murphy of Adelaide. He arrived in Melbourne on Oct. 4th following, and accomplished a great work in the organisation of his new diocese. In 1850 he laid the foundation-stone of the still incomplete St. Patrick's Cathedral of Melbourne, which in its inchoate state is still the finest ecclesiastical edifice in the Australasian colonies. In 1872 Dr. Goold fulminated against the free, secular and compulsory education policy of the Francis Government, and in 1880 bad much to do in turning the tide against the Berry Ministry at the general election. A few months later the Catholic vote was thrown into the scale against Mr. Service, and in favour of Mr. Berry, who, however, did not succeed in coming to terms with Sir John O'Shanassy, who acted as the representative of the Catholic party. Dr. Goold was a member of the last (Ecumenical Council, and voted with the majority in favour of the dogma of Papal Infallibility. In 1874 the Pope, on his recommendation, created Sandhurst and Ballarat into separate bishoprics, and in the same year he was appointed Archbishop of Melbourne and Metropolitan of the province of Victoria, comprising the sees of Ballarat, Sandhurst, Adelaide, Perth, and Hobart. Dr. Goold, who was a member of the first Provincial Council of the Roman Catholic Church in Australia held at Sydney in 1844, and of the second Council of the Prelates of the Colonies held in Melbourne in 1869, was the object of an attempt at assassination by his former solicitor, Mr. O'Farrell, in 1883, but fortunately escaped without serious injury. Dr. Goold died on June 11th, 1886.

Gordon, Adam Lindsay, the favourite Australian poet, was the son of Captain Adam Gordon, and was born in 1833 at Fayal, in the Azores. He was educated at Cheltenham College, where his father was for some time Professor of Hindustani, and after passing on to another school was for a time at Woolwich, and, it is stated, kept some terms at Merton College, Oxford. After a somewhat stormy youth, he left England on August 7th, 1853, for South Australia, where he joined the mounted police as a trooper. Leaving the police, he became a horse-breaker, and married a Miss Park. In 1864 he received some ?7,000 on his father's death, and on March 1st, 1865, was elected to the South Australian Legislative Assembly for the Victoria district. He was an occasional speaker in the House until his resignation on Nov. 10th, 1866. In 1867 he migrated to Victoria, and opened a livery stable at Ballarat. At this time he acquired a wide reputation as a daring steeplechase rider. In 1869 he removed to Melbourne, and settled in the suburban district of New Brighton. Prior to this he had published a collection of his poems at Mount Gambier, in South Australia. His second volume, "Sea Spray and Smoke Drift," published in 1867, gave him a reputation throughout Australia, and he was cordially welcomed in literary circles in Melbourne. But this bright outlook was only temporary, owing to the depression induced by the failure of his attempt to secure the reversion of the estate of Esselmont in Scotland. His "Bush Ballads and Galloping Rhymes," published in 1870, enhanced his fame, but he yielded to feelings of morbid discouragement and committed suicide by shooting himself on June 24th in that year. Another of his productions was "Ashtaroth, a Dramatic Lyric." A collected edition of his poems was published in 1880, edited by his friend Marcus Clarke, the novelist, who was associated with him as one of the early members of the Melbourne Yorick Club. Some additional poems, prose sketches, and his political speeches are printed in a memoir, by Mr. J. Howlett Ross, entitled "The Laureate of the Centaurs," issued in 1888.

Gordon, Hon. Sir Arthur Hamilton, G.C.M.G., D.C.L., formerly Governor of New Zealand, the fourth son of George, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, by Harriet, daughter of Hon. John Douglas, and relict of James, Viscount Hamilton, was born on Nov. 26th, 1829. He acted as private secretary to his father when First Lord of the Treasury, 1852-5. In July 1854 he was elected as a Liberal for Beverley, but lost his seat at the general election of 1857. In Nov. 1858 he accompanied Mr. Gladstone on his special mission as Lord High Commissioner Extraordinary to the Ionian Islands, and on Feb. 25th, 1860, became captain-commandant of the 1st Aberdeenshire Rifle Volunteers. In Oct. 1861 he was appointed Lieutenant-Governor of New Brunswick; in Nov. 1866 Governor of Trinidad; and in Sept. 1871 assumed the Governorship of Mauritius. In 1874 he retired from the latter post, but in Sept. 1875 became Governor of Fiji, to which office was added two years later that of Consul-General and High Commissioner for the Western Pacific. At the end of 1880 he succeeded Sir Hercules Robinson as Governor of New Zealand. The new governor found the Government busy with the troubles in connection with the native land question, and the "prophet" Te Whiti; and in 1881, while Sir Arthur was absent in Fiji upon his duties as High Commissioner, and during the acting governorship of Sir James Prendergast, the Ministry carried out the well-known raid on Parihaka, which culminated in the arrest of Te Whiti. Sir Arthur Gordon, while publicly notifying his opinion that a governor was bound to act upon the advice of his ministers, whether he regarded them as right or wrong, was understood to reserve to himself the right of moral disapproval; and it is believed that his dislike to native policy of the Government led to his resignation of the Governorship in 1882. In the following year he was transferred to Ceylon, and in 1890 returned to England upon the expiration of his term of office. He was created C.M.G. in 1859, K.C.M.G. in 1871, and G.C.M.G. in 1878. Sir Arthur married, on Sept. 20th, 1865, Rachel Emily, eldest daughter of the late Sir John G. Shaw-Lefevre, K.C.B., who died in 1890. In June 1892 he took part in the Queensland Kanaka labour controversy in a sense adverse to the Government policy.

Gordon, Hon. John Hannah, M.L.C., Minister of Education, South Australia, has only recently taken a prominent part in political life, and having been returned to the Legislative Council for the Southern district in May 1888, was Minister of Education and of the Northern Territory in Dr. Cockburn's Ministry from June 1889 to August 1890. He was appointed one of the representatives of South Australia to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Mr. Gordon is the eldest son of the Rev. James Gordon, Presbyterian minister of Gawler, S.A., and was born in Scotland in 1850. He went to South Australia with his parents in 1859. His early education was obtained in Adelaide. After studying for two years in the theological classes for the Presbyterian Church he turned his attention to the law, and in 1876 he was called to the bar. For eleven years he practised his profession at Strathalbyn, of which town he was at one time mayor. He then entered into practice in Adelaide, and turned his attention to politics. In March 1890 Mr. Gordon presided over the Intercolonial Postal and Telegraphic Conference held in Adelaide, when proposals were made which resulted in important reductions in the cable and postal rates between England and the colonies. When the Playford Government was defeated on Mr. Holder's want of confidence motion in June 1892, Mr. Gordon resumed his former post as Minister of Education in the Government formed by Mr. Holder.

Gordon, Major James Miller, son of Carlos Pedro Gordon, of Aberdeenshire, was formerly in the Royal Artillery, and became connected with the South Australian military forces in Jan. 1882. In September of that year, when a permanent force of garrison artillery was formed under the provisions of an Act passed in 1878, and amended in 1880, Major Gordon was appointed major-commanding. In Feb. and March 1888, during Brigadier-General Owen's absence on leave, prior to his final retirement, Major Gordon was acting-commandant, with the temporary rank of colonel. He still commands the South Australian Artillery, and is aide-de-camp to the Earl of Kintore. Major Gordon was married in Melbourne to Eily, daughter of the late Edward Fitzgerald, of Castlemaine, Vict., on Feb. 29th, 1892.

Gordon, William Montgomerie, was appointed clerk to the Consul-General of the Western Pacific in August 1879; clerk of the Executive Council and chief clerk of Crown Lands in the colony of Fiji in May 1880, and also acted as secretary to the Lands Commission; Resident Commissioner and Stipendiary Magistrate for the island of Rotumah in May 1882; Commissioner to inquire into the claims of Europeans to land in Nov. 1882; Stipendiary Magistrate in Fiji in April 1886; and private secretary to the Governor of Ceylon in June 1887.

Gore, Sir Ralph St. George Claude, Bart., eldest son of the late Sir St. George Ralph Gore (q.v.), whom he succeeded as 10th baronet in 1887, was born in Queensland on May 10th, 1877, and resides with his mother at Dunrobin, Albion, Brisbane, Queensland.

Gore, Sir St. George Ralph, Bart., was the son of the late Hon. St. George Richard Gore, M.L.C. (q.v.) and Frances his wife. He was born in 1841; and, having gone to Queensland with his parents, married in 1876 Eugenia Marion, daughter of the late Hon. Eyles Irwin Caulfield Browne, M.L.C., of Queensland. In 1878 he succeeded his cousin as 9th baronet of Manor Gore, Donegal. He was the immigration agent at Brisbane for a number of years, but retired in 1886, when he was succeeded by Mr. Okeden. He died on Oct. 17th, 1887.

Gore, Hon. St. George Richard, M.L.C., of the same family as the Earls of Arran, and brother of the 7th baronet, of Manor Gore, Donegal, emigrated to Moreton Bay (now Queensland); and, settling in the Warwick district, was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Warwick Electorate. He was Secretary for Lands and Works in the first Ministry formed under responsible government by Mr. (now Sir) Robert Herbert from Jan. to March 1862. Having been in the meantime nominated to the Legislative Council, he took office in the first Macalister Government as Postmaster-General, and represented them in the Upper House from Sept. 1866 to August 1867. He was again Postmaster-General and leader of the Legislative Council in the Lilley Ministry from Jan. to May 1870. Mr. Gore, who married in 1840 Francis, daughter of the late Edward Coldwell, of Lyndhurst, Southampton, England (who still survives), died in 1871.

Gorrie, Sir John, formerly Chief Justice of Fiji, was the son of the Rev. Daniel Gorrie, of Kettle, co. Fife. He was born in 1829 and educated at Edinburgh University. In 1856 he was admitted as an advocate, and in 1860 was appointed one of the honorary advocates-depute for Scotland. From 1862 to 1869 he practised in London, becoming in 1868 a candidate for the Border Burghs, but he did not ultimately go to the poll. Mr. Gorrie's name was first brought prominently to the front in 1865, when he was selected by the Jamaica Committee, consisting of Mr. John Bright, Mr. Samuel Morley, and Mr. Charles Buxton, to proceed to Jamaica to inquire into the alleged excesses of martial law. Mr. Gorrie, who was assisted by Mr. Horne Payne, Q.C., and Mr. Phillippo, succeeded in laying bare many acts of cruelty and injustice. Struck with the ability and energy displayed by Mr. Gorrie, the Colonial Office, shortly after his return to England, offered him the post of substitute Procureur-G?n?ral of Mauritius. Within less than a week after his arrival at Port Louis he proved to his own satisfaction that the labouring class of Mauritius were subjected to abuses, and a report to the Colonial Office to this effect resulted in the despatch of Sir Arthur Gordon to Mauritius, with instructions to appoint a local committee to investigate the charges. The report of this committee, of which Mr. Justice Gorrie was the most prominent member, led to the appointment of a royal commission. It was found that abuses did exist, and Mr. Gorrie had the satisfaction of altering the whole labour law of the colony in consonance with his own views and those of the royal commission. Mr. Gorrie held office in Mauritius as Advocate-General from August 1869 to Sept. 1870, and was a puisne judge in the island till 1875. When Sir Arthur Gordon was promoted to Fiji, Mr. Gorrie was a few months later requested to proceed to the Pacific to take up the poet of Chief Justice of Fiji (March 1876). As a member of the Legislative Council of the island, it fell to the lot of the Chief Justice to frame all the important legal measures deemed to be necessary. When the Crown assumed jurisdiction over the South Seas, the Chief Justice of Fiji was also made Judicial Commissioner of the Western Pacific, and, in the absence of Sir Arthur Gordon, was called upon to discharge the duties of the High Commissioner. In 1882, in which year he was knighted, he became Chief Justice of the Leeward Islands, and in 1885 Chief Justice of Trinidad and Tobago. Sir John Gorrie married in 1855 Marion, daughter of Michael Graham, of Edinburgh, who died in 1884. In 1892 a commission was sent out from the Colonial Office, at the request of the Legislative Council of Trinidad, to inquire into the conduct of the senior puisne judge and the administration of justice generally. This led to the suspension of Sir John Gorrie, who returned to England to make an appeal to the Privy Council. Soon after his arrival he died at Exeter on August 4th, 1892. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Gorst, Right Hon. Sir John Eldon, M.P., Q.C., M.A., second son of the late Edward Chaddock Lowndes (formerly Gorst), of Preston, co. Lancaster, by Elizabeth, daughter of J. D. Nesham of Houghton-le-Spring, Durham, was born on May 24th, 1835, at Preston, and was educated at Preston Grammar School, and St. John's College, Cambridge, of which he was sometime Fellow. He graduated B.A. as third wrangler in 1857, and in 1860 he proceeded to the M.A. degree. He entered at the Inner Temple in April 1857, and in 1860, upon the death of his father, he emigrated to New Zealand, with the idea of becoming a lay helper to Bishop Selwyn. In 1861, having acquainted himself with the Maori language, he was despatched into the Upper Waikato district as Civil Commissioner. Here he lived at Te Awamutu, occupied in endeavouring to wean the Maoris from their allegiance to the "king" movement. For this purpose, at his request, the Government set up an industrial school, and established a newspaper called Pihoihoi Mokemoke in the native tongue, to counteract the influence of the Hokioi, which was the organ of the kingites. The Maoris, however, incensed by an article in the former, seized the plant, and after a stubborn resistance on his part, expelled Mr. Gorst from the Waikato. He returned to Auckland in April 1863. Subsequently he accompanied Mr. (afterwards Sir) F. Dillon Bell to Australia to recruit 5000 military settlers for the Waikato. Mr. Gorst then returned to England, and on May 1st, 1865, was called to the bar, and practised on the Northern Circuit. From 1866 to 1868 he sat as Conservative member for Cambridge, but in the latter year lost his seat. Mr. Gorst was appointed Q.C. on June 25th, 1875, and in the same year was elected to Parliament for Chatham. From 1870 to 1877 he was hon. sec. of the National Union of Conservative and Constitutional Associations, and in Nov. 1884 was a member of the Royal Commission on merchant shipping. In June 1885 he became Solicitor-General in Lord Salisbury's Administration, which office he held till Jan. 1886, when the Conservatives went out of office. In July of the same year, when Lord Salisbury came in again, he became Under-Secretary for India, which office he exchanged for that of Financial Secretary to the Treasury in 1891. In 1890 he was British plenipotentiary to the Labour Conference in Berlin. He was created knight bachelor in 1885, and privy councillor in 1890, Sir John Gorst married at Geelong, Victoria, on August 18th, 1860, Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of Rev. Lorenzo Moore, of Christchurch, N.Z., sometime incumbent of St. Peter's, Hull. In July 1892 he was elected for Cambridge University. Sir John is the author of "The Maori King" (1864). He is chairman of the London Board of the New Zealand Steam Shipping Company, Limited.

Gosman, Rev. Alexander, was born in Crail, Fifeshire, on Feb. 21st, 1829, and received his education at the parish school. After some commercial and tutorial experience, he studied for the ministry at the University of Glasgow, and at the Theological Hall of the Scottish Congregational Union. His first charge was in Haddington, East Lothian, where he was ordained to the ministry in 1855. In 1860 he left Scotland for Victoria, under the auspices of the London Colonial Missionary Society, and arrived in Melbourne in September. His first colonial charge was in Ballarat, where he remained for three years. In 1863 he became pastor of the Alma Street Congregational Church, St. Kilda, which position he filled until the end of 1877, when he removed to his present charge as pastor of the Augustine Church, Burwood Road, Hawthorn. Mr. Gosman, in 1868 and subsequently, did valuable professorial work in connection with the Congregational College, and on the death of Rev. A. M. Henderson, in 1876, became principal of the institution. Mr. Gosman has been twice elected to fill the chair of the Congregational Union of Victoria, and in 1885 the council of the University of Melbourne placed him on the board of examiners in logic and philosophy, to which position he has been elected every year since. Mr. Gosman has contributed to the colonial press, and has published a number of pamphlets, principally of a controversial character.

Gosse, William Christie, sometime Deputy Surveyor-General, South Australia, was the son of Dr. Gosse, and was born in 1842 at Hoddesdon in Hertfordshire. He went to South Australia with his father in 1850, and, entering the Government service in 1859, was engaged on a trigonometrical survey at the far north. After holding various positions in the Survey Department, he was sent to explore new country lying 800 miles southward of central Mount Stuart, with the ultimate object of pushing over to Western Australia. He started on April 23rd, 1873, from Alice Springs, on the Port Darwin telegraph line, with five whites, three Afghans (with camels), and a native boy. On July 19th he discovered the "Ayers Rock"—a mass of granite two miles long and one wide—which he named after Sir Henry Ayers. He returned to his starting point in December, having failed, through the arid nature of the country, in pushing through to Western Australia. He, however, acquired an accurate geographical knowledge of 60,000 square miles of new country. In 1875 he was appointed Deputy Surveyor-General in recognition of his valuable services, and died prematurely on August 12th, 1881.

Gould, Albert John, M.L.A., is the representative of Patrick's Plains in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales; and held the post of Minister of Justice in the Parkes Ministry from March 1889 to Oct. 1891, when he resigned with his colleagues.

Gould, John, F.R.S., was born at Lyme in Dorsetshire, on Sept. 14th, 1804. He was employed under Mr. Aiton at the Royal Gardens, Windsor, from 1818 to 1824. In 1830 he became possessed of a fine collection of birds from the hill countries of India, and the next year published a work descriptive of them, entitled "A Century of Birds from the Himalaya Mountains." Other important ornithological works followed, and in 1837 he issued the great work on the "Birds of Europe." The following year he visited Australia, for the purpose of studying the natural productions of that country. The result of this visit was the "Birds of Australia," a work in seven folio volumes, containing figures and descriptions of upwards of six hundred species. He also published a "Handbook to the Birds of Australia" in 1865. Other great works were "The Birds of Great Britain," and the "Mammals of Australia," those on the "Birds of Asia" and the "Birds of New Guinea" being still unfinished at the time of his death. Mr. Gould devoted much attention to humming-birds, and formed an unrivalled collection, which he exhibited in 1851 at the Zoological Society's Gardens. These, with various other specimens, stuffed with extraordinary skill by Mr. Gould, were in 1882 purchased by the British Museum. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in Jan. 1843, and contributed largely to its proceedings and to other scientific journals. He died in London on Feb. 3rd, 1881.

Goyder, George Woodroffe, C.M.G., Surveyor-General, South Australia, son of the Rev. David George Goyder, of the New Jerusalem Church of London and Ipswich, was born in 1824, and emigrated to Australia in 1848. Three years later, having gone to South Australia, he entered the office of the Colonial Engineer, Colonel (afterwards Sir A. H.) Freeling, and became Chief Clerk in the Lands and Survey Department in 1853, Deputy Surveyor-General in 1858, and Surveyor-General, in succession to Colonel Freeling, in 1861. He has undertaken several exploring expeditions, and in 1869 to 1870 fixed the site of the capital of the Northern Territory at Palmerston, and laid out in sections 500,000 acres in its vicinity. For the despatch and skill with which he accomplished this difficult work he was complimented by Parliament. Mr. Goyder was created C.M.G. in 1889.

Grace, Hon. Morgan Stanislaus, C.M.G., M.L.C., Count of the Holy Roman Empire, is the son of James Grace, of Sheffield House, Queen's County, Ireland, and Ellen Mary (Russell) his wife, and was born at Clonmel, county Tipperary, on Feb. 28th, 1837. He arrived in Auckland, N.Z., on June 20th, 1860, and having been staff assistant surgeon in the Army Medical Department, was appointed, surgeon, and subsequently surgeon-general, in the colonial military forces. In addition to being a member of the Legislative Council of New Zealand since May 1870, Dr. Grace is a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St. George. He married at Wellington, N.Z., on Jan. 26th, 1866, Agnes Mary, daughter of the late Hon. John Johnstone, M.L.C.

Graham, Hon. George, M.L.A., Minister of Water Supply, Victoria, was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Moira in March 1886, and for Numurkah and Nathalia in 1889 and 1892. In Nov. 1890 he accepted office in Mr. Munro's Government as Minister of Water Supply, and was sworn of the Executive Council. When the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels in Feb. 1892, Mr. Graham still retained office, and is now Minister of Public Works and Agriculture in addition.

Grant, Hon. Charles Henry, M.L.C., A.M. Inst. C.E., was formerly engineer-in-chief and general manager of the Tasmanian Main Line Railway. In June 1892 he was elected to the Legislative Council of Tasmania for the Hobart district, in succession to the late Mr. George Salier. In August following he accepted office without portfolio in the Dobson Ministry. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Grant, Hon. James Macpherson, a Victorian statesman, and one of the most prominent land law reformers in Australia, was born at Alvie, Inverness, Scotland, in 1822. He obtained some schooling at Kingdenie, and at the age of fourteen emigrated with his parents to Australia. They took up their residence in Sydney, and, with the view of becoming a solicitor, Mr. Grant was articled to Messrs. Chambers & Thurlow, who were in practice there. In 1842, while still an articled clerk, he was attracted to New Zealand by the outbreak of the Maori war, and served as a volunteer in several engagements against Heki. In 1847 he returned to Sydney, and becoming a solicitor, he practised his profession in partnership with Mr. Thurlow for some years. In 1850, however, he sailed for California, but returned from San Francisco on receiving news of the discovery of gold in Victoria. He and his brothers went to Bendigo, in that colony, and were successful diggers there. He determined to settle in Victoria, and commenced practice in Melbourne, where he soon came to the front as the defender of the Ballarat miners, who participated in the Eureka stockade affair in 1854. He served them without fee, as did the counsel engaged in the case, which resulted in their acquittal. The next year he entered the Victorian Parliament as the representative of the Sandhurst Boroughs (Bendigo), and identified himself in the Assembly, as he had already done outside, with the movement for throwing open the public lands to the people. He also advocated vote by ballot, and other Liberal measures. He first took office in the Heales Ministry, serving as Vice-President of the Board of Land and "Works and Commissioner of Public Works from Feb. 1861 until the following Nov., when the Government were thrown out. Whilst in this Ministry he concurred with Messrs. Brooke and Ireland in the issue of the occupation licences which threw open the lands of Victoria to agricultural till age. In 1863, when the last O'Shanassy was replaced by the first McCulloch Ministry, Mr. Richard Heales became Commissioner of Lands. On his death in the following year, Mr. Grant succeeded him, and was in office from Sept. 1864 till May 1868. His administration of his department was highly successful, and his name is still held in veneration by many thousands of well-to-do selectors who settled on the land under the celebrated forty-second clause of the Land Act of 1865, which he carried through Parliament. When the second McCulloch Government was constituted, in July 1868, Mr. Grant again undertook the administration of the Lands Department, and remained in office till Sept. 20th, 1869. He joined Sir Charles Gavan Duffy in June 1871, and continued at the Lands Department until June 1872. He was Minister of Justice in Mr. Berry's first administration, from August to Oct. 1875, and in his second Cabinet, from May 1877 to March 1880. Whilst in office on the latter occasion he participated in the wholesale dismissal of civil servants in Dec. 1878, the services of many of the legal functionaries and magistracy being dispensed with by his department. From July 1881 to March 1883 Mr. Grant was Chief Secretary in the O'Loghlen Government. Throughout his whole Parliamentary career he represented Avoca in the Legislative Assembly. He died on April 1st, 1885.

Graves, Hon. James Howlin, M.L.A., J.P., second son of the late Captain J. Baker Graves, 14th Light Dragoons, who was a special police magistrate for the disturbed districts of Ireland in 1848, and subsequently a judge in Ceylon, was born at Maryborough, Queen's County, on Dec. 14th, 1827, and educated at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Matriculating at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1847, he studied for the law, which he abandoned for theology; graduated, and completed his professional course in 1852. He married Julia Maria, second daughter of the late Captain J. W. Harvey, Coldstream Guards, a distinguished Waterloo officer. Mr. Graves for some time farmed his own property in Wexford, but on its being sold in the Irish Landed Estates Court to pay off family encumbrances, he emigrated to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in 1864. He at once embarked in pastoral pursuits at Teremia station, near Corowa, N.S.W., and after further commercial and pastoral experience in New South Wales and Victoria was elected to the Assembly for Delatite as a Liberal and moderate Protectionist, and still represents that constituency. He is a J.P. for the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria. Having seconded the vote of want of confidence in the Berry Government in 1881, he was, on Sir Bryan O'Loghlen's accession to power in July of that year, appointed Commissioner of Trade and Customs, and held office till March 1883.

Graves, John Woodcock, son of Joseph Graves, a plumber at Wigton, Cumberland, was born at that place on Feb. 9th, 1795, and worked with his uncle, George Graves, a sign-painter at Cockermouth. He was subsequently connected with woollen mills at Caldbeck, and emigrated to Van Diemen's Land in 1833. He invented a machine for dressing New Zealand flax, and was the author of the hunting song, "D'ye ken John Peel with his coat so gray?" (1824) and other poems. He died in Hobart, Tasmania, on August 17th, 1886. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Gray, His Honour Moses Wilson, was the son of the late John Gray, of Claremorris, county Mayo, Ireland, and Elizabeth his wife, only child of George Wilson, and was brother of the late Sir John Gray, one of the proprietors of the Dublin Freeman's Journal. He was a barrister, and emigrated to Victoria in 1856, where he took an active part in the solution of the land question on liberal lines, and was one of the founders of the Victoria Land League, under whose auspices was summoned a great assemblage of delegates from all parts of Victoria to discuss the land question with a view to promoting the settlement of a farming population on the public estate. The Land Convention, as it was called, met in Melbourne in 1857, and condemned the abortive Haines Land Bill then passing through the Lower House. Mr. Wilson Gray was elected the president of the Convention, which also passed resolutions in favour of manhood suffrage, equal electoral districts, abolition of property qualification, and payment of representatives. He was M.L.A. for Rodney 1860 to 1862, when he went to Otago, New Zealand, where he died a district court judge April 4th, 1875.

Gray, Robert John, Railway Commissioner, Queensland, was born at Port Macquarie, N.S.W., in 1840, and was appointed chief clerk in the office of the Colonial Secretary of Queensland in 1866, and in 1870 Immigration Agent. He became Under Colonial Secretary on the retirement of Mr. F. C. Rawlins in 1880, a position he retained until July 1889, when he was appointed one of the Commissioners of Management of Queensland Railways.

Greeves, Hon. Augustus Frederick Adolphus, was one of the first medical men who arrived in Melbourne, of which city he was Mayor in 1849-50. He for some time edited the Port Phillip Gazette, the first regular newspaper published in Melbourne, and was subsequently editor of the Melbourne Morning Herald. He sat in the old single chamber Parliament, and was one of the Select Committee which in 1853-4 drafted the present Constitution of Victoria. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria in 1856 for East Bourke. When the first O'Shanassy Ministry was formed, in April 1857, Dr. Greeves accepted office as Commissioner of Trade and Customs, but failed to secure re-election. The Ministry retired the next month. Dr. Greeves died in Melbourne on May 23rd, 1874.

Gregory, Hon. Augustus Charles, C.M.G., M.L.C., J.P., son of the late J. Gregory, lieutenant 78th Highlanders, who emigrated to Western Australia, was born in Nottinghamshire in 1819, and educated privately in England and Australia. He arrived in Western Australia in 1829, entered the Civil Service of that colony in 1841, and from 1846 to 1859 was actively engaged in exploration work on the Australian continent. In the first-mentioned year Mr. Gregory, with his brothers Charles and Frank (q.v.), started into the interior from Bolgart Spring; but were stopped in their progress eastward by an immense salt lake, which compelled them to turn north-west, where they discovered some fine seams of coal, in the limestone country at the mouth of the Arrowsmith. They were forty-seven days absent, and traversed a thousand miles. In 1848 Mr. Gregory was despatched northwards to explore the Gascoyne River, and succeeded in reaching a point three hundred and fifty miles north of Perth, the result of the expedition being to disclose the pastoral wealth of the Murchison and Champion Bay districts. In 1855 Mr. Gregory undertook a third exploring expedition under the auspices of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Baron von Mueller being one of the party. The object was the dual one of exploring the interior and of searching for traces of the lost explorer Leichhardt, who had been missing for seven years. The party started in July, and did not return to Brisbane till November in the following year, having discovered much rich country and new watersheds, but no certain traces of Leichhardt. In 1858 the New South Wales Government sent Mr. Gregory to renew his search for Leichhardt. The expedition left Sydney on Jan. 12th, 1858, and it reached the Barcoo in April, returning to Adelaide on July 31st; the only traces of Leichhardt which this expedition disclosed being a tree marked L., in lat. 24? 25', long. 145? 6'. Mr. Gregory, who takes a place in the front rank of Australian explorers, and had the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society conferred on him in 1858, did not take part in any further expeditions, being appointed Surveyor-General of Queensland in 1859, a post which he held till Sept. 1st, 1879. He was created C.M.G. in 1874, a trustee of the Queensland Museum in 1876, and was nominated to the Legislative Council in Nov. 1882; but did not take his seat till June 1883. Mr. Gregory has been District Grand Master of Freemasonry in Queensland under the English constitution since 1863. He is a J.P. of the colony, and was a member of the Queensland Commission in Brisbane for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886.

Gregory, Hon. Francis Thomas, M.L.C., brother of the above, was born at Farnsfield, Notts, in Oct. 1821, and having gone to West Australia in 1829, where he was in the Survey Office, he accompanied his brother Augustus in his first exploring expedition in 1846. In 1858 he organised au expedition to examine the country between the Gascoyne and Mount Murchison, in West Australia. A million acres of good land was discovered, and the party returned to Adelaide in July 1861. In the same year he tried to explore the interior from the north-west coast; but the sand ridges barred his way, and he and his party narrowly escaped destruction. As it was, they discovered good country and new rivers. Mr. Gregory went to reside in Queensland in 1862, and was nominated to the Legislative Council in 1874. He acted for some time as Surveyor-General in Western Australia, was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1863, and was joint-author with his brother of "Journals of Australian Explorations" (Brisbane, 1884). He married at Ipswich, Queensland, on May 11th, 1865, Marion Scott, daughter of the late Alexander Hume. On Sept. 25th, 1883, he succeeded Mr. Morehead as Postmaster-General in the first McIlwraith Ministry. The latter were, however, thrown out of power on Nov. 13th following, and he retired with them. Mr. Gregory died at Toowomba, Queensland, on Oct. 24th, 1888.

Gregson, Hon. John Compton, son of the Hon. Thomas George Gregson (q.v.) was Chairman of Quarter Sessions at Launceston; but having been returned to the first Tasmanian House of Assembly for New Norfolk in 1856, he resigned the former appointment to become Attorney-General in his father's Administration, which only lasted from Feb. to April 1857. He died on Dec. 16th, 1867.

Gregson, Hon. Thomas George, was born in Northumberland about 1799, and emigrated to Tasmania in 1821. He was a member of the old Legislative Council of Tasmania, and one of the "Patriotic Six" who resigned from that body in order to frustrate the arbitrary proceedings of Governor Wilmot in 1845. He was presented with a purse of ?2000 in recognition of his services on this occasion. In 1850 he was returned for Richmond as one of the first elected members of the Legislative Council, and six years later, on the inauguration of free institutions, was returned for the same district to the first Tasmanian House of Assembly. Having carried a motion for the reduction of the Governor's salary, in spite of the opposition of the Champ Ministry, he was sent for by the Governor in Feb. 1857, and became Premier and Colonial Secretary of the colony. He only, however, held office till the following April, when he was ejected on a vote of censure. Mr. Gregson continued to take an active part in politics, sitting as member for Richmond in the Assembly until his death, which took place at Risdon, near Hobart, on Jan. 4th, 1874, at the age of seventy-five.

Gresson, Henry Barnes, late Judge of the Supreme Court, New Zealand, son of George Leslie Gresson and Clarissa (Reynell) his wife, was born in 1809 in co. Meath, Ireland, and educated at Westmeath and Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated. In 1833 he was called to the Irish bar, and practised in Dublin. In 1854 he emigrated to Auckland, New Zealand, but soon took up his residence in Christchurch, where he was shortly afterwards appointed Provincial Solicitor for the Canterbury province. In Dec. 1854 he was appointed Acting Judge of the Southern Districts, including Wellington, Nelson, Westland, Canterbury, and Otago. He retired from the Supreme Court bench in 1875. Mr. Gresson was also President of the Philosophical Institute, Christchurch, Chairman of the Board of Governors of Canterbury College, and Chancellor of the Diocese of Christchurch. He was in addition a Fellow of Christ's College, Canterbury, and married in county Donegal, Ireland, in August 1845, Miss Anne Beatty.

Greville, Hon. Edward, M.L.C., was for ten years member for Braidwood in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales. He was subsequently appointed Commissioner of Land Titles for that colony, and still holds the position. He originated and is the editor of the "Yearbook of Australia," a standard work of reference on all matters relating to Australia. In May 1892 he was summoned to the Legislative Council of New South Wales by the Dibbs Government.

Greville, John Roger, the popular Australian comedian, was born in Dublin on June 15th, 1834, in which city he began his theatrical career. Arriving during the "gold fever" in Victoria in 1852, he soon left the pick and shovel for the sock and buskin,—a phrase which is used literally, for, strange as it may appear, Mr. Greville in those days essayed Othello. His real career began, however, when he joined Mr. George Coppin as stage manager at Cremorne. After this Mr. Greville was an established favourite, and for the last thirty years has been constantly before the public. His wife (n?e Marshall) was at one time a popular actress.

Grey, Sir George, K.C.B., M.H.R., D.C.L., LL.D., sometime Governor and Premier of New Zealand, is descended from a branch of the Greys of Groby, Marquises and subsequently Dukes of Dorset, and now represented in the peerage by the Earl of Stamford. He is the son of the late Lieut.-Colonel Grey of the 30th Foot, who was killed at the storming of Badajos, in the Peninsular War, was born on April 14th, 1812, at Lisbon, and educated at Sandhurst for the army. In 1829 he was made ensign in the 83rd Foot, becoming lieutenant in 1833 and captain in 1839, when he sold his commission. In 1837, in company with Lieut. Lushington, he was employed on an exploring expedition to the north-west of Australia, the object being to survey the country between Swan River and the Gulf of Carpentaria. They sailed from Plymouth in H.M.S. Beagle, and landed at the Cape of Good Hope, where they hired the schooner Lynher to convey them to Western Australia, landing in Port George on Dec. 2nd, 1837. There, after severe hardships, in the midst of which Grey showed great gallantry and endurance, they were rescued just in the nick of time by the Lynher. Ultimately a sheltered cove was discovered, and named Hanover Bay, from which point a fresh start inland was made on Jan. 17th, 1838. Hostile natives were encountered, and Grey received three spear-wounds (from the effects of which he still suffers), and was compelled to abandon the exploration of the Swan River. Making a d?tour inland, they discovered beautiful tropical country, and traced the course of the Glenelg River for seventy miles. On April 16th the party returned to Hanover Bay, and subsequently embarked on board of the Lynher for Mauritius, where Grey spent some time in recruiting his health. In 1839 he returned, and again started on an exploring expedition into the interior with thirteen men, the object being to survey the coast between Sharks Bay and Freemantle. A storm, however, arose, and washed away their provisions, and there was nothing for it but to put back to Perth, a distance of six hundred miles. The men, however, when they had got half way, refused to proceed in the leaky craft, and landing, gave themselves up for lost. And lost they would have been but for the pluck of their leader, who left them at a well, and pushed on to Perth, from whence he sent succour, which arrived just in time. The rescued remnant reached Perth on April 21st, 1839, in a wretched plight, and Grey departed for Adelaide en route for England, where his admirable "Journals of Discovery" were published. On April 15th, 1841, he returned to Adelaide with a commission (given him in the previous December) to replace Colonel Gawler in the government of the settlement, the latter having "outrun the constable" in promoting the development of the colony, and had his bills dishonoured by the Home Government, when he drew upon them to defray the cost of the works which he had started. By a rigid system of economy, not very pleasant for those whose position was affected by it, Captain Grey restored the balance of the finances and gained the good opinion of the Colonial Office to such a degree, that in 1845 he was appointed Governor of New Zealand, where even greater difficulties awaited him—difficulties which the imperial authorities relied (not in vain) upon his courage and statesmanship to surmount. Lord Stanley (afterwards Earl of Derby) showed his acumen in selecting him to succeed Governor Fitzroy (q.v.). Sir George arrived at Auckland on Nov. 14th. A short time previously Kororarika had been sacked by the chiefs Heke and Kawiti, who were at open war with the Government; but, by his judicious treatment of the neutral chiefs, and his vigorous operations against the rebels, Captain Grey succeeded in quelling the revolt. During the remainder of his term of office he had continual difficulties with the Maoris to settle, and was also involved in difficulty in regard to the grants of land to missionaries. On Nov. 29th, 1848, he issued an "Ordinance to provide for the establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils" as a preliminary to the granting of representative government to the colony. He desired to establish a Legislative Council, elected by the provincial councils, and an Assembly elected by the people: unicameral Provincial Councils, of which one-third should be nominated by the Crown and two-thirds elected; municipal corporations, with a ?10 burgess and ?5 rural suffrage for Europeans who could write and read and a suffrage for Maoris owning property worth ?200. On Dec. 19th he appointed six members of the Legislative Council of New Munster. But this action roused the hostility of the colonists, who decried it as a piece of "absolutism," and in 1849 a "Settlers' Constitutional Association" was formed, including amongst its members Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Fitzherbert, Mr. (now Sir) William Fox, Dr. Featherston, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) Frederick Weld. Earl Grey, however, supported the Governor's action, and on Dec. 22nd, 1849, the royal approval of the Ordinance was given. The discontent in the colony increased; Mr. Godley joined the agitation; and Mr. Fox sought an interview with the Colonial Secretary to protest. In Feb. 1852 Lord John Russell's Government went out of office; and Sir John Pakington, who succeeded Lord Grey at the Colonial Office, brought in a bill in May by which six provinces were created in New Zealand—namely, Auckland, Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, Otago, and New Plymouth. On Jan. 17th, 1853, Sir George Grey proclaimed this Constitution Act, and on Feb. 28th he defined the limits of the provinces which had been left to his discretion, and made other regulations as to Crown lands, superintending registration of elections, etc. In 1849 he had persuaded the Home Government not to deport convicts to New Zealand. In Dec 1853 he left the colony, at first merely on leave of absence, but was appointed Governor of the Cape in 1854. There he exhibited extraordinary administrative and military capacity, breaking the back of a threatened Kaffir uprising of very dangerous proportions by his diplomatic skill, and on his own responsibility sending troops and money to India during the mutiny. The latter incident is thus described by an evidently well-informed writer: "In 1857, while Governor of Cape Colony, he was called upon by Lord Elphinstone, then Governor of Bombay, to assist in the defence of the British Empire in India; and it so happened that just at this time a part of Lord Elgin's army, on their way to Canton to punish the Chinese, touched at Cape Town. These Sir George Grey, on his own authority, directed to Calcutta, two days only after receiving Lord Elphinstone's letters, together with a part of the artillery stationed there, fully horsed, and transmitted from the Cape Treasury ?60,000 in specie, continuing to forward both men and horses. Knowing the cavalry and artillery must be supplied, he dismounted his own cavalry and artillery, even taking the horses from his own carriage to keep up the supply. Vast stores of food for men and horses he also provided, and sent on a quantity of ammunition. All this Sir George Grey did without any authority from the Imperial Government, and so quickly that the troops which enabled Lord Elphinstone to hold the mutineers in check at Bombay, and Sir Colin Campbell to relieve Lucknow on Nov. 17th, 1857, were largely drawn from the forces sent by Sir George from the Cape." Colonel Gore Browne had succeeded him in New Zealand, but the native troubles developing, in May 1861 Sir George Grey was recalled to his old colony to settle the difficulty. He resumed the Government of New Zealand for the second time on Oct. 3rd, 1861, and at once set about his task of reorganising native affairs. A system of administration by runangas (or native councils) was to be introduced throughout the Maori country. The new plan was welcomed by the loyal natives and many others, but despite all the Governor's efforts, the Waikato chiefs stood aloof. Moreover, his endeavours to settle the Waitara block dispute were unsuccessful. At this time (1862) the Duke of Newcastle consented to the devolution of the control of native affairs from the Governor upon his responsible ministry, and Sir George Grey declared his intention of acting in these matters upon the advice of his ministers. On April 22nd, 1864, Sir George recommended the abandonment of the Waitara block, and on May 11th this was officially proclaimed. Unhappily, however, owing to the delay caused by the reluctance of the Ministry, the concession came too late, and war was inevitable. A party of English were murdered at Oakura, and on July 12th General Cameron crossed the Maungatawhiri, and the Waikato war began. During the whole of this campaign the Governor was involved in disputes with his Ministry, at one time in regard to the Waitara blocks, at another as to the treatment of prisoners and the confiscation of rebel lands. After the close of the Waikato war, in Dec. 1864, the Governor issued a confiscation proclamation. The war had now spread to the Wanganui region, and Sir George Grey instructed General Cameron to attack Wereroa Pa, but the latter declined, alleging that he would require 2000 extra soldiers. Sir George then assembled a force of 500 men, friendly natives and forest rangers, and personally conducted an assault upon the pa, which was taken on July 20th, 1865. This incident was the occasion of a quarrel between the Governor and General Cameron, in which the Home Government espoused the cause of the latter, who had accused the Governor of countenancing subversion of discipline. Subsequently, in General Chute's famous Taranaki campaign, an unfortunate dispute arose in connection with the shooting of a prisoner of war. Colonel Weare, an officer under General Chute, had charged the Governor and his Government with urging Chute to take no prisoners alive. Sir George indignantly denied this, and Lord Carnarvon, at the Colonial Office, while accepting his denial, rebuked him for the tone of his despatches, and requested him to withdraw them. This Sir George refused to do. At this juncture Mr. Disraeli's Government went out of office, and the Duke of Buckingham succeeded Lord Carnarvon. But this change made no difference to the position of Sir George Grey, who would seem to have become obnoxious to the Colonial Office. On August 27th, 1867, he was recalled, and Parliament immediately adjourned as a mark of respect for the Governor and regret at his recall. On Sept. 6th an address from the Houses was presented to him, in which the hope was expressed that the Queen would reward him for his services by some signal mark of honour. On Sept. 16th the Ministry drew up a formal protest against the treatment to which Sir George Grey had been subjected, and regretting the discourteous recall of the Governor, expressed their sympathy with him. In reply to the Duke of Buckingham's comments on this document, Sir George Grey wrote: "I request your Grace to be pleased to state to the Queen that I present my duty to Her Majesty, and in receiving this notification of my Sovereign's pleasure, I beg to be permitted humbly to represent to Her Majesty that in the year 1845, a rebellion prevailing in New Zealand, I was, by Her Majesty's commands, especially sent to this country, and that when I relinquished the post in the year 1854 it was my happiness to leave it in a state of tranquillity and prosperity; that in the year 1861, a rebellion having again broken out in New Zealand, I was once more especially sent here; and that it is again my happiness, upon being removed, by your Grace's advice, from this Government, to leave New Zealand in a state of tranquillity and returning prosperity; and that I humbly represent to Her Majesty that I desire to claim no merit for these circumstances, but rather to attribute them to the blessing of Divine Providence, and to the abilities and exertions of Her Majesty's subjects who have advised me and aided me in my duties; and further, that I humbly trust that the almost unanimous voice of Her Majesty's subjects in New Zealand, amongst whom I have laboured In Her Majesty's service, will satisfy Her Majesty that I have done my utmost to promote the welfare and happiness of the inhabitants of this part of Her Majesty's possessions." Sir George Bowen assumed office as Governor on Feb. 5th, 1868, and at the end of the year Sir George Grey left New Zealand to put himself right at the Colonial Office in respect of the Weare charges. Lord Granville, however, who had become Colonial Secretary, refused to reopen the subject, and he was retired on a pension in 1872. In the interim Sir George Grey delivered addresses at the leading centres of population in the United Kingdom, in opposition to the policy then advocated by several prominent statesmen of getting rid of the colonies, and became a candidate for West Worcestershire and Newark, retiring in each case before the poll. Having returned to New Zealand, and taken up his residence in the island of Kawau, Sir George, in 1875, was elected member of the House of Representatives for Auckland City West, and also in the same year superintendent of the Province of Auckland. At this time he came forward as an ardent upholder of provincialism when the Houses had decided to abolish the provinces. He also brought forward a Manhood Suffrage Bill and a Triennial Parliaments Bill, both of which were rejected. In Oct. 1877 the Atkinson Ministry was defeated, and on the 13th Sir George Grey formed a cabinet, thus ruling as Premier a country which, ten years before, he had ruled as Governor. The beginning of the ministry's term of office was marked by a dispute with the Governor (Lord Normanby) on a question of privilege. On July 29th, 1879, on a motion by Sir W. Fox, the Government was defeated, and after the election which followed was again put in a minority, on a motion by Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Hall. Sir George Grey, who resigned office in Oct 1879, sat in Parliament continuously up to the election in Nov. 1890, when he did not offer himself. The degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon him by the University of Oxford in 1854, and he was created K.C.B. in 1848. He married, in 1889, Harriet, daughter of the late Admiral Sir R. W. Spencer, K.H., formerly Government Resident of Albany, West Australia. Sir George Grey has lately given his valuable library as a free gift to the town of Auckland. He was one of the three delegates of New Zealand to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891, having been in the meantime re-elected to the House of Representatives for Newton. At the Convention he stood almost alone in his advocacy of the "one man one vote" principle as the condition precedent of federation. He also argued in favour of the Governor-in-Chief of the projected commonwealth being chosen by popular election. After the sittings of the Convention closed Sir George Grey revisited South Australia, where the fiftieth anniversary of his assumption of the government of that colony was celebrated with extraordinary demonstrations of regard and respect. At all the leading centres in South Australia, Victoria, and New South Wales Sir George addressed gatherings in favour of the "one man one vote" principle, gaining an overwhelming preponderance of popular support. His Life by Mr. W. L. Rees, M.H.R., has lately been published by Messrs. Hutchinson, London; and Mr. Brett, Auckland.

Griffith, Charles James, M.A., was the fifth son of Richard Griffith, of Millicent, Kildare, Ireland (sometime member for the borough of Askeaton in the Irish Parliament), by his second wife, Mary, daughter of Right Hon. Walter Hussey Burgh, Lord Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer; and was half-brother of Sir Richard John Griffith, Bart., the author of the famous "valuation" of Ireland. He was educated at Dublin University, and was called to the Irish bar. He emigrated to Victoria in 1840, and was appointed, by Governor Latrobe, chairman of the Board of Commissioners of Sewers and Water Supply, and in this capacity took a prominent part in the construction of the works for bringing the water supply of the City of Melbourne from Yan Yean, a distance of nineteen miles. Mr. Griffith also took an active part in the erection and establishment of the Melbourne Church of England Grammar School, the foundation-stone of which was laid in 1856. He was also a prominent member of the Church Synod. He married Miss Jane Magee. Mr. Griffith was engaged in pastoral pursuits, and was appointed a nominee non-official member of the first Legislative Council of Victoria on Nov. 3rd, 1851. After the concession of responsible government he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly for the district of Dundas and Follett. At the meeting of parliament he was a candidate for the Speakership, but was beaten by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Francis Murphy. Mr. Griffith was the author of a work published in Dublin in 1845, entitled "Position and Prospects of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales." He died in Melbourne in 1863.

Griffith, Hon. Sir Samuel Walker, K.C.M.G., M.A., Premier of Queensland, is the son of the late Rev. Edward Griffith, formerly Congregational minister at Merthyr Tydvil in South Wales, but for many years residing in Brisbane, and was born at Merthyr on June 21st, 1845. In 1854 Sir Samuel Griffith's family emigrated to the colony of which he is now Premier, but which was then only the Moreton Bay district of New South Wales; settling first at Ipswich, then at Maitland, and finally at Brisbane. Sir Samuel was educated in the first instance under Mr. Horniman at Sydney, and subsequently at the High School, West Maitland, of which the Rev. W. McIntyre was head master. In 1860 he proceeded to Sydney University, graduating B.A. in 1863 and M.A. in 1870. He early selected a legal career as his future r?le, and was called to the bar at Brisbane in 1867. In 1870 he married Julia Janet, daughter of Mr. James Thomson, for some time Commissioner of Crown Lands at Maitland. Sir Samuel Griffith soon obtained a considerable legal practice, and in 1872 entered Parliament as member for East Moreton. The district being subdivided in 1873, Sir Samuel was returned for the Oxley portion, which he continued to represent till 1878, when he was elected for the metropolitan constituency of Brisbane, which he has since represented. In August 1874 Sir Samuel was appointed Attorney-General in the Macalister Ministry [becoming Q.C. in 1876], and continued to hold office under the subsequent Administrations of Messrs. Thorn and Douglas, with the additional portfolio of Minister of Education, and subsequently as Minister of Public Works, until Jan. 1879. In his first session he originated the Telegraphic Messages Bill, a measure which provided for the transmission by of all legal processes and other documentary matter requiring authentication. This was successfully carried, and in 1874, whilst still outside the charmed circle of the Cabinet, he introduced and carried an Insolvency Bill. The latter measure was based in its general principles upon the English Act of 1869, but included a great many provisions since embodied in Mr. Chamberlain's recent Act. It also contained clauses against fraudulent preference, which are asserted to be the most stringent in force in any part of the world. In 1875, whilst Attorney-General, Sir Samuel Griffith introduced a ministerial measure for the adoption of a free, secular and compulsory system of State education. This was successfully carried, and he assumed charge of the department formed under the statute. At this period, too, he participated in carrying Judicature and Local Government Acts. In 1879 the McIlwraith Government came into power, and continued to hold sway till 1883, when, mainly through the exertions of Sir Samuel Griffith, they were ejected from office, and a large majority returned in opposition to their policy regarding the importation of coolie labour for the purpose of working the northern sugar plantations, and their proposals for the construction of the Queensland transcontinental railway on the land grant system. In Nov. 1883 Sir Samuel became Premier, and in the following years carried a Land Act and measures for the regulation of the Polynesian labour trade, which largely mitigated the evils of a system which nearly approached the horrors of the African slave traffic. The Defence Act passed by the first Griffith Ministry contributed to the national security; and they also succeeded in carrying a Licensing Act, which embodied the principle of local option without compensation. Sir Samuel followed the policy of his predecessor in reference to Australian Federation, and was a prominent member of the Convention which met at Sydney in 1883; the drafting of the Federal Council Bill, which ultimately passed the Imperial Parliament, being confided to his hands. When the Federal Council held its first sitting at Hobart, Sir Samuel was appointed first Chairman of the Standing Committee, and was subsequently elected President. During the Queensland parliamentary session of 1886 Sir Samuel passed an Act which codified the entire body of law relating to the duties and powers of justices of the peace. His Offenders' Probation Act was also a piece of advanced legislation. In 1887 Sir Samuel was associated with Sir James Garrick in the representation of Queensland at the Colonial Conference held in London in that year, and took a prominent and successful part in its proceedings. At the Conference he proposed a resolution, which was carried, affirming the desirableness of preferential treatment of British products throughout the British dominions. At the general election in the spring of 1888 the supporters of the Griffith Government were placed in a minority, and they accordingly resigned in June. After leading the Opposition to the McIlwraith and Morehead Ministries until August 1890, the latter resigned, and the Governor invited Sir Samuel Griffith to form a second Administration, which he succeeded in doing in combination with his former opponent, Sir Thomas McIlwraith, and still holds office as Premier. Sir Samuel was one of the representatives of Queensland at the Intercolonial Federation Conference held in Melbourne in 1890, and at the Sydney Convention of 1891. Of the latter body he was unanimously appointed Vice-Chairman. He has occupied for a number of years the leading position at the bar in Queensland. In 1889, while in opposition, he introduced, and succeeded in passing, a codification of the law of defamation, and also passed through the Assembly an Eight Hours Bill, which, however, was defeated in the Legislative Council. In the following year, being still in opposition, he introduced a Bill to declare the natural law relating to the acquisition and ownership of private property, the fundamental principle of which is that the products of labour (whether of mind or body) belong of right to the persons who have contributed to their production (including the possession of the property to which the labour is applied) and belong to them in proportion to the value of their respective contributions. He maintains that this principle is the only alternative to the rule that each man shall get and keep as much as he can from neighbour. This Bill, which was intended to be followed by another to define the procedure for assessing the value of the contributions of the several contributors to production, attracted some attention, but has not yet become law. On the whole Sir Samuel Griffith must be regarded as having occupied the premier position at the Federation Convention of 1891, the Commonwealth Bill being virtually drafted by him, though he received valuable assistance from Messrs. Barton, Deakin, Clark, and Kingston, and the measure was somewhat modified by the Convention sitting as a whole. Early in 1892 Sir Samuel Griffith astonished the world by announcing his conversion to the necessity of renewing the importation of Kanaka labour for the cultivation of the sugar plantations of Northern Queensland for a further period of ten years. He also announced the intention of the Government to encourage the construction of railways on the land grant system. In the former case his plea was that he could not allow the sugar interest to be ruined at the bidding of labour combinations which, whilst opposed to the importation of coloured labour, would not permit of the plantation work being done by white hands. As regarded the land grant railways, he justified his change of opinion on the ground that it was now impossible to borrow money on the English market for the construction of lines necessary for the development of the country. Measures for the effectuation of the policy thus announced were carried in the session of 1892, and though there has been a huge outcry alike from pseudo-philanthropists and genuine enthusiasts against the renewal of the Kanaka labour traffic, Sir Samuel Griffith relies on the strict enforcement of the more stringent regulations now enacted for the prevention of the evils which were prevalent prior to the revision of the system in 1884.

Griffiths, George Samuel, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., is the son of Samuel Griffiths, the first white settler in the Elwood or Port Ormond district of Port Phillip. He was born on August 16th, 1847, in Demerara, and arrived in Victoria with his parents in 1851. Mr. Griffiths, who has been a member of the managing committee of the Melbourne Stock Exchange, and of the Council of the Royal Society of Victoria, has taken a very active interest in the proposal to explore the Antarctic, and when the Royal Society of Victoria and the Geographical Society of Australasia decided to appoint a joint committee to promote the project, he was, with Professor Kernot and Mr. Ellery, chosen to represent the former Society. In 1878 Mr. Griffiths was married to the daughter of the late Mr. Atkinson, of the Western district.

Grimes, Right Rev. John Joseph, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Christchurch, N.Z., is the son of Richard Grimes and Elizabeth his wife, and was born at Bromley, Kent, on Feb. 11th, 1842. Having been ordained to the priesthood, Bishop Grimes was Professor of Belles Lettres and Rhetoric in St. Mary's College, Ireland, till 1873, and from that year till 1880 was Professor, Director, and President of Jefferson College, Louisiana, U.S. A., where he narrowly escaped death in the great yellow fever epidemic of 1878. From 1880 to 1887 Dr. Grimes was Rector of St. Mary's, Paignton, Devonshire, and President of the missionary training college there. At Paignton Dr. Grimes built the first Catholic church erected there since the Reformation. In May 1887 he was appointed by Pope Leo XIII. the first Catholic Bishop of Christchurch, being consecrated on July 26th of the same year. Bishop Grimes, whose diocese comprises the whole of the provinces of Canterbury and Westland, a portion of the province of Nelson, and the Chatham Islands, arrived in New Zealand to assume his episcopal functions at the end of 1887.

Groom, William Henry, M.L.A., was born on March 9th, 1833, at Plymouth, and received his education at St. Andrew's schools. In 1857 he emigrated to Queensland, and settled at Toowoomba, where he became a storekeeper in 1858, and in 1860 first mayor of the newly made municipality, an office he held for three consecutive years. Mr. Groom was elected to represent Toowoomba in the Assembly in 1862, being re-elected the following year. In 1866, in consequence of the Bank of Queensland failure, he assigned his estate and retired from the Assembly, but was re-elected without opposition, banquetted, and presented with a purse of sovereigns, and has ever since continued to represent the constituency, being what is popularly known as "Father of the House." On Nov. 7th, 1883, Mr. Groom, who had previously refused the chairmanship of committees offered him by Sir T. McIlwraith, was elected Speaker of the Assembly, and held the position till the dissolution on April 4th, 1888.

Gudgeon, Lieutenant Thomas Wayth, was for seven years employed in the Income and Property Tax Department of Somerset House. Having resigned his appointment, he came to New Zealand on Jan. 10th, 1850, settling in Taranaki, and afterwards in Wanganui. At the outbreak of the Wanganui war he entered the Wanganui militia, and subsequently became lieutenant Mr. Gudgeon is the author of "Reminiscences of the War in New Zealand"; "The History and Doings of the Maoris from 1820 to the Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840" (Brett, Auckland); "The Defenders of New Zealand" (Brett, Auckland, 1887). He died in Melbourne, Vict., in 1890.

Guenett, Thomas Harbottle, is the son of Rev. John F. Guenett by his marriage with Elizabeth Harbottle, and was born at Fleetwood, Lancashire, on June 22nd, 1850. Mr. Guenett was a pupil of Sir Charles Halle and Mr. Ebenezer Prout, and went to Australia for his health in 1872, settling in Melbourne, where he was for several years President of the Musical Association of Victoria and one of the examiners for diplomas and certificates. He was also the founder of the Melbourne popular concerts (string quartette music), and, in addition to acting as musical critic of the Melbourne Argus and Australasian, is one of the examiners for licences and certificates to teach music in the State schools of Victoria. Mr. Guenett married at Balmain, Sydney, on July 18th, 1874, Miss Ellen Geard.

Gu?rard, Jean Eugene von, son of the Court Painter to the Emperor Francis I. of Austria, went to Italy with his father at an early age, and under his supervision studied the old Italian masters. After a period of residence at Dusseldorf, he came to Australia in 1853, and painted numerous Australian and New Zealand landscapes. In 1866 his picture of Mount Kosciusko was purchased for the Public Gallery of Victoria, of which, in June 1870, he was appointed master and curator.

Guilfoyle, William Robert, son of M. Guilfoyle, a botanist of repute, was born at Chelsea, London, in 1843, and went to New South Wales with his parents in 1853. In 1868 he accompanied the Challenger Expedition to the South Seas, and subsequently cultivated a sugar and tobacco estate In Queensland. In 1873 he accented the appointment of Director of the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, a position he still holds. Mr. Guilfoyle has written several works on botanical subjects, and has contributed copiously to the scientific journals.

Gullett, Henry, the well-known Australian journalist, is the son of an old colonist in the Lancefield district of Victoria, and early embraced journalism as a profession. He is best known as the editor for many years of the Melbourne Australasian, a high-class weekly journal, published in connection with the daily Argus, in the conduct of which he succeeded Mr. James Smith. Mr. Gullett, who is an admirable writer, imparted a high literary and critical tone to the paper, and placed it in the front rank of its class as a family political and sporting newspaper for the intelligent classes. In 1885 he severed his connection with the Australasian and removed to Sydney, where he became a proprietor of the Daily Telegraph, editor of the weekly journal, the Tribune, published in connection therewith, and a constant contributor to the leading columns of the former. In 1890 he resigned his literary connection with the Daily Telegraph, and is now engaged as a leader-writer and assistant editor on the Sydney Morning Herald. Mrs. Gullett has contributed largely to the journals with which her husband has been connected, mainly on topics of feminine interest.

Gunn, Robert Campbell, F.R.S., F.L.S., son of William Gunn, of Caithness, Scotland, lieutenant in the 93rd Highlanders, and Margaret his wife (nee Wilson), was born at the Cape of Good Hope April 4th, 1808. In 1829 he emigrated to Tasmania. He arrived at Hobart in Feb. 1830, and was at once appointed by Governor Arthur to a post in the Convict Department. He was appointed Superintendent of Convicts for the Northern Division in 1830, magistrate for the Territory in 1833, police magistrate at Circular Head in 1836, assistant police magistrate at Hobart Town in 1838, private secretary to Governor Sir John Franklin and clerk to the Executive and Legislative Councils in 1839, and retired from the public service in 1841. In 1855 he was elected a member of the old Legislative Council for Launceston, and on the introduction of free institutions in 1856 he entered the House of Assembly, and sat for some years as member for the district of Selby. In 1860 he received the appointment of Deputy Commissioner of Crown Lands and Clerk of the Peace at Launceston, and in 1865 that of Deputy Recorder of Titles at Launceston under the Real Property Act, holding the office until 1876, when he retired on a pension. In 1868 he was one of three commissioners appointed at the request of the New Zealand Government by the Governments of New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania, to decide on the most suitable site on Cook Straits for the capital, the commissioners unanimously making choice of Wellington. It was by his work as a naturalist that Mr. Gunn was best known. He was an able and enthusiastic botanist, and in his botanical excursions, beginning in 1831, he rambled over nearly every part of the island, discovering many new species of plants, and adding largely to the knowledge of the flora of the colony. The results of his labours are recorded in Hooker's "Flora of Tasmania," and in many articles contributed by him to scientific journals. He was editor of the Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science (Hobart Town, 1842-9). He died at Newstead, Launceston, on March 13th, 1881. Mr. Gunn married first at Antigua, West Indies, in 1826, Eliza, daughter of James Ireland, lieutenant 93rd Highlanders; secondly, at Glen Leith, near New Norfolk, Tasmania, Margaret Legrand, only daughter of David Jamieson, of Glen Leith.

G?nst, Johannes Werner, M.D., was born at Amsterdam, Holland, May 31st, 1825, and landed in Sydney, N.S.W., in May 1852. Shortly afterwards he commenced practice as an allopathic physician, and was appointed analytical chemist to the Government of New South Wales. In 1854 he visited New Caledonia, and claims to have been the first European who set foot there. His companions, nine in number were killed and eaten by the natives; and Dr. G?nst only saved himself by hiding in the mountains till he was taken off by a passing vessel, after several, months of exposure, danger, and suffering. After practising his profession, combined with sugar growing on the Clarence and Richmond rivers in New South Wales, he went with an exploration party to Madagascar, and on his return through Paris was decorated with the cross of the Legion of Honour. Having abandoned allopathy, he has practised as a homoeopathic physician in Melbourne for upwards of twenty years.

Gurner, Henry Field, sometime Crown solicitor of Victoria, was the second son of John Gurner, of Sydney, N.S.W., solicitor, who arrived in that colony in Feb. 1817 as chief clerk of the Supreme Court, with Judge (Barron) Field, the friend of Charles Lamb. He was born in Sydney on March 31st, 1819, and at the latter end of 1834 became a clerk in the Supreme Court Office at Sydney. Having resigned that appointment, he was in March 1841 admitted to practise as a solicitor in New South Wales. In 1841 he was appointed deputy registrar of the Supreme Court of New South Wales for the Port Phillip district, and accompanied Judge Willis to what is now Victoria. Mr. Gurner was the first person admitted as a solicitor in Melbourne; this was on May 9th, 1841, and in October of the same year he resigned his appointment as deputy registrar, entering upon the active practice of his profession as an attorney in Melbourne. In Jan. 1842 he was appointed to the office of Crown solicitor and clerk of the peace at Port Phillip, and in Sept. 1842 was made first town clerk of Melbourne, under the Act incorporating the town. In July 1851, upon the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales, Mr. Gurner became Crown solicitor of the colony of Victoria, a post which he held for some twenty years. In 1841 he published the "Rules and Orders of the Supreme Court of New South Wales for the District of Port Phillip," in 1871 the "Practice of the Criminal Law of the Colony of Victoria," and in 1876 "Chronicles of Port Phillip." He died on April 17th, 1883.

Gwynne, Edward Castres, was born at Lewes, in Sussex, in 1811, and having been called to the bar, practised his profession in England. He emigrated to South Australia in 1839, and was a nominee member of the mixed Legislative Council from 1851 to 1856. When responsible government was conceded he was elected to the new Legislative Council, in which he sat from 1856 to 1859. He held office as Attorney-General in the Baker Ministry from August to September 1857. In March 1859 he was appointed third judge of the Supreme Court of South Australia, and in 1867 second judge of the Supreme Court and primary judge in Equity, and was for some time Acting Chief Justice in 1869-70, retiring from the Bench on Feb. 28th, 1881. He took a great interest in viticulture, and had one of the largest and best orangeries in the colonies at the Glynde, near Adelaide. He died on June 10th, 1888.

H

Haast, Sir John Francis Julius von, K.C.M.G., Ph.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., C.M.Z.S., son of Mathias Haas, in Bonn, Germany, was born on May 1st, 1824, and educated at the schools of Bonn and Cologne, and at the University of Bonn. At college he devoted himself to geological studies, and for some years resided in France. In 1858 he arrived in Auckland, N.Z., and accompanied Dr. Hochstetter in his tour through the colony. Being employed by the authorities of Nelson to explore the western and southern parts of the province, he made many geological and topographical discoveries in that region, and a report of his explorations was printed by the Government. In 1861 he was appointed Provincial Geologist of Canterbury, and made numerous scientific expeditions into the unknown uplands and into Westland, the results being embodied afterwards in a volume on the geology of the provinces of Westland and Canterbury. In recognition of these services the Royal University of Tubingen granted him the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1862, and he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1867. Dr. von Haast was instrumental in founding the Canterbury Museum in Christchurch, which has the reputation of being the finest in the southern hemisphere, and of which he was director down to the time of his death. In 1872 he joined in founding the Canterbury Collegiate Union, from which sprang Canterbury College, in affiliation to the New Zealand University, of which he was a Fellow and a member of the Senate. From its foundation till his death Dr. von Haast was Professor of Geology and Palaeontology in Canterbury College. In 1862 he founded the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. In 1884 he received the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society, the first bestowed for exploration in New Zealand. In 1886 he went to England as Commissioner for New Zealand at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and in the same year was created K.C.M.G., having previously been C.M.G. He died after his return to New Zealand, on August 15th, 1887. Sir Julius von Haast married in 1863 Mary, daughter of Edward Dobson, C.E., M.I.E.C., of Christchurch, N.Z. (q.v.), who still survives.

Habens, Rev. William James, B.A., Inspector-General of Schools, New Zealand, was born at Brighton in 1839, and educated at Puget School, in that town, and at Hackney College, London. In 1862 he graduated at the London University, and in Jan. 1864 went to New Zealand as minister of Trinity Congregational Church, Christchurch, a position which he held till July 1878. From Jan. 1877 to May 1878 he was Secretary to the Canterbury Board of Education, and in April 1878 was appointed Inspector-General in the New Zealand Education Department. In 1879 to 1880 Mr. Habens was a member of the Royal Commission to inquire into the operations of the New Zealand University and its relations to the secondary schools. He also acted as secretary to the commission, and in 1880 was appointed a Fellow of the New Zealand University. Since 1886 he has performed the duties of Secretary for Education in addition to those of Inspector-General.

Hack, John Barton, one of the pioneer colonists of South Australia, was the descendant of one William Hack, who died at Froyle, Hants, in 1699, and was the son of Stephen Hack, banker, of Chichester in Sussex, by his marriage with Maria Barton, sister of Bernard Barton, the Quaker poet and friend of Charles Lamb. Mrs. Hack was the author of "Grecian Stories," "English Stories," and other works, which had a large circulation in their day. John Barton Hack was born at Chichester on July 2nd, 1805. Having decided to emigrate, he first went to the Cape, and thence to Tasmania, proceeding to South Australia in Feb. 1837, three months after the colony was founded. From Tasmania he brought a considerable number of sheep and cattle in the ship Isabella, which he chartered for the purpose, and which was commanded by Captain John Hart, afterwards several times premier of South Australia. There was great difficulty in securing suitable land for farming operations, owing to the backward state of the Government surveys; but ultimately Mr. Hack took up a property at Mount Barker, most of his stock having in the meantime perished. Having considerable capital, he engaged in commercial pursuits, and became probably the principal merchant in Adelaide. In the meantime he carried on his agricultural operations at Mount Barker, opened a dairy farm at Yankalilla, and associated himself with the South Australian Company in whale fisheries at Encounter Bay. The whaling was conducted under the supervision of Captain Hart, but involved Mr. Hack in heavy pecuniary losses. His ruin was completed in the financial crisis which resulted from the dishonour of Governor Gawler's drafts on the Home Government. Most of the business residents were in his debt, and he was mixed up in government contracts and transactions. Mr. Hack was the first colonist of South Australia to take out special surveys of land—viz., at Little Para and the Three Brothers, near Echunga. He was one of the committee appointed to name the streets of Adelaide, and purchased sixty-four acres at the first Government sale of town lands, so that had he been able to retain his property he would have become one of the wealthiest men in Australia. As it was, he had to begin life over again, and was much handicapped in the race. When the Burra mines were opened he started as a carrier between the capital and the mines, and then took the position of mercantile manager in a solicitor's office. In 1852 he went to the Victorian diggings, and was fairly successful. Returning to Adelaide, he embraced various employments, and then purchased a station on the Coorong, which also proved a failure. After further vicissitudes he was, in 1870, appointed accountant in the goods department of the Government Railways. When the Goods and Traffic departments were amalgamated he became assistant accountant, later on accountant, and finally accountant and comptroller of all railway accounts. This position he held until his retirement, owing to failing health, in June 1883. Mr. Hack married at Hardshaw, Lancashire, on July 9th, 1829, Bridget, daughter of William Watson and Martha his wife, who died in 1881. He died at the Semaphore on Oct 4th, 1884. His brother, Stephen Hack, who shared his misfortunes, did some valuable exploring work under the South Australian Government. One of Mr. J. B. Hack's sons, Mr. Theodore Hack, was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1890; and a granddaughter, Miss Guli Hack, daughter of his son, Charles, was the winner of the Elder Scholarship to the Royal College of Music, where she greatly distinguished herself.

Hackett, Hon. John Winthrop, M.L.C., was called to the Irish bar in Nov. 1874, and to that of Victoria in March 1876. He was Sub-Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne, and entered into the political controversies of the day as a strong Liberal on the land question, contesting Sandridge in that interest against Dr. Madden. Removing to Western Australia he became part-proprietor of the Western Australian published in Perth. When responsible government was conceded, at the end of 1890, he was nominated a member of the new Legislative Council, and one of the Western Australian delegates at the Federation Convention in Sydney, in 1891.

Haddon, Frederick William, editor of the Melbourne Argus, was born on Feb. 8th, 1839, at Croydon, Surrey, and educated at private schools. He was for some time simultaneously Assistant-Secretary of the Statistical Society of London, and of the Institute of Actuaries of Great Britain and Ireland. He also assisted to edit the Journal of the Statistical Society, and wrote on statistical subjects in several London journals. Leaving England at the age of twenty-four, he arrived in Victoria in Dec. 1863; under engagement to the proprietors of the Argus, of which he was first a contributor and afterwards sub-editor. He was appointed editor of the Australasian early in 1865, and editor of the Argus, a position which he still holds. On Jan. 1st, 1867, Mr. Haddon visited India, the continent of Europe, and England in 1874, returning to Australia by way of America. He revisited England in 1879 on account of ill-health, and was requested to informally champion the views of the Victorian Constitutional party in influential quarters at home, in opposition to the Berry embassy, which was then in London. In pursuance of this object, he interviewed nearly all the leading British statesmen and metropolitan editors, wrote letters to the Times and other journals, and published a pamphlet giving a history of the Constitutional difficulty in Victoria, which was laid before the British Cabinet and sent to every member of both Houses of Parliament, and the editor of every political newspaper in Great Britain. Mr. Haddon returned to Victoria after the conclusion of the embassy, in 1879. He has been twice married.

Hadfield, Right Rev. Octavius, Bishop of Wellington and Primate of New Zealand, son of Joseph Hadfield, of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, was born in 1816, and matriculated at Pembroke College, Oxford, on Feb. 19th, 1832, but was obliged to leave the University because of ill-health. He proceeded to Australia, and while in deacon's orders accompanied the Bishop (Broughton) of Australia to New Zealand in 1838 in H.M.S. Pelorus. Upon the application of Rauparaha for a missionary to be sent to Otaki, in Cook Straits, Mr. Hadfield volunteered. He was accordingly admitted to priest's orders by the Bishop, and sailed with Rev. Henry Williams to Port Nicholson. Here he settled and laboured for many years. In 1843, after the slaughter of Captain Wakefield and others by Rauparaha, at Wairau, that chief roused his tribe to arms to prevent the enslaving of the Maori race, and had it not been for the intervention of Mr. Hadfield and Te Rangitake, the Ngatitoa would have descended upon the new settlement of Wellington. Later in 1859-60 he protested against the treatment of Te Rangitake by the Government over the Waitara affair, and in April 1860 sent a petition, signed at Otaki by the Maoris, praying for the removal of Governor Browne on account of the seizure of Waitara. This he was accused of having inspired, but was able to show that it was spontaneous on the part of the natives. Mr. Hadfield, who was appointed by Bishop Selwyn Archdeacon of Kapiti, remained at Otaki from 1839 to 1865. When the Hauhau fanaticism broke out, and the missionary Volkner was murdered, he stood to his post at the imminent risk of his life, declaring that he was ready to lay his bones where he had so long laboured. Archdeacon Hadfield was commissary to Bishop Selwyn for ten years, and was subsequently commissary to the first Bishop (Abraham) of Wellington. In Oct. 1870, upon the resignation of Bishop Abraham, he was appointed to succeed him, the election being by the colonial episcopate without the Queen's mandate. In 1889, when the Bishop (Harper) of Christchurch, who was also Primate of New Zealand, retired, Bishop Hadfield was elected to the primacy. As there was considerable doubt as to the proper constitution of the electing body, the validity of the election was disputed, and Bishop Suter, of Kelson, was nominated by the dissentient party. In the end, however, the claims of Bishop Hadfield were acknowledged.

Haines, Hon. William Clarke, M.L.A., first Premier of Victoria, was born in England in 1807, and educated for the medical profession. After practising as a surgeon he emigrated to Victoria in 1848. Three years later, when that colony was separated from New South Wales, he was nominated a non-official member of the semi-elective Legislative Council then formed. In 1854, when Mr. Foster was sacrificed by Governor Hotham in the hope of propitiating popular favour, Mr. Haines, who had farmed unsuccessfully near Geelong, was appointed to succeed him as Chief Secretary, and held that position until responsible government was conceded, when he and his colleagues resigned their posts, with a view, as was alleged, of securing the pensions allotted to them under the Constitution Act, in case of their being released from office on political grounds. For this conduct they only escaped censure in the Council by a single vote. In Dec. 1855 the Haines Government, who had been reappointed in the previous month to their former places, as the first responsible ministry, were defeated on Mr. Nicholson's ballot resolution, and resigned office. Mr. Nicholson not, however, being in a position to form a government, Mr. Haines and his colleagues were recalled, and remained in power until March 1857, when they were defeated on a vote of want of confidence, and Mr. (afterwards Sir) John O'Shanassy formed a ministry, which only, however, lasted seven weeks, a motion censuring their conduct in not having a representative in the Upper House being carried against them on the first night on which they met Parliament. Mr. Haines, who in the previous year had been returned to the first Legislative Assembly for South Grant, once more resumed the premiership with the office of Chief Secretary, but was again defeated, and succeeded by Mr. O'Shanassy in March 1858. He then paid a visit of three years to Europe, and on his return, in 1861, was elected to the Assembly for Portland. In the same year he took office under his old opponent Mr. O'Shanassy, and acted as Treasurer from Nov. 1861 to June 1863. Although he carried the measure granting universal suffrage, Mr. Haines was in many respects a Conservative, opposing the ballot, and combining with Sir John O'Shanassy in the attempt to strangle the national system of state education. He died in 1864.

Hale, Right Rev. Matthew Blagden, D.D., late Bishop of Brisbane, descends from the family of the celebrated Sir Matthew Hale, and is the third son of the late Robert H. Blagden Hale of Alderley, Gloucestershire, and Cottles House, Wilts, by his marriage with Lady Theodosia Bourke, daughter of the 3rd Earl of Mayo. He was born in 1811 at Alderley, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1835 and M.A. in 1838. Having been successively curate of Tresham and Wotton-under-Edge in Gloucestershire, he was in 1839 appointed to the incumbency of Stroud in the same county. The next year he married Sophia, daughter of George Clode, of London, on whose death in 1845 he resigned Stroud, and was subsequently rector of Alderley, and then of Atworth and Wraxall in Wilts. In 1847 he met the late Bishop Short of Adelaide at a friend's house, and the latter persuaded him to go out to South Australia as his archdeacon. They went out in the same ship, and landed at Adelaide in Dec. 1847. The next year Archdeacon Hale accompanied the bishop on a visit to Western Australia, which at that time was included in the diocese of Adelaide. Here he married Sabina, eldest daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Molloy, an old Peninsular and Waterloo officer. In 1850 the archdeacon established the well-known aboriginal mission station at Poonindie, near Port Lincoln, S.A., and acted as its superintendent till 1856, when he resigned the archdeaconry of Adelaide on his being appointed first bishop of the newly constituted see of Perth, W.A. After paying a second visit of some months to Western Australia, Bishop Hale proceeded to England, and was consecrated in the chapel of Lambeth Palace on July 25th, 1857. He administered the diocese of Perth till 1875; when, on the unanimous nomination of the bishops of Australia and Tasmania, he was translated to the bishopric of Brisbane, Qd., rendered vacant by the retirement of Dr. Tuffnell. In March 1885 Bishop Hale resigned the latter see, and returned to England, where he officiated for some time as rector of Ozleworth, Gloucestershire. He has latterly resided at Cheltenham.

Hall, Edward Swarbreck, was born in England in 1804. Having entered the medical profession, he emigrated to Tasmania in 1833, and was appointed a medical officer under the Government, and subsequently house surgeon to the Hobart Hospital, which office he resigned in 1855 for private practice. He was active in philanthropic work, and especially exerted himself on behalf of the children in the Queen's Orphan Asylum and the inmates of the Government charitable institutions. In 1881 he was presented with a public testimonial from the citizens of Hobart in recognition of his services. In 1875 he was appointed Health Officer for Hobart. For twenty-five years he compiled and published the vital statistics of the colony. He is author of "Who Translated the Bible?" (Hobart, 1875), a work showing the part taken in the translation and dissemination of the Scriptures by the Roman Catholic Church, of which he was a member. He died at Hobart July 30th, 1881.

Hall, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.H.R., formerly Premier of New Zealand, son of George Hall, of Elloughton, near Hull, was born at Hull on Dec. 18th, 1824, and educated on the Continent. In 1840-43 he was in a merchant's office, and subsequently became private secretary to the Secretary of the General Post Office. In 1852 he went out to Lyttelton, N.Z., and settled as a sheep farmer in Canterbury. Mr. Hall soon went into public life, entering the Canterbury Provincial Council in 1853, and in 1855 becoming Provincial Secretary, and in 1864 Secretary of Public Works. Until the abolition of provincial government Mr. Hall was thoroughly identified with Canterbury. In 1856 he was Resident Magistrate for Lyttelton, and Sheriff and Commissioner of Police, and in 1858 was appointed Resident Magistrate for Christchurch. In 1855 he was elected to represent Christchurch in the House of Representatives, and held office as Colonial Secretary in the Fox Ministry from May 20th to June 2nd, 1856. In 1862, after his return from a visit to England, he was nominated to the Legislative Council; but, resigning his seat in 1866, was elected to the House of Representatives for Heathcote, and took office in the Stafford Administration as member of the Executive Council (August 24th, 1866, to June 28th, 1869), Postmaster-General (August 24th, 1866, to Feb. 5th, 1869), and Electric Telegraph Commissioner (Oct. 16th, 1866, to Feb. 5th, 1869). In 1867 he attended the Intercolonial Conference on Ocean Postal Communication in Melbourne. In 1872 he was once more called to the Legislative Council, and was a member of the Executive Council in the Fox-Vogel Ministry from July 20th to Sept. 10th, 1872. After the defeat of the Stafford Government, Mr. Hall was Colonial Secretary in the Waterhouse Cabinet from Oct. 11th, 1872, to March 3rd, 1873. Subsequently Mr. Hall was a member of the Executive Council in Mr. Atkinson's first Ministry, from Sept. 1st, 1876, to Sept. 13th. In 1879 Sir George Grey was defeated on an amendment by Sir William Fox, and appealed to the country. Mr. Hall at this juncture once more resigned his seat in the Upper House despite Sir George Grey's opposition, and was elected to the House or Representatives for Selwyn. When Parliament met in Oct. 1879 the Grey Government was defeated by two votes, and Mr. Hall was called upon to form a ministry, Oct. 8th. He remained Premier till April 21st, 1882, when he was obliged by ill-health to retire, and was succeeded by Sir Frederick Whitaker. During his term of office the Triennial Parliaments Bill and the Universal Suffrage Bill were passed; also the much-debated Maori Prisoners Bill and the Maori Prisoners Detention Bill, which were intended to meet the Te Whiti difficulty. Subsequently the Government despatched troops to Parihaka, and arrested Te Whiti. Sir John Hall has filled numerous local offices, having been Chairman of the Westland and Selwyn County Councils, and of the first Christchurch Municipal Council. He has also been a prominent member of the Anglican community in New Zealand. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1882. He married in 1861 Rose Anne, daughter of William Dryden, of Hull.

Halloran, Henry, C.M.G., son of the late Rev. L. H. Halloran, was born at Capetown, where his father was Chaplain to the Forces, in 1811. He came with the latter to New South Wales, and, entering the Civil Service of that colony, in 1828 became principal Under-Secretary in 1866. This post he held till 1878, when he retired on a pension and was created C.M.G. Mr. Halloran, who married, in 1841, Elizabeth Henrietta, daughter of Joseph Underwood, of Ashfield Park, Sydney, was a lieutenant of Volunteer Cavalry and Mounted Rifles from 1854 to 1864, and has been a J.P. of New South Wales since 1867. He has been a contributor to the press, principally in verse, and has published a volume entitled "Poems, Odes, Songs" (1887).

Ham, Hon. Cornelius Job, M.L.C., is the youngest son of Rev. John Ham, and was born at Birmingham on Jan. 13th, 1837, going to Port Phillip five years later with his father, who was the first pastor of Collins Street Baptist Chapel, Melbourne. Mr. Ham, whose eldest brother, Jabez, was one of the first editors of the Melbourne Age, started business as a land and estate agent in that city in 1855, and was Mayor of Melbourne in 1881-2. In Nov. 1882 he stood for a seat in the Legislative Council of Victoria in opposition to the late Dr. Beaney and Mr. George Coppin, and was triumphantly returned, being re-elected in 1886. Mr. Ham accepted a seat in the Munro Ministry without portfolio in Nov. 1890, and was sworn of the Executive Council. Twelve months later he resigned office after voting against the Government Bill establishing the one man one vote principle, but resumed office on the measure being abandoned. In Feb. 1892, however, when the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels, he left the Cabinet. He married in 1868 Hattie, daughter of John Latham, of West Virginia, U.S.A., formerly United States Consul-General in Melbourne.

Hamilton, Edward Angus, was member for Light in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia from April 1870 to July 1871, when he resigned. He was Treasurer for a few days in May 1870, in Mr. Strangways' reconstructed Government. Mr. Hamilton was formerly colonial architect of South Australia, and is now believed to be residing in America.

Hamilton, Edward William Terrick, is the second son of Anthony Hamilton, Archdeacon of Taunton and Rector of Loughton, Essex, by Charity Graeme, his wife, third daughter of Sir Walter Farquhar, Bart. He is the younger brother of the late Bishop of Salisbury, and was born in 1809. He was educated at Eton, and Trinity College, Cambridge (of which he was Fellow), B.A. (Fifth Wrangler) in 1832, and M.A. in 1835. He was M.P. for Salisbury from 1865 to 1869. Mr. Hamilton resided in New South Wales from 1839 to 1855. In 1844 he married Ann Catherine, second daughter of John Thacker, of the Sydney firm of Thacker, Daniel & Co. On Jan. 20th, 1863, Mr. Hamilton was appointed parliamentary agent in England for the colony of New South Wales. Mr. Hamilton, on his return to England, took up his residence at Charteris, Sunninghill, Yorks, of which county he is J. P. and D.L.

Hamilton, George, arrived in Adelaide, S.A., on Oct. 1st, 1829, with cattle from Port Phillip (now Victoria), and in 1848 was appointed second clerk in the Colonial Treasury, afterwards undertaking the management of the Bullion Office. In 1853 he entered the police force, and was appointed Commissioner in 1867. This post he held till 1882, when he retired. He was the originator of the Adelaide Club, and died on August 3rd, 1883.

Hamilton, Sir Robert George Crookshank, K.C.B., M.A., LL.D., Governor of Tasmania, is a son of the late Rev. Zachary Macaulay Hamilton, D.D., minister of Bressay, Shetland, N.B., and grandson of Rev. Gavin Hamilton, of Hoy, Orkney, and Helen (Macaulay), his wife, aunt of Lord Macaulay. He was born in Shetland in 1836, and educated at Aberdeen University, where he graduated M.A. in 1857, receiving the LL.D. degree in 1885. He entered the Civil Service as a temporary clerk in the War Office in 1855, and the same year was attached to the Commissariat Department in the Crimea. On his return, in 1857, he was employed in the Office of Works, and subsequently in the Education Department, where he was accountant from 1861 to 1869. He was accountant to the Board of Trade from 1869 to 1872, assistant secretary from 1872 to 1878, secretary to the Civil Service Inquiry Commission from 1874 to 1875, and accountant-general of the Navy from 1878 to 1882. In May of the latter year Lord North brook appointed him Under-Secretary to the Admiralty; but he had scarcely entered upon his duties, when he was called on to take the place of the murdered Mr. Burke, as Acting Under-Secretary for Ireland, which position he retained until April 1883, when he was made Under-Secretary, retaining the position till Nov. 1886, when he was appointed Governor of Tasmania. Sir Robert Hamilton, who was made K.C.B. in 1884, had, as a result of his official experiences, become a convert to Home Rule, and it was felt to be an anomaly that he should continue in office under a Unionist Administration. Hence his transfer to the Colonial Service. Sir Robert at different times took a leading part in the reorganisation of various departments of the English Civil Service, and in 1879 served on the Royal Commission to inquire into the condition of colonial defences. He married first, in 1863, Caroline, daughter of Frederick A. Geary (who died in 1875); and secondly, in 1877, Teresa Felicia, daughter of Major Reynolds, 57th Regiment, who long resided at Hobartville, Richmond, N.S.W. He was appointed Governor of Tasmania in Dec. 1886, and entered on the duties of his office in March 1887. Sir Robert was one of the patrons of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888.

Hamilton, Rev. R., M.A., D.D., arrived in Victoria from Scotland in 1851, and almost immediately took up the pastorate of the Fitzroy Presbyterian Church, which position he held until 1883, when he retired from active ministry. Dr. Hamilton was well known as an advocate of the Second Advent doctrine, upon which subject he wrote and published several books, but he was best known amongst Presbyterians for his "History of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria," and for this he received the degree of D.D. The welfare of the aborigines occupied a prominent place in his thoughts, and many years ago he selected a tract of land at Healesville which he dedicated to their benefit. He died in 1891, at the age of seventy-eight.

Hamley, Major-General Francis Gilbert, eldest son of the late Joseph Hamley, was born in 1815, and entered the army as ensign 12th Foot in 1835. He was senior officer in command of the Imperial troops in the colony of South Australia on the death of Governor Sir Dominic Daly, on Feb. 19th, 1868. The next day he was sworn in as Administrator of the Government of the Colony, and remained Chief of the Executive till the arrival of Sir James Fergusson on Feb. 15th, 1869. He was then only lieut.-colonel. General Hamley died in London on Jan. 12th, 1876, at the age of fifty-six.

Hampton, John Stephen, sometime Governor, Western Australia, was in the Medical Department of the Royal Navy, and came out to Van Diemen's Land in 1843, in the convict ship Constant, of which he was surgeon-superintendent. On arrival he took part with the opponents of Governor Sir John Eardley Wilmot. He was appointed Comptroller-General of Convicts in Van Diemen's Land in succession to Captain Forster, and was subsequently censured, with other officials, by the local executive for having derived profit from the labours of prisoners through utilising some trifling articles of convict manufacture. On the Legislative Council in 1855 appointing a select committee to inquire into the administration of the Convict Department, Mr. Hampton refused to appear before it, and the Governor, Sir Henry Young, declined to order his attendance, on the ground that the penal establishments were under Imperial control. The Council declared him "in contempt," and ordered the serjeant-at-arms to arrest him. Mr. Hampton threatened to resist forcibly, but ultimately allowed the warrant to be executed, on Sept. 15th. A writ of habeas corpus was taken out, but the Council still insisted that Hampton should appear at their bar, which he declined to do. The Governor thereupon prorogued the Council, with the result that the Speaker's warrant lapsed, and the Supreme Court in the meantime decided that the proceedings against Hampton were illegal, and that the Council had erred in assuming general parliamentary privilege. Mr. Hampton, having obtained leave of absence, visited Sydney, and went thence to England, the Court of Appeal affirming, in Feb. 1858, the judgment in his favour delivered by the Tasmanian Court. Mr. Hampton was favourably received by the Colonial Office, and in 1862 (Feb. 27th) was appointed Governor of Western Australia, the only one of the Australian colonies to which transportation was still permitted. Mr. Hampton quitted the government in Nov. 1868, and transportation was suspended the same year. He died on Dec. 1st, 1869.

Handyside, Hon. Andrew Dodds, M.P., Commissioner of Public Works, South Australia, has represented the Albert district in the Legislative Assembly of that colony since 1887. In June 1892 he accepted the post of Commissioner of Public Works in the Holder Government. [Supplement: Mr. Handyside was born in East Lothian in 1835. He emigrated to Victoria in 1853, and was engaged in pastoral pursuits in that colony and New South Wales until 1868, when he settled in South Australia.

Hannaford, Samuel, son of Samuel H. Hannaford, was born at Totnes, Devonshire, in 1828. In 1851 he published "Catalogue of Flowering Plants and Ferns in the Neighbourhood of Totnes." In 1853 he emigrated to Melbourne. While resident in Victoria he was a frequent contributor of scientific articles to the press, and for a time edited the Victorian Agricultural and Horticultural Gazette. He also published "Jottings in Australasia; or, Notes on the Flora and Fauna of Victoria" (1856), and "Sea and Riverside Rambles." Removing to Tasmania, he became editor of The Launceston Times, and, as the result of his work in the botany of the colony, printed "The Wild Flowers of Tasmania" (Melbourne, 1866). In 1870 he was appointed Librarian of the Tasmanian Public Library at Hobart. He died at Hobart Jan. 3rd, 1874.

Hannam, Willoughby, M.I.C.E., was apprenticed to M. Du Bays, C.E., of Reading, England; and was assistant surveyor of the Melbourne and River Murray Railway, Vict., in 1860; engineer of the Moreton Bay Tramway Company, Brisbane, from 1861 to 1863; district engineer (southern district) Queensland Government railways from 1863 to 1868; contractor's engineer on same from 1868 to 1872; district engineer and in charge of surveys (central division) of Queensland railways from 1872 to 1885, in which year he was appointed chief engineer of the northern division. In July 1889 he was reappointed engineer in charge of surveys, and left the service in October of the same year.

Hannay, W. M., was for ten years in the employment of the Glasgow and South-Western Railway, and entered the New Zealand Government railway service in May 1876. He was appointed assistant traffic manager in June 1878, traffic manager in 1879, and assistant general manager in 1880. In 1890 Mr. Hannay was appointed one of the Railway Commissioners of the colony.

Hanson, Hon. Sir Richard Davies, sometime Chief Justice of South Australia, was the second son of R. Hanson, and was born in St. Botolph's Lane, London, where his father was a fruit merchant and importer, on Dec. 6th, 1805. He was educated at a private school at Melbourne, in Cambridgeshire, and was admitted an attorney and solicitor in London in 1828. From 1830 to 1834 he co-operated with Mr. (afterwards Sir) George Kingston, Mr. (afterwards Sir) John Morphett, Mr. John Brown, and others, in promoting Mr. Wakefield's scheme for the colonisation of South Australia, and addressed meetings in its favour, until legislative sanction was at last given in the latter year. He contributed to the Globe and Morning Chronicle, and was appointed by Lord Durham Assistant Commissioner to inquire into Crown Lands and Immigration in Canada. In this capacity he accompanied Lord Durham to that colony, and conducted an investigation, the results of which were subsequently embodied in a report signed by the late Charles Buller, as head of the Commission, and laid before Parliament. On the death of Lord Durham, to whom he had acted as private secretary, in 1840, Mr. Hanson went with the first contingent of settlers to Port Nicholson (Wellington), N.Z., where he was one of the council appointed by the colonists to control the administration of justice in the infant community. British sovereignty was subsequently formally proclaimed, and at the end of 1841 Mr. Hanson was appointed Crown Prosecutor at Wellington. He also edited the New Zealand Colonist. Five years later he resigned that post, and settled in South Australia, where he practised at the Adelaide bar. In 1851 he was returned to the partially elective Legislative Council for Yatala; but before he could take his seat he was appointed Advocate-General, and thus became an official member of the Council. In Oct. 1856 he was appointed Attorney-General, and held the post under responsible government till August 1857. In March of that year he was returned to the Assembly for the city of Adelaide, and held the seat till his appointment to the bench in Nov. 1861. In Sept. 1857 Mr. Hanson became Premier of South Australia, with the portfolio of Attorney-General, and held office till May 1860. When Sir Charles Cooper, the first Chief Justice of the colony, retired in the next year, Mr. Hanson was appointed his successor. In 1869 he revisited England, and was knighted by the Queen in July. From Dec. 1872 to June 1873 he administered the government from the departure of Sir James Fergusson to the arrival of Sir Anthony Musgrave. In the following year, when the University of Adelaide was constituted, he was elected the first Chancellor, and held the office until his death on March 4th, 1876. Trained in Nonconformity (it being asserted that he was a pupil of the late Thomas Binney), Sir Richard was thoroughly in accord with the principles of civil and religions freedom which inspired the founders of South Australia, and only accepted the position of Advocate-General in 1851 on the understanding that he was permitted complete liberty of action in regard to the vexed question of State aid to religion. Voting against his official colleagues, he formed one of the triumphant majority which put an end to the grant in South Australia. In 1852 he passed the District Councils Act, which formed the basis of all subsequent measures of local self-government in the colony. He also carried the first act adopted in the Australian colonies for legalising marriage with a deceased wife's sister, and introduced the measure, since copied in England and the other colonies, abolishing the public execution of criminals. He at first opposed the Torrens Real Property Act, but directly the principle had been affirmed by the South Australian Legislature he exerted his utmost endeavours to effectuate its operation. It should have been premised that Sir Richard took a prominent part in the agitation for securing responsible government for South Australia, and drafted the act under which it was granted in 1856. He was the author of "Law in Nature, and other Papers read before the Adelaide Philosophical Society" (1865), "The Jesus of History" (Williams & Norgate, 1869), "Letters to and from Rome" (Williams & Norgate, 1869), and "The Apostle Paul and the Preaching of Christianity in the Primitive Church" (1875). In all of these works the criticisms of modern rationalism were applied to the miraculous narratives of the Biblical writers.

Harcus, William, J.P., was a native of England, and brought up to the ministry of the Independent Church. He emigrated to South Australia in 1866, and occupied the pulpit of Clayton Church, Norwood, in that colony; but soon left the ministry to join the staff of the South Australian Register. Subsequently he became editor of the Advertiser—a position which he held till his death. He was commissioned by the Government to compile an account of the colony, which was published by Messrs. Sampson Low & Co., under the title "South Australia: its History, Resources and Productions." He died on August 10th, 1886, at the age of fifty-six.

Harding, Hon. George Rogers, Puisne Judge, Queensland, is the only son of the late Rev. George Rogers Harding, LL.B., vicar of St. Anne's, Wandsworth, Surrey, by Elizabeth, daughter of P. Winter, of Bishop's Lydeard, Somerset, and was born on Dec. 3rd, 1838, at Ash Priors, Somerset. He was educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge, but did not graduate. He entered at Lincoln's Inn on June 1st, 1858, and was called to the bar on April 30th, 1861. He married, on May 7th, 1861, Emily, fourth daughter of Thomas Morris, of Stone House, Worcester; and secondly, at Brisbane, on Dec. 23rd, 1889, Miss Isabella S. Grahame. He emigrated to Brisbane in 1866, and was admitted to the Queensland bar the same year. He was appointed a commissioner under the Civil Procedure Reform Act of 1872, and senior Puisne Judge of Queensland in 1879. He was Acting Chief Justice in the absence of Sir Charles Lilley, 1883-4. Judge Harding visited England in 1890. He is author of treatises on the Acts and Orders of the Supreme Court of Queensland, Civil side, ditto Crown side, the Insolvency Act with notes, joint stock companies, and ecclesiastical law. He was one of the delegates of New Zealand to the Federation Conference held in Melbourne in 1890.

Hardman, Edward Townley, F.R.G.S.I., sometime Government Geologist of West Australia, was engaged on her Majesty's Geological Survey in Ireland, and became an Associate of the Royal College of Science in Dublin. He emigrated to West Australia, and was Government Geologist of that colony from 1882 to 1884, when he returned to Ireland, where he died on April 30th, 1887, at the age of forty-two. Mr. Hardman was attached to Kimberley (Western Australia) Survey Expedition in 1884, and furnished a valuable report of the expedition, illustrated with numerous sketches.

Hare, Charles Simeon, was born in America in 1808, and arrived in South Australia in Sept. 1836, with Sir John Morphett, to whom he acted as private secretary, and was subsequently employed by the South Australian Company. He was a vigorous opponent of State aid to religion and transportation, and sat in the Mixed Legislative Council for West Torrens from July 1851 to June 1854, when he resigned. In Jan. 1855 he was appointed a Commissioner for effectuating the wishes of Parliament in relation to the Adelaide and Gawler Railway Bill. In March 1857 he was elected to the first Legislative Assembly for Yatala, but resigned in the following May, on being appointed Superintendent of the Stockade. Mr. Hare became Manager of Railways in succession to Mr. Drake, in July 1860, but was removed from office in May 1865, in consequence of an accident to a train carrying the Governor and Ministry, for which a Commission of Inquiry held him culpable. After an experience of several years as a planter in Fiji, Mr. Hare returned to South Australia and managed a mine near Moonta. In 1875 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the representation of the latter district in the Assembly, his defeat being due to his opposition to the men's demands during the great Moonta strike, in 1874. Mr. Hare met with better success in 1878, and represented the district till 1880, when he resigned and revisited England, returning to South Australia in the following year. He died on July 22nd, 1882.

Hargrave, His Honour the Hon. John Fletcher, M.A., sometime Puisne Judge, New South Wales, was the eldest son of Joshua S. Hargrave, an ironmonger in Greenwich, where he was born on Dec. 28th, 1815. His father was a prominent Wesleyan, and he was educated in the tenets of that denomination. Going to London University when fourteen, he won a first-class certificate of honour for rhetoric in 1831; and was an intimate friend of the late Dr. Woolley, afterwards Principal of Sydney University. In the autumn of 1831 Mr. Hargrave became one of the first students at King's College, London, and in 1833 matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A (Senior Optime) in 1837, and M.A. in 1840. In Sept. 1836 he entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn, and in Jan. 1841 he was called to the bar. In the same year he published a treatise on the Thellusson Act and on "Trusts for Accumulations"; and in 1843 he edited the first volume of the 21st editon of "Blackstone's Commentaries." Mr. Hargrave, who married, on Sept. 20th, 1843, his cousin Ann, daughter of William Hargrave, of Woodhouse, Leeds, practised in London at the equity bar until 1856, when he decided to emigrate to Australia, arriving in Sydney in Feb. 1857. He was shortly afterwards appointed a District Court Judge and Chairman of Quarter Sessions; but resigned this position with a view to entering political life, being appointed Solicitor-General in the Cowper Ministry, in succession to Mr. Dalley, in Feb. 1859. He was immediately returned to the Legislative Assembly for East Camden, and at the general election, a few months later, for Wollongong. He retired with his colleagues in the Cowper Ministry in Oct. 1859, and a few days later was reappointed Solicitor-General in Mr. Forster's Government, but without a seat in the Cabinet, which only, however, held office till March 1860, when, after another interval of a few weeks, Mr. Hargrave again accepted office as Attorney-General in the Robertson Ministry. Having been in the meantime nominated to the Legislative Council, Mr. Hargrave acted as the representative of the Government in the Upper House till Jan 1861, when Mr. Robertson transferred the premiership to Mr. Cowper, under whom Mr. Hargrave continued to act as leader of the Legislative Council and Attorney-General until July 1863, when he resigned the latter post to Mr. (afterwards Sir) J. B. Darvall, his senior in politics and at the bar, and took the inferior post of Solicitor-General—still, however, retaining the leadership of the Upper House. In Oct. 1863 the Cowper Government broke up, and Mr. Hargrave was out of office till Feb. 1865, when he acted as Solicitor-General in Mr. Cowper's fourth administration until October of the same year, when he was appointed to a seat on the Supreme Court bench, in succession to the late Mr. Justice Milford. Mr. Hargrave, during his parliamentary career, piloted several important measures of legislation through the Upper House—notably the State-aid to Religion Abolition Act; and was associated with Mr. (now Sir) John Robertson in the conduct of business in that Chamber during the stormy proceedings in connection with the Land Act of 1861. Judge Hargrave, soon after his elevation to the bench, became Primary Judge in Equity; and in July 1873 was appointed First Judge of the Divorce Court. From 1858 to 1865 he acted as Reader on General Jurisprudence to the University of Sydney. He died on Feb. 23rd, 1885.

Hargraves, Edward Hammond, was born at Gosport, England, on Oct. 7th, 1816, and educated at Brighton Grammar School, and afterwards at Lewes. He emigrated to New South Wales in 1832, and in the next year explored Torres Straits in search of b?che de mer and tortoise-shell. Returning to Sydney in 1834, Mr. Hargraves was engaged in pastoral pursuits till 1849, when he went to California, where he was struck with the similarity of the geological formation of the gold areas to that of Bathurst, N.S.W. On his return to that colony, in 1851, he justified his impressions by discovering gold at Lewis Ponds Creek, near Bathurst, on Feb. 12th of that year. Though Count Strzelecki and the Rev. W. B. Clarke had preceded him in the discovery, and recent evidence tends to show that to others belonged the credit of the actual find in Feb. 1851, Mr. Hargraves was the first to make the existence of gold in quantity known to the world at large, and was thus the recipient of the main honours and rewards offered by the Colonial Governments for the discovery of the precious metal. In 1853 he visited England, and was presented to the Queen as the discoverer of gold in Australia. In the same year the Parliament of New South Wales voted him ?10,000, that of Victoria ?2381 in 1855, and the Parliament of New South Wales a pension of ?250 in 1877. He at one time visited Western Australia, at the request of the Government, to search for the precious metal there, but the experiment did not prove a success. He died on Oct. 30th, 1891. Just about the time of his death other claimants to the honour of having found the first gold sprang up, and the New South Wales Assembly appointed a select committee to inquire into the claims of William and James Toms and J. H. A. Lister as the first discoverers of gold in Australia. The report stated that although E. H. Hargraves was entitled to the credit of having taught the claimants, the Tomses and Lister, the use of the dish and cradle and other proper methods of searching for gold, the committee were satisfied that the Tomses and Lister were undoubtedly the first discoverers of payable gold. These men, after persistent search under great difficulties, unearthed four ounces of the precious metal in April, 1851. This was handed to Hargraves, who thus obtained a reward of ?10,000 from the New South Wales Government, upwards of ?2,300 from the Victorian Government, and a pension of ?250 a year as the first discoverer. Hargraves, it is stated, had abandoned the search for gold when the four ounces was handed to him. Considering the great impulse the discovery gave to the progress of the colony, the claims of the Tomses and Lister were, it was urged, worthy of favourable consideration. Lister died subsequently to the appointment of the committee, but left a written statement of facts.

Harker, Hon. George, a well-known Victorian politician, was born at Pateley Bridge, Nidderdale, Yorkshire, in 1816. After education at local schools, he was at the age of thirteen apprenticed to a chemist at Harrogate. On the termination of his apprenticeship he was for some time dispensing assistant to a surgeon at Leeds, and subsequently carried on business as a chemist at Prescot, near Liverpool, where he was treasurer of the local Anti-Corn Law League. He married early in 1845, and left England for Victoria at the end of that year, arriving in Feb. 1846. He bought property on the Yarra which he farmed until 1850, when he started as a grain and produce merchant in Melbourne. In 1856 Mr. Harker retired from business, and was returned to the Victorian Legislative Assembly for Collingwood. He was Treasurer in the second O'Shanassy Ministry from March 1858 to Oct. 1859, when he resigned with his colleagues. At the general election which took place just previously, he was defeated at Collingwood, but was returned for Maldon. Quickly resigning his seat for the latter constituency, he revisited England, where he remained for two years. On his return he was re-elected for Collingwood, which he represented intermittently during the rest of his public career. Mr. Harker held many important public positions and died on April 5th, 1879.

Harper, Andrew, Professor of Hebrew, Ormond College, Melbourne, Victoria, was educated at the Scotch College, Melbourne, from which he proceeded to the Melbourne University. He graduated B.A. in 1867, and M.A. in 1878. He proceeded to Edinburgh, where he qualified himself as a Presbyterian clergyman. Conscientious scruples preventing him from being ordained, he entered the Presbyterian Ladies' College in Melbourne as a master, and rose to the position of head master. Meantime, devoting himself specially to the study of Oriental languages, he became the recognised authority in the colony of Victoria in that department, and in 1889 was appointed Professor of Hebrew at Ormond College. He is a brother of Mr. Robert Harper, member of the Legislative Assembly of Victoria.

Harper, Right Rev. Henry John Chitty, D.D., formerly Bishop of Christchurch and Primate of New Zealand, is the son of the late Tristram Harper, of Gosport, where he was born in 1807. He was educated at Hyde Abbey School, Winchester, and Queen's College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1826, M.A. in 1840, and was Michel Fellow, being made D.D. in 1856. He was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Rochester in 1831, and priest by the Bishop of Lincoln in 1832. From 1828 to 1836 he was private tutor at Eton, and from 1832 to 1840 was "conduct," or chaplain, of that college. In 1840 he became vicar of Stratfield-Mortimer, Berks, and remained there until 1856, in the August of which year he was consecrated first Bishop of Christchurch, N.Z., by Archbishop Sumner, of Canterbury, and Bishops Wilberforce, of Oxford, and Gilbert, of Gloucester, arriving in New Zealand in December. In 1869, upon the resignation of Bishop Selwyn, Bishop Harper was elected by the General Synod Primate of New Zealand. In 1889 he resigned the bishopric, and Archdeacon Churchill Julius, of Ballarat, was elected to succeed him. Bishop Harper is warden of Christ College, and governor of Canterbury College.

Harpur, Charles, one of the best-known poets of Australia, was born at Windsor, on the Hawkesbury river, in New South Wales, in 1812. He published a small collection of sonnets, and some years afterwards a volume of miscellaneous poems. In 1850 he married Mary, eldest daughter of Mr. E. Doyle, of Jerey's Plains. In 1858 he was appointed Gold Commissioner at Araluen, but the office was abolished in 1866. A year afterwards his son was accidentally shot, and he never recovered the shock, dying on June 10th, 1868.

Harris, Rev. Richard Deodatus Poulett, son of Captain Charles Poulett Harris, of the 60th Rifles, was born at Cape Breton Island on Oct. 26th, 1817. The family traces descent in a direct line from Sir Amias Poulett, of Queen Elizabeth's time. Mr. Harris was educated by his father, and at Manchester Free Grammar School, and afterwards at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated as Twenty-fourth Wrangler in 1843. He was Principal of the Huddersfield College in 1844; took orders in 1846, and was classical master of Blackheath Proprietary School in 1849. In 1856, having received the appointment of Rector of the High School of Hobart Town, Mr. Harris went to Tasmania. During his Rectorship of the High School, which lasted twenty-eight years, he was a most successful head master, and trained a number of the most prominent Tasmanian public men. At the suggestion of Mr. Harris, the Tasmanian Parliament in 1858 passed an Act establishing a system of examinations on the plan of the Oxford and Cambridge local examinations, and founding two annual scholarships for Tasmanian youths of ?200 per annum, tenable at any of the universities of the United Kingdom. The Tasmanian Council of Education and Scholarship Act had a most important effect in raising the standard of education in the colony. Mr. Harris was one of the original members of the Council of Education appointed by the Government in 1859. He remained a member until the absorption of the Council in the new Tasmanian University. He had long been a warm advocate of the establishment of a university in the colony, and on its foundation in 1890 he was unanimously elected first Warden of the Senate. Mr. Harris has a distinguished Masonic record. He has twice been First Principal of the Royal Arch Chapter in Tasmania. In June 1880 he was appointed District Master for Tasmania. In 1890, on the establishment of a Grand Lodge of Tasmania, Mr. Harris was installed first Grand Master, the Grand Masters of other colonies—Lord Carrington, Lord Kintore, Chief Justice Way, and other distinguished Masons—coming to Hobart to take part in his installation. In 1885 Mr. Harris resigned the Rectorship of the High School, and has since resided at Peppermint Bay, Dentrecasteaux Channel.

Hart, Hon. Frederic Hamilton, M.L.C., was born at Madras, on March 26th, 1836, and received his education in the Australian colonies. He first came to Sydney in 1843 with his father, the late William Hamilton Hart, who was superintendent of the Bank of Australasia, and who, as a member of Sir Charles Hotham's Secret Commission in 1854, did immense service in reconstituting the disordered finances of Victoria. The father and son revisited England in 1849, returning to Australia in 1853, when they took up their residence in Melbourne, and the former established the firm of Bright Brothers & Co., the son acting as junior clerk. In 1862 he was sent to open a branch of the firm in Queensland, arriving in Brisbane in September of that year. In 1881 the designation of the firm of which Mr. Hart is still the resident managing partner in Queensland was altered to Gibbs, Bright & Co. He was appointed a member of the Marine Board or Queensland in 1869, and subsequently vice-chairman. In 1872 he took an active part in the formation of the Queensland National Bank, and was elected director at the first meeting of shareholders and became first chairman of the Board, a position he has held continuously ever since. In July 1872 he was summoned to the Legislative Council.

Hart, Hon. John, C.M.G., sometime Premier of South Australia, was born in 1809, and went to sea, ultimately becoming a captain in the merchant service. In 1835, the year before South Australia was founded, he established a whaling station at Encounter Bay, and subsequently traded between South Australia, Van Diemen's Land, and England. In 1846 he abandoned the sea, and settled at Port Adelaide, where he started flour mills. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly, in 1857, for Port Adelaide, and sat for that constituency till 1859, and again, from 1862 to 1866, when he resigned. He was member for Light from 1868 to 1870, and for the Burra from that year until his death in 1873. He was Treasurer in Mr. Baker's Ministry from August to Sept. 1857, and In the Hanson Government from September of that year to June 1858. He was Chief Secretary in the Dutton Ministry for a few days in July 1863, and Treasurer in the first and second Ayers and first Blyth Ministries from that date till March 1865. Mr. Hart was three times Premier of the colony—viz., from Oct. 1865 to March 1866, from Sept. to Oct. 1868, and from May 1870 to Nov. 1871; on the two first occasions with the office of Chief Secretary, and on the last with that of Treasurer. Mr. Hart, who was created C.M.G., fell down dead whilst attempting to address a meeting of the Marine Insurance Company in Adelaide on Jan. 28th, 1873.

Hartley, John Anderson, B.A., B.Sc., Inspector-General of Schools, South Australia, son of the Rev. John Hartley, Governor of the Wesleyan College, Handsworth, Birmingham, was educated at Woodhouse Grove School, near Leeds, and University College, London. He graduated as B.A. of London 1868, B.Sc. 1870, and in 1871 was appointed Head Master of Prince Alfred College, Adelaide. While holding this position he became a member of the Central Board of Education, and was for a time its chairman. On the passing of the Education Act in 1875, he was offered the position of President of the Council of Education, and his time was then devoted entirely to the Government business. On the dissolution of the Council at the end of 1878, he was appointed Inspector-General of Schools, and in this capacity he has effected many reforms in the local system of public education. He is the author of a number of textbooks specially prepared for the schools under his management, and edits the Education Gazette for the colony and a juvenile paper, The Children's Hour. Mr. Hartley has been a member of the Council of the University of Adelaide since its establishment in 1874.

Hartnoll, Hon. William, M.H.A., Minister of Lands and Works, Tasmania, is an auctioneer in Launceston, and was elected to the House of Assembly for South Launceston in Nov. 1884, and still retains the seat. When the Dobson Ministry was formed in August 1892, Mr. Hartnoll accepted the portfolio of Minister of Lands and Works. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Harvest, Major-General Edward Douglas, sometime Commandant of Western Australia, was born on Nov. 20th, 1824. He received his first commission in the army on April 17th, 1842, and became lieut.-colonel 97th Foot, retiring from the army with the honorary rank of major-general on August 24th, 1881. He was appointed resident at Cerigo in 1870, and commandant of the local forces in Western Australia in Jan. 1872. In the latter capacity he was Acting Governor during the interval between the departure of Sir W. C. F. Robinson and the arrival of Sir Harry St. George Ord—viz., from August to Nov. 1877.

Haselden, Charles John Allen, J.P., Under-Secretary for the Department of Justice, New Zealand, is the son of Charles Haselden and Maria his wife, and was born in London on April 14th, 1838. He emigrated to Auckland, N.Z., in 1860, was appointed clerk in the Militia and Volunteer Office, Auckland, N.Z., in July 1863, and in Feb. 1865 was removed to the Department of Justice, Wellington. He became Chief Clerk in July 1873, and in March 1882 Acting Under-Secretary, an appointment confirmed in May 1886. Mr. Haselden holds also the appointment of Registrar of Patents, Designs, and Trade Marks. He was married at Folkestone, Kent, England, on July 12th, 1860, to Miss Belinda A. A. Tiffen.

Hastings, Rev. Frederick, Congregational minister, North Adelaide, S.A., is the son of George and Sarah Hastings, and was born in England. Having entered the ministry of the Congregational Church, he officiated successively at Woodbridge St. John, Weston-super-Mare, and Tolmer Square, Euston, London. Mr. Hastings, who married Miss Emily Brightman, arrived in South Australia in May 1889, to assume the pastorate of North Adelaide. He was for eight years editor of the Homiletic Magazine, and is author of "Sundays about the World," "Obscure Characters of Scripture," "Background of Sacred Story," "Back Streets and London Slums," "This Life," "Future Life," etc. Mr, Hastings has been a frequent contributor to the Leisure Hour, Quiver, and Sunday Magazine.

Haultain, Hon. Colonel Theodore Minet, M.L.C., New Zealand, who is of Dutch extraction, was born in May 1817, at Stony Stratford, England, and after a coarse at Sandhurst entered the army in 1834. He served ten years in India, being at Ferozepore and Maharajpore in 1842-3. In 1849, while Staff-officer of Pensioners, he went out to New Zealand in charge of the 8th division of the New Zealand Fencibles. In 1856 he retired from the army, settling at Mangare, and in 1859 he was elected to the House of Representatives. In the following year he was employed by the Government to organise the Auckland Militia, and was appointed lieut.-colonel of the 1st battalion. In 1863 he was given command of the 2nd Waikato Regiment in the Waikato war, and was present at the taking of Orakau. For his services he was promoted to be colonel, and made colonel-commandant of the four Waikato regiments. In 1865 he resigned his post, having been elected to the House to represent Franklin. When the Weld Ministry was defeated, Mr. Stafford formed a cabinet, and Colonel Haultain acted as a member of the Executive Council from Oct. 16th, 1865, to June 28th, 1869, and Minister for Colonial Defence from Oct 31st, 1865, to June 28th, 1869. During his period of office occurred the Hauhau wars, and the affairs of Te Kooti and Titokowaru, and he personally conducted the Whakamarama campaign. In 1869 Colonel Haultain retired from public life, but in 1871 he drew up a report on the working of the Native Lands Act, and in 1872 was entrusted with the payment of imperial pensions, and was made Trust Commissioner under the Native Lands Fraud Prevention Act. He was subsequently sheriff, and is a trustee and governor of St. John's College, Auckland, and a governor of Auckland College. In June 1885 he was the colony's representative in Sydney to welcome back the New South Wales Soudan contingent.

Hawker, Hon. George Charles, M.P., M.A., second son of a distinguished naval officer, the late Admiral Hawker, was born in London on Feb. 21st, 1818. Having been educated on the Continent and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1840 and MA. in 1854, he emigrated to South Australia in Sept. of the former year, and embarked in pastoral pursuits. He entered the Assembly for the district of Victoria in 1858, and sat till the dissolution in 1865, when he retired with the view of returning to England, where he remained, with the exception of a short visit which he paid to the colony in 1868, until 1874. When Parliament met in April 1860, Mr. Hawker was elected Speaker of the Assembly in opposition to Mr. Finnis, the Treasurer, and the late Mr. Francis Dutton. He was unanimously re-elected to the Chair of the House on the meeting of the next Parliament, in Feb. 1863, and held the office till the dissolution in 1865, when he left for England. On his return he was re-elected to the Assembly for Victoria, and sat uninterruptedly from 1875 to 1882. During this period he was Treasurer in the Blyth Ministry from 25th May to 3rd June, 1875; Chief Secretary under Mr. Boucaut from March to June of the following year, and Commissioner of Public Works under the same gentleman, and under the two succeeding Morgan Ministries, from Oct. 1877 to June 1881. For some years past Mr. Hawker has represented North Adelaide in the Assembly, and in 1882 he received Her Majesty's permission to bear the title of "Honourable" within the Colony of South Australia. He was married at Adelaide on Dec. 16th, 1845, to Miss Bessie Seymour.

Hay, Hon. Alexander, M.L.C., was member for Gumeracha in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia from 1857 to 1861 and from 1867 to 1870, and for East Torrens in 1870-71. Whilst sitting in the Lower House, he was Commissioner of Public Works in Mr. Reynolds' two Governments from May 1860 to Oct. 1861. He has since 1883 held a seat in the Legislative Council, and was a member of the South Australian Commission for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886. Mr. Hay was Treasurer of the Executive Council of the University Association, which organised the establishment of the Adelaide University, in 1872.

Hay, Ebenezer Storry, was born at Kilsyth, Scotland, and practised as a solicitor in Dunedin, N.Z. He was a well-known contributor of verses to the Otago papers, and is the author of a pamphlet entitled "Some Characteristics of Wordsworth's Poetry and their Lessons for us: an Essay and some Poems by Fleta" (Dunedin, N.Z., 1881). He died at Dunedin by his own hand, at the age of thirty-seven, on April 20th, 1887.

Hay, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., late President of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, was the son of the late John Hay, of Little Ythsie, Aberdeenshire, and was born in June 1816. He was educated at King's College, Aberdeen, where he had a brilliant career and took his degree in 1834. After studying for the legal profession in Edinburgh, he decided to emigrate to Australia, arriving in Sydney in 1828, when he settled as a squatter at Walaregang, on the Upper Murray. He was engaged in pastoral pursuits in this locality until 1867, but in the meantime found leisure to devote considerable attention to politics, being returned unopposed to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales under responsible government, for the Murrumbidgee district, in 1856. In September of that year he moved the vote of want of confidence in the Cowper Ministry which compelled their retirement from office, and was sent for by the Governor to form an alternative Administration. This, however, he declined to do, and recommended that recourse should be had to Mr. (afterwards Sir) H. Watson Parker, who succeeded in forming a Cabinet, in which Mr. Hay accepted the post of Minister of Lands and Works. In Sept. 1857 Mr. (afterwards Sir Charles) Cowper had his revenge, the Parker Ministry being thrown out on an amendment which he moved to the second reading of their Electoral Bill. Mr. Hay represented the Murrumbidgee in the Assembly till April 1859. He sat for the Murray till Nov. 1864, when he was elected for Central Cumberland, which he represented till he left the Assembly. In Parliament he strongly opposed the Selection before Survey clause of the Land Act of 1861; and a hostile amendment, which he carried in the Assembly in Oct. 1860, was the cause of an appeal to the constituencies, which resulted in a large majority being obtained for Mr. Robertson's proposals. Later on he supported the Fencing Bill, as likely "to take the sting out of Free Selection." From Oct. 1862 to Oct. 1865, Mr. Hay held the position of Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, when, finding the duties too onerous, he resigned. In June 1867 he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and on the death of Sir Terence Aubrey Murray, in July 1873, was appointed President, a position he held till his death. He was created K.C.M.G. in 1877, and was Chairman of the Mercantile Bank of Sydney. He died in 1891. Sir John married in Feb. 1838 Mary, daughter of James Chalmers and Mary his wife.

Hayter, Henry Heylyn, C.M.G., son of the late Henry Hayter of Eden Vale, Wilts, and nephew of the late Sir William Goodenough Hayter, Bart., was born in 1821, at Eden Vale, Wilts, and received his education in Paris, and afterwards at the Charterhouse, where he was contemporary with Sir George F. Bowen and the late Sir Charles Du Cane. He emigrated to Victoria in 1852, and in 1857 joined the department of the Registrar-General, where he was for many years at the head of the statistical branch. In 1870 he was appointed Secretary to a Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the working of the Public Service of Victoria, which sat for upwards of three years, and brought up an exhaustive report, on the recommendations of which the present Public Service Act has been based, and in which the commissioners expressed their high sense of the value of Mr. Hayter's services. Meantime he directed the arrangements for the census of 1871. In the following year he was granted a short leave of absence, which he spent in New Zealand; and while there, at the request of the Government of that colony, he investigated the Registrar-General's department, and made suggestions for the better taking of the census, all of which were adopted. In May 1874 the statistical branch over which Mr. Hayter had so long presided was constituted a separate department, and he was placed at its head with the title of Government Statist, and he soon afterwards originated the Victorian Year-Book, a work which has made his name a household word far beyond the confines of the colony. In 1875 Mr. Hayter was deputed to represent Victoria at a conference of the Australasian colonies, held in Tasmania, for the purpose of establishing a uniform system of official statistics; the result being that the Victorian plans and methods were in almost every case adopted. In 1879 he visited the United Kingdom as Secretary to the famous "embassy," of which Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry and Professor (now Dr.) Pearson were members, and whilst in London was twice examined before a committee of the House of Commons appointed to inquire into and make suggestions for reorganising the system of collecting and compiling the statistics of the United Kingdom. This committee in its report spoke of Mr. Hayter as having brought the statistical system of Victoria "to an unusually perfect condition." On his return to Victoria he made arrangements for taking the census of 1881, which, as well as the compilation of the returns, he afterwards carried out successfully. In 1890 he contemplated retiring from office; but, at the special request of his Government, he consented to remain, first to represent Victoria at an intercolonial statistical conference held in Tasmania, of which he was elected president, and secondly to conduct the operations of the Victorian census of 1891, which was successfully taken under his management. He was awarded a silver medal at the Melbourne Exhibition of 1875, a silver and a bronze medal at that of 1880, a gold and a bronze medal at that of 1888-9, a gold medal at the Amsterdam Exhibition of 1881, a silver medal at the Calcutta Exhibition of 1884, a bronze medal at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1887, a first-class award at the Adelaide Exhibition of 1887, and a grand prix (diploma and medal) at the Paris Exhibition of 1889, for his statistical publications. Besides the Victorian Year-Book, Mr. Hayter is the author of "Notes of a Tour in New Zealand"; "Notes on the Colony of Victoria—Historical, Meteorological, Geographical, and Statistical," a portion of which has been reprinted for use in the Victorian State Schools; a "Handbook to the Colony of Victoria," 40,000 copies of which have been distributed in England and elsewhere; a "Nosological Index," now used in the Statistical departments of all the Australian colonies, a volume of poems, and numerous statistical reports. In 1877 he edited "Pr?cis of Information on the Colony of Victoria and its Capabilities for Defence," for use in the Imperial War Office. Mr. Hayter is an honorary member of numerous scientific societies in Europe and the colonies, to which he has frequently contributed papers. He was created a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George on May 24th, 1882, an officer of the French Order of Public Instruction on July 14th, 1882, and a Chevalier of the Order of the Crown of Italy on July 17th, 1884. Mr. Hayter married, in 1855, Susan, daughter of the late William Dodd, of Porchester Terrace, London.

Heales, Hon. Richard, M.L.A., sometime Premier of Victoria, was the son of an ironmonger, and was apprenticed to a coachmaker. He was born in London, and, having married, emigrated to Victoria with his father in 1842. At first he worked as a journeyman coachbuilder, but soon became proprietor of the establishment in which he had been employed. In 1849 he was elected to the Melbourne City Council for Gipps Ward, and then paid a visit to England, which lasted from 1852 to 1855, during which he made himself prominent as an advocate of the Temperance cause. Responsible government having been conceded, he was elected to the Assembly for East Bourke in 1857, and became the leader of the advanced liberal party. In Nov. 1860 the Nicholson Ministry were defeated by a somewhat incongruous majority, which subsequently put forward Mr. Heales for the premiership, which he assumed in conjunction with the office of Chief Secretary. His Cabinet included such strong names as those of Ireland, Verdon, J. M. Grant, and others; and Mr. Heales sketched out a democratic programme which included payment or members, reform of the Upper House, and protection to native industries, all of which were subsequently achieved after a long and arduous struggle. Finding himself in a minority, Mr. Heales obtained a dissolution in July 1861; but his fiscal policy being distrusted, he had to make way for Mr. (afterwards Sir) John O'Shanassy in the following November. As a private member, Mr. Heales was able to achieve a great triumph in the passing of a measure which he introduced for the maintenance and establishment of common schools, and which virtually laid the foundation of the present advanced state school system of Victoria. This bill, which dissolved the Denominational School Board, and vested in a new "Board of Education" the property held by the National School Board, and rendered religions teaching optional and separate from the secular instruction imparted, received the royal assent in June 1862. In June of the next year Mr. Heales joined the first McCulloch Government—the most powerful ever formed in the colony—as Minister of Lands, subordinating his personal claims to leadership in order to assist in the imposition of a moderate protective tariff. He died, however, just before the general election which strengthened their hands to propose it, and to enter on the bitter struggle with the Upper House in which it eventuated. His premature death took place on June 19th, 1864.

Heaphy, Major Charles, V.C., the only colonist on whom the Victoria Cross was conferred for gallantry during the Maori war troubles in New Zealand, was the son of Thomas Heaphy, water-colour painter, who founded the Old Watercolour Society and the Society of British Artists, and as a young man studied at the Royal Academy, where, before he was seventeen, he gained both a bronze and silver medal. Having accepted a position as draughtsman to the New Zealand Company, he left England for that colony in the ship Tory in May 1839. During the first ten or twelve years after his arrival, he employed his spare time in studying, surveying, and exploring the country, eventually settling in Auckland, where he married a daughter of the Rev. J. F. Churton, colonial chaplain. In 1852 he was located at the Coromandel goldfields, and in 1855 was appointed district surveyor at Mahurangi. At the commencement of the volunteer movement in 1859, he joined the Auckland City Company, and rose to be lieutenant, being afterwards elected captain of No. 3 (Parnell) company Auckland Rifle Volunteers. When the first volunteers were marched from Auckland to the front, in July 1863, Lieutenant Heaphy was with the detachment which erected St. John's Redoubt at Papatoitoi, and in Nov. he was attached to the flying column as guide. Captain Heaphy was with Colonel Sir H. Havelock, V.C., on Feb. 11th, 1864, reconnoitring the country near Waiari, in the Waikato, when a party of the 40th regiment, who were bathing, were fired upon. A number of soldiers from the adjoining camp appeared on the scene as quickly as possible, but in some disorder, and Colonel Havelock placed Captain Heaphy in charge of the detachment. A soldier was seen lying near the edge of the creek, wounded and bleeding to death, an artery having been severed. Captain Heaphy, having some knowledge of surgery, volunteered to go to his assistance, and having reached him, was engaged in taking up the artery when he was fired at by a body of natives, who were concealed in the farm close by. He was struck and slightly wounded in three places, but nevertheless succeeded in completing his work of humanity and, with the assistance of some soldiers, carrying off the man. For this brave action he received the New Zealand medal and the rank of major in the New Zealand Militia, and was recommended for the Victoria Cross. The warrant at that time did not, however, permit of its being awarded to any but regulars, and it was not until after considerable delay and special legislation in the Imperial Parliament that it was awarded to him in 1867. On the termination of the war in the Waikato, he held office as Chief Surveyor of Auckland. From 1869 to 1872 he represented Parnell in the House of Representatives, and in the latter year was appointed Commissioner of Native Reserves and a trustee under the Native Lands Frauds Prevention Act. In 1877 he was further appointed Commissioner of Annuities, and shortly after received a judgeship in the Native Lands Court. At the end of 1880, finding his health failing, he applied for his pension, which was granted in 1881; and in very feeble health he left Wellington for Brisbane, Queensland, to try the effect of a warmer climate. He gradually sank, however, and died in Brisbane on August 3rd, 1881. He was the author of "Narrative of a Residence in Various Parts of New Zealand" (1842).

Hearn, Hon. William Edward, M.L.C., LL.D., the son of Rev. W. E. Hearn, vicar of Killargue, and afterwards of Kildrumferton, co. Cavan, Ireland, was born at Belturbet, co. Cavan, on April 21st, 1826, and educated at the Royal School of Enniskillen, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he studied law In 1849, on the opening of the Queen's Colleges, he was appointed Professor of Greek in the Queen's College, Galway, and afterwards held the office of Examiner to the Queen's University of Ireland. On the opening of the University of Melbourne in 1854, Dr. Hearn was selected by a committee—of which the late Sir John Herschel was chairman—as Professor of Modern History, Modern Literature, Logic, and Political Economy. Later on he became Professor of Modern History and Political Economy alone—a post which he resigned on being appointed Dean of the Faculty of Law. In this capacity he lectured on Jurisprudence, Roman, Constitutional, and International Law. His personal influence on the university students of his time has left a deep impress on the scholarship and culture of Victoria in the present generation. He was an indefatigable literary worker, and besides holding for some time the position of editor of the Australasian, he found time to write four important books. Had he confined his attention to one subject, he might very probably have attained the first rank in eminence; as it was his active mind travelled in too many grooves. His first work was entitled "Plutology; or, The Theory of the Efforts to Satisfy Human Wants." This was for a long time recognised as a standard work in political economy, and though the advance of the science has tended to render the book obsolete, it will always have its importance in connection with the history of the science. His next book was "The Government of England: its Structure and Development" (1867). This is still regarded as a unique book, being the best story of the growth of our unwritten Constitution. In 1878 he published his "Aryan Household: its Structure and its Development." This is an introduction to the study of comparative jurisprudence, and analyses the ethical conceptions of our primitive ancestors. Lastly, in 1884 he published his "Theory of Legal Duties and Rights," a work which was suggested by the final task to which he devoted himself. This was the consolidation of the Victorian statutes, a most laborious compilation, in the midst of which death overtook him on April 23rd, 1888. In 1878 he had been returned as representative of the Central Province in the Legislative Council. For some years he was the recognised leader of the Council, and took a prominent part in politics as a Constitutionalist and Free Trader. Dr. Hearn, whose family was of Northumbrian origin, married first, in 1847, Rose, daughter of Rev. W. J. H. Lefanu, rector of St. Paul's, Dublin (who died in 1877), and secondly, in 1878, Isabel, daughter of Major W. G. St. Clair.

Heath, Alfred, J. P., Commissioner of Audit, South Australia, entered the Civil Service of that colony as third clerk in the Treasury in May 1852, became cashier in Sept. 1862, Secretary to the Minister of Education in July 1879, and Commissioner of Audit and Auditor under the Road Act in August 1883.

Heath, Commander George Poynter, R.N., was born at Hanworth, Norfolk, on June 19th, 1830, being the younger son of the Rev. Charles Heath, vicar of Hanworth, rector of Gunton, Suffield, and rural dean, and grandson of Dr. George Heath, head master of Eton College. He married, on Feb. 23rd, 1860, at Trinity Church, Bayswater, Elizabeth Jane, the eldest daughter of Capt. J. Long Innes, of H.M.'s 39th Regiment. Entered H.M. navy as a cadet, in July 1845, on board H.M.S. Cyclops, employed on the home station with the Channel Squadron, and on the south-east coast of America. Arriving in Sydney in June 1847, in H.M.S. Rattlesnake, he was employed upon the survey of the inner route to Torres Straits and the south coast of New Guinea, under the late Capt. Owen Stanley. Returned again to the Australian station in H.M.S. Fantome he served in H.M.S. Calliope, under Sir Everard Home, on the coast of Australia, and New Zealand and in the Western Pacific. On his return to England he was employed by the Hydrographic Office in preparing charts of the Pacific Ocean. Suffering from an affection of the throat, he had to retire from active service afloat, and on the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, was appointed, in Jan. 1860, Marine Surveyor and a member of the Pilot Board of the new colony. In 1862 he was made Portmaster of Queensland and a member of the Marine Board, and in 1869 Chairman of the Marine Board. He was also for many years a member of the Immigration Board, and latterly a member of the Defence Committee of the colony. Capt. Heath took an active interest in Church matters, and was for many years a member of the Diocesan Council and Chairman of Committees of Synod. These offices, together with those of Portmaster of the colony, Chairman of the Marine Board, and member of the Defence Committee, he resigned in Jane 1890, when he accepted a pension under the Civil Service Act, his health necessitating rest and change. On commencing his duties in 1860, shortly after the separation of the colony, there was one lighthouse and one lightship in existence, those being in Moreton Bay. On giving up charge in 1890, the coast was lighted by thirty-five lighthouses, six lightships, and some one hundred and sixty smaller lights; eighteen ports were open with a thousand miles of buoyed and beaconed channels, including the intricate navigation of the passage through the coral waters of the inner route. On his leaving Queensland, he received a presentation of plate as an evidence of the esteem and regard of the officers and men of the department over which he had presided, and also the thanks of the Government for his long and valuable services and for the admirable manner in which the pilot and lighthouse services of the colony had been organised and controlled by him.

Heaton, John Henniker, M.P., was born at Rochester, Kent, on May 18th, 1848, and educated at Kent House Grammar School and at King's College, London. At sixteen years of age he emigrated to Australia, where he engaged in pastoral pursuits, acquiring " colonial experience," and afterwards became connected with the press. He returned to England in 1884. He was one of the Commissioners for New South Wales to the Amsterdam Exhibition in that year, and in 1885 represented Tasmania at the Berlin International Telegraphic Conference, where he was largely instrumental in securing a reduction in the cable charges between England and Australia. He also interested himself in obtaining a modicum of representative government for the colony of Mauritius, which he had visited en route from Australia to England. At the general election in Nov. 1885 Mr. Heaton was returned to the House of Commons for the city of Canterbury in the Conservative interest, and in the following year was re-elected unopposed. During his Parliamentary career he has made himself prominent by his persistent attempts to reduce the cost of postal and cable communication between England and the colonies, India, and America. Mainly as the result of his exertions and the powerful assistance afforded to him by the publicity given to his contentions in the Times newspaper, the reduction of the Anglo-Colonial postage to twopence-halfpenny was brought into effect in Jan. 1891. Mr. Heaton is now intent upon the inauguration of an universal penny postal rate of intercommunication between all parts of the empire and America. Recently, in conjunction with an Australian and an English capitalist, he offered to guarantee the Imperial Government against the annual loss (estimated by Mr. Goschen at ?75,000) which such an extension of the penny post might presumably occasion. The offer was, however, declined by the Chancellor of the Exchequer, but the change is now brought within measurable distance of achievement, mainly owing to Mr. Heaton's indefatigable efforts. Mr. Heaton is the author of a valuable work of reference entitled "The Australian Dictionary of Biography and Men of the Time," published in 1880. Though now somewhat out of date, it must largely form the basis of all subsequent works of a similar kind. Mr. Heaton has also written one or two other brochures of a minor character. In 1873 he married Rose, only daughter of S. Bennett, of Mundarrah Towers, N.S.W.

Hector, Sir James, K.C.M.G., M.D., F.R.S., F.R.G.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., etc., son of the late Alexander Hector, Writer to the Signet, of Edinburgh, was born in Edinburgh March 16th, 1834, and educated at Edinburgh Academy and at the University, which he entered in 1852, taking the degree of M.D. in 1856. While here he served as assistant under Professor Edward Forbes and other eminent men of science. For a short time after taking his degree, Dr. Hector acted as assistant also to Sir James Simpson; but in March 1857 he was selected by Sir Roderick Murchison, Director-General of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, to accompany the Palliser expedition to the Rocky Mountains, as surgeon and geologist. The work consumed four years, during which time the members endured many hardships and privations. Much of the region explored had been practically an unknown land previously, and the results of his expedition were embodied by Dr. Hector afterwards in a Blue Book. A leading event was the discovery by Dr. Hector of the pass by which the Canadian-Pacific Railway crosses the Rocky Mountains. Before his return he examined and reported upon the coal mines of Vancouver Island, and investigated the goldfields of British Columbia, California, and Northern Mexico. For his geographical discoveries the leader of the expedition was awarded the gold medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1861. In that year Sir Roderick Murchison offered him the post of geologist to the Provincial Government of Otago, N.Z., which he accepted. On arriving in New Zealand he explored the mountainous lake regions of western and southern Otago, as also the sounds upon the coast. In 1864 he was appointed commissioner to make a tour of the colony and report upon its resources, with a view to an exhibition at Dunedin. In 1865 this exhibition was held, and in it Dr. Hector was one of the leading spirits. In this year, too, he was appointed director of the Geological Survey of the colony—a position he has held ever since, to the great advantage of the colony. In 1875 he visited England, and in the following year was Executive Commissioner for New Zealand at the International Exhibition at Philadelphia. He was also Executive Commissioner at the Exhibitions at Sydney in 1879, and Melbourne 1880 and 1888. For the Sydney Exhibition Dr. Hector prepared an official handbook of New Zealand, which is still the most convenient authority upon that colony. In 1860 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, of the Geological Society, and of the Royal Geographical Society. In 1866 he was elected Fellow of the Royal Society (London), Fellow of the Linn?an Society, of the Zoological Society, and of the Statistical and Mineralogical Society. He is also a corresponding member of numerous learned societies on the Continent and in America. He received the Lyell medal of the Geological Society in 1876 and the Royal Founders' medal from the Royal Geographical Society in 1891. In 1874 he received the Order of the Golden Cross from the Emperor of Germany. Sir James Hector is Director of the Colonial Museum, Laboratory, Observatory, and the Botanic Gardens. He was chief founder, and is now Director, of the New Zealand Institute, and is Chancellor of the University of New Zealand. He was created C.M.G. in 1875, and K.C.M.G. in 1887. Sir James Hector married, in 1868, the eldest daughter of the late Sir David Monro, M.D.

Heke, Hoani, was a New Zealand chief of high rank, intelligent and turbulent. He was married to a daughter of the famous Hongi, the devastator of the North Island after he had procured muskets and gunpowder in England during his visit in 1820. Alarmed by certain Government measures, Heke listened to the tales of mischief-making foreigners, who told him that the Pakehas would take the country by force and reduce the Maoris to the condition of serfs. They pointed to the British flag flying at Kororareka (Russell) as at once the symbol of English supremacy and Maori subjection. Heke's pride was wounded, while his apprehensions were aroused. He said he would test the matter by cutting down the flagstaff. "It had," he said, "neither bones nor blood, and could feel no pain." He summoned his followers, and in broad day carried his threat into execution, on Monday, July 8th, 1844. In consequence of this daring act about two hundred troops were sent from Sydney to the Bay of Islands, under the command of Colonel Hulme, to punish Heke for his outrage. Several chiefs, among whom was the ever-loyal Tamati Waka Nene, persuaded the Governor to restrain hostilities, and promised to pay for the flagstaff and become sureties for Heke's good behaviour for the future. The Governor accepted Heke's apology, but the latter felled the flagstaff a second and a third time. Again it was put up, and not only sheathed with iron, six feet high, but a block-house erected, and a guard of twenty soldiers placed in charge. Heke was now joined by Kawiti, an old warrior chief. They headed a force of eight hundred men, and encamped within a mile of the town of Kororareka, which had a population of four hundred souls. Several skirmishes took place between them and the "bluejackets" of H.M.S. Hazard, in one of which Lieutenant Philpotts (son of the late Bishop of Exeter) was taken prisoner. They took his pistols, danced round him, and then, returning him one of the pistols, let him go, bidding him to take more care of himself. Three months later Philpotts led the forlorn hope in the fatal attack on Ohaeawae Pa, and was killed. On March 10th a combined attack was made on the settlement, and after a sharp conflict the Maoris gained the day. But they showed great forbearance in the hour of victory. They not only allowed the inhabitants to withdraw to the Hazard in safety, but to carry with them all they could of their movables, and even helped them to do so. They of course appropriated all that was left, and sacked the town, burning all the houses, leaving only the two churches and parsonages standing. Thus was inaugurated a struggle between the Pakeha and Maoris, which, after uncertain intervals of peace, broke out from time to time, till it eventuated in the Maori war, which exceeded in duration the ten years' Trojan war, and cost the empire many millions sterling, besides a large expenditure of "British blood and treasure." On the whole, however, it must be admitted that, although war, in any shape, is a chapter of horrors, the British forces never met a more brave or chivalrous foe than the Maori. Hoani Heke was essentially a fighting chief. His success at the Bay of Islands whetted his appetite for further conquest, and he planned an expedition against the town of Auckland, which must have proved disastrous to the colonists but for the interference of the great Ngapuhi chief, Te Tirarau, an account of which will be found under the latter name. In the north Tamati Waka was marshalling his forces to keep Heke in check. In the engagements between them, the latter was wounded in the thigh, and his colleague, Kawiti, on one occasion, escaped only by feigning death. Hoani Heke never altogether recovered from the effects of his wound, but long before his death permanent peace had been established with the Ngapuhi tribe, the fighting being after wards further south. Heke was amongst the Maoris pardoned by proclamation, but held aloof from the Hintes for a considerable time. In July 1849 he wrote a letter to the Queen, dwelling on the necessity of adhering to the mutual relations established between George III. and Hongi, and deprecating the pouring out of innocent Maori blood by the quarrelsome foreigners. He died of consumption on August 6th, 1850, at the age of forty-two, a professing Christian.

Helmich, A., sometime Postmaster-General of Western Australia, was clerk to the Auditor-General of that colony from 1843 to 1847, when he was appointed Postmaster-General and General Superintendent of Telegraphs. He retired on a pension in July 1887.

Hemmant, William, formerly a colonist in Queensland, where he sat in the Legislative Assembly, was Colonial Treasurer in the Macalister Government from Jan. 1874 to June 1876. He now resides in London, where he is one of the directors of the Australian Joint Stock Bank. For several months in 1884 he was acting Agent-General for Queensland during the interval between the retirement of Mr. Archer and the arrival of his successor, Mr. (now Sir) James Garrick in June of that year. He was one of the Commissioners for Queensland at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886.

Henderson, Rev. Anketell Matthew, was born at Anketell Grove, Monaghan, Ireland, in 1820. He was a Wesleyan minister in Ireland from 1841 to 1852, when "he embraced Congregationalism, and was Congregational minister in Cork from 1852 to 1856 and in London from the latter year till 1865. He went to Melbourne in 1865, having been appointed President of the Congregational College, and in 1866 became pastor of the Collins Street Church, in succession to the Rev. A. Morrison. Stimulated by his exertions, a new church was built, which cost ?23,000, and was opened in 1868. He died on June 23rd, 1876, at Toronto, in Canada, whither he had gone for rest and change of scene.

Henry, Hon. John, M.H.A., Treasurer of Tasmania, was for a number of years Warden of the Mersey Marine Board. He was returned to the House of Assembly for Devonport in May 1891. In August 1892 he accepted office as Treasurer in the Dobson Ministry. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Hensman, His Honour Alfred Peach, B.A., Puisne Judge, Western Australia, is the second son of John Hensman, solicitor, Northampton. He was educated at London University, and became B.A. in 1853, and a member of Convocation. He entered at the Middle Temple on May 29th, 1852; and was called to the bar on Jan. 26th, 1858. He was a revising barrister and author of a "Handbook of the Constitution." In 1883 he was appointed Attorney-General of Western Australia with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils. He resigned in 1886 owing to a dispute with the Governor, Sir F. Napier Broome, but still resided in Western Australia, and in 1892 was appointed third judge of the Supreme Court.

Henty, Edward, the pioneer settler of Victoria, was the third son of Thomas Henty, of West Tarring, Sussex, England, banker and farmer, and Frances Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Joseph Hopkins, and was born at West Tarring on March 10th, 1809. His father, at the commencement of the present century, was one of the half-dozen breeders of merino sheep in England, having secured his blood at the sale of the flock presented to George III. by the King of Spain. The foundation of the Swan River settlement in Western Australia in 1829 turned the attention of Mr. Thomas Henty to the subject of colonisation, and he determined to send his sons James, John, and Stephen George to explore the country, with the idea of following himself, with the rest of his family, the Government having promised him a grant of 80,000 acres. He accordingly chartered a vessel, the Caroline, and put on board labourers and their families, twelve months' supply of provisions, and valuable stock and appliances for establishing an agricultural and pastoral settlement. The party sailed in May 1829, and duly arrived at Perth, where Mr. James Henty purchased land for the purpose of locating the families, stock, etc., in his charge, until he could obtain suitable grants from the Government. Mr. Henty, sen., was about to follow, with the rest of his family, when, in 1830, he received advices from James that he and his brothers saw no prospect of doing good in West Australia, and had determined to proceed to Launceston, in Tasmania. This information entirely altered the plans of the father, who accordingly, with his wife and sons, Edward and Francis, followed them to Van Diemen's Land in the Forth of Alloway, a vessel carrying emigrants, valuable stock, etc. They arrived in April 1831, and settled down. A twelvemonth, however, sufficed to disillusionise Mr. Edward Henty with his prospects in the island, and he determined to cross Bass' Straits, and seek suitable land on the southern shores of the continent of Australia. He left Launceston in the barque Carnarron in 1832, and landed at Memory Cove, in Spencer's Gulf, and afterwards at Port Lincoln, in South Australia, places discovered by Flinders. He remained there looking for a location, until he was called for, as arranged, by the brigantine Thistle, on her way from Swan River to Tasmania. On the passage back he anchored in Portland Bay, in what is now Victoria, which place so took his fancy that he returned in the Elizabeth from Launceston, and a more extended examination of the country determined him to form a settlement there. Before doing so he and his father again visited Portland in the Thistle, on their way to Swan River, to settle about the land Mr. Thomas Henty held there, and which he agreed with James Henty in condemning. In Oct. 1834, having completed his arrangements, Mr. Edward Henty sailed in the Thistle, Captain Liddle, and conveyed to Portland labourers, cattle, farming implements, fruit-trees, vines, seeds, etc., landing at 8 a.m. on Nov. 19th, 1834, after a tempestuous passage of thirty-four days. In the first two years of the settlement the Thistle was regularly employed bringing over sheep, cattle, horses, and provisions, which clearly proves that all residents in and about Launceston, including Batman and Fawkner, who were afterwards asserted to be the first settlers, were perfectly aware of the settlement being formed by the Hentys in what is now known as Victoria. The very fruit-trees planted by Mr. Edward Henty at Portland were purchased from Fawkner, who at that time kept a nursery garden on Windmill Hill, Launceston. A month after the first arrival Mr. Edward Henty landed the first pure merino sheep, and at the same time (Dec. 14th) his brother Francis paid him a visit and remained a month. Shortly afterwards the brothers joined their fortunes, and achieved much success in the gradual settlement of the beautiful Wannon country, where they grazed sheep and cattle, and in the meantime traded with the whalers through the business house they founded in Portland. Mr. Edward Henty was not twenty-five years of age when he put together the first plough that ever broke Victorian soil, and welded with his own hands the chains by which it was drawn. His rooftree was more than five hundred miles from the nearest house, and he was often put to straits in dealing with the wild cannibal blacks surrounding him; but on no occasion did he ever have need to fire upon them. Two years afterwards Stephen Henty finally gave up Swan River and joined his brothers at Portland Bay. On the concession of representative institutions to Victoria, Mr. Edward Henty became the representative of the county of Normanby in the Legislative Assembly, and was re-elected in 1859, but being defeated in 1861, he did not again offer himself. Mr. Henty, who subsequently unsuccessfully contested the Western province for the Legislative Council, gave a monster picnic to all the school children in Portland in 1872, to celebrate the completion of his thirty-eight years' residence there. In addressing the assemblage he said: "I have invited you here to-day, as I wish to impress upon your minds the fact that I was the pioneer of the colony. When you are grown up and hear people talking about these matters you can say you knew Mr. Henty the pioneer, and that you were brought up in the town with him. That I am the oldest Victorian is proved by this book, the 'Old Colonists' Address to Prince Alfred,' signed by seven hundred old colonists, in which my name heads the list, the date of Mr. Fawkner's landing in Victoria being given by himself as Oct. 9th, 1835. You can tell them, 'It is true Mr. Henty made a home for himself, and it is equally true that he was instrumental in making homes for us.'" Mr. Henty died at his residence, St. Kilda Road, Melbourne, on August 14th, 1878. When Mr. Edward Henty landed in Portland there were no white settlers on the coast between King George's Sound, in West Australia, and Twofold Bay, in New South Wales.

Henty, Francis, brother of the above, was the youngest son of Thomas Henty, was born at Field Place, Worthing, Sussex, on Nov. 30th, 1815, and emigrated to Tasmania with his father. He subsequently followed his brother Edward to Portland, Vict., landing a month later than that gentleman, on Dec. 14th, 1834. Having returned to Tasmania on a visit in the following year, he called in at Port Phillip (now Melbourne) in September, and assisted Mr. Batman, the founder of the city, to pitch a tent on what was afterwards known as Batman's Hill. In the last week of August 1836 Sir Thomas Mitchell, the explorer, visited Portland on his way overland from Sydney to the southern shore of the continent. At this time there was no one settled nearer Portland than where Melbourne now stands, and the appearance of a stranger was somewhat startling in those days of escaped convicts. However, the Major was recognised by one of the establishment. He was furnished with supplies, had the pleasure of witnessing the excitement of a whale chase, and in return informed the Messrs. Henty of the existence of the fine country at the back of Portland, on the Wannon River, which he had named Australia Felix. Hitherto the latter had not gone more than twenty miles inland with their flocks. On August 3rd, 1837, a settlement was commenced in this country at the spot since known as Merino Downs, of which Mr. Francis Henty became the owner. Conflicts between the blacks and some of the whites could scarcely be avoided, but Mr. Henty had not much trouble, the aborigines soon becoming friendly; but they were never allowed to bring their spears and other weapons within a certain distance of the hut. To show how quickly the country was taken up after the first essay had been made, it may be mentioned that in 1839 Messrs. James and Stephen G. Henty rode overland from Geelong to Portland, and were able to obtain shelter each night during the whole journey. Mr. Henty, though keeping up his establishment at Merino Downs, resided for the last few years of his life in Melbourne. He married at Launceston, Tas., Miss Mary Ann Lawrence, who died in Nov. 1881. Mr. Henty died at Kew, near Melbourne, on Jan. 15th, 1889.

Henty, Hon. James, M.L.C., brother of above and eldest son of Thomas Henty, was born at West Tarring on Sept. 24th, 1800. He was engaged in farming with his father, and then joined the family banking firm in the county of Sussex. In June 1829 he went to West Australia with his brothers John and Stephen George, but, being dissatisfied with the country, proceeded to Tasmania in 1831, where his father and brothers joined him. Mr. James Henty started business as a general merchant in Launceston, and from 1851 was head of the firm of James Henty and Co., of Melbourne and Geelong. Mr. Henty declined a nominee seat in the Legislative Council of Tasmania in 1844, and settled permanently in Victoria in 1851, being, returned to the old Legislative Council of that colony in the following year. After responsible government was conceded, Mr. Henty sat in the present Legislative Council of Victoria as member for the South-western Province. He was one of the promoters of the Melbourne and Hobson's Bay Railway, and was one of the directors, and for some time chairman, of the company. He married in 1830 Miss Carter, of Worthing, Sussex, who died in 1868. Mr. Henty died in 1882.

Henty, Hon. William, formerly a Minister of the Crown in Tasmania, and brother of above, was the fifth son of Thomas Henty. He went to Tasmania with his father in 1831, and was admitted to the Bar of that colony in 1837, practising at Launceston. Having been elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Tamar district in 1856, he was Colonial Secretary in the Weston, Smith, and second Weston Ministries from April 1857 to August 1861. He filled the same office in the Chapman Ministry from the latter date till Nov. 1862, when he retired from public life, and returned to England. Mr. Henty married Miss Campfield, sister of the Government resident at Albany, W.A. He died at West Brighton, England, on July 11th, 1881.

Herbert, Hon. Sir Robert George Wyndham, K.C.B., D.C.L. (Oxon.), LL.D. (Camb.), Permanent Under-Secretary for the Colonies, is a son of the late Hon. Algernon Herbert, fifth son of Henry, 1st Earl of Carnarvon, by Marianne, daughter of Thomas Lempriere, of Jersey. He was born on June 12th, 1831, and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, where he was scholar in 1849; Hertford scholar in 1851; Ireland scholar and Latin verse prizeman in 1852, and Eldon scholar in 1854. He graduated B.A. with high honours in 1854, and in that year became Fellow of All Souls' College in the same university. He entered at the Inner Temple in July 1854, and was called to the bar in April 1858. Having been Secretary to Mr. Gladstone when Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1855, he emigrated to Australia, and going to Queensland, became in March 1859 Colonial Secretary of that colony after its separation from New South Wales, sitting in the first Legislative Assembly for Leichardt, and becoming the first Premier of that colony. His administration lasted till. Feb. 1866, Mr. Herbert holding the additional post of Acting Colonial Treasurer from Oct. 1864. He was again Premier without portfolio for a few days in July and August of the year 1866. Returning to England, he was one of the Assistant Secretaries to the Board of Trade from 1868 to Feb. 1870, when he was appointed Assistant Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies and Under-Secretary in succession to Sir Frederick Rogers (afterwards Lord Blackford) on May 21st, 1871. In Feb. 1892, after over twenty years' service as Under-Secretary, Sir Robert Herbert resigned this important post, which gives its occupant a highly potential voice in all the details of administration which the progress of self-governing institutions still leaves to the central authority in Downing Street. At the same time Sir Robert resigned the secretaryship of the Order of St Michael and St. George, which he had held since May 1877.

Heron, Mrs. Henry (Emilie Matilda Australie Manning), better known under her literary pseudonym, "Australie," was the daughter of Sir W. M. Manning (q.v.). She was born in New South Wales in 1845, and married, in 1873, Henry Heron, a solicitor in Sydney. Having visited England, where she remained for two years and a half, she adopted literary pursuits, and contributed tales and essays to the Sydney Morning Herald and the Sydney Mail. She also published a volume of poems, entitled "The Balance of Pain" (George Bell & Sons: London, 1877), and died in Sydney on August 25th, 1890.

Hervey, Hon. Matthew, sometime Commissioner of Public Works, Victoria, was a native of Scotland, and was born at Glasgow in 1820. When eighteen years of age Mr. Hervey emigrated to Sydney, N.S.W., and ultimately was largely engaged in pastoral pursuits in the Port Phillip district, which in 1851 was constituted the separate colony of Victoria. He sat in the mixed Legislative Council of that colony, and when responsible government was achieved he was returned to the first wholly elective Legislative Council for the Eastern Province in 1856. From March 1861 to Nov. 1862 he was acting president of the latter body during the absence in England of Sir J. F. Palmer. When the M?Culloch Ministry was formed in June 1863 Mr. Hervey accepted a portfolio as Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works and Commissioner of Public Works. He resigned both his office and his seat in Parliament in July 1865, owing to having met with pecuniary reverses. Misfortune still continued to pursue him, and he died under very sudden and distressing circumstances on Nov. 1st, 1874, when a coroner's jury returned a verdict that death had resulted from insufficient nourishment. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Heussler, Hon. Johann Christian, M.L.C., was born at Bokenheim, near Frankfort, on June 15th, 1820. He emigrated to Victoria in 1852, and proceeded to Queensland in 1853; and, having settled in Brisbane, was appointed consul for the Netherlands in 1863. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in 1866, and, having forfeited his seat through absence from the colony, was reappointed in 1870. In 1880 Mr. Heussler became German consul. He went to Germany as Emigration Agent under the Herbert Ministry, and initiated a large German emigration to Queensland under the land order system. Mr. Heussler married Miss Westgarth.

Heydon, Hon. Louis Francis, M.L.C., son of Jabez King Heydon and Sophia (Hayes) his wife, was born in Sydney, N.S.W., on April 22nd, 1848. Having practised for some time as a solicitor, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly of that colony for Yass Plains. He took a prominent part in the Anti-Free Trade agitation, and was for some time the recognised leader of the Protectionist party in New South Wales. He was Minister of Justice in the last Robertson Administration, from Dec. 1885 to Feb. 1886. In Feb. 1889 he was nominated to the Upper House by the Dibbs Ministry. Mr. Heydon was married at Bathurst, N.S.W., on August 15th, 1881, to Miss Gill.

Heyne, E. B., author of "The Amateur Gardener," which passed through several editions, was employed in connection with the Melbourne Botanic Gardens, but subsequently resided in South Australia, where he became a recognised authority on floriculture. He died at Norwood, in that colony, on Oct. 16th, 1881.

Hickson, Robert Rowan Purdon, J.P., Mem. Inst. C.E., was born in Sept. 1842, and educated at St. Columba's College, Dublin, and articled to James Burton, Mem. Inst. C.E. He was appointed engineer in charge of the Barrow Harbour Improvement Works in 1872. In 1874 he was elected an associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and transferred to member in 1876, in which year he was nominated by Sir John Coode for the position of Engineer-in-Chief of Harbours and Jetties in South Australia. This post he held until 1881, when he went to New South Wales as engineer in charge of the Northern District under the Harbours and Rivers Department. In 1887 he became acting Engineer-in-Chief of Harbours and Rivers in New South Wales, and on the retirement of the late W. C. Bennett, Mem. Inst. C.E., in 1888, he was appointed Commissioner and Engineer-in-Chief of Roads, Bridges, and Sewerage, and an official member of the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board, Sydney. Mr. Hickson is the son of the Rev. George Hickson and Charlotte Rowan his wife.

Higgins, Right Rev. Joseph, D.D., Titular Bishop of Antifelle and Bishop Auxiliary of Sydney, N.S.W., was born in Westmeath, Ireland, in 1839, was educated at Maynooth College, and, having been ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic Church at Maynooth in 1863, was for some time President of the Roman Catholic Seminary at Navan, and subsequently parish priest of Castletown, Delvin, Ireland. Dr. Higgins was consecrated bishop at Navan on March 31st, 1889, by the Archbishop of Dublin, and arrived in Sydney as coadjutor to Cardinal Moran in June 1889.

Higinbotham, His Honour the Hon. George, M.A., Chief Justice of Victoria, is the sixth son of the late Henry T. Higinbotham, of Dublin, Ireland, where he was born in 1827. He was educated at the Royal School, Dungannon, and at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1849, and M.A. in 1853. When just of age he went to London, and entered himself for the Bar at Lincoln's Inn on April 20th, 1848. He also connected himself with journalism, becoming in 1849 a reporter on the Morning Chronicle, on which paper Mr. B. C. Aspinall, afterwards a political contemporary in Melbourne, was one of his colleagues. Having been called to the Bar on June 6th, 1853, Mr. Higinbotham left the Morning Chronicle, and emigrated to Melbourne, where he arrived early in 1854. Here he practised his profession, contributing meanwhile to the Melbourne Herald. In 1856 he accepted the editorship of the Argus, in succession to Mr. Edward Wilson, who was also the principal proprietor. This post he held till 1859, when he resigned and resumed his practice at the Bar. He now began to take a part in politics, and was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Brighton in 1861 as an independent Liberal. His independence was too decided to prove palatable to the majority of his constituents, and he was rejected at the general election in the same year, but was again elected nine months later, when the sitting member, Mr. Brodribb, resigned. Mr. Higinbotham opposed what is known as the Duffy Land Act of 1862, and when, in June 1863, the O'Shanassy Government was defeated, he accepted office in the ablest of all Victorian Cabinets, which was then formed under Mr. (now Sir James) M?Culloch. He took the post of Attorney-General, and held it for five stormy years, during which the question of the financial predominance of the two Houses was raised and contested with a stubbornness which brought the colony to the verge of revolution. As the legal adviser of the Government, which by "tacks" and still more drastic devices vindicated the financial supremacy of the Lower Chamber, Mr. Higinbotham became the central figure of the long struggle waged in reference to the tariff and the Darling grant; and gained a hold on the popular sympathies of Victoria which he has never since forfeited. The full details of this notable constitutional struggle will be found in the notice of Sir James M?Culloch, and need not be recapitulated. It has always been Mr. Higinbotham's contention that the Governor of an autonomous colony like Victoria should act absolutely on the advice of his local Ministers in all purely local concerns, just as would be the case with the Queen herself in England. He thus found it impossible, when the M?Culloch Government was reconstituted after the short Sladen interlude, to return to his old post of Attorney-General, under a Governor (Lord Canterbury) who had given such palpable proof of his determination to be ruled, not by his Ministers or the majority in the Assembly, but by instructions from Downing Street. Not wishing, however, to desert his party, be in July 1868, when Mr. M?Culloch returned to power, accepted the post of Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works and a seat in the Cabinet without salary. He was thus able to give his countenance and support to the administration without being brought into personal contact or collision with an authority which he disapproved. In Feb. 1869, however, he retired from even this modified position. In 1871, to the astonishment of the whole colony, Mr. Higinbotham was rejected at Brighton in favour of Mr. Bent, whose view of his position as a "local member" was more in accord with the purely material aspirations of the constituency than Mr. Higinbotham's high-minded estimate of his functions as a representative of the people. Thus dismissed, the latter devoted himself to his large and onerous practice at the Bar until 1874, when he was returned to the Assembly for Brunswick. He, however, shortly resigned, finding it impossible to approve of all the methods employed by the Berry party in the somewhat similar constitutional battle which they were now waging against his old chief, Sir James M?Culloch, who by one of the strange mutations of politics now marshalled the Conservative phalanx. He could not oppose Mr. Berry on the score of principle, and he would not support him in practices which he thought subversive of parliamentary government. Retirement was therefore his only alternative, and he remained out of Parliament, seldom interfering with politics, till 1880, when he was appointed to a seat on the Puisne Bench of the Supreme Court of Victoria. In 1886, on the retirement of Sir William Stawell, he accepted the position of Chief Justice of the colony, which he still holds. Mr. Higinbotham has on several occasions refused knighthood on the ground that all rewards for local services should emanate from local sources. In his capacity as Chief Justice he would, as a matter of custom, have been appointed acting Governor of Victoria during the absence on leave of Sir Henry Loch in 1888. He had, however, intimated plainly that he should carry into practical effect the views as to the relations of the administrator of the Government to Downing Street and to the local Ministry respectively which he had consistently advocated during his whole political career. As this would have meant a cessation of all references to Downing Street in matters of local concern, the Colonial Office, jealous of its privileges, appointed Sir William Robinson to specially replace Sir Henry Loch during the latter's absence in England. Mr. Higinbotham, who is one of the best speakers and the most personally respected man in Australia, takes a broad-minded and unconventional view of religious and social questions. During the "great strike" he incurred a large amount of class opprobrium through his outspoken adherence to the cause of the strikers, to whose funds he contributed and promised to continue to contribute till the masters conceded a conference.

Hill, Henry John, J.P., is one of the Commissioners of the newly constituted Board of Railway Commissioners, South Australia.

Hindmarsh, Rear-Admiral Sir John, K.H., first Governor of South Australia, was born in 1786, and entered the navy when only seven years old, as a first-class volunteer on board the Bellerophon, in which ship, at the battle of the Nile, when but a midshipman, and happening to be the only officer on the quarter-deck at the time, he greatly distinguished himself by the presence of mind with which, by cutting her cable and ordering her sails to be set, he saved the Bellerophon from being blown up with the French ship L'Orient. In recognition of his services on that occasion the ship's officers presented him with a sword, and he was publicly thanked by Lord Nelson, who, in 1803, on assuming the command of the Victory, wrote to Hindmarsh to join him on that world-famous ship. Having become lieutenant, the latter served on the Phoebe at Trafalgar, at Aix Roads, and at the capture of the Ile de France and of Java, being made commander in 1814, post captain in 1830, and rear-admiral in 1856. He was placed in command of H.M.S. Buffalo, and made K.H. in 1836, in which year he was appointed first Governor of South Australia. Landing from the Buffalo at Glenelg on Dec. 28th in that year, he read the proclamation creating South Australia a British colony under an old gum-tree, which is still shown to visitors as the cradle of the province. The success which had attended Captain Hindmarsh (as he then was) in the naval service failed him in his new capacity in South Australia, where the differences which arose between himself and the resident Commissioner, the late Sir James Hurtle Fisher, had the effect of dividing the colonists into two factions, and rendering the pacific administration of the province impossible. In order to end the deadlock, the Home Government dismissed Sir James Fisher and recalled Captain Hindmarsh, who left the colony in July 1838. It is but just to him to state that one of the causes of his unpopularity was his far-seeing desire to open up the navigation of the Murray, a work which has since been accomplished with entire success and universal applause. Captain Hindmarsh, who was knighted in 1851, and received a good service pension, and a war medal with seven clasps for the seven great actions in which he had been engaged, was Governor of Heligoland from 1840 to 1857, and married Susannah Wilson, daughter of H. D. Edmeades. His only son, John Hindmarsh, was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1846, and subsequently practised in South Australia, where he resided. Sir John Hindmarsh died in 1859.

Hingston, James, the well-known writer of Melbourne, was born at London in 1830, and is the brother of E. P. Hingston, who edited Artemus Ward's writings, and introduced that eccentric genius to the American and English public. 'He went to Melbourne in 1852 and worked for a year on the diggings in Victoria. Since 1853 he has been in practice as a public notary and patent agent in Melbourne, and has been a prolific contributor to the local journals. His best-known productions are the series of articles entitled "Travel Talk" which appeared in the Melbourne Argus under the signature "J. H." Two volumes of selections from these articles were published in London by Sampson Low & Co. in 1879 and 1880 under the title of "The Australian Abroad," and a colonial edition in one volume was published in Melbourne in 1885.

Hislop, John, LL.D., F.R.S. Edin., son of Walter Hislop and Isabella his wife, was born at Pentland, Lasswade, Midlothian, in Dec. 1821, and was educated at Edinburgh. After acting as parish schoolmaster of Kirknewton, Midlothian, Dr. Hislop emigrated to Otago, N.Z., in 1856, under an engagement with the Otago Provincial Government After serving as a public school teacher for five years, he was appointed the first Secretary and Inspector of Schools under the Otago Education Board, and in 1869 he was requested to act as the first Secretary and Registrar of the newly founded University of Otago at Dunedin. He bore a principal part in building up the Otago educational system, which embraced primary and secondary schools, a school of art, a university, and public libraries. He was at this time a contributor to the Otago Daily Times, and was consulted from time to time by the New Zealand Government on educational, statistical, and other public matters. When the Colonial Education Act of 1877 became law, Mr. Hislop accepted by invitation the position of secretary to the newly constituted Education Department, and he held this office until 1886, when he obtained permission to retire. He was elected a F.R.S. Edin. in 1878, and on his revisiting Scotland in 1882 the honorary degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by his alma mater, the University of Edinburgh. Dr. Hislop now resides at Dunedin, where he is a member of the representative commission for the periodical readjustment of the parliamentary electoral districts. He is also a director of the Colonial Bank of New Zealand and of the Mosgiel Woollen Factory Company. Dr. Hislop was married at Edinburgh on June 2nd, 1846, to Miss Johanna Campbell Horne.

Hislop, Hon. Thomas William, sometime a Minister of the Crown in New Zealand, is the son of John Hislop, LL.D. (q.v.) and Johanna Campbell (Horne) his wife. He was born on April 8th, 1850, at Kirknewton, near Edinburgh, and arrived in Dunedin, N.Z., with his parents in Sept. 1856. Having embraced the legal profession, he was admitted a barrister and solicitor of New Zealand in August 1871, and was Crown solicitor at Oamaru from 1872 to 1876, when he was returned to the House of Representatives, in which he sat till 1880, when he resigned, but again held a seat from 1885 to 1890, when he was defeated at the general election. Mr. Hislop was Colonial Secretary in the last Atkinson Government from Oct. 1887 to Sept. 1889, and Minister of Education in the same Cabinet from July to Sept. 1889 and from Oct. 1889 to Jan. 1891, when Sir Harry Atkinson resigned. Mr. Hislop was appointed an officer of the Legion of Honour by the French Government in consideration of his services in securing the effective representation of New Zealand at the Paris Exhibition in 1889. He married in 1873 Miss Simpson, of Dunedin, and practises as a barrister at Wellington.

Hitchin, Edward William, formerly Auditor-General, South Australia, was appointed clerk in the Registrar-General's department in that colony in 1850; clerk in the Colonial Secretary's department in 1851; second assistant Colonial Secretary in 1856; secretary to the Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in 1857; secretary to the Commissioner of Public Works in 1859; Under-Treasurer in 1860; and Auditor-General in 1868. He retired from the Civil Service on Jan. 30th, 1883, and died on June 6th, 1885.

Hixson, Capt. Francis, commanding naval forces, New South Wales, is a native of Dorsetshire, and, entering the Royal Navy, arrived at Sydney in H.M.S. Havannah in 1848. When the Havannah was paid off, in 1852, he was appointed to the Herald, and when that vessel left Australian waters, in 1861, he was employed as chief assistant, to Commander Sidney in the survey of the coasts of New South Wales. In Jan. 1863 he left the navy, having reached the rank of "master," and was appointed superintendent of pilots, lighthouses, and harbours in New South Wales. In the same year he organised the New South Wales Naval Brigade, which he commanded for many years. He was appointed President of the Marine Board of that colony in April 1872, a position he has held ever since, and is Captain commanding the Naval Forces. Captain Hixson married in 1861 Sarah, second daughter of the Hon. Francis Lord, of New South Wales.

Hobbs, William, one of the earliest colonists of Queensland, practised as a doctor in Brisbane, and was for a considerable period the Government medical officer. He was nominated to the Legislative Council of Queensland, and was a member of the first responsible government, without portfolio, under the premiership of Mr. (now Sir) R. G. W. Herbert, the permanent Under-Secretary for the Colonies, from April 1861 to Jan. 1862. Mr. Hobbs married a daughter of Mr. Barton, and sister of Mr. Edmund Barton, of Sydney. He died in Brisbane on Dec. 8th, 1890.

Hobhouse, Right Rev. Edmund, D.D., first Bishop of Nelson, N.Z., second son of the Right Hon. Henry Hobhouse, and brother of Lord Hobhouse, by Harriet, sixth daughter of John Turton, of Sugnall Hall, co. Stafford, was born April 17th, 1817, and educated at Eton and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1838, M.A. (Merton College) in 1842, B.D. in 1850. In 1841 he was ordained deacon, and in 1842 priest From 1841 to 1858 he was Fellow of Merton College, and from 1843 to 1858 vicar of St. Peter's-in-the-East. In 1858 he was appointed to the newly constituted bishopric of Nelson, N.Z., and received the degree of D.D. from his University, proceeding ad eundem in the same year at Durham. In 1865 Dr. Hobhouse was obliged to resign his see because of ill-health, and, returning to England, was made assistant to the Bishop of Lichfield in 1869, which post he held till 1880. In 1874-5 he was Chancellor of the diocese of Lichfield. He retired from ill-health in 1881, and is now residing in Wells. Bishop Hobhouse married first, on Jan. 1st, 1858, Mary Elizabeth, second daughter of General the Hon. John Brodrick; secondly, on Jan. 7th, 1868, Anna, youngest daughter of Dr. Williams, Warden of New College, Oxford.

Hocken, Thomas Morland, M.R.C.S. (England), F.L.S., comes of a good Cornish stock, is the son of the Rev. J. Hocken, and was born at Stamford in 1836. Mr. Hocken, who is coroner for the colony of New Zealand, President of the New Zealand Medical Association, and President of the Otago Institute, arrived in 1862 at Dunedin, N.Z., where he is still in practice. He was married at Invercargill, in that colony, to Miss Mary Elizabeth Buckland in 1883. He has written extensively on various matters connected with the early history of New Zealand and of the Maori race, and is now preparing for the press "Contributions to the Early History of New Zealand, together with a Full Bibliography."

Hocking, Henry Hicks, B.A., B.C.L., sometime Attorney-General, Western Australia, only son of Richard Hocking, of Streatham, Surrey, was born in 1843, and educated at St.|1864 John's College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1846 (second class mods., first class law and history); Vinerian scholar 1865. He became B.C.L. in 1867. Mr. Hocking entered at the Inner Temple on Jan. 12th, 1865, was called to the bar on Nov. 18th, 1867, and joined the Home Circuit. He was Attorney-General of Western Australia from 1872 to 1879. Acting Chief Justice of that colony from 1873 to 1874; Acting Chief Justice at Gibraltar from 1879 to 1880, when he was appointed Attorney-General of Jamaica with a seat in the Privy and Executive Councils. He married on April 1st, 1874, Elizabeth Mary, second daughter of E. A. Pittis, of Sydenham Hill, Surrey.

Hoddle, Robert, first Surveyor-General of Victoria, laid out the site of the present city of Melbourne in 1837, two years after the ground had been purchased by Batman from the aborigines. He presided as Government auctioneer at the first Government land sale on June 1st, 1837, when half-acre allotments in Melbourne fetched from ?18 to ?78, considered at the time a very high price. Mr. Hoddle retired on a pension in 1856, and died in 1881.

Hodges, His Honour Henry Edward Agincourt, Puisne Judge, Victoria, was admitted to the Victorian Bar in Dec. 1873. On Feb. 12th, 1889, he was appointed to the Supreme Court Bench, and presided at the trial of the notorious murderer Deeming in May 1892.

Hodgkinson, Hon. William Oswald, M.L.A., J.P., F.R.G.S., Secretary for Public Instruction, Queensland, was born at Wandsworth in 1838, and educated at Bewdley Park, Worcestershire, and Birmingham Grammar School. He went to Australia as a midshipman in the mercantile service in 1851, and remained in Australia in the position of a licence clerk at Castlemaine. In 1852 he obtained the charge of Tarnagulla goldfield, but resigned and returned to England in 1854, where he entered the War Office, London, and passed two examinations at Dean's Yard, Westminster. He returned to Victoria in 1859, and became reporter and afterwards sub-editor of the Melbourne Age, but joined the Burke and Wills exploring expedition in 1860; and was second in command of the McKinley expedition in 1861. He then settled in Queensland, where he edited several newspapers, and engaged for some time in mining. He represented the Burke district in the Legislative Assembly from 1874 to 1876. In 1875 he was appointed by the Queensland Government to head an expedition to explore the Diamentina country, and successfully accomplished that object, returning to Queensland in 1876 after an absence of sixteen months, having by his explorations on the western border of the colony, bridged the gap between the point where Captain Sturt was foiled for want of water in 1845, and the extreme point of Mr. Landsborough's explorations on the Herbert in 1862. He was warden and police magistrate on several goldfields from 1877 to 1884, when he was appointed Relieving Police Magistrate for Queensland, and in 1888 was again returned to Parliament for the Burke district. Mr. Hodgkinson (who is Back Gold Medallist of the Royal Geographical Society) was Secretary for Mines and Works in the first Griffith Ministry from Dec. 12th, 1887, till the Government resigned on June 13th, 1888. Mr. Hodgkinson accepted the post of Secretary for Public Instruction on Sir Samuel Griffith's return to power in August 1890.

Hodgson, Sir Arthur, K.C.M.G., son of the late Rev. Edward Hodgson, of Rickmansworth, Herts, was born in 1818, and educated at Eton and Cambridge University. He served for three years as a midshipman on board H.M.S. Canopus, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1840, becoming one of the pioneer settlers in the Moreton Bay district (now Queensland), where his station at Etonville is well known. Before the separation of Moreton Bay from New South Wales he represented the Darling Downs in the Legislative Assembly of the latter colony, and in 1856 he was appointed general superintendent of the Australian Agricultural Company. He favoured the introduction of convict labour and the establishment of a colonial peerage, and opposed all the popular movements which eventuated in the formation of Queensland into a separate colony, under democratic institutions. He represented Queensland at the International Exhibition in London in 1862, and was for some time member for the Warrego in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, being Secretary for Public Works in the Mackenzie Ministry from Sept. to Nov. 1868, and Colonial Secretary in the Lilley Government from Jan. to Nov. 1869, when he left the colony on a visit to England, where he finally settled in 1874. He represented Queensland at the Paris Exhibition, was created C.M.G. in 1878, and was a Royal Commissioner for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and General Secretary to the Reception Committee in connection therewith, being created K.C.M.G. in that year in recognition of his services. He is a J. P. and D.L. for the county of Warwick, and was High Sheriff in 1881. Sir Arthur married in 1841 Eliza, daughter of the late Sir James Dowling, formerly Chief Justice of New South Wales.

Hogan, James Francis, author and journalist, is a native of the south of Ireland, and was born in 1855. His parents emigrated to Victoria during his infancy. He entered the service of the Victorian Education Department at an early age; but an article on "The Coming Australian," which he contributed to the Victorian Review, attracted so much attention that it led to his engagement on the regular staff of that periodical, and he thus embarked on a literary career. Several articles of his also appeared in the Melbourne Review. In 1881 Mr. Hogan joined the staff of the Melbourne Argus, and most of his journalistic work is to be found in the columns of that paper. But he also found time to contribute a good deal of humorous pabulum to Melbourne Punch, to act as Melbourne literary correspondent of the Sydney Daily Telegraph, and to write on Roman Catholic subjects in the Melbourne Advocate. Mr. Hogan took an active part in all Irish and Catholic movements in Melbourne. He was the founder and the first president of the Victorian Catholic Young Men's Society, and the secretary of the Melbourne Daniel O'Connell Statue Fund. In 1886 he published a volume of colonial stories and sketches under the title of "An Australian Christmas Collection," consisting of a selection from his contributions to colonial periodicals. In 1887 Mr. Hogan came to London vi? America to publish a work to which he had devoted a large amount of time and research in the colonies—a history of "The Irish in Australia." It was issued towards the close of 1887, and went through three editions with remarkable rapidity. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy made it the text of a brilliant article in the Contemporary Review for Jan. 1888. Mr. Hogan's next book was "The Australian in London." This was followed by a romantic story of Australian adventure entitled "The Lost Explorer," published in 1890. Next year he published "The Convict King," a vivacious narrative of the extraordinary career of Jorgen Jorgenson, one of the most remarkable adventurers of the century. Of it the London Daily Telegraph wrote, "Not for many a long day has there been published so interesting a romance of real life. Mr. Hogan's book positively whets the reader's appetite. Like Oliver Twist, we ask for more about this marvellous man." He is a well-known industrious writer on colonial subjects in the Pall Mall Gazette, the Star, and the Dublin Freeman's Journal, and also contributes to Chambers' Journal.

Holder, Hon. Frederick William, M.P., Premier and Treasurer, South Australia, is member for the Burra in the Legislative Assembly of that colony, and was Treasurer in the Cockburn Ministry from June 1889 to August 1890, when he resigned with his colleagues. Mr. Holder is the son of James Morecott Holder and Martha Breakspear (Roby) his wife. He was born at Happy Valley, S.A., on May 12th, 1850. He is a captain in the volunteer military force of South Australia, a J.P., and was twice Mayor of Burra. He has been member for the Burra since 1887. He married at Burra on March 29th, 1878, Miss Julia Maria Stephens. Having virtually been for some time leader of the Opposition to the Playford Government, he, in June 1892, moved a direct vote of want of confidence in them, which was carried on June 17th by a majority of four votes. Mr. Playford immediately resigned, and Mr. Holder was sent for, when he succeeded in forming a Government in which he himself took the position of Treasurer in addition to that of Premier.

Holdsworth, Philip Joseph, was born on Jan. 12th, 1850, at Sydney, N.S.W. Having since 1868 held a position in the Treasury at Sydney, he is now Secretary to the Forest Department of New South Wales. He has devoted his spare time to literature, and in 1885 published a volume of poems entitled, "Station Hunting on the Warrego, and other Poems." For several years Mr. Holdsworth was the Honorary Secretary of the Athenaeum Club of Sydney. He also held the position of editor of the Illustrated Sydney News for a considerable time. He has besides written a "Brief History of Australia," and a large number of poems, articles, and tales for current journals and reviews. Mr. Holdsworth, who is the son of Philip Holdsworth and Kate his wife, was married in Oct. 1869 to Miss Charlotte Atkins.

Holroyd, His Honour Arthur Todd, M.D., F.L.S., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., sometime Puisne Judge, New South Wales, was born in London on Dec. 1st, 1806, and educated at the Ripon Grammar School. In 1827 he entered at Christ College, Cambridge, as a medical student, and also at the University of Edinburgh, becoming M.D. of the latter in 1830, and M.B. of Cambridge and Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians in London in 1832. Having decided to relinquish the medical profession, he entered himself as a law-student at Lincoln's Inn, but almost immediately afterwards (June 1835) started on his travels. After visiting Italy, he reached Alexandria in Sept. 1836, and made a most exhaustive tour of Egypt and the Soudan, penetrating to Khartoum. On his return he remonstrated with the Egyptian Government on the subject of the slave trade, and with some success. Nov. 1838 found him again in London, after a visit to Palestine and Syria. In 1841 he was called to the bar, and emigrated in 1843 to New Zealand, where he remained for two years. In 1845 he settled in Sydney, N.S.W., and was admitted to the bar of that colony in Oct 1845. From 1851 to 1856 he represented the western boroughs (Bathurst and Carcoar) in the old Legislative Council of New South Wales; and on the concession of responsible Government in the latter year was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the same constituency, for which he sat till 1858, when he was defeated, but two years later was elected for Parramatta, and was for some time Chairman of Committees. He was Minister for Public Works in Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin's first Administration from Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865. In 1866 he was appointed Master in Equity of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and was an acting Supreme Court Judge in 1879. He died on June 16th, 1887.

Holroyd, Hon. Edward Dundas, M.A., Puisne Judge, Victoria, second son of the late Edward Holroyd, of Wimbledon, Surrey, Senior Commissioner of the London Court of Bankruptcy, and grandson of Sir George Sowley Holroyd, the distinguished judge of the Court of King's Bench. He was born on Jan. 25th, 1828, and educated at Winchester School, where he entered as a commoner in 1841, and carried off in two consecutive years the Queen's gold medal for the best Latin-English prose essays. In 1846 he left Winchester and proceeded to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. as first class in classics in 1851, and took his M.A. degree in 1854. Having determined to embrace the legal profession, Mr. Justice Holroyd entered as a student at Gray's Inn in Nov. 1851, and was called to the bar in June 1855. For the next three years he practised with success, and also contributed to the press. But, having a fancy for colonial life, he decided to emigrate to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in 1859, in July of which year he was admitted to the Victorian bar, and to that of Tasmania in 1867. Judge Holroyd soon took a leading position at the Victorian bar in equity and mining cases, and in 1872 was offered the seat upon the bench rendered vacant by the retirement of the late Mr. Justice Williams. This, however, he declined, and continued to practise at the Equity Bar with constantly increasing success, being made Q.C. in 1879. In August 1881 he decided to accept the judgeship rendered vacant by the death of Mr. Wilberforce Stephen, and still retains his seat upon the Supreme Court bench of Victoria. Mr. Justice Holroyd married at Melbourne, in 1862, Anna Maria Hoyles, daughter of the late Henry Compton, of Totnes, Devon, and granddaughter of the Rev. T. Compton, sometime vicar of Paignton in that county.

Holt, James Richard, B.A., Professor of Classics and English Literature in the University of Auckland, N.Z., was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and was Science Scholar 1876, B.A. 1880. He is author of "The Historical Method in Ethics, Jurisprudence, and Political Economy"; "The Ricardian Theory of Rent"; "Comparative Literature" (International Scientific Series).

Holt, Hon. Thomas, M.L.C., the son of a Leeds wool merchant, was born at Horbury, Yorkshire, in 1811. He acquired great experience as a wool-buyer both at home and abroad, and in 1882 became a partner in his father's business. In 1842 he emigrated to Australia, and was engaged in wool-buying till 1855. He also embarked largely in pastoral pursuits, his private residence and principal estate being known as "The Warren," Cook's River, near Sydney. In 1856, when responsible government was inaugurated, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for the Stanley Boroughs (now Brisbane and Ipswich, Qd.), and was Colonial Treasurer in the Donaldson Government from June to August 1856. Subsequently he represented Newtown, and remained a member of the Assembly till 1866, when he paid a visit to Europe; and on his return in 1868 was nominated to the Legislative Council In 1873 he became a member of the Council of Education; and in 1888 was Executive Commissioner for New South Wales, in conjunction with Sir Saul Samuel, to the Amsterdam Exhibition. Subsequently Mr. Holt resided near London, and supplied the means for various charitable enterprises under the auspices of the Salvation Army. He died at Halcot, Bexley, Kent, on Sept. 5th, 1888.

Homburg, Robert, M.P., ex-Attorney-General, South Australia, is a German by birth, being a native of the city of Brunswick. He was born on March 10th, 1848, and arrived in South Australia in the year 1857. He was employed in a land agency business until 1868, when he was articled to Mr. (now his Honour Mr. Justice) Boucaut. The last two years of his articles were served in the office of Sir J. W. Downer, and he was admitted to the bar in April 1874. Mr. Homburg was elected to Parliament as a representative for Gumeracha in 1884, and at the election of 1887 was re-elected with the late Sir R. D. Ross. In April 1890 he was again returned with Mr. T. Hack. In 1880 for a short period he was president of the German Club. He was appointed Attorney-General in Mr. Playford's second Ministry in August 1890, and held office till June 1892, when he retired with his colleagues.

Hopetoun, His Excellency the Right Hon. John Adrian Louis (Hope), Earl of, G.C.M.G., ninth Governor of Victoria, is the eldest son of the sixth earl and Ethelred Anne his wife, daughter of C. T. S. Birch Reynardson, of Holywell Hall, Lincolnshire, and was born at Hopetoun House, N.B., on Sept. 25th, 1860. He was educated at Eton, and passed at Sandhurst in 1879, but did not enter the army. He succeeded to the title on the death of his father in April 1873, and was Junior Whip of the Conservative party in the House of Lords from 1883 to 1886, lord-in-waiting to the Queen from 1885 to 1889, and was Lord High Commissioner to the Church of Scotland in 1887, 1888, and 1889. Lord Hopetoun was appointed Governor of Victoria in 1889, in succession to Sir Henry Loch, and was created G.C.M.G. in the same year. He assumed office on Nov. 28th, 1889. Lord Hopetoun married on Oct. 18th, 1886, the Hon. Hersey Alice Eveleigh de Moleyns, daughter of the fourth Lord Ventry.

Horne, Richard Henry, or Hengist, as he preferred to be called, was born on Jan. 1st, 1803, was educated at Sandhurst, and entered the Mexican navy as a midshipman. He was present at the bombardment of Vera Cruz, the capture of the fortress of San Juan, Ullva, and followed the fortunes of the Mexican-Spanish war to its close. He next went to the United States, visiting several Indian encampments, and experiencing many adventures. Returning to England, he devoted himself to literature. Among his published works are "The Spirit of Peers and People," "The Death of Marlowe," "Cosmo de Medici," "Gregory VII.," dramas on the Elizabethan model, and "Orion," the poem by which he is mainly known. This latter work, an epic poem, was originally published at a farthing, partly with the view of obtaining a wide circulation for the first three editions of the work, of which no one was allowed to buy more than one copy. In 1846 Mr. Horne published "Ballads and Romances." He was also a prolific prose-writer, and edited and partly wrote "Spirits of the Age," which comprises accounts of some of the leading characters of the day. To this work Mrs. Barrett Browning was a contributor. Mr. Horne left England in 1852 for Victoria with William Howitt, and for some time commanded the gold escort between Ballarat and Melbourne. He also became one of the champion swimmers of Australia, and it is stated that he once swam bound hand and foot. He held various positions in the Victorian Civil Service. He was a member of the Board of Commissioners of Sewers and Water Supply, which planned and constructed the reservoir at Yan Yean, nineteen miles from Melbourne, whence the city still draws its water supply. At a d?jeuner given when the Yan Yean works were in a forward state, he made an elaborate speech, and subsequently recorded these and other of his colonial experiences in a work entitled "Australian Facts and Prospects," published by Smith, Elder & Co. in 1859. Mr. Horne returned to England in 1869, and was awarded a civil list pension of ?100 per annum in 1874. In 1877 he collected and published the letters addressed to him by Mrs. Barrett Browning, and this is the only correspondence of Mrs. Browning's that has been given to the public. Mr. Horne died at Margate on March 13th, 1884.

Horne, Hon. Thomas, formerly Puisne Judge, Tasmania, entered at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the Bar in 1827. Having emigrated to Tasmania, he was called to the Bar of that colony Feb. 22nd, 1830. He was honorary secretary of the political association formed in 1835 at Hobart Town, to obtain a redress of the grievances under which the colonists laboured, especially in regard to the employment of convicts as constables, and the substitution of military for common juries. Having been for some time previously Attorney-General, he was appointed a Puisne Judge in 1848, on the removal of Judge Montagu for misbehaviour in office. Whilst still on the bench, he was elected to the Legislative Council, on the concession of responsible government in 1856, for the district of Hobart, and was chosen president of that body, a position which he held from Dec. 1856 to Sept. 1859. In the following year he resigned the judgeship, retiring on a pension, and was in the following year returned to the second Parliament of Tasmania as a member of the House of Assembly. He died at Hobart on Sept. 23rd, 1870, aged 70.

Hoskins, Hon. James, M.L.C., was born in London in 1823, and emigrated to Australia in 1853. After a varied experience on the diggings, he was elected in 1859 to the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for the Northern Goldfields. In 1872 he was returned for Patrick's Plains, and in 1874 for the Tumut. Mr. Hoskins was Secretary for Public Works in the Parkes Government from March to August 1877, and Secretary for Lands in the Parkes-Robertson Ministry from Dec. 1878 to Dec. 1881. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Feb. 1889.

Hoskins, William, a well-known actor, was the son of Abraham Hoskins, of Newton Park, Derbyshire, and was born at Norton, in that county, in 1816, and was educated at Cambridge University. Having a fancy for theatricals, he took to the provincial stage in 1834, and was a member of Phelps' company at Sadlers' Wells in 1844. He then played at the Olympic, and went to Australia in 1856, where he was engaged at the Queen's Theatre, Melbourne. He became manager of the Ballarat Theatre in 1858, and of the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, in 1863. He subsequently managed the Haymarket Theatre, Melbourne, and rebuilt the Theatre Royal at Christchurch, N.Z. From 1884 till his death on Sept. 28th, 1886, he was a teacher of elocution in Melbourne. He was thrice married: firstly, in 1850, to Miss Julia Harland, who died in New Zealand; secondly, to Miss Florence Colville; and thirdly, to Miss Bowman.

Hotham, Captain Sir Charles, R.N., K.C.B., was the eldest son of Rev. Frederick Hotham, Prebendary of Rochester, and grandson of Lord Hotham, a Baron of the Court of Exchequer. His mother was Anne Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Thomas Hallett Hodges, of Hemsted Place, Kent. He was born at Dennington, Suffolk, of which his father was then rector, in 1806, and entered the navy in Nov. 1818, and saw a great deal of active service, becoming lieutenant in 1825, commander in 1828, post-captain in 1833, and K.C.B. in March 1846, in recognition of his gallant action off the coast of South America in the previous November, when he ascended the Parma River, and, with a very insufficient contingent, defeated the vastly superior forces of General Rosas at Punta Obligado, destroying four batteries and twenty-five ships which barred his passage. In Dec. 1853 Sir Charles married Jane Sarah, daughter of Lord Bridport and widow of Hugh Holbech, of Farnborough, Warwick, who survived him, and married, thirdly, in 1860, Captain Armytage, R.N. He was employed on various diplomatic missions, and ultimately appointed to succeed Mr. Latrobe as Governor of Victoria, arriving in Hobson's Bay on June 21st, 1854. Though well intentioned, Sir Charles Hotham was somewhat imprudent, and thus increased the difficulties of a difficult situation. It is to his credit that he at once recognised the growing force of the popular movement, which just before his death resulted in the concession of full autonomous institutions to the Victorian colonists. His strength was overtaxed in grappling with the enormous difficulties of the financial situation, the opposition to the policy of the Home Government in regard to the influx of convicts, and the troubles over the diggers' licences, culminating in the regrettable bloodshed at Ballarat. Whatever his failings as a proconsul, it must not be forgotten that under his r?gime responsible government was conceded to Victoria, the extravagance of the finances redressed, and the exclusion of convicts finally accepted as an unalterable principle both by the local and the imperial administrations. During his governorship, too, a great advance was made in material progress, the Hobson's Bay Railway and the Melbourne Gas Works being inaugurated during his tenure of office. Sir Charles died in Melbourne on the last day of the year 1855, from a choleraic affection resulting in epilepsy. The Legislative Council voted ?1500 to defray the expenses of his funeral, and for the erection of a monument to his memory.

Hovell, Captain William Hilton, was born at Yarmouth, on April 26th, 1786, and arrived in Sydney in 1813. After six years of coastal trading, with occasional trips to New Zealand, he gave up the sea, to which he had been brought up, and settled at Narellan, N.S.W., in 1819, where he commenced his career as an explorer, and travelled from Ulladulla to Shoalhaven. Widening the scope of his explorations, he accompanied Mr. Hamilton Hume overland to Port Phillip in 1824, assisted in the settlement at Western Port in 1826, and ultimately took up his residence at Goulburn in 1829. He died, in 1876, in Sydney.

Howard, Rev. Charles B., M.A., first Colonial Chaplain of South Australia, was appointed to that post by the Imperial Government, and arrived in the colony with Captain Hindmarsh, the first Governor, in the Buffalo, on Dec. 28th, 1836. Officiating in the first instance in a tent, and subsequently in a wooden structure sent out from England by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Mr. Howard ultimately commenced the erection of Trinity Church, Adelaide, becoming involved thereby in pecuniary difficulties which embittered his last days. This devoted pioneer of the Church of England in South Australia died in 1843, at the early age of thirty-three. His widow married in 1845 the Very Rev. James Farrell, first Dean of Adelaide (q.v.).

Howe, Hon. James Henderson, M.P., is member for Gladstone in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, having formerly represented Stanley; and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Downer Ministry from June 1885 to June 1887, and in that of Dr. Cockburn from June 1889 until May 1890, when he succeeded Mr. Burgoyne as Minister of Lands, holding the latter office till July 1890, when he resigned.

Howitt, Alfred William, the well-known explorer, who is Secretary for Mines in Victoria, is a son of the late William and Mary Howitt, the distinguished authors, and went to Victoria while still a youth. Whilst engaged in squatting pursuits, he gained a reputation as a fearless and energetic bushman; and when the relief party which was sent in quest of the Burke and Wills expedition was projected in 1861, Mr. Howitt was chosen leader. Near Swan Hill he met Brahe returning with the intelligence that Burke had not returned to the dep?t. Mr. Howitt was reinforced and sent forward. He crossed the Darling near Wilcannia, and directing his course towards the Stokes ranges (reached and named by Sturt in 1845), passed McAdam Range, Wilkie's Creek, Mount Shillinglaw, McLeays Plains, and finally the dep?t at Fort Wills, on Cooper's Creek, on September 8th. On the 16th the party found King, the survivor; two days after they buried the remains of Wills, and on the 21st those of Burke. The relief party, with King, returned to Melbourne on Nov. 28th, 1861. It having been determined that the remains of Burke and Wills should be brought to Melbourne, Mr. Howitt was again sent to Cooper's Creek with a stronger party. They left Melbourne on Dec. 1st, 1861; reached Fort Wills on Feb. 18th, 1862, after making several excursions in various directions and discovering Baleman's, Burrell's, Phillip's, O'Donneld's, and Williams' creeks, and Lake Short. Mr, Howitt finally left Cooper's Creek in Oct. 1862, arriving, with the remains of Burke and Wills, in Adelaide on Dec. 11th, and in Melbourne on Dec 28th, 1862. Mr. Howitt, for these and other services, was appointed police magistrate of Victoria and stationed in Gippsland, where he resided first at Bairnsdale and latterly at Sale. He has made a profound study of the ethnology and characteristics of the natives of Australia; and in 1880 published a work, in conjunction with the Rev. L. Fison, on the marriage customs of two noted tribes. Mr. Howitt has also made a scientific and practical study of gold mining, and was the leader of more than one Government prospecting party. His exceptional capabilities in this direction were recognised by his appointment in 18— as Secretary for Mines in Victoria, a position he still holds. Mr. Howitt married a daughter of the late Judge Boothby, of Adelaide.

Howitt, Richard, one of the brothers of William Howitt (q.v.) was born in Nottinghamshire in 1799, and was farming in Australia from 1839 to 1844. He was author of "Antediluvian Sketches, and other Poems" (1830); "The Gipsy King, and other Poems" (1840); "Impressions of Australia Felix," "Australian Poems," etc. (1845). He died at Edingley, Notts, on Feb. 5th, 1869. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Howitt, William, the well-known author, was born at Heanor, Derbyshire, in 1795, and was educated at the Quakers' School at Ackworth, Yorkshire. He married, in 1823, Miss Mary Botham; and, after a successful career of joint authorship, in 1852 visited Australia, where his brother, Dr. Godfrey Howitt, was practising with great success as a physician in Melbourne. He returned to England in 1854, and, as the result of his tour, published "Land, Labour and Gold," "Letters on Transportation," and "The History of Discovery in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand." Mr. Howitt died at Rome on March 3rd, 1879.

Hughes, Henry Kent, was a leading settler in the colony of Victoria, but ultimately removed to South Australia, and was member for Victoria from 1868 to 1870 and for Port Adelaide from 1871 to 1874 in the Legislative Assembly of that colony. He was Treasurer in the Strangways Ministry from Nov. 1868 to May 1870, and in that of Mr. (now Sir) Henry Ayers from Jan. to March 1872. Mr. Hughes, who sat in the Legislative Council from April 1877 to May 1880, died on August 30th, 1880. His widow, who died in London in 1890, left several legacies to Adelaide charities.

Hughes, Sir Walter Watson, founder of Adelaide University, son of Thomas Hughes, of Pittenweem, Fifeshire, was born on August 22nd, 1803, at Pittenweem, where he served his apprenticeship to a cooper. He then went into the merchant service, and purchased a vessel, in which he traded between Calcutta and China, and in which he came to Adelaide in 1842. Settling in South Australia, he suffered severe reverses, but ultimately acquired great wealth through his connection with the Moonta, Wallaroo and Yorke's Peninsula Copper Mines, which he discovered and developed. In 1872 he was desirous of making a donation of ?20,000 to Union College, Adelaide, which had been established for the training of candidates for the Nonconformist ministry; but was induced, mainly by Mr. Jefferis, to apply the sum to the endowment of a university on a broader basis. From this act of munificence sprang the now flourishing university of Adelaide, of which Sir Walter, who stipulated that the money should be applied to the endowment of a classical and an English professorship, is commonly styled "the Father." He was knighted in 1880, and resided in England for many years prior to his death, which took place at Fancourt, Chertsey, on New Year's Day 1887. Sir Walter married, in 1841, Sophia, eldest daughter of John Henry Hickman, of Warnbunga, S.A., who died in 1885.

Hull, Hugh Munro, son of George Hull, of Tolosa and Brien's Bridge, was born in Westminster on March 19th, 1818. He was appointed clerk to the Governor of Tasmania in April 1834; senior clerk, Colonial Secretary's Office, in July 1841; Statistician and Secretary to Committee of Officers in 1844; Police Magistrate, J. P., Coroner, and Chairman of Quarter Sessions in 1856; Clerk Assistant in Parliament in 1857; captain 2nd Volunteer Rifles in 1860; clerk of the House of Assembly in April 1864. He was secretary to the Reception Committee of H.R.H. the Duke of Edinburgh, and also to the Intercolonial Exhibition Commission, and secretary to the Philadelphia Exhibition Commission. He is the author of "Forty Years in Tasmania," "Tasmania in 1871," "Hints to Emigrants," and "Tasmania as a Field for British Emigration." He was secretary to the Tasmanian Commission for the Sydney International Exhibition of 1879 and the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. Mr. Hull, who married first Antoinette Martha, daughter of James Aitken, of Glen Esk, and secondly, in 1854, Margaret Basset, daughter of William Tremlett, of St. Leonards, died on April 3rd, 1882.

Hume, Lieut.-Col. Arthur, Inspector of Prisons, New Zealand, is the son of John Hume and Annie Parker his wife, and was born in Dublin, Ireland, on June 21st, 1840. Lieut.-Col. Hume was an officer in the 79th Highlanders from 1859 to 1874, and Deputy Governor of Dartmoor, Millbank, Portland, and Wormwood Scrubs prisons from the latter year till 1880, when he was appointed Inspector of Prisons in New Zealand, arriving in that colony in Nov. 1881. In addition to this office, Col. Hume is Commissioner of Police and acting Under-Secretary for Defence. He married at Murree, Punjab, India, on Oct. 11th, 1864, Miss Ruby Macintire.

Hume, (Alexander) Hamilton, F.R.G.S., son of Andrew Hamilton Hume, by his wife, Elizabeth Moore, second daughter of the Rev. John Kennedy, vicar of Sexton and Nettlestead, Kent, was born on June 18th, 1797, at Parramatta, N.S.W. When only seventeen he explored the Berrima district in company with his brother, John Kennedy Hume, and made numerous journeys into the interior, during which he opened up the Yass and Goulburn Plains districts between 1816 and 1824, when he conducted an expedition overland from Sydney to Port Phillip, the party discovering the Tumut, Hume, Mitta Mitta, Ovens, Goulburn, and Hovell rivers en route. They started from Appen on Oct. 2nd, and after finding their progress barred by the Australian Alps, then unnamed, reached Port Phillip on Dec. 17th, accomplishing the return journey to Sydney, vi? Lake George, in a little over a month. In 1828 be acted as second in command of Captain Start's expedition to trace the Macquarie river. Mr. Hume, who was rewarded for his services with grants of land, published in 1855 "A Brief Statement of Facts in connection with an Overland Expedition from Lake George to Port Phillip in 1824." He married Miss Dwight, and died at Yass on April 19th, 1873.

Hume, Fergus, the well-known writer, is a native of New Zealand, where his father is part proprietor of a private lunatic asylum near Dunedin. He was bred up to the law, and was articled in the office of Sir Robert Stout, the well-known New Zealand statesman. His first story of any length, and that by which his name is best known, was "The Mysteries of a Hansom Cab," which was first published in Melbourne, where it created a sensation. Mr. Trischler, who had been connected with the publishing house in that city, conceived the idea of reissuing it in London, and bought the rights from the author, bringing the book out in England in 1888, where its circulation was something phenomenal. Subsequently the work was dramatised. Mr. Hume came to reside in London soon after the reissue there of "The Mysteries of a Hansom Cab." In 1889 he produced "Madame Midas," and has written three books each year since. In 1889 he also published "The Piccadilly Puzzle"; in 1890 "The Gentleman who Vanished," "The Man with a Secret," and "Miss Mephistopheles"; in 1891 "A Creature of the Night," "Monsieur Judas: a Paradox," "Whom God hath joined," and "The Year of Miracle." In 1892 Mr. Hume produced "The Island of Fantasy," in three volumes.

Hume, Walter Cunningham, J. P., entered the Queensland Civil Service as a second-class surveyor in the Lands Department in June 1864. In the following year the office was abolished, but in May 1868 he was reinstated; and was appointed Mineral Land Commissioner at the Stanthorpe Tin Mines in 1872; District Surveyor and Land Commissioner at the Darling Downs in 1875; and Under-Secretary for Public Lands and Chief Commissioner of Crown Lands in March 1885.

Humffray, Hon. John Basson, first Minister of Mines in Victoria, was an early settler in the great gold mining district of Ballarat, in Victoria, and took a prominent part in the agitation for the repeal of the obnoxious gold miners' licences, which culminated in 1854 in the conflict between the miners and the military at the Eureka stockade. Mr. Humffray personally was, however, always in favour of constitutional methods as opposed to physical force. In 1856 he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria as member for North Grant. In Nov. 1860 he was appointed Commissioner for Mines in the Heales Government, and was thus the first Ministerial head of the Mining Department of Victoria. He resigned with his colleagues in Nov. 1861, and did not again take a prominent part in political life. He resided at Ballarat, where he died on March 31st, 1890.

Hunt, Robert, C.M.G., was appointed Deputy Master of the Mint in Sydney in Jan. 1878, and was created C.M.G. in 1888. He is the son of Henry Leigh Hunt and Ellen (Simpson) his wife, and was born in London on June 30th, 1830. In 1853 he was appointed first clerk of the Bullion Office, Sydney Mint, and arrived in New South Wales in 1854. Mr. Hunt was transferred to Melbourne in 1870, where he remained until he received his present appointment. He married at St. Leonards, N.S.W., on Nov. 25th, 1860, Miss Mary Paul.

Hutchinson, Right Rev. Monsignor John, O.S.A., Bishop of Maximinopolis, and Vicar-Apostolic of Cooktown, Qd., was consecrated in St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney, on August 28th, 1887.

Hutton, Captain Frederick Wollaston, Professor of Biology, Canterbury College, N.Z., son of the Rev. H. F. Hutton, was born on Nov. 16th, 1836, at Gate Burton, Gainsborough, Lincolnshire, and educated at 8outhwell and the Royal Naval Academy, Gosport. Failing to get an appointment in the navy, he entered the merchant service in 1851, but afterwards studied civil engineering. In 1855 he entered the 23rd Royal Welsh Fusiliers, and went out to the Crimea. In the army he served also in China, in India through the Mutiny, at Malta, and in Ireland. He was gazetted captain on Dec 18th, 1862, but in Nov. 1865 sold out and emigrated to New Zealand. Here he was appointed by the Provincial Government of Auckland to report upon certain gold and coalfields. Subsequently he reported upon the defences of the various harbours in New Zealand. Captain Hutton was successively Assistant Geologist to the Geological Survey, teacher of Natural Science in Wellington College, and in 1873 Provincial Geologist of Otago. In Feb. 1877 he was made Professor of Natural Science in the University of Otago, and in Oct. 1879 became Professor of Biology at Canterbury College, Christchurch. Captain Hutton has contributed numerous papers to scientific magazines on the biology and geology of New Zealand, and was one of the chief supporters of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury. He is the author of "Class Book of Elementary Geology," 1875; "Studies in Biology for New Zealand Students," 1880.

Hyde-Harris, John, J.P., was born on Nov. 24th, 1825, at Deddington, Oxfordshire, and trained for the law, but emigrated to New Zealand in 1850. He practised as a barrister and solicitor in Otago from 1850 to 1859, when he was appointed District Judge, a position which he held till its abolition in 1862. He was a member of the Provincial Council of Otago from 1853 to 1859, and from 1859 to 1868 was in the Legislative Council of New Zealand. In 1862 he was Deputy-Superintendent of Otago, and in 1863 Superintendent In 1865 he was President of the first New Zealand Exhibition. In the Stafford Ministry he was a member of the Executive Council from Sept. 26th, 1867, to May 13th, 1868, and Solicitor-General from Oct. 26th, 1867, to May 13th, 1868. From 1859 to 1863 he was Resident Magistrate, and was a member of the Council of the University of Otago from 1869. Mr. Hyde-Harris, who married on Sept. 3rd, 1851, Annie Cunningham, second daughter of Captain Cargill, died on July 24th, 1886.

I

Inglis, James, son of Rev. Robert Inglis, M.A., by his marriage with Helen Brand, was born at Edzell, Forfarshire, on Nov. 24th, 1845, and educated at Edinburgh University. He visited New Zealand in 1864, went to India at the end of 1866, and to Australia after extensive travel and work in India and the East, in search of health. At the end of 1877 Mr. Inglis saw considerable official service in India; was Famine Commissioner in Bhangulpore in 1875, and Executive Commissioner for the Government of India to the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880-81. Having settled in New South Wales, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for New England in 1885, and was Minister of Public Instruction in the Parkes Government from Jan. 1887 to Jan. 1889. He has written to the press under the signature "Maori," and is author of "Sport and Work on the Nepaul Frontier" (Macmillan & Co., London, 1880), "Our Australian Cousins" (Macmillan, 1882), "Our New Zealand Cousins" (Sampson Low & Co., London, 1886), "Tent Life in Tiger Land" (Sampson Low, 1888), and other works. Mr. Inglis married in Sydney in Oct. 1879 Miss Mary Nichol.

Innes, Hon. Frederick Maitland, M.L.C., was born in Scotland in 1816, and arrived in Tasmania in 1833. He entered Parliament at the inauguration of free institutions in 1856, and was appointed Colonial Treasurer in Mr. Weston's Ministry, which held office for little more than a fortnight, in April and May 1857. He held the same post under Mr. (afterwards Sir) Francis Smith's Administration, which immediately succeeded, from May 1857 to Nov. 1860, and in the Weston Ministry from the latter date till August 1861, when he took the same post in the Chapman Ministry. In Nov. 1862 he resigned the Treasurership, and became Colonial Secretary in the same ministry, resigning with his colleagues in Jan. 1863. He was subsequently Chairman of Committees, and became President of the Council in August 1868, a post which he resigned in Nov. 1872, to become Premier of an administration, in which he also acted as Treasurer, holding a seat in the Assembly. He resigned in August 1873, but again took office as Treasurer under his successor, Mr. Kennerley, in March 1875, retiring with the rest of the ministry in July 1876. Having returned to the Legislative Council, he once more became President of that Chamber in March 1880, and held the position till his death on May 11th, 1882. Mr. Innes married a daughter of Humphrey Grey, of Eastbourne, near Avoca, Tasmania.

Innes, Hon. Sir Joseph George Long, Puisne Judge, New South Wales, eldest son of the late Joseph Long Innes, of Sydney, sometime captain 39th Foot, was born in Sydney on Oct. 16th, 1834, and educated at the King's School, Parramatta, N.S.W. He then went to England, and entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn in Nov. 1856; and, after winning a certificate of honour in May 1859, he was called to the bar in November of the same year. Having returned to Australia, he was admitted to the New South Wales bar in 1862, and practised till 1865, when he was appointed a district judge in Queensland. This position he resigned in 1869, and returned to practise his profession in Sydney. He also went into politics, and was returned to the Assembly in 1872, in May of which year he became Solicitor-General in the first Parkes Ministry, and in November of the next year Attorney-General in succession to the late Mr. Butler. Having been nominated to the Legislative Council in 1873, he continued to hold office as Attorney-General in the Parkes Ministry until the break-up of the Government in Feb. 1875. In the previous year he had accompanied Sir Hercules Robinson, the then Governor of New South Wales, on his special mission to Fiji, in connection with the annexation of the island to the British Crown, and was knighted in Jan. 1875 in recognition of his legal services on that occasion. Sir George acted as Chairman of Committees in the Legislative Council till August 1880, when he succeeded Mr. F. B. Suttor as Minister of Justice in the third Parkes Administration, this post he resigned in Oct. 1881, on being appointed a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, a position which he still holds. Sir George married, in 1865, Emily Janet, daughter of Hon. John Smith, M.L.C., of Llanarth, Bathurst, N.S.W.

Ireland, Hon. Richard Davies, was born in Galway in 1816, and was called to the Irish bar in 1838. He emigrated to Victoria in 1852, and was called to the local bar in the following year. His brilliant and gratuitous defence of the Ballarat rioters brought him enormous popularity, and he was elected to represent Castlemaine in the Assembly in 1857, and was appointed Solicitor-General in March 1858 in the O'Shanassy Ministry, retiring with his colleagues in Oct. 1859, when he was returned for Maryborough. He entered the Legislative Council in 1859, and joined the Heales Administration as Attorney-General in Nov. 1860, but resigned in July 1861, four months before the fall of the Ministry. When the O'Shanassy Ministry, which succeeded, came in in Nov. 1861, Mr. Ireland again became Attorney-General, retiring with his colleagues in June 1863. Mr. Ireland did not again hold office, and died in Melbourne in 1875.

Irving, Martin Howy, M.A., one of the members of the Public Service Board of Victoria, is the son of the celebrated preacher Edward Irving, founder of the "Irvingites," and Isabella (Martin) his wife, and was born in 1831. He matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, in Nov. 1848, and became scholar of his college in the same year. He graduated B.A. in 1853, M.A. in 1856, and would doubtless have proceeded to a Fellowship but for the religious tests then imposed. He emigrated to Victoria, and was head master of Wesley College, Melbourne, till 1875, and Professor of Classics in the Melbourne University (of which he was made M.A. in 1867) for many years. When the control of the Civil Service was removed from the domain of politics and was placed in the hands of a permanent body under the title of the Public Service Board, Professor Irving was nominated one of the members (Feb. 1884). When it became necessary to elect a successor to the late Sir William Stawell as Chancellor of the University of Melbourne, Professor Irving was placed in nomination by his friends, and only failed of election by a single vote.

Ives, Joshua, Mus. Bac. Cantab., Professor of Music, Adelaide University, is the son of John and Hannah Goddard Ives, and was born at Hyde, Cheshire. Professor Ives was formerly Lecturer on Harmony and Musical Composition at the Glasgow Athen?um. In 1885, when the University of Adelaide set the example to the rest of Australia in founding a chair of music, Professor Ives was appointed its first occupant, arriving in Adelaide in March 1885. At first the chair was supported by public subscription, but so great has been its success that it is now self-supporting. Professor Ives was married at Glasgow in 1879 to Miss Janet Boyd.

J

Jack, Robert Logan, F.G.S., F.R.G.S., Government Geologist, Queensland, is the son of Robert Jack and Margaret (Logan) his wife. He was born on Sept. 16th, 1845, at Irvine, Argyllshire, Scotland, and was educated at the Academy there and at Edinburgh University. He was employed on the Geological Survey of Scotland from 1867 to 1871, was married at Glasgow on April 10th, 1877, to Miss Janet Simpson, and arrived in Australia in July of that year, where he was employed by the Queensland Government as Geological Surveyor. In 1880 Mr. Jack explored some portion of the Cape York peninsula, principally with the view of ascertaining whether the country was auriferous. The party suffered greatly from the heavy rainfall, and the natives were also hostile, Mr. Jack being speared through the neck in the same locality where Kennedy lost his life in 1848. On this expedition Mr. Jack mapped in the river system up the peninsula, which had previously been traversed (on the west coast) only by the brothers Jardine in 1864. Mr. Jack is the author of numerous reports on the geology of Scotland and Queensland, of "The Handbook of Queensland Geology" (1886), "Mineral Wealth of Queensland" (1888), and conjointly with Mr. Robert Etheridge, Palaeontologist to the Australian Museum and Geological Survey of New South Wales, of "Geology and Palaeontology of Queensland and New Guinea" (1882). Mr. Jack was President of the Geology Section of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science at the meeting held in Sydney in 1888. His elder brother, William Jack, LL.D., is Professor of Mathematics in Glasgow University.

Jackson, John Alexander, eldest son of Major Jackson, barrack master at Sydney, went to Tasmania in 1830, and was barrack storekeeper at Ross. In 1833 he moved to Launceston to edit the Advertiser. He was recommended by Sir John Franklin to the Government of South Australia, and was Colonial Treasurer in the early days of that colony and Colonial Secretary (succeeding Mr. Robert Gouger) from Oct. 1841 to June 1843, when he resigned owing to a difference with the Governor of the colony, Captain (now Sir) George Grey. Returning to Tasmania, he went to London as the official representative of the anti-transportation movement, and contributed towards the success of the agitation for granting responsible government to the Australian colonies by his letters to Earl Grey. It was due to an intimation received from Mr. Jackson whilst in London in 1849 that the people of Port Phillip became aware of the intention of the imperial authorities to despatch a batch of convicts to their settlement. They were thus enabled to initiate the opposition which was successful in preventing Victoria becoming a convict colony. Later on Mr. Jackson resided in Melbourne as general manager of the English, Scottish, and Australian Chartered Bank, a post which he held till replaced by Mr. (now Sir) George Verdon in 1872. Mr. Jackson married a daughter of the late W. G. Walker, of Vron Estate, Bishopsbourne, Tas., and died at Ealing, near London, in May 1885.

Jackson, Hon. John Alexander, B.A., youngest son of John Alexander Jackson, an architect in Tasmania, was educated at Queen's College, Oxford, and entered as a student at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1864, being called to the bar in June 1868. He subsequently returned to Tasmania, and was admitted to the bar of that colony, practising at Hobart. He was Attorney-General in the Innes ministry from Nov. 1872 to August 1873, and died on Feb. 18th, 1889, aged forty-five years.

Jacob, Hon. Archibald Hamilton, M.L.C., was member for Gloucester in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, and succeeded Mr. Baker as Secretary for Mines in the Robertson Ministry in Nov. 1877, retiring with his colleagues the following month. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Sept. 1883, and is Chairman of Committees of that body.

Jacobs, Very Rev. Henry, D.D., Dean of Christchurch, N.Z., son of William Hearne Jacobs, was born at Chale Abbey, Isle of Wight, on Jan. 3rd, 1824, and educated at the Charterhouse, where he obtained an exhibition to Queen's College, Oxford, of which he was Michel Exhibitioner from 1841 to 1845, Scholar 1845 to 1848, and Fellow 1848 to 1851. He proceeded B.A. (first class Lit. Hum.) in 1845, M.A. in 1848, and was ordained deacon in 1847 and priest in 1848. From 1847 to 1848 he was curate of Bussage, Gloucestershire, and in 1848-9 headmaster of St. Nicholas' College, Shoreham. In 184950 he was curate of All Saints', Poplar, and in Dec. 1850 arrived at Lyttelton, N.Z., as classical professor of the college which it was proposed to open in the new settlement of Canterbury, where he performed the first Church of England service. In April 1852 Mr. Jacobs became headmaster of the Christ's College Grammar School, and remained so till 1863, when he became incumbent of the parish of Christchurch. In 1864, having declined the bishopric of Nelson, he was made archdeacon, and in June 1866 he became Dean of Christchurch. He has been sub-warden of Christ's College since 1853, and was incumbent of St. Michael and All Angels', Christchurch, from 1863 to 1873. In August 1880 he took the degrees of B.D. and D.D. of the University of Oxford by accumulation. Dr. Jacobs visited England, for the first time since his departure to New Zealand, in 1890. The Dean was married firstly, at All Saints', Poplar, London, on August 29th, 1850, to Miss Charlotte Emily Corrick; and secondly, at St. Michael and All Angels', Christchurch, N.Z., on April 20th, 1871, to Miss Emily Rose Thompson. He has published poems, and a volume from his pen descriptive of the Church of England in New Zealand was published by the Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, in their "Colonial Church Histories" series in 1889.

James, John Charles Horsey, B. A., Commissioner of Land Titles, Western Australia, son of the Rev. John James, was born at Home in 1841, and educated at Rugby and at Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1864. He entered at the Inner Temple, was called to the bar in Nov. 1866, and practised on the Oxford Circuit. He was appointed Commissioner of Titles in Western Australia on July 9th, 1875, acting also as Master of the Supreme Court and Registrar in Bankruptcy from Feb. 1876 to August 1877, and from Nov. 1879 to March 1880. He married, in 1885, Rebecca Catherine, elder daughter of Charles Hippuff Clifton, J.P. of Perth, W.A., and Maria Glyn, his wife.

Jardine, Alexander William, M.I.C.E., F.R.G.S., J.P., son of the late John Jardine, 3rd son of the 6th baronet, of Applegirth, Dumfriesshire, was bora on Nov. 9th, 1845, near Sydney, N.S.W., and educated at the Sydney Grammar School. In 1864-5 he conducted, with his elder brother Francis Lascelles, an overland expedition from Rockhampton in Queensland to Cape York, for which he was awarded the "Murchison Grant" of the Royal Geographical Society, London, and elected a fellow. At the end of 1865 he entered the Queensland Civil Service as Roads Engineer, and in 1868 he was appointed Foreman of Works, and surveyed and formed the main road from Brisbane to the Gympie Goldfields. In 1874 he was appointed Engineer of Roads and Bridges for Central Queensland, and when that office was abolished in 1880 he became Superintending Engineer of the Fitzroy River Navigation Works, and shortly afterwards Superintending Engineer of the Central and Northern Harbour and River Works. In 1882 he was elected Associate M.I.C.E., London, and in 1884 he was elected M.I.C.E. He was offered and declined the post of Chief Engineer of Bridges, and in 1889 was appointed Deputy Engineer of Harbours and Rivers, and on the retirement of Mr. Nisbet in September of the same year, became acting Chief Engineer in the same department. He is a fellow of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and of other scientific bodies. Mr. Jardine married in 1883 Charlotte Elizabeth, daughter of Archibald Mossman and sister of Ladies McIlwraith and Palmer.

Jarvis, Arthur Harwood, the well-known cricketer, is the third son of R. Jarvis, of Tunbridge Wells, Kent, England, who emigrated to South Australia in 1856, and settled at Hindmarsh, where the subject of this notice was born on Oct. 18th, 1860. He made his d?but on the Adelaide Oval in Jan. 1877, and was the highest scorer the first season he joined the first eleven of South Australia. He is the champion wicket-keeper of that colony, a first-rate batsman, and its best all-round cricketer, He was a member of the Australian team which went to England in 1881, and of the two subsequent elevens, captained by Mr. Murdoch and Mr. Scott respectively. He was not included in the Murdoch team in 1890.

Jefferis, Rev. James, LL.B., was born at Bristol in 1833, and educated for the Congregational ministry at New College, London, and at London University, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B., and was afterwards appointed to a Congregational church at Saltaire, near Bradford. He left for Australia in broken health, in 1859, and settled at Adelaide, where, during his eighteen years' residence, he gained a high repute as a preacher, speaker, and writer. He also acted as professor of mathematics and natural science in Union College, an institution for the education of young men for the ministry, but not attached to any particular denomination. It was to this college that Sir W. W. Hughes wished at first to give the ?20,000 which, at Mr. Jefferis' suggestion, he ultimately decided to make the nucleus for the establishment of the now flourishing University of Adelaide. Mr. Jefferis undertook the pastorate of the Congregational Church in Pitt Street, Sydney, in 1877, and retained it till 1890, when he returned to England, and accepted the charge of the Collegiate Church at Hampstead.

Jenkins, John Greeley, M.P., ex-Minister of Public Works, South Australia, is the son of Evan Jenkins and Mary his wife, both natives of Wales, and was born at Clifford, Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on Sept. 8th, 1851. In 1878 he emigrated to Australia, arriving in Adelaide in April of that year. Having held various municipal offices at Unley, S.A., Mr. Jenkins was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the Sturt district in 1887, and was re-elected in 1890. In March 1891, on the death of Mr. Bews, Mr. Jenkins accepted the portfolio of Minister of Education in the Playford Government, exchanging it in Jan. 1892 for that of Public Works, a position he held till June 1892, when he resigned with his colleagues after their defeat on Mr. Holder's want of confidence motion. Mr. Jenkins, who is a Past Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Freemasons in that colony, was married at Adelaide on Jan. 5th, 1883, to Miss Jeannie Mary Charlton.

Jenks, Professor Edward, M.A., LL.B., formerly Dean of the Faculty of Law in Melbourne University, was educated at King's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1886, and subsequently became M.A. and Fellow. In 1886 he was Royal Medallist, and won the Le Bas prize in 1888 and the Thirlwall prize in 1889. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. In May 1889 Mr. Jenks was appointed to the chair of law at Melbourne University in succession to the late Dr. Hearn (q.v.). In this capacity he delivered a course of lectures on the public law of Victoria, which were subsequently revised and published under the title "The Government of Victoria" (London, 1891). Towards the end of the year 1891 Professor Jenks resigned his position in the Melbourne University, and subsequently returned to England.

Jenner, Hon. Caleb Joshua, came of a yeoman family, and was born Dec. 9th, 1830, at Alfreston, Sussex. He came to Victoria in 1850, and engaged in commercial pursuits at Geelong. Mr. Jenner held the office of president of the first reform league, established for the purpose of protecting native Industries. He represented the south-western province in the Legislative Council for more than twenty years, being returned in 1863 in opposition to the late Mr. C. J. Griffith, and for a number of years was Chairman of Committees. From Sept. 1869 to April 1870 he acted as the representative of the Macpherson Government in the Legislative Council, and subsequently discharged the same functions for the Duffy Government. Mr. Jenner, who retired from public life in 1884, was a director of numerous local companies, and died on June 28th, 1890.

Jennings, Hon. Sir Patrick Alfred, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., LL.D., is the son of the late Francis Jennings, of Newry, Ireland, where he was born in 1831, and subsequently educated. After some mercantile experience in Exeter, England he arrived in Victoria in 1852, and was fairly successful on the goldfields. 1855 he settled at St. Arnaud, in the same colony, where he introduced elaborate quartz crushing machinery. He was asked to stand for the Wimmera, but declined to enter the Victorian Legislature. In 1857 he was made a magistrate, and became Chairman of the first Road Board, and of the first Municipal Council of the borough of St. Arnaud. Until the year 1863 the future Prime Minister of New South Wales remained in Victoria; but in that year he changed both his colony and his course of life, and having secured a pastoral station at Warbreccan he henceforth followed the life of a "squatter" in the Riverina district of the mother colony, taking a leading part in the agitation which then sprang up for the separation of Riverina from New South Wales, and its constitution into a distinct colony. The distance from the centre of administration at Sydney was the principal plea, urged on behalf of Riverine autonomy; and in order to baulk the agitation the Central Government decided to establish local courts of justice, and to facilitate railway communication with the disaffected province. The then Premier, Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin, personally visited the district, frankly admitted its meagre parliamentary representation, and, as a compensation, offered to nominate several leading local gentlemen to the Legislative Council of New South Wales. Mr. Jennings was the only member of the Riverina Association who accepted this diplomatic invitation in 1867. In 1869 he resigned his seat in the Legislative Council, and stood for the popular chamber. He was elected, and remained as the representative of the Murray district in the Assembly until 1873. Subsequently he was offered a Cabinet portfolio, but in 1874 he was unsuccessful in his contest for Mudgee, and remained out of Parliament for some years, being returned for the Bogan in 1880. In 1874 Mr. Jennings received the Order of St. Gregory the Great from Pius IX., and in 1875 acted as Special Commissioner for New South Wales at the Victorian Exhibition. In 1876 he represented New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania at the Philadelphia Exhibition; and subsequently visiting Europe, he was presented to the late Pope, and received the distinction of Knight-Commander of Pius IX. and of St. Gregory the Great. In Dec. 1878 Mr. Jennings agreed to accept office under Sir John Robertson as Vice-President of the Executive Council, and Leader of the Upper House; but the Ministry not being installed, the appointment lapsed. In 1879, in which year he was created C.M.G., he was appointed Executive Commissioner for the first International Exhibition of Australia, held in Sydney in September. The enterprise proved a great success, and Mr. Jennings was created K.C.M.G. in 1880. From Jan. to July 1883 he was Vice-President of the Executive Council in the Stuart Ministry, and was Colonial Treasurer in that of Mr. Dibbs from Oct. to Dec 1885. In Feb. 1886 he became Premier of New South Wales, with the office of Colonial Treasurer, but resigned in January of the next year, and was one of the representatives of his colony at the Colonial Conference held in London 1887. Subsequently he revisited Rome, and was created Grand Cross of Pius IX. by Pope Leo XIII. He was called to the Legislative Council in 1890, and was one of the New South Wales delegates at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. Sir Patrick, who was made an honorary LL.D. of Dublin University during his stay in England, married in 1864 Mary Anne, daughter of M. Shanahan, of Marnoo, Victoria. He is a member of the Senate of Sydney University, a Fellow of St. John's (Roman Catholic) College, affiliated to the university, and a trustee of the Sydney National Art Gallery.

Jenyns, Essie, was born at Brisbane, Queensland. Her father was in the medical profession, but died when Miss Jenyns was but twelve years of age. Her mother married Mr. J. W. Holloway, the actor, and with Mr. Holloway's company Miss Jenyns began her dramatic career about ten years ago. She played a small engagement with Mr. George Rignold, in Melbourne, about eight years ago. It was not till 1886 that Miss Jenyns drew to herself the distinct attention of the public. With Mr. Holloway's company she played a Shakesperian season at the New Opera House in Sydney in the autumn of that year, and as Juliet and Rosalind won for herself a pronounced success. In 1889 she married Mr. John Woods, of Newcastle, N.S.W., and retired from the stage.

Jersey, His Excellency the Right Hon. Victor Albert George Child Villiers, G.C.M.G., 7th Earl of, Governor of New South Wales, is the eldest son of the 6th Earl by his marriage with the eldest daughter of the late Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel, the eminent statesman. He was born on March 20th, 1845; was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford; succeeded his father in Oct. 1859; and married, in 1872, the Hon. Margaret Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the 2nd Lord Leigh. He was a lord-in-waiting to the Queen from June 1875 to June 1877; and was Paymaster-General and made a Privy Councillor in 1890; in July of which year he was appointed to succeed Lord Carrington as Governor of New South Wales. He was also created G.C.M.G.; but his departure was postponed, owing to the illness of Lady Jersey, who contracted typhoid fever. He left for Sydney in Nov. 1890, and was followed by Lady Jersey in Jan. 1891. The early period of their r?gime was made memorable by the assembling of the Federal Convention in Sydney in March 1891; and by a terrible calamity in Sydney Harbour in connection with the Easter Manoeuvres. Lady Jersey wrote a poem "One People One Destiny," Sir Henry Parkes' great toast at the Federal banquet.

Jervois, Lieut.-General Sir William Francis Drummond, G.C.M.G., C.B., R.E., F.R.S., late Governor of New Zealand, son of the late General William Jervois, K.H., colonel 70th Foot, and Elizabeth Maitland his wife, was born at Cowes, I.W., on Sept. 10th, 1821, and entered the Royal Engineers from Woolwich in 1839. In 1841 he went out to the Cape, and served there for seven years, making surveys and roads, and building bridges, etc. He acted in 1842 as brigade-major in an expedition against the Boers; in 1845 he was appointed acting-adjutant to the Royal Engineers; and in 1846 was brigade-major at Cape Town until the arrival of Sir G. Berkeley as commander-in-chief. He subsequently served against the Kaffirs. In 1847 he became captain, and in the following year he was appointed to the command of a company of sappers at Woolwich and Chatham. From 1852 to 1855 he was specially employed at Alderney in designing and executing fortifications. In 1854 he became major, and in 1856 was appointed assistant Inspector-General of Fortifications on the staff of the War Office. This office he held till 1875. From 1857 to 1875 he was secretary of the Committee on the Defence of the Empire, and in 1859 was appointed secretary to the Royal Commission on National Defences. In 1861 he became lieut.-colonel, and in 1862 he was Deputy Director of Fortifications; and he was also at various times a member of the Commission on the application of Iron to Ships and Forts, and on other Government commissions and committees relating to Imperial defence. He was engaged in fortification work in England, Malta, Gibraltar, Canada, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Bermuda, India, and Burmah; and having become colonel in 1867, was in 1875 made Governor of the Straits Settlements, and during his term of office, which lasted for two years, successfully quelled an insurrection of Malays in the states of Perak and Sungei Ujong, besides preparing a plan for the government of the protected Malay States. In 1877 he became major-general, and was selected by the Government to proceed to the Australian colonies to advise upon a scheme of defence for the Australian ports. In October of the same year he was appointed Governor of South Australia in succession to Sir William Cairns. This office he held till Feb. 6th, 1883, when he was transferred to New Zealand as Governor and Commander-in-Chief, replacing Sir Arthur Gordon. Sir William's recommendations on Australasian defence were of great importance, and have in the main been carried into effect. At Port Phillip he was the first person who proposed that, in addition to artillery, at the Heads of Queenscliff and Point Nepean, the forts, batteries, and submarine mines for the defence of the estuary and of the City of Melbourne should be concentrated at the Shoals near the entrance. He pointed out that Port Phillip thus defended and the shores of the estuary thus secured, defensive forces might act on the left flank of a hostile body, if attempting to advance upon Melbourne from the harbour of Westport. At Sydney he suggested that the forts, batteries, and submarine mines for the defence of Port Jackson should be arranged so as to keep an enemy out of the harbour, instead of fighting him—on the principle previously designed—after he had effected an entrance. He further planned a work and other means for the defence of Botany Bay, by which Sydney might otherwise be attacked from the southward. At Newcastle he proposed a fort for the defence of that important coaling station. At Brisbane he recommended that the approach to the town by the river should be barred by a battery bearing on submarine mines to be placed across the channel, and that the waters of Moreton Bay should be defended by gun-vessels. At Adelaide he suggested the establishment of batteries on the coast near the port, and the purchase of gun-vessels to defend the gulf up which a hostile ship must advance to the attack of the place. In Tasmania he proposed batteries and other means for the defence of Hobart and the Derwent. At Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton, and Dunedin in New Zealand, he planned forts, batteries and submarine mines for the defence of the harbours at those places. He further suggested many improvements in the organisation of the forces in the Australasian colonies. These outlines may be gathered from the reports of Sir William Jervois, which were, from time to time, presented to the several local Legislatures, and the recommendations made by him for the defence of the chief ports in Australasia, in the year 1877 and subsequently, have mainly been carried out. Sir William Jervois also suggested—so early as the year 1881—that the Imperial Naval Squadron in Australasian waters should be doubled, and that the colonies should bear half the cost of maintaining the entire naval force there. Subsequently, during the period when Sir George Tryon was Admiral on the station, this proposal was, at the investigation of the Admiral, carried into effect. It should never be forgotten that the defence of Australasia and of Australasian commerce is really a naval question, and the protection of the ports, which are now defended according to Sir William Jervois' recommendations, are indeed part of the naval defence. In 1889 Sir William Jervois retired, and was succeeded by Lord Onslow. He has since lived in London. In 1882 he was placed upon the retired list as lieut.-general. In Nov. 1863 he was created C.B., in May 1874 K.C.M.G., and in May 1878 G.C.M.G. Sir William Jervois married in 1850 Lucy, daughter of the late William Norsworthy. It is understood that Sir William Jervois would not have been unwilling to accept the agent-generalship of New Zealand in 1891 on Sir F. D. Bell's retirement, and his name was mentioned for reappointment for a second term as Governor of New Zealand on the resignation of Lord Onslow in 1892, later in which year he revisited New Zealand on a pleasure trip.

Jessop, John Shillito, M.L.A., was born at Whitley, Yorkshire, on August 14th, 1840, and educated at private schools at Whitley and Pollington, and at the Snaith Grammar School. In 1859 he arrived in Melbourne, and in 1864 went to Queensland, where, in 1881, he was elected to represent Dalby in the Legislative Assembly—a constituency for which he still sits. Mr. Jessop is Chairman of Committees in the Assembly.

Johnson, Edwin, Under-Secretary for Public Instruction, New South Wales, was born in Liverpool on Jan. 2nd, 1835. He won a first-class Queen's Scholarship to Kneller Hall Training College, of which Dr. Temple (now Bishop of London) was the head. The latter recommended him to Earl Grey, who, when Colonial Secretary, appointed him a teacher under the National Board of New South Wales, where he arrived in 1855. He was appointed Inspector of Schools in 1862, Chief Inspector (under the Minister) in 1880, and Under-Secretary in 1884.

Johnson, Joseph Colin Francis, M.P., son of Henry Johnson, a solicitor in Adelaide, by his marriage with the third daughter of Colin Campbell, of Stonefield, Pine Forest, S.A., was born in Adelaide in Feb. 1848. His father removing to Victoria during the gold-digging fever, he was educated at the Geelong National Grammar School. Returning to South Australia in 1868, he was for eleven years on the staff of the South Australian Register. He then purchased the Adelaide Punch and conducted it for several years. Since 1884 he has been member for Onkaparinga in the South Australian Legislative Assembly, and was Minister of Education and of the Northern Territory from June 1887 to June 1889 in the Playford Ministry. Mr. Johnson is author of "Moses and Me," the record of a visit paid to the Mount Brown diggings in 1880.

Johnston, Andrew, Commissioner of Railways, Queensland, was born in 1852. He was engaged in the construction of the Settle and Carlisle and Shipley and Guiseley railways from 1869 to 1877, and from 1877 to 1881 he had the entire supervision of the Ely and Haddenham and St. Ives railway, and the Gottenburg tramways in Sweden. He was appointed engineer of the eastern division of the Great Eastern Railway in 1881, and in that position supervised the construction of many important works. In 1889 he was appointed to his present post.

Johnston, Alexander James, late Judge of the Supreme Court, New Zealand, eldest son of James S. Johnston, of Wood Hill, Kinnellar, co. Aberdeen, was born at Aberdeen on Jan. 15th, 1820, and educated at Marischal College, at King's College, London, and in Paris. He entered at Lincoln's Inn on Nov. 12th, 1838, and went to the Middle Temple on Dec 21st, 1842, being called to the bar on Jan. 27th, 1848. From 1843 to 1858 he practised on the northern circuit, and was Deputy-Recorder of Leeds in 1857. In 1855 he was selected as Puisne Judge of New Zealand, and arrived in the colony in the same year. Till 1875 he lived at Wellington, but subsequently in Christchurch. In 1867 and in 1884 he acted as Chief Justice. He was a member of the Statute Law Consolidation Commission in 1879. Judge Johnston was the author of "New Zealand Justice of the Peace," 1863; "Treatise on Powers, etc., and Magistrates, etc., in the Colony of New Zealand," and of "Notes on Native Affairs," published at the instance of Sir D. McLean (q.v.). He died on June 6th, 1888, whilst on a visit to London.

Johnston, Hon. James Stewart, was the only son of James Johnston, of the Paper Mills, Midcalder, near Edinburgh, and was born at that city in Feb. 1811. He studied for the medical profession at the university, but ultimately abandoned it, and went to the West Indies, where, after two years, his health broke down, and he returned to Scotland. In 1838 he went to Tasmania, where he received a Government appointment in the office of the Superintendent of Convicts. In 1840 Mr. Johnston left for Port Phillip (Victoria), and acting in a mercantile capacity, started an hotel in Melbourne, where he became a member of the City Council, and ultimately an alderman. He gave up hotel-keeping about 1846, and was elected one of the first representatives of the city of Melbourne in the Legislative Council, then the only chamber, Mr. (afterwards Sir John) O'Shanassy and the late Mr. Westgarth being his colleagues. About this time he went into partnership with the late Mr. Edward Wilson (q.v.) in a cattle station near Dandenong, but the venture did not pay, and the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Johnston persuading Mr. Wilson to take to literary pursuits. Subsequently the two purchased the Melbourne Argus in equal co-partnership. The new venture did not at first pay better than the cattle station, and in 1852 Mr. Johnston sold his share to Mr. Gill, who resold it to Mr. Lauchlan Mackinnon, whose interests Mr. Johnston subsequently represented in the management of the Argus when Mr. Mackinnon went to Europe. In 1853 Mr. Johnston resigned his seat in the Legislative Council, and went to England, returning to Victoria in July 1858. Twelve months later he was elected a member of the Legislative Assembly under the new Constitution for the district of St. Kilda, and was re-elected on taking office in Nov. 1860 in the Heales administration as Vice-President of the Board of Lands and Works and Commissioner of Public Works. Mr. Johnston and Mr. R. S. Anderson, then Commissioner of Customs, resigned simultaneously In Feb. 1861, and both joined the O'Shanassy Government in the same capacities in Nov. 1861, and held office till the latter Ministry retired in June 1863.

Johnston, Hon. John, M.L.C., was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of New Zealand in 1858. He was Minister without portfolio and a member of the Executive Council in the Stafford Administration from May 14th, 1866, to April 5th, 1867, Mr. Johnston, who was head of the firm of Johnston & Co., of Wellington, married Miss Charlotte Henrietta Hatton, and died on Nov. 16th, 1887.

Johnston, Robert Mackenzie, F.L.S., son of Lachlan Johnston, was born at Petty, near Inverness, in the north Highlands of Scotland, on Nov. 27th, 1844. His earlier years were spent in the railway service in Scotland. He received the greater part of his scientific education in the Andersonian University, Glasgow, where he studied botany, geology, and chemistry, under Professors Kennedy, Crosskey, and Penny. In 1870 Mr. Johnston emigrated to Australia, and in the same year was engaged by the Tasmanian Government Railway Commissioners to initiate a system of accounts and audit for the Launceston and Western Railway. He was head of the account and audit department of Government railways from 1872 to 1881, when he was transferred to the Auditor-General's department as chief clerk. In the same year he was selected by the Government to organise a new statistical department, and received the appointment of Government Statistician and Registrar-General for Tasmania. Mr. Johnston is the author of the "Tasmanian Official Record," published annually since 1890 by the Government. This work, which is a cyclopedia of information relating to the colony, has received high praise from competent authorities for its completeness and scientific method. He has also contributed to the Royal Society of Tasmania various papers on statistical and economic questions. In addition to his work as a statistician, Mr. Johnston has made important additions to the knowledge of the geology and natural history of Tasmania. He has published the result of his painstaking original observations, extending over twenty years, in a series of contributions to the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania (1881 to 1891), dealing chiefly with palaeontology, stratigraphical geology, and the sister sciences of zoology and botany. He is also the author of "Field Memoranda for Tasmanian Botanists" (Launceston, 1874), and "Descriptive Catalogue of Tasmanian Fishes" (Hobart, 1882). It is, however, by his "Systematic Account of the Geology of Tasmania" (Hobart, 1888), that Mr. Johnston is most widely known. This elaborate work was published at the cost of the Tasmanian Government, at whose request it was prepared. Mr. Johnston is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, of the Royal and Linnean Societies of New South Wales, and of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia. He is a member of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, and was chosen President of the Economic Section at the meeting of the last-named society held in Melbourne in 1890.

Johnston, Hon. Walter Woods, is the eldest son of the late Hon. John Johnston, M.L.C., of Wellington, N.Z., by his marriage with Charlotte Henrietta Hatton. He was born in London on August 10th, 1839, and arrived at Wellington, with his parents, in Jan. 1842. He is a member of the firm of Johnston & Co., of Wellington, and sat in the House of Representatives for Manawatu from 1871 to 1884. He was a member of the Atkinson Government from March 1881 to June 1884, holding the office of Postmaster-General from the former date till April 1882, when he became Minister of Public Works in addition. In Oct. 1882 he resigned the position of Postmaster-General, and in Nov. 1883 that of Minister of Public Works. He was a member of the Cabinet without portfolio from that date till the Ministry resigned in June 1884. Mr. Johnston married at Wellington on Feb. 24th, 1868, Cecilia Augusta, second daughter of Forster Goring (fourth son of Sir Charles Forster Goring, Bart., by his marriage with the Hon. Sidney Eloisa Yelverton, daughter of the third Viscount Avonmore).

Jollie, Francis, was an early settler in Nelson, New Zealand. In the Stafford Ministry he was a member of the Executive Council from May 14th to August 24th, 1866, and Colonial Treasurer from June 12th to August 24th.

Jones, Charles Edwin, was M.L.A. for Ballarat West, Commissioner of Railways and Roads, and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in the second M?Culloch Administration from July 1868 to March 1869, when he resigned office, and was subsequently expelled from the Legislative Assembly for "receiving money from a corrupt association for bribing members of Parliament" in order to pass measures for their benefit. Mr. Jones at once presented himself for re-election at Ballarat West, and was returned in opposition to Mr. W. M. K. Vale, who contested the seat with him. Ultimately Mr. Jones left Australia, but returned in 1882, and at the general election in 1883 stood for Ballarat and was elected. In 1886 he was defeated, and was an unsuccessful candidate for Windermere in 1889 and for the East Bourke Boroughs in April 1892.

Jones, John, the third son of Thomas Jones, one of the early settlers in New South Wales, was born in Sydney in March 1809. Early in life he entered into commercial ventures, and was part owner of several whaling vessels, which made New Zealand their headquarters. In 1839 he bought an extensive property from the natives at Waikouaiti, in what was afterwards the province of Otago, and in the following year induced some thirteen families to proceed from New South Wales and settle in the new colony. Mr. Jones was thus the original settler in Otago, and had done much to colonise it long before Captain Cargill and his fellows arrived in 1848. He continued to live in Dunedin, as the capital of the new settlement was called, until his death on March 16th, 1869. Mr. Jones was married in 1830, at Sydney, to Miss Sarah Sizemore, who died in 1864. He founded the Harbour Steam Navigation Company, which was the precursor of the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, which still has its headquarters at Dunedin.

Jones, Richard, was born in Liverpool in 1816, emigrated in 1838 to Sydney, and worked at his trade as a printer until 1842, when he joined in starting the Maitland Mercury, of which he was sole proprietor from 1846 to 1854, when he returned to Sydney. He was elected to the first Assembly under responsible government for Durham in 1856, and was Colonial Treasurer under Mr. (afterwards Sir) Chas. Cowper, from Sept. 1857 to Jan. 1858, when he resigned. In 1859 he was returned for the Hunter District, and in the following year, on the resignation of the Forster Ministry, was asked by the Governor, Sir William Denison, to form a Ministry. He, however, declined the duty, and very shortly afterwards retired from political life. He has been chairman of that most successful institution the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney for many years past.

Jordan, Henry, M.L.A., was born in Lincoln on Nov. 22nd, 1818, and educated at Bramwell's Boarding School, Penzance, Kingswood School, and the London Institution for Diseases of the Teeth. In Feb. 1856 he arrived in Queensland, and was a member of the first Board of Education in Queensland, and represented the city of Brisbane in the first session of the first Parliament. From Jan. 1861 to Dec. 1866 he was in London as Commissioner and Agent-General for Immigration, and from 1868 to 1871 he sat in the Assembly as member for East Moreton. In 1875 he was appointed Registrar-General, which office he held until 1883. He was elected to the Assembly for South Brisbane in the same year. In August 1887 he succeeded Mr. C. B. Dutton as Minister for Lands, and went out of office with his colleagues in June 1888. At the general election in that year he was re-elected for South Brisbane, and died in June 1890.

Josephson, His Honour Joshua Frey, eldest son of Jacob Josephson, of Sydney, N.S.W., was born in 1815; entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1856, and was called to the bar in April 1859. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, and was Solicitor-General in the Robertson Ministry from Oct. 1868 to Sept. 1869, when he retired from the Government, and accepted a District Court Judgeship. He died in 1892.

Julius, Right Rev. Churchill, D.D., Bishop of Christchurch, New Zealand, is the son of the late Frederick Julius, M.D., of Richmond, Surrey, and was educated at Worcester College, Oxford, where he proceeded B.A. in 1869 and M.A. in 1873. In 1871 he was ordained deacon, and priest in 1872; and from 1871 to 1873 was curate of St. Giles', Norwich. From 1873 to 1875 he was curate of South Brent, Somersetshire, and vicar of Shapwick, Somerset, from 1875 to 1878. From 1878 to 1884 he was vicar of Holy Trinity, Islington. In the latter year he was appointed vicar of Christ Church, Ballarat, Vict., and Archdeacon of Ballarat. He was consecrated Bishop of Christchurch, N.Z., in Christchurch Cathedral on May 1st, 1890.

K

Katene, Wiremu, a northern chief, for a considerable time represented one of the Maori constituencies in the House of Representatives, New Zealand. When the Waterhouse Ministry decided to give the Maoris some voice in the Councils of the colony, Wiremu Katene and his colleague, Wiremu Parata, were made members of the Executive Council or ministers without portfolio. Katene held this office from Nov. 4th, 1872, till Feb. 15th, 1876.

Kavel, Rev. August, was pastor of the Evangelical Lutheran Church at Klemzig in Prussia from 1826 to 1835, when he resigned in consequence of his conscientious objections to the liturgy by which the Prussian Government sought to unite the Reformed and Lutheran Churches, and which they forced on the unwilling congregations of both creeds. Mr. Kavel's flock desiring to follow their pastor to some new sphere, where freedom of worship would be insured, he made preliminary arrangements with the South Australian Company for their emigration to that colony. The Prussian Government, however, refused passports, and owing to the delay, the negotiations fell through. Mr. Kavel first saw Mr. Angas, the chairman of the company, on the subject in April 1836, and after waiting patiently for over a year the members of his congregation presented a petition to the King, with the result that he instructed Dr. Strauss, a councillor of the Consistory in Berlin, to proceed to Klemzig, and use his best endeavours to bring the people back to the Established Church. His mission totally failed, the people remaining stedfast and immovable. Many of the ministers and philanthropists of London joined together to expedite matters, and proposed to call a meeting to ventilate the whole question. But Mr. Kavel declined to be present, or to accept the well-meant intervention, on the ground that claiming the political interference of a foreign power was contrary to the Lutheran belief in the teaching of Scripture, although it was not inconsistent for them to leave a country where their religious freedom was endangered. The proposed meeting was therefore abandoned. Not so the scheme of emigration, which Mr. Angas ultimately agreed to provide for at his personal expense, chartering the Prince George for the purpose. The passports being at last forthcoming, two hundred of Mr. Kavel's people embarked at Hamburg on the Prince George, which finally left Plymouth in July 1838, arriving at Adelaide in November. The people were settled on Mr. Angas' land, on the north bank of the Torrens, where they founded a settlement called after their old home, Klemzig. The expatriated Lutherans were eager to make their settlements models of prosperity; but in doing so they omitted to make corresponding efforts to discharge their pecuniary obligations to Mr. Angas, who was placed in a most difficult position in consequence. Pastor Kavel grieved at the scandal of having under his care a congregation who had emigrated for conscience' sake, showing so little regard to their conscientious duty, adopted the stringent measure of refusing to administer the Lord's Supper to any who were failing to make faithful efforts to pay their debts. For a time he was a pastor almost without a flock, but the lesson he taught his people resulted in their honourably fulfilling their engagements and expressing their gratitude to Mr. Angas for his generous and timely aid. Mr. Kavel, who took his parents to the colony with him, died in 1859. He published a pamphlet setting forth the advantages of South Australia as a field for settlement, which had a wide circulation in Germany.

Kawepo, Renata, a well-known Maori chief, of Hawke's Bay, N.Z., took a prominent part on the side of the English during the disturbances on the East Coast, and distinguished himself on several occasions by his personal prowess. In the same spirit in which he afterwards refused to stand for the House of Representatives, and declined a seat in the Legislative Council when it was offered to him by Sir Donald McLean, this chief took the field as a volunteer with his people. The proffered rank of major in the colonial forces had no charms for him, as he was conscious that no mere creation of the kind could add to his influence or dignity as one of the beads of his tribe. He was a chief of the old school, proud and domineering, given to hospitality on a lavish scale, and jealous of his people's rights. He was a large landed proprietor, receiving a considerable share of the rents in the Hawke's Bay district, and enjoying at the time of his death, in 1888, an income of about ?3,000 a year. He lived in a good European house at Omahu, about twelve miles from Napier; but he never altogether lost his relish for the Maori communal mode of life. During the sittings of the Land Court, when large numbers of natives were accustomed to assemble at his house, he divided his hospitalities between champagne dinners to English visitors at the best hotels and open-air feasts to his own countrymen. He was famed all over the country for his lavish presents to neighbouring chiefs. For his services at the attack upon Omarunui (Hawke's Bay), where, under command of Colonel Whitmore, he led the Ngatiteupokoiri into the thick of the fight, he received from the Government a presentation sword. At the Porere fight, under Colonel McDonnell, he lost his left eye, in consideration of which the colony gave him a life pension of ?100 a year. At his death he left behind a property estimated as being worth a quarter of a million sterling, and there was much litigation over his will, the matter being finally settled by Her Majesty's Privy Council in favour of William Broughton, his adopted half-caste son. Renata, like many of the old chiefs, was an accomplished speaker and a keen debater. He took an active interest in the religious instruction of his people, and insisted on defraying himself the entire cost of the small church at Omahu. His remains are interred at Omahu, and on the anniversary of his death his people are accustomed to assemble from various parts of the district to discuss his good qualities and to mourn his loss. A graceful tribute to the high character of this chief was placed on record by Judge Kenton in his famous judgment in the Pukehamoamoa case.

Keene, William, was born at Bath, England, in 1795. Having superintended the working of some salt mines in the Pyrenees for the French Government, he migrated to New South Wales in 1852, and in 1856 was appointed Government Geologist and Examiner of Coal Mines. He died in Sydney on Feb. 2nd, 1872.

Keepa, Major, N.Z.C., a Maori chief (more generally known as Major Kemp), is the son of Tanguru and Rereomaki, and possesses paramount influence in the Wanganui district of New Zealand. He figured prominently during the Maori war, always fighting on the side of the colonists, was often mentioned in despatches, received a sword of honour from her Majesty, and was decorated with the New Zealand Cross for personal valour in the field. The character of the man may be gathered from the following remarks of Dr. (now Sir Walter) Buller, who presented to him at Wanganui, on behalf of the Government, the New Zealand war medal:—"I think I may venture to say that, among all who have received this honourable badge, there has been no more worthy recipient than our staunch friend and ally Major Kemp, the son of Tanguru, and therefore a high-born chief of the Wanganui River related on his mother's side to the Ngatiapa Rangitane and Ngarauru tribes, own nephew to the late Hori Kingi, that good old chief who was the consistent friend of the pakeha and the guardian of peace in this district. I well remember that when I first came to the district, in 1804, Kemp had just received a commission as an ensign or lieutenant in the native contingent under Captain (now Colonel) McDonnell. After performing good service at Pipiriki, Kemp was ordered, with the rest of the contingent, to Opotiki, for the purpose of breaking up a Hauhau combination there and avenging the murder of the Rev. Mr. Volkner. On his return from that expedition, he served with McDonnell under General Cameron, and subsequently under Major-General Chute, throughout the campaign on the West Coast He assisted Sir George Grey at the taking of the Wereroa pa; and he afterwards fought under Colonels McDonnell and Whitmore, distinguishing himself on all occasions by his daring courage....In recognition of his services, he was first promoted to the rank of captain, and afterwards to that of major; and Colonel McDonnell has on frequent public occasions borne testimony to his intrepidity and valour. When the rebellion had been crushed on the West Coast, Kemp was instructed by the Government to organise an expedition into the interior for the pursuit of Te Kooti and his band of murderous fanatics. Of this force he took the chief command himself, and became known among the natives as 'General Kemp.' Starting from the head waters of the Wanganui, he pursued the enemy across the Murimotu plains to the East Coast, and thence back into the Ohiwa mountains, where, after much hard fighting, he succeeded in breaking up and dispersing Te Kooti's band." General Whitmore stated in the Legislative Council that he was personally worth any two hundred ordinary men in the field. Major Kemp still lives at Wanganui, where he devotes himself principally to the elucidation of the tribal titles in the Native Land Court.

Keilly, Henry, was for twenty years musical and dramatic critic of the Melbourne Argus. He died on March 7th, 1889, aged fifty-eight years.

Kemble, Myra (Mrs. White), was born in Ireland, but was taken in early life to Australia, where she was educated at the Geelong Convent School in Victoria, so that she is generally ranked among Australian-born artistes, amongst whom she is one of the most popular and capable. For some years she held the place of "leading lady" in various companies, and has been equally a favourite in all the cities of Australia and New Zealand. In 1890 Miss Kemble paid her first visit to England, when she purchased the colonial "rights" of Dr. Bill, by Hamilton Aid?, and other pieces. During her sojourn in London Mr. Robert Buchanan wrote a play, entitled Man and the Woman, specially for the popular colonial actress, who produced it at a matin?e at the Criterion, where, however, despite excellent acting, it did not prove successful. After Miss Kemble's return to Sydney she made a brilliant reappearance at the Criterion Theatre in that city in Dr. Bill, and she has since been touring in the various colonies.

Kendall, Henry Clarence, the well-known poet, was the grandson of a missionary who worked under the indefatigable Samuel Marsden. He was the son of Basil Kendall and Melinda M?Nally, his wife, and was born at Ulladulla, N.S.W., in 1842. He went to sea in a South Sea whaling ship, and was afterwards clerk to a lawyer. He commenced his literary career by contributing poems to the Empire newspaper in Sydney, and one or two of his pieces found admission to the London Athen?um. In 1862 he published "Poems and Songs," which he suppressed in 1865, owing to what he regarded as their crudity. In 1863 he obtained a situation in the New South Wales Lands Office, and was subsequently employed in the Colonial Secretary's Department, but resigned in 1869; and went to Melbourne, where he contributed largely to the press, and gained a prize for the best poem on an Australian subject. He was prominently associated with Marcus Clarke, George Gordon McCrae, and other Melbourne litt?rateurs, in the attempt to establish a high-class literary magazine, the Colonial Monthly, which, however, proved a failure. He also, in conjunction with Mr. C. E. Horsley, composed the cantata for the opening of the Melbourne Town Hall. Mr. Kendall subsequently returned to New South Wales, and wrote the cantata for the opening of the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879. He published two other volumes—"Leaves from an Australian Forest" and "Songs from the Mountains," the former his chef d'oeuvre. He was much indebted throughout his life to the friendship of Sir Henry Parkes, who conducted the Empire, in which his maiden efforts at versification appeared. He married, in 1867, a daughter of Dr. Butter, of Woolloomooloo, Sydney. Mr. Kendall died at Redfern, near Sydney, on August 1st, 1882.

Kennaway, Walter, C.M.G., is a native of Devonshire, being a member of the family of which Sir J. H. Kennaway, Bart., M.P. for the Honiton District, is the head. Mr. Kennaway went to Canterbury, N.Z., in 1853, and for fifteen years confined his attention to farming. In 1868 he was elected member of the Provincial Council of Canterbury, and in 1870 he became a leading member of the Provincial Government, holding the offices of Provincial Secretary and Secretary for Public Works from Oct. 1870 to Jan. 1874. While Secretary for Public Works, the construction of the first railways, under Sir Julius Vogel's Public Works scheme, came under his charge, and the contract for the important harbour works at Lyttelton was entered into. Mr. Kennaway while in office framed and carried through the Provincial Legislature an education ordinance providing for a non-sectarian system of education, which was worked with most successful results; and the Canterbury College, School of Agriculture, and other educational institutions were, on his proposals, established and endowed with over 300,000 acres of land. Amongst other offices which Mr. Kennaway held in the colony may be named Commissioner of Crown Lands, Governor of the Canterbury College, and member of the Board of Education. In 1874 he accepted the appointment of Secretary to the Department of the Agent-General in London, and this office he still holds. Mr. Kennaway was one of the commissioners for New Zealand for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886; and in 1889, for his services in connection with the International Exhibition at Paris, he received from the French Government the distinction of Officier d'Acad?mie. On Jan. 1st, 1891, he was created C.M.G.

Kennedy, Sir Arthur Edward, G.C.M.G., C.B., fourth son of Hugh Kennedy, of Cultra, co. Down, by Grace Dorothea, only child of John Hughes, was born in 1809. He was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, and entered the army as ensign in 1827. He became lieutenant in 1832, and captain in the 68th Light Infantry in 1840, retiring from the army in 1848. In 1846 he became County Inspector of the Board of Works, and served under Sir John Burgoyne in the Irish famine as Relief Inspector, and subsequently as Poor Law Inspector, until the office was abolished in 1851. In 1852 he was appointed Governor of the Gambia, and transferred in the same year to Sierra Leone, serving as Consul-General in the Sherboro' country in 1854. He was Governor of Western Australia from June 1855 to Feb. 1862, and in the next year became Governor of Vancouver's Island, and of the West African Settlements in Nov. 1867, in which year he was knighted. Concurrently he acted at Sierra Leone as Judge in the Courts of Mixed Commission, with special instructions and powers for the abolition of the slave trade. His next governorship was at Hong Kong in 1872, where he continued to act until 1877, when he was appointed Governor of Queensland, assuming office in April. Sir Arthur, who was created C.B. in 1862 and G.C.M.G. in 1871, resigned the Governorship of Queensland in 1883, and died at Aden on his passage home to England on June 3rd, 1883. In 1839 he married Georgina, daughter of J. Macartney.

Kennerley, Hon. Alfred, was Premier of Tasmania without office from August 1873 to July 1876. He is still a member of the Executive Council, of which he was sworn a member on August 4th, 1873.

Kennion, Right Rev. George Wyndham, D.D., Bishop of Adelaide, son of the late George Kennion, M.D., of Harrogate, Yorkshire, by his marriage with Catherine Elfrida, daughter of the late John Fordyce, of Ayton Castle, co. Berwick, N.B., was born at Harrogate on Sept. 5th, 1845, and educated at Eton and Oriel College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1867, M.A. in 1871, and D.D. (honorary) in 1882. He was ordained deacon in 1869, priest in 1870, and was formerly domestic chaplain to the Bishop of Tuam. Dr. Kennion, who was for some time curate of Doncaster and Diocesan Inspector of Schools for the Archdiocese of York, was appointed vicar of St. Paul's, Hull, in 1873; vicar of All Saints', Bradford, in 1876; and was consecrated Bishop of Adelaide, in Westminster Abbey, in 1882. In the same year he married Henrietta Duncan, daughter of the late Sir Charles Dalrymple Fergusson, Bart., and sister of the Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, Bart, M.P., formerly Governor of South Australia. Dr. Kennion took part in the controversy arising out of a statement made by Judge Boucaut of Adelaide as to an alleged assertion of Dr. Magee, then Bishop of Peterborough, on the fallibility of the Scriptures, which the latter warmly denied. He also published in the local press some interesting reminiscences of the late Archbishop Thomson of York. Bishop Kennion had the honorary degree of M.A. conferred on him by the University of Adelaide in 1883, and has been a member of the Council since Nov. 1887.

Kerferd, Hon. George Biscoe, late Puisne Judge, Victoria, was born in Liverpool in 1831, and in 1852 emigrated to Victoria, where he was appointed a territorial magistrate in 1856. Having engaged in business at Beechworth, he was four times mayor of the town, and was elected to Assembly in 1864. In 1867 he was called to the Victorian bar, and in 1869 was returned for the Ovens District, which he continued to represent down to the date of his retirement from politics. He was Minister for Railways and Mines, and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in the short-lived Sladen Ministry from May to July 1868. In the Francis Ministry he was Solicitor-General from June 10th, 1872, until the retirement of Mr. J. W. Stephen, whom he succeeded as Attorney-General on May 2nd, 1874. Two months later Mr. Francis retired, and Mr. Kerferd became Premier, still retaining the Attorney-Generalship. His ministry lasted till August of the following year, when he was defeated upon the Budget, and Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry succeeded him without a dissolution of Parliament. In October Mr. Berry's budget proposals were discussed and defeated, and the acting Governor, Sir W. F. Stawell, refusing a dissolution, Mr. Berry resigned and Mr. Kerferd again became Attorney General, this time under Sir James McCulloch, holding office with his chief from Oct. 20th, 1875, until May 21st, 1877, when the result of the general elections threw the Government out of office. Mr. Kerferd's chief legal work, which was compiled in conjunction with Mr. Box, and is regarded as a standard one, was a digest of all the Supreme Court decisions between 1846 and 1871. Mr. Kerferd, who adhered to the Conservative party, was out of office till May 1880, when he became for the third time Attorney-General under Mr. Service as Premier. The Ministry only lasted till August, and Mr. Kerferd was in opposition till three years later, when he resumed his old post in the Service-Berry Coalition Government. In Jan. 1886 he resigned just a month before his colleagues, to accept a position on the Supreme Court Bench, which he continued to hold till his death on Dec. 31st, 1889.

Kermode, Hon. Robert Quayle, of Mona Vale, Tas., one of the principal squatters in that colony, was a member of the Weston and Smith Ministries without portfolio from April 1857 to Nov. 1860. He married Emily, daughter of Henry Addenbrooke, who married secondly, in 1872, the Rev. Hussey Burgh Macartney, youngest son of the Dean of Melbourne. Mr. Kermode died on May 4th, 1870, aged fifty-eight.

Kernot, William Charles, M.A., C.E., Professor of Engineering at the Melbourne University, is the son of the late C. Kernot, M.L.A. for Geelong, in Victoria, who died in 1882. He was born at Rochford, Essex, in 1845, and went to Geelong with his parents in 1851. He matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1861, and graduated with honours in 1864, receiving his certificate of C.E. in 1866. From 1865 to 1867 he was in the Mining Department, and from 1867 to 1875 in the Victorian Water Supply. In 1868 he succeeded Mr. James Griffith as Lecturer on Surveying at the University. In 1869 he took up engineering lectures at the University, in addition to surveying; and in Jan. 1883 was appointed Professor of Engineering, which position he still holds. In 1874 he was chief of the photo-heliograph party at the Melbourne Observatory, in connection with the transit of Venus; and from 1875 to 1878 he took a friendly interest in the success of Mr. Brennan's now famous torpedo. In 1864 he was appointed a member of the Royal Commission on Railway Bridges for New South Wales, and two years later he reported on the Derwent Valley Railway Bridges, Tasmania, for the Tasmanian Government, and on underground telephone wires for the Victorian Government. In 1887 he presented to the University, as a Jubilee gift, the sum of ?2000, to endow scholarships in physics and chemistry.

King, Hon. George, M.L.C., whose father was a partner in the firm of Balfour & Co., of Riga, Russia, was born in that city on Dec. 21st, 1814, and received his education and mercantile training in London and on the Continent. He emigrated to Australia in July 1839, and settled in Sydney, where he was a director of the Australian Trust Company, of the Commercial Banking Company, and of the London Chartered Bank. He was for fifteen years chairman of the Australian Mutual Provident Society, for some time a member of the Board of Advice of the Australian Agricultural Company, and has acted as a director of the Clarence and Richmond River Steam Navigation Company, and Chairman of the Melbourne Marine Insurance Company. He was elected M.L.A. for East Sydney in 1869, and sat till the dissolution. Mr. King visited England in 1874, but returned and settled permanently in Queensland in the following year, being created a Knight of the Crown of Italy on his retirement from the Sydney consulship for Italy. In 1880 Mr. King accepted the Executive Commissionership for Queensland at the Melbourne International Exhibition, and represented the colony on the steel rails inquiry held in London in 1881. He was called to the Legislative Council of Queensland in 1882.

King, Henry Edward, J.P., is a native of Limerick, and was member for Maryborough in the Queensland Legislative Assembly. Mr. King was Secretary for Public Works and Mines in the Macalister Ministry from Nov. 1874 to May 1876. Two months later he was chosen Speaker of the Assembly, and occupied the chair of the House till July 1883. He was an unsuccessful candidate for Maryborough at the general election in 1888.

King, John, was born at Moy, co. Antrim, on Dec. 5th, 1838, and entered the army, serving in India in the 70th Regiment. He arrived in Australia in 1860, having been engaged by Mr. G. T. Landells, who was sent to India to purchase camels for the Burke and Wills Expedition. He accompanied these two unfortunate explorers throughout their fatal journey, and was the only survivor of the party of four which set forward for the Gulf of Carpentaria from Cooper's Creek on Dec. 16th, 1860. He was with Burke when he died, and would himself have perished but for finding a bag of "nardoo," sufficient to last him for a fortnight, in an abandoned native encampment He then returned to Cooper's Creek, and buried the body of Wills, who had been left behind. Subsequently he fell in with some friendly blacks, and was at length rescued by the relief expedition under Mr. Alfred Howitt. The Victorian Government gave him a pension of ?180 per annum until his death, on Jan. 15th, 1872.

King, Hon. John Charles, was Town Clerk of Melbourne from the establishment of the municipality in 1842 till 1861, when he was sent to England as the agent of the Victorian branch of the Anti-Transportation Association. He sailed on April 3rd, and rendered good service in thwarting Earl Grey's policy as regarded the despatch of convicts to Tasmania and Moreton Bay in 1862. On his return to Melbourne he entered the Legislative Assembly, and joined the Nicholson Ministry in Oct. 1859 as Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works and Commissioner of Public Works. He only, however, held office till Nov. 25th, when he died.

King, Hon. Philip Gidley, M.L.C., son of Rear-Admiral Philip Parker King, by Harriet, second daughter of Christopher Lethbridge, of Madford, Launceston, and grandson of Philip Gidley King, third Governor of New South Wales, was born at Parramatta, N.S.W., in 1817, and entered the Royal Navy, serving under his father and Captain (afterwards Admiral) Fitzroy, in the Adventure and Beagle. Having retired from the navy, he joined the staff of the Australian Agricultural Company at Port Stephens; and on the formation of the Peel River Company, in 1854, he was appointed manager. In Dec. 1880 Mr. King was called to the Legislative Council of New South Wales. He married in 1843 Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Hannibal H. Macarthur, nephew of the late John Macarthur of Camden Park, whose name is associated with the founding of the merino wool industry in Australia.

King, Rear-Admiral Phillip Parker, F.R.S., F.L.S., son of Philip Gidley King, third Governor of New South Wales, by his marriage with Anna Josepha, daughter of Mr. Combes, of Bedford, was born at Norfolk Island, where his father was Lieut.-Governor, on Dec. 13th, 1791, being, it is asserted, the first child of European parents born there—though this can scarcely have been the case if the commonly received date of William Charles Wentworth's birth is correct. He entered the navy in 1807, and from 1817 to 1822 was engaged in surveying the northern coasts of Australia in the ships Mermaid and Bathurst. During this period he made no less than four separate expeditions, all of which he commanded. Subsequently (1825 to 1830) he was engaged with Admiral Fitzroy in surveying the South American coasts in the ships Adventure and Beagle. He obtained post rank in Feb. 1830, and, retiring from the navy, settled permanently in New South Wales, where he had been appointed in his absence in 1829 a member of the Legislative Council, and where he acted as manager of the Australian Agricultural Company. He was gazetted to the rank of rear-admiral in 1855, and died in February of the following year. In 1817 he married Harriet, second daughter of Christopher Lethbridge, of Madford, Launceston, England.

King, Thomas, son of William King of Adelaide, was for many years a member of the firm of Barrow & King, proprietors of the South Australian Advertiser, Chronicle, and Express. He represented Sturt in the Assembly from 1876 to 1881, and from 1881 to 1884, and was Minister of Education in the W. Morgan Ministry from Oct. 1878 to March 1881. Having come to England as one of the South Australian commissioners to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition held at South Kensington in 1886, he died at Bayswater on Nov. 20th of that year.

King, Thomas Mulhall, was born in London on August 4th, 1842, and arrived in Melbourne in Oct. 1859. In Oct. 1862 be came to Queensland, and in Sept. 1863 entered the Customs service of that colony. After various promotions he was appointed in Sept. 1882 Collector of Customs, and in August 1888 became, in addition, Chief Inspector of Distilleries. Since August 1884 he has been a member of the Immigration Board, Brisbane.

Kingsley, Henry, son of the Rev. Charles Kingsley, rector of Chelsea, and a brother of Charles Kingsley, the author of "Westward Ho!" was born in 1830, and educated at King's College, London, and Worcester College, Oxford, which he left without taking a degree to go to Australia in 1853. He remained five years in the colonies, and as the outcome of his experiences produced what is considered the best novel of Australian life, "Recollections of Geoffrey Hamlyn," published in 1859. In "The Hillyars and the Burtons," too, he drew on the same sources of inspiration. The latter was published in 1865. Mr. Kingsley was present as a war correspondent at the battle of Sedan, and died in 1876.

Kingston, Hon. Charles Cameron, M.P., Q.C., son of the late Sir George Strickland Kingston, sometime Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, by his marriage with Ludovina Catherine da Silva, daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Charles G. Cameron, is a member of the legal firm of Kingston & Hall, of Adelaide, and has represented West Adelaide in the Assembly since 1881. Mr. Kingston was born at Adelaide on Oct. 22nd, 1850, and educated at the Adelaide Educational Institution, where he highly distinguished himself. On leaving school he was articled to Mr. Samuel James Way, and was admitted to the Bar in 1873. He remained with Mr. Way till that gentleman became Chief Justice in 1876, when he commenced practice on his own account as a barrister and solicitor, and in 1889 became Q.C. As a politician Mr. Kingston has consistently advocated Protection and payment of members, and has closely identified himself with all social reforms having for their object the amelioration of the condition of the working classes. He held office as Attorney-General in Mr. Colton's Ministry from June 1884 to June 1885, and in Mr. Playford's first Government from June 1887 to June 1889. Whilst a member of the Colton Government he drafted the bill for the imposition of land and income taxes which was passed by Parliament, and is still the taw of the land. As Attorney-General in the same Government he introduced and carried an Employers' Liability Bill, which is equal in liberality to any similar measure in force in Australia. He also prepared and succeeded in carrying a bill to amend the laws of inheritance securing to the children of married women dying intestate a share in the estate of their mother. Whilst a member of the Playford Government he rendered valuable assistance in securing the adoption of a protective tariff and payment of members. He is a strong opponent of Chinese immigration, and with Mr. Playford he represented South Australia at the Australasian conference on the subject held at the instance of South Australia in Sydney in 1888, when he drafted the bill for the regulation of the matter which was agreed to by all the colonies represented, with the exception only of Tasmania. He subsequently took a leading part in securing the adoption of the bill by the South Australian Parliament. In 1888, as Attorney-General in the Playford Government, he took charge of the bill for securing the entry of South Australia into the Federal Council, and after a severe struggle succeeded in securing its adoption. With Mr. Playford he represented South Australia at the session of the Federal Council held at Hobart in Feb. 1889, and his colleague being elected President, he undertook the moving of resolutions for enlarging the membership of the Council, to give effect to wishes which were generally expressed in South Australia when the adopting bill was under discussion. These resolutions were successfully carried, and were approved by the South Australian House of Assembly and by the Legislatures of all the federated Colonies, but the hostility of a small majority of the South Australian Legislative Council prevented their final adoption. On the fall of the Playford Government in June 1889, Mr. Kingston became a prominent member of the opposition to the Cookburn Ministry, and on their overthrow in 1890 he was asked by his old leader to take his former portfolio, but, in accordance with a resolution previously expressed, he declined the offer, but consistently supported the Playford Administration until he joined them as Colonial Secretary in succession to Sir John Bray in Jan. 1892. He was acting Premier of the colony during Mr. Playford's absence in India from Jan. to May of that year, and went out of office with his colleagues when they were defeated on Mr. Holder's want of confidence motion in June. During the session of 1891 he prepared and introduced a bill designed for the settlement of industrial disputes by means of boards of conciliation. This measure is admittedly more complete than any which have been previously introduced to the notice of any Australian legislature. Mr. Kingston was practically unanimously elected by the members of the South Australian House of Assembly as one of their delegates to the Sydney Federation Convention. He has always consistently advocated Australian federation for national purposes. In 1889, in recognition of his political services, he was permitted to retain the title of "Honourable" within the province of South Australia. At the Sydney Convention he was one of the three draftsmen who assisted Sir Samuel Griffith in the preparation of the bill for constituting the commonwealth of Australia.

Kingston, Hon. Sir George Strickland, son of George Kingston, of Bandon, Cork, Ireland, was born in 1807, and arrived in South Australia with Colonel Light, the first Surveyor-General, in August 1836. On the resignation of Colonel Light in March of the next year, Mr. Kingston was appointed acting Surveyor-General, and supervised most of the early surveys of the colony. He was made Deputy Surveyor in 1838, Inspector of Public Works in 1839, and Town Surveyor in 1840. He opposed the admission of convicts in 1845, and the granting of State aid to religion in 1848. He was returned to the mixed Legislative Council for the Burra in 1851, and to the first Legislative Assembly in 1857, when he was elected the first Speaker. This post he held from April 1857 till March 1860, when he lost his seat. He was, however, again returned for the Burra, and re-elected Speaker in March 1865, occupying the chair of the House till Dec. 1880, during which period he had been five times unanimously re-elected. He was knighted in 1870. Sir George married first, in 1829, Harriet Ann Stuart, daughter of Captain Felix MacDonough (who died in 1839); secondly, in 1841, Ludovina Catherine da Silva, daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Charles G. Cameron (who died the same year); and thirdly, Emma Mary Ann Catherine Berry, daughter of Captain Thomas Lipson, R.N. He died at sea on Nov. 26th, 1881, whilst on a voyage to India to recruit his health.

Kintore, Right Hon. Algernon Hawkins Thomond Keith-Falconer, 9th Earl of, G.C.M.G., Governor of South Australia, is the eldest son of the 8th Earl and Louisa Madaleine, second daughter of Francis Hawkins. He was born at Sixmount House, near Edinburgh, on August 12th, 1852, and married, in 1873, Lady Sydney Montagu, daughter of the 6th Duke of Manchester. Lord Kintore, who succeeded to the title on the death of his father in 1880, was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1874 and M.A. in 1877. In 1885 he was appointed a lord-in-waiting to the Queen, in 1886 captain of the Yeomen of the Guard and a Privy Councillor, and in 1889 Governor of South Australia, in succession to Sir W. C. F. Robinson. In the latter year he was created G.C.M.G., and assumed the Governorship in April. Lord Kintore is an LL.D. of Aberdeen, and was made an Hon. LL.D. of Adelaide University in 1889. Early in 1891 Lord Kintore undertook the arduous journey from Port Darwin to Adelaide, across the continent, which he successfully achieved.

Knight, Godfrey C., J.P., was appointed Secretary of the Board of Education of Western Australia in 1878, Clerk of the Legislative Council in the same year, Clerk to the Registrar of the Supreme Court in 1879, Associate to Mr. Justice Stone in 1884, Acting Resident Magistrate at Freemantle, in 1886, and Registrar-General, and Registrar of Patents in 1886. Mr. Knight was acting Police Magistrate at Perth, and Resident Magistrate at the Swan in 1888, as locum tenens for Mr. G. W. Leake. He died on Sept. 16th, 1890.

Knight, John George, Government Resident of the Northern Territory of South Australia, after a successful career as an architect in Melbourne, during which period he designed the Parliament Houses and the Public Library, entered the South Australian Government service in Sept 1873, and in April 1880 was appointed clerk of the Local Court, Government statist, clerk of the Licensing Bench and public trustee at Port Darwin. He was afterwards created a stipendiary magistrate, and represented the Territory at the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition in 1887. He was a member of the South Australian Commission for the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition in 1888. When Mr. Parsons retired from the position of Government Resident of the Territory, Mr. Knight was appointed to act until a successor was nominated. He was permanently appointed to the position on July 13th, 1890, and died in 1891.

Knight, Maggie, the popular colonial actress, was born in Auckland, N.Z., where her father, Mr. James Knight, managed the theatre. Migrating to Melbourne, Miss Knight soon took up a foremost position, and in Sydney, Adelaide, and Brisbane gave proofs that she is to be fairly ranked among the most useful and versatile of colonial stock actresses. She married Mr. H. R. Jewett, an actor, in 1885, in Tasmania. She travelled through the United States, and visited England, where she took Miss Kate Rorke's part in Held by the Enemy, supporting Mr. Charles Warner at the Grand Theatre. Returning to Australia, Miss Knight has since been "leading lady" in Mr. Bland Holt's company.

Knight, Thomas John, youngest son of William Young Knight and Elizabeth (n?e Claridge) his wife, was born at Birlingham, near Pershore, Worcestershire, Nov. 1st, 1804. He entered at the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar on Nov. 25th, 1831. In 1841 he was appointed Chairman of Quarter Sessions in Jamaica, and held that appointment and the office of Judge of Common Pleas until 1844, when he returned to England invalided. In 1845 he emigrated with his family to Tasmania, and practised at the bar in Hobart, being the first barrister in Tasmania appointed Queen's Counsel. On the introduction of responsible government he was elected to the House of Assembly, and held the office of Solicitor-General in the Smith Ministry from 1857 to 1860, in which year, on Mr. Smith's elevation to the Bench, he became Attorney-General under Mr. Weston as Premier, and held the office until Feb. 4th, 1861. Mr. Knight returned to England in 1865, and died at Richmond, Surrey, on April 26th, 1870. He married Margaret, daughter of the Rev. William Ward.

Knox, William, was born in Melbourne in 1850, and educated at the Scotch College there. From 1867 to 1881 he was employed in the Bank of Victoria, and then started as an accountant in Melbourne. In 1884 the Broken Hill silver lode was discovered, and Mr. Knox acted as secretary in the formation of the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited, and subsequently promoted all the leading companies formed on that silver lode, as well as the Silverton Tramway Company, Limited, and in 1885 he came to England and floated the British Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Limited, in conjunction with Messrs. Matheson & Co., of Lombard Street, for ?1,200,000. In 1890 he paid a third visit to England for the purpose of establishing a London office for the parent company (the Broken Hill Proprietary Company, Limited). Mr. Knox has continued to act as secretary or director of all the above companies, which in 1890 represented an aggregate market value of over ?20,000,000 sterling, and still stand at an enormous figure. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Krichauff, Hon. Friedrich Edouard Heinrich Wulf, M.L.C., J.P., son of Carl Krichauff and Julie von Bertouch his wife, a judge of the Supreme Court of the Duchy of Schleswig, was born at Schleswig on Dec. 15th, 1824. Having passed through the State colleges of Schleswig and Husum, he served three years as an apprentice at the botanic gardens in connection with the University of Kiel In 1846 he matriculated at the Berlin University, and passed first class at examinations in Kiel. As a result he was allowed a stipend by the Danish Government to travel as gardener and botanist; but the war of 1848 prevented him from enjoying this privilege. Mr. Krichauff went to South Australia in Dec. 1848, and settled at Bugle Ranges in the south. For many years he was the chairman of the Macclesfield District Council, as well of the Strathalbyn District Council. He was elected M.P. for Mount Barker on March 9th, 1857, but resigned on March 12th, 1858, and remained out of the Assembly till April 5th, 1870, when he was returned for Onkaparinga, for which he sat uninterruptedly till May 22nd, 1882, when he resigned his seat to travel in Europe and America. After his return he was elected to the Assembly for the district of Victoria (April 8th, 1884), and continued to represent the constituency till the general election in 1890, when he did not again offer himself. Mr. Krichauff had a brief taste of the sweets of ministerial office in May 1870, when he was Commissioner of Public Works for twenty days in Mr. Strangways' reconstructed Cabinet. He was returned to the Legislative Council in June 1890 for the Southern Province. Mr. Krichauff, who is the permanent chairman of the Agricultural Bureau of South Australia, was married at Bugle Ranges on May 10th, 1853, to Miss Dora Fischer.

Kyte, Ambrose, was an early resident of Melbourne, Vict., who in Sept. 1858 offered a sum of ?1000 towards the expenses of an exploring expedition to cross the Australian continent from south to north. This led to the despatch of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition in August 1860. In 1861 he stood for East Melbourne as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly, and defeated Mr. Edward Langton, who in 1866 worsted him in a contest for the same constituency. Mr. Kyte died in 1868.

L

Lackey, Hon. John, M.L.C., President Legislative Council, New South Wales, was born in Oct. 1830 in Sydney, and educated at the Sydney College, subsequently adopting pastoral pursuits in the Parramatta district. In 1852 he became a magistrate, and in 1858 unsuccessfully contested Central Cumberland. He was returned for Parramatta in 1860, and strongly supported the passing of the Robertson Land Bill. He was beaten at Parramatta in 1865, but in June 1867 he re-entered the Assembly as member for Central Cumberland, and was twice elected Chairman of Committees. From Feb. 1875 to March 1877, he was Minister of Works in the Robertson Ministry, and again in the Parkes-Robertson Administration from Dec. 1878 to Jan. 1883. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Dec. 1885, and in August 1892 was appointed President of the Legislative Council in succession to the late Sir John Hay.

Lalor, Hon. Peter, a younger son of Patrick Lalor, who was for some time M.P. for Queen's County, was born in 1827 at Tennikill, in that county, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, afterwards qualifying himself as a civil engineer. The outbreak of the gold fever brought him to Melbourne in 1852, and then to the Ovens, where he only remained a short time, arriving in Ballarat in Feb. 1853, where he worked with marked success until the troubles between the authorities and the miners in Dec. 1854, in which Mr. Lalor bore a prominent part in the interests of the latter. He was present at the meeting on Bakery Hill, on Nov. 29th, when the obnoxious mining licences were publicly burned; and he acted as commander of the contingent of miners who guarded the Eureka stockade against the troops and police commanded by Colonel (then Captain) Thomas, on Dec. 3rd, 1854. On this occasion he was wounded in the left arm, which was subsequently amputated, and a price was set upon his head; but this did not result in his apprehension, and his captured comrades having in the meantime been acquitted, he was in 1855 elected one of the first representatives of the Ballarat fields in the Legislative Council?then the only existing chamber. In the same year he was appointed Inspector of Railways, a position he had to resign when the Officials in Parliament Act came into force. He was elected to the Assembly for South Grant in Oct. 1856, and from Dec. 1859 until 1868 acted as Chairman of Committees in the Lower Chamber. He was successively defeated for South Grant and for North Melbourne in 1871, but was re-elected for the former constituency in 1875, and became Commissioner of Trade and Customs and Postmaster-General in Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry's first Administration in August of that year, retiring with his colleagues on the formation of Sir James M?Culloch's fourth Ministry in October. He was reappointed to his former offices on Mr. Berry's return to power in May 1877, but resigned the Postmaster-Generalship to Mr. Cuthbert in the following July, continuing as Minister of Customs till March 1880, when the Government was defeated. On the assembling of the second Parliament of 1880, on July 22nd, Mr. Lalor was chosen Speaker in succession to Sir C. G. Duffy, and was re-elected in the two succeeding parliaments of 1883 and 1886. On Sept. 29th, 1887, he resigned, and was voted a sum of ?4,000 by the Parliament of Victoria on retiring from public life, He died on Feb. 9th, 1889.

Lamb, Edward William, sometime Secretary of Lands, Queensland, second son of John Lamb, M.L.C., of New South Wales (formerly Commander R.N.) and Emma his wife, daughter of John Robinson of London, was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland, and Secretary for Lands in the administration of Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. R. Mackenzie, from August 1867 to Sept. 1868. In this capacity he passed the Crown Lands Alienation Act.

Landsborough, William, was the son of a Scotch medical man, was born in Ayrshire and educated at Irvine. He went to Australia and commenced as a squatter in the New England district of New South Wales, subsequently removing to Queensland. He began a career of private exploration in 1856, and discovered Mount Nebo and Fort Cooper. He explored the Peak Downs and Nagoa in 1859, discovered the head of the Thomson in 1860, and traced the Gregory and Herbert rivers to their sources in 1861. In that year he was engaged by the Royal Society of Victoria to head an expedition from the Albert River in search of Burke and Wills. After several false starts the party left the depot on Feb. 10th, 1862, and journeyed southward, discovering rich pastoral land extending along the waters of the Flinders to the Dividing Range, thence along the Thomson, from its source to the Victoria River (or Barcoo), and thence to the Warrego, whence they travelled by the Darling and Menindie to Melbourne, where Mr. Landsborough was presented with a piece of plate valued at ?500, and, on his subsequently visiting London, with a gold watch by the Royal Geographical Society. After a tour in India and Europe he returned to Queensland, and was elected to the Assembly, but resigned his seat in 1865, and took the position of Government Resident in the Bourke District. Subsequently, in conjunction with Mr. G. Phillips, he discovered the Western River, and followed the course of the Diamantina to its source. In 1868 he was removed from his situation, and became Inspector of Brands for East Moreton. He died on March 16th, 1886.

Lang, Rev. John Dunmore, D.D., one of the ablest pioneers of Australian autonomy, was born at Greenock, in Scotland, on August 25th, 1799, and graduated at Glasgow University, of which he was made D.D. in 1825. His attention being early directed to Australia, then almost a terra incognita, he determined to leave Scotland, and in Sept. 1822 was ordained by the Irvine Presbytery minister for the Scotch National Church in Sydney. He arrived in the metropolis of New South Wales in 1823 and met with a warm welcome from his fellow-countrymen who had settled there. The Courthouse was placed at his disposal for holding services, and his preaching attracted what in those days might be styled large congregations. Subscriptions were liberally promised towards the erection of a church, the Governor, Sir Thomas Brisbane, heading the list; but, in consequence of a quarrel, the Governor declined to afford State endowment and withdrew his own subscription. Dr. Lang, undaunted by the want of official patronage, proceeded to build his church and went to England to lay his complaint before the Secretary of State for the Colonies. He was favourably received, and in 1826 returned to Sydney with a direction from Earl Bathurst to the authorities in New South Wales that one-third of the cost of the Presbyterian Church should be paid by the State, and a salary of ?300 a year paid to Dr. Lang out of colonial funds. To him belongs the real honour of introducing the Presbyterian church and school system into Australia. He was instrumental in establishing the Australian College in Sydney in 1832, and to effect this object made considerable personal sacrifices. Shortly after a visit to England in 1841 he joined the Presbyterian Synod of Australia, but in the following year pursued a course adverse to the views or the majority of the Synod, and was censured for disregard of the authority of the Church by refusing to appear when cited to answer charges made against him. He was deposed from his ministerial office, and the deposition was confirmed by the Church courts in Scotland. He applied for relief to the Court of Session, and the Lord Ordinary held that the decision was illegal. The Sydney Presbytery endeavoured to oust him from the possession of Church property, but after a long course of litigation the matter was, in 1862, finally decided in his favour. He held the ministry of the Scots Church, Sydney, from 1823 until his death. On Dec. 17th, 1872, he celebrated the jubilee of his ministry; amidst universal congratulations. The position of Dr. Lang as a politician in a great measure overshadowed his calling as a minister of religion. From the time of his arrival in the colony he took an active interest in social and public questions. In 1835, dissatisfied with the colonial press which then existed, he started the Colonist, a weekly journal, in which he advocated the discontinuance of the system of granting waste lands to settlers, and urged the adoption of the Wakefield principle of selling the lands at an upset price and devoting the proceeds to immigration. He maintained that the waste lands were not the property of the inhabitants, but of the people of the British empire, and ought to be administered in that spirit. His proposal met with some acceptance, was recommended by a select committee of the Legislative Council, and received the approval of Lord Glenelg, the then Secretary of State for the Colonies; but a land system on a different basis was afterwards established by Wentworth. Dr. Lang was an ardent supporter of immigration. In 1830 he addressed a letter to Viscount Goderich, pointing out the means of conveying thousands of the distressed agricultural population of Great Britain to the plenty of New South Wales without expense to the mother country. His idea was to obtain the necessary funds by sales of building allotments in Sydney, and by resuming and selling land granted on conditions unfulfilled to the Church and School Corporation of New South Wales. He published this letter in the colony, and his proposal gave offence to the possessors of the land he proposed to resume. A wordy warfare followed, lasting for years, and the struggle entailed on him much expense and annoyance. He was blamed by Lord Goderich for the indiscreet publication of the letter, and the Legislative Council passed a vote of censure. In 1836 he brought out from England a supply of suitable ministers for the Church, a number of schoolmasters and others, numbering with their families about three hundred persons. He lectured on immigration during his frequent visits to England, and used his influence to promote the settlement of Protestant people in the colony. The bounty system he condemned as calculated to unduly encourage the introduction of Roman Catholics at the expense of the State. In 1843 Dr. Lang was elected a member of the first Legislative Council of New South Wales under the constitution of 1842. He was returned for the district of Port Phillip, now the colony of Victoria. His principal aims in entering political life were to put a stop to the preponderance of Irish Roman Catholic immigrants and to secure for the colony a general system of education adapted to its wants. On the latter question he had been opposed to the Irish national system, but after a visit to Ireland he changed his views and advocated its adoption. A select committee of the Legislative Council, of which Mr. Robert Lowe (now Lord Sherbrooke) was chairman, recommended the system. He was a foremost actor in the movement for the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales. He broached the idea to the residents of Port Phillip, who were labouring under a feeling of dissatisfaction at the neglect they experienced from the central Government, and he received such encouragement that in 1844 he proposed in the Legislative Council of the mother colony the separation of Port Phillip and its erection into a distinct colony. The six Port Phillip representatives voted for the motion, but the only member among the thirty representatives of New South Wales proper who gave in their adhesion was Mr. Lowe. Not discouraged, Dr. Lang drew up a petition, which was numerously signed, and sent home to her Majesty. Lord Stanley gave a favourable reply, but separation was not consummated until the year 1851. The services rendered by Dr. Lang were recognised by the Victorian Parliament, who in 1872 voted him a sum of ?1000. He was also a warm advocate of the separation of Queensland from New South Wales. His interest in the Moreton Bay district dated back to the years 1848 and 1849, when he introduced there at considerable personal expense about six hundred immigrants. His services in the cause of separation were acknowledged by the Queensland Legislature. He was also the promoter of the land order system established in that colony. He was always strongly opposed to the transportation system, the agitation in regard to which lasted from 1846 to 1851, Earl Grey, then Secretary of State for the Colonies, persisting in his determination to force the system on the colony. Ultimately, however, the order in Council declaring New South Wales a place where convicts might be sent was revoked. Dr. Lang was elected member for Sydney in 1850, defeating the transportation candidate. In 1849 he addressed a letter to Earl Grey on the subject of his misgovernment of the Australian colonies during the three years he held office, couched in language which gave great offence, and which openly threatened separation from the mother country and the formation of an Australian republic In Sept. 1851 he was elected at the head of the poll for Sydney, John Lamb and W. C. Wentworth being his colleagues, but he resigned almost immediately and went to England. During his absence a new Constitution Act was passed, containing a clause rendering ministers of religion ineligible for Parliament, and he was thus precluded from entering the Legislature for a time. This clause was repealed in 1857, and at the general election in 1859 he was again returned for Sydney. After the introduction of responsible government he was elected three times for Sydney West, twice at the head of the poll. He retired from the Parliamentary arena in Nov. 1869. Among other measures advocated by him during his political career were the extension and equalising of the representation (in 1843), the establishment of a uniform postage rate of twopence (in 1844), triennial Parliaments, a single chamber Legislature, cheap and efficient railway communication, and permanent discontinuance of State aid to religion. In 1839 he visited New Zealand and wrote to Lord Durham urging the Government to take possession of those islands. During his long connection with Australia he visited England nine times. In 1846 he was examined before a committee of the House of Commons on the question of transportation. Dr. Lang was a voluminous writer. He is the author of a history of New South Wales, which ran through four editions, the first issued in 1834, the latest in 1875. His other works are?"Origin and Migration of the Polynesian Natives" (1834); "Transportation and Colonisation" (1837); "New Zealand in 1839: Position and Prospects of its Inhabitants"; "Religion and Education in America" (1840); "Cook's Land, Australia" (1847); "Phillip's Land" (1847); "Freedom and Independence for Australia" (1852); "The Coming Event" (1876); "Aurora Australis," a series of poems (1826). He was also a ready pamphleteer, and wrote on a variety of subjects. "The career of Dr. Lang," writes Mr. Blair in his admirable "Cyclopaedia," "embraces a period of very great interest to Australians. He saw the foundations of a nation laid, and was an instrument in the work. He was witness of the wonderful progress and prosperity of the colonies, and did not pass away until he had seen the handful of settlers ripen into a community numbering nearly two millions and the continent explored and settled throughout the eastern half. He lived through the viceroyalties of nine Governors of New South Wales, commencing with Sir Thomas Brisbane and ending with Sir Hercules Robinson. He was a man of indomitable energy, of liberal views, of considerable ability, of great public spirit, and utterly careless about pecuniary advantage. He achieved a position among the early colonists of Australia which will not readily be forgotten." Dr. Lang died in Sydney on August 8th, 1878, and was accorded the tribute of a public funeral.

Langridge, Hon. George David, M.L.A., was born in Kent in 1829, and emigrated to Australia, where he represented Collingwood in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1874 till he died. He was Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in the third Berry Government from August 1880 to July 1881. In the Service-Berry Ministry he was Commissioner of Trade and Customs from March 1883 to Feb. 1886. In Nov. 1890, when Mr. Munro became Premier, Mr. Langridge accepted the post of Chief Secretary and Minister of Customs, which he filled till his death on March 24th, 1891.

Langton, Hon. Edward, third and youngest son of David Elland Langton, was born at Gravesend, Kent, on Jan. 2nd, 1828, and emigrated to Victoria in 1852. He early distinguished himself as an unflinching opponent of fiscal protection, and in 1859 he lectured at Fitzroy in favour of the retention of free trade. In face of the rising tide of protection he unsuccessfully contested Collingwood in 1859 and 1861, East Melbourne in 1861, East Bourke Boroughs in 1864, and Dundas in 1865. At length, in Jan. 1866, his perseverance was rewarded, and he succeeded Mr. Kyte as member for East Melbourne. He exchanged that constituency for West Melbourne at the general election in 1868, and continued to sit until 1877, when he was defeated. In May 1868 Mr. Langton, who was a staunch Conservative as well as a Free-trader, became Treasurer in Sir Charles (then Mr.) Sladen's short-lived Ministry, and occupied the same post, with the additional office of Postmaster-General, in the Francis Government, from June 1872 to July 1874, when he resigned with his colleagues. Mr. Langton has written much for the Melbourne press, and was one of the earliest proprietors of the Spectator, a free trade organ started in 1865. He was secretary of the Free Trade League of Victoria from its commencement until 1866, has been an honorary member of the Cobden Club since 1874, and is a trustee and treasurer of the Melbourne Public Library and Museum. Mr. Langton was an unsuccessful candidate for the Assembly in April 1892.

Langtree, Charles William, was born in Glenarm, co. Antrim, on Oct. 25th, 1846. He went to Melbourne in 1852, and served his apprenticeship as a mechanical engineer in the Hobson's Bay Railway Company's workshops. After considerable experience in private employment, he entered the Department of Mines as draughtsman in July 1865, and was appointed chief draughtsman in Feb. 1866. In 1882 be became chief clerk, and in 1884 permanent head of the department as Secretary for Mines and Water Supply and Chief Mining Surveyor, which post he held till Feb. 1889, when he was appointed to his present position as one of the Civil Service Commissioners of Victoria. Mr. Langtree married on Oct. 15th, 1874, Jeannie, daughter of Peter McCracken, J.P., the well-known Melbourne brewer. He has held the offices of Vice-President and President of the Victorian Institute of Surveyors and Engineers, and is a Fellow of that body.

Lanigan, Right Rev. William, Roman Catholic Bishop of Goulburn, N.S.W., was born in Tipperary in 1820, and educated at Thurles and Maynooth Colleges. He was ordained priest at Maynooth in 1848, and emigrated to Sydney in 1859. After seven years' missionary work in Goulburn and Berrima, he was consecrated Bishop of Goulburn on June 9th, 1867.

Larnach, Donald, Chairman, London Board, Bank of New South Wales, is the son of the late William Larnach, of Newton, Caithness, N.B., and was born in 1817, the year in which the Bank of New South Wales was founded. At the age of seventeen he emigrated to Sydney, N.S.W., where he engaged with great success in squatting and mercantile pursuits. In 1845 he married Jane Elizabeth, daughter of William Walker, a prominent Sydney merchant. In the following year he became a director of the Bank of New South Wales, and was chosen president in 1852. On the discovery of gold in Australia in 1851, Mr. Larnach, in conjunction with his colleagues, entered largely into the purchase of the precious metal on account of the Bank, and in 1852 doubled the capital out of profits. In the latter year he returned to England and became manager of the London branch, in the founding of which he was the active spirit. He retained his connection with the management of the Bank of New South Wales for twenty-five years, and on his retirement was elected Chairman of the London Board of the Bank. In 1858 he became a director of the London Joint Stock Bank, and is also on the board of the Indemnity Mutual Marine Insurance Company. Whilst the Bank of New South Wales held the agency of that colony, its monetary affairs were conducted with great success by Mr. Larnach, who is regarded as one of the leading financial authorities in the city of London. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Larnach, Hon. William James Mudie, C.M.G., sometime Colonial Treasurer and Minister of Railways in New Zealand, went to Otago, N.Z., in Sept. 1867, as manager of the Bank of Otago (afterwards merged in the National Bank of New Zealand). In 1866 he was returned to the House of Representatives for Dunedin; and in 1877, having carried a vote of no-confidence against the Whitaker-Atkinson Ministry, he joined the administration formed by Sir George Grey on Oct. 14th as Colonial Treasurer and Minister of Public Works. Subsequently he went to England in connection with a Colonial loan, but returned in 1880, the Grey Government having in the meantime been ousted. In the same year he re-entered Parliament. Mr. Larnach was Minister of Mines and of the Marine in the Stout-Vogel Government, which entered office on Sept. 3rd, 1884, and went out on Oct. 8th, 1887. Mr. Larnach married Miss Eliza Jane Guise. He was created C.M.G. in 1879. At the general election in Dec. 1890 he failed to secure his return to the House of Representatives for the Peninsula.

Latrobe, Charles Joseph, C.B., first Governor of Victoria, was descended from a Swiss family, which emigrated from the south of France at the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, and originally settled in Ireland. Mr. Latrobe himself was, however, a native of Yorkshire, where his father, the Rev. C. J. Latrobe, officiated as a Moravian minister. His mother was the daughter of a Yorkshire clergyman of the name of Sims. He was educated for the Moravian ministry, but ultimately abandoned the idea of an ecclesiastical career. He early evinced a taste for travel, and as the result of his experiences in Europe and America published two works entitled "The Alpenstock" and "The Rambler in Mexico." He became companion to a foreign count, and in that capacity accompanied Washington Irving in his well-known tour of the American prairies. He subsequently attracted the attention of Lord Glenelg, and in the year of the Queen's accession was despatched to the West Indies by the Melbourne Ministry to report on the application of the funds voted by Parliament for the education of the emancipated negroes. Having given satisfaction in this service, he was appointed in 1839 Superintendent of Port Phillip, as the present colony of Victoria was then denominated. Though then but a district of New South Wales, great inconvenience was, even in those primitive times, experienced in administering its affairs from the distant seat of government at Sydney. The office of Superintendent was, therefore, created, with a view to the local administration of local affairs, subject to the control and approval in all important matters of the Governor for the time being of the parent colony. Mr. Latrobe arrived in Melbourne on Sept. 30th, 1839, and two days later was presented with an address of congratulation from the colonists at a reception held in the Auction Company's rooms in Collins Street. The salary was at first only ?800 per annum, but this was ultimately increased to ?1500. In Oct. 1846 Mr. Latrobe was commissioned to proceed to Tasmania, to report on the state of that colony subsequent to the suspension of Governor Sir J. Eardley Wilmot; and in this capacity administered the government for a few months. On the question of the exclusion of convicts from Victoria, Mr. Latrobe took the popular side; but on that of the concession of representative institutions to the district he aroused virulent opposition by a despatch dated August 1848, in which, while he gave a modified support to the idea of separation from New South Wales, he argued that the new colony would for a long time to come be unfitted to control its own affairs through an elective Parliament Against these sentiments the Melbourne City Council?which had in the previous June petitioned the Queen for the Superintendent's recall, on the ground that he had opposed their being entrusted with the public works expenditure of the colony?bitterly protested. Neither petition nor protest, though the former was backed up by resolutions passed at a public meeting attended by three thousand colonists, had much effect in discrediting Mr. Latrobe with the Colonial Office, as was shown by his appointment as first Lieutenant-Governor on the separation of the colony from New South Wales in July 1851. This post he held through the trying times which followed on the discovery of gold till May 1854, when he retired, and returned to England. Mr. Latrobe married, in 1835, the third daughter of M. de Montmolen, of Neufchatel, in Switzerland, who died on Jan. 30th, 1854, in England, whither she had proceeded in advance of her husband, who did not leave Melbourne till May 5th. Mr. Latrobe, who may be regarded as the founder of the Melbourne University, and of many of the public institutions on which the inhabitants of Victoria now pride themselves, died in London on Dec. 2nd, 1875.

Laurie, Henry, M.A., LL.D., was appointed Lecturer on Logic in Melbourne University in 1881, and in the following year Lecturer on Logic and Philosophy. In consequence of the success attending the introduction of philosophy into the University, a chair of mental and moral philosophy was founded, and in 1886 Dr. Laurie was appointed its first Professor, a position which he still holds.

Lavater, George Theodore Adams, was born at Lausanne, Canton Vaud, Switzerland, on May 4th, 1831, and is a grandson of the younger brother of the celebrated divine and physiognomist, Johann Caspar Lavater. He took to the sea, and having come to Victoria as second officer of the Hoogly, left his vessel in 1852 to go to the goldfields. In July 1861 he entered the railway department of the Victorian Government service, and was appointed chief accountant in 1873. In Jan. 1887 he was temporarily relieved of his duties at the request of the Government, to act as secretary to the Melbourne Centennial International Exhibition of 1888.

Layard, Edgar Leopold, C.M.G., son of the late Henry Peter John Layard, of the Ceylon Civil Service, and younger brother of the Right Hon. Sir Austen Henry Layard, was born in 1824; went to Ceylon in 1846; was appointed secretary to the junior judge, and called to the bar. He subsequently held various positions in the public service of the colony till 1855, when he resigned, and entered the Civil Service of the Cape of Good Hope, where in 1861 he was appointed private secretary to Sir George Grey, the Governor, whom he accompanied in the same capacity to New Zealand, retaining his rank in the Cape Service. In 1862 he was appointed Arbitrator to the mixed British and Portuguese Commission at the Cape of Good Hope for suppressing the slave trade, and Arbitrator in the mixed court at the Cape of Good Hope, between Great Britain and the United States, for suppressing the African slave trade. He was promoted to be judge in 1867; appointed Consul at Para in 1871, and for Fiji and the Tonga Islands in 1873. In August of the latter year he was appointed, in conjunction with Commodore Goodenough, to investigate the proposed cession of Fiji to the British Crown, and in March 1874 they presented a report embodying the terms of cession offered by the native chiefs and approved of by the European inhabitants. These, however, proved unacceptable, and the annexation was subsequently negotiated by Sir Hercules Robinson. Mr. Layard was administrator of the government of Fiji from 1874 to 1875, and has been Consul and Lloyd's Agent in New Caledonia since 1876. He married first, in 1845, Barbara Anne, daughter of the late Rev. John Calthrop, vicar of Gosberton, who died in 1886; secondly, in 1887, Jane Catherine, daughter of the late Gen. Robert Blackett, H.E.I.C.S., and widow of James A. Graham, B.C.S. Mr. Layard was created C.M.G. in 1875.

Leake, George, Crown Solicitor of Western Australia, is the son of Hon. George W. Leake, M.L.C. (q.v.). He was called to the bar of Western Australia in May 1880. He acted as Assistant Clerk to the Legislative Council and Registrar of the Vice-Admiralty Court, and was Acting Crown Solicitor and Prosecuting Counsel in Jan. 1881, and again in Jan. 1883. In January of the following year he was permanently appointed. He was Acting Attorney-General and a member of the Executive Council in Sept. 1886, during the interval between the resignation of Mr. Burt and the arrival of Mr. Warton. In 1890 Mr. Leake was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Western Australia for Roebourne, but resigned his seat rather than forfeit his appointment. He was Acting Attorney-General during the absence of Mr. Burt in England in 1891. Mr. Leake married in Sept. 1881 Louisa, eldest daughter of the late Sir Archibald Paull Burt.

Leake, Hon. George Walpole, M.L.C., Q.C., Western Australia, is the eldest son of the late Luke Leake, of Stoke Newington, and brother of the late Sir Luke S. Leake (q.v.). He has held the following positions in Western Australia: Acting Crown Solicitor, 1857-8, confirmed Feb. 1860; Acting Police Magistrate, Perth, from 1863 to 1866; Public Prosecutor, 1873 to 1874; Q.C. and Crown Solicitor, 1875; Acting Attorney-General and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils, 1879 to 1880, and for a short time in 1883; Acting Chief Justice, 1879-80 and 1888; Police Magistrate, Perth, 1881; Acting Government Resident, Geraldton, 1886; Acting Puisne Judge, 1887 and 1889-90. In Dec 1890 Mr. Leake was nominated to the new Legislative Council, having resigned his position as police magistrate.

Leake, Hon. Sir Luke Samuel, M.L.C., sometime Speaker of Legislative Council, Western Australia, youngest son of Luke Leake, of Stoke Newington, Middlesex, was born in 1828, and went to Western Australia in 1833, where he became a member of the Legislative Council, and was the first Speaker of that body, holding the position from June 26th, 1872, till his death in May 1886. Sir Luke married, in 1855, Louisa, daughter of the late Rev. Thomas Henry Walpole, vicar of Winslow, Bucks, who married secondly, in 1887, A. R. Waylen, M.D., colonial surgeon, Western Australia. He was knighted by patent in 1876.

Learmonth, Somerville Livingstone, was the plaintiff in the great case of Learmonth v. Bailey, which concerned the ownership of the Egerton Mine, near Ballarat, and was tried before the Supreme Court of Victoria in 1876. Mr. Learmonth now resides in Great Britain.

Learmonth, Thomas Livingstone, is the son of the late Thomas Learmonth, a well-known settler in Tasmania, and was born in 1818. Having been attracted to the new settlement at Port Phillip, he started with a pioneering party from the shores of Corio Bay, in August 1837, to explore the unknown country to the north-west, directing their course, in the first instance, to Mount Buninyong, near to which, in conjunction with his brother, Somerville Livingstone Learmonth, Mr. T. L. Learmonth subsequently entered on pastoral pursuits on the fine country the party then discovered farther to the north-west. In the following year the two brothers and some friends explored the course of the Loddon, and reached a prominent peak, which they afterwards called Ercildoune, from an old keep on the Scottish border associated with their ancestral history. Here the brothers established a second station. After many years of prosperity the Messrs. Learmonth disposed of their Buninyong property, and subsequently sold the famous Ercildoune estate to Sir Samuel Wilson. Mr. Learmonth was for some time a member of the Upper House in Victoria, and finally left for England in 1868. Mr. Learmonth, who now resides at Park Hall, Polmont, N.B., and is a J. P. for Stirlingshire, married, firstly, in 1857, Louisa, daughter of the late Major-General Sir Thomas Valiant, who died in 1878; and, secondly, in 1879, Jane Florence Harriett, daughter of the late Lestock Reid, of the Bombay Civil Service.

Leary, Joseph, M.L.A., was born in 1831 in Sydney, and was educated at St. Mary's Seminary, at Sydney College under Mr. Cape, and for two years at the Sydney University. He was returned to the Assembly for Narellan in 1861, and in 1863 was admitted an attorney and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales. Whilst representing Murrumbidgee, in the Assembly?having been elected for that district in 1874?he took office as Minister of Justice and Public Instruction in the Farrell Government in Dec. 1877, and retired with his colleagues on their defeat in Dec. 1878.

Le Cren, Charles, J.P., was born in London, and arrived in Victoria in 1849, joining the Government service in 1857 in connection with the Yan Yean water supply scheme, which was amalgamated with the Public Works Department, of which he was appointed secretary in 1878, and held the post till his death in 1889.

Lee Steere, Hon. Sir James George, J.P., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Western Australia, is the third son of the late Lee Steere, J.P. and D.L., and formerly M.P. for Surrey, of Jayes Park, Ockley, Surrey, by Ann, second daughter of James Keirs Watson, of Hessle, co. York, and was born in 1830. He was educated at Clapham Grammar School, and emigrated to Western Australia, where he engaged in pastoral pursuits in 1860, becoming a J.P. for the colony in 1861. He was a nominated unofficial member of the old Legislative Council from 1868 to 1890; and on the death of Sir Luke S. Leake he was elected Speaker of that body on June 21st, 1886. He was re-elected on March 13th, 1889, and continued to hold that position till the dissolution of the Legislative Council in 1890, when he was elected for Nelson, and appointed Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. In 1884 Sir James was appointed an unofficial member of the Executive Council, and represented the colony at the first session of the Federal Council of Australasia, held at Hobart in Jan. and Feb. 1886. He discharged the same function at the second and third sessions in 1888 and 1889. In 1890 he acted as delegate of Western Australia to the Federation Conference in Melbourne, and to the Federation Convention in Sydney in 1891. He was knighted in 1888. Sir James married, in 1859, Catherine Anne, only daughter of the late Luke Leake, of Perth, W.A.

Leeper, Alexander, M.A., LL.D., Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne University, is the eldest surviving son of the Rev. Alexander Leeper, D.D., Incumbent of St. Audoen's, and Canon of St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, by Catherine, eldest daughter of William Henry Porter, M.D., F.R.C.S., late President of the Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, and sister of Sir George H. Porter, Bart., D.L., Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Queen. He was born on June 3rd, 1848, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took a first classical scholarship in his Junior Freshman year, the Berkeley Gold Medal, a Vice-Chancellor's prize, and several other distinctions in Classics. He graduated B.A. in 1871, and M.A. in 1875. He proceeded to Oxford in 1872, where he became Scholar, Exhibitioner, and Prizeman of St. John's College, and proxime accessit for a Gaisford university prize. He took also a first class in the School of Classical Honours in 1874. He arrived in Victoria in 1875, and was appointed Warden of Trinity College, Melbourne, in 1876. He married on Dec. 30th, 1879, Adeline Marian, daughter of the late Sir George Wigram Allen, K.C.M.G., of Toxteth Park, Sydney, N.S.W. He has had the degrees of M.A. and LL.D. conferred on him stip. con. by Dublin University. Dr. Leeper was elected in 1880 a member of the Council of Melbourne University, with a life-tenure, but resigned in 1887. He was appointed a trustee of the Public Library in 1887, and has twice been appointed Classical Examiner to the University of New Zealand, and twice Classical Examiner to the University of Adelaide, as well as Examiner-in-Chief to the Tasmanian Council of Education (1885). Dr. Leeper is author of "A Guide to Classical Reading," with the collaboration of Professor H. A. Strong (G. Robertson, Melbourne), and of "A Translation of Juvenal" (Macmillan & Co., London. Second edition, 1890).

Le Fleming, Sir Andrew Fleming Hudleston, Bart., is the eldest son of the late Sir Michael Le Fleming, the 7th baronet, of Rydal, Westmoreland who emigrated to New Zealand, by his marriage with Elizabeth, daughter of Captain Boddie of the Russian Navy, who still survives, and resides at Dalemaine, Ranriora, N.Z. He was born at Easedale, Nook Station, near Canterbury, N.Z., in 1855, and was educated at Canterbury College, succeeding to the baronetcy, which was created by Queen Anne in 1705, on the death of his father in 1883.

Lefroy, Anthony O'Grady, C.M.G., eldest son of the late Rev. Henry Lefroy, M.A., Vicar of Santry, Dublin, by Dorothea, second daughter of the O'Grady, of Kilballyowen, co. Limerick, was born in 1818, and married in 1852, Mary, daughter of the late Col. John Bruce. Mr. Lefroy is a nephew of the late Right Hon. Thomas Lefroy, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. He was secretary to Governor Fitzgerald of Western Australia from 1849 to 1855; Colonial Treasurer, and M.L.C. from 1856 to 1890; Acting Colonial Secretary from 1875 to 1877; and was created C.M.G. in 1878.

Lefroy, Lieut.-General Sir John Henry, K.C.M.G., C.B., F.R.S., sometime Governor of Tasmania, fourth son of the late Rev. John Henry George Lefroy, of Ewshot House, Hants (younger brother of the late Lord Chief Justice of Ireland), by his marriage with Sophia, youngest daughter of the late Rev. Charles Jeffreys Cotterell, was born on Jan. 28th, 1817. He entered the Royal Artillery in Dec 1834, and acted as director of the magnetical observations at St. Helena and Toronto from 1839 to 1852. In 1840 and 1841 he made a magnetic survey of the interior of the continent of North America from Montreal to the Arctic Circle, and was appointed scientific adviser to the Duke of Newcastle at the War Office, on artillery and inventions, in Dec. 1854. In October of the next year he was sent on a special mission to the seat of war, and to the Mediterranean fortresses in March 1859. Sir John was Inspector-General of Army Schools, 1857-9; Secretary Ordnance Select Committee 1859-63, President 1864-8; Director-General of Ordnance, 1868-70; honorary secretary Royal Commission of the Patriotic Fund, 1854-68; Commissioner, 1868; and was also a member of the Royal Commission on National Defences in 1859, and on Military Education in 1868. In 1871 he was appointed Governor of Bermuda, from which post he retired in 1877, and administered the Government of Tasmania from Oct. 1880 to Dec. 1881, when he was appointed Colonel-Commandant Royal Artillery. Sir John, who was created C.B. in 1870 and K.C.M.G. in 1877, attained the rank of lieut.-general in the latter year, and was placed on the retired list, with the honorary rank of general, in 1882. He married, first, in 1846, Emily Merry, eldest daughter of Sir J. Beverley Robinson, Bart., C.B., Chief Justice of Upper Canada, who died in 1859; and, secondly, in 1860, Charlotte Anna, eldest daughter of Lieut.-Colonel Thos. Dundas, of Fingask, and widow of Colonel Armine Mountain, C.B. He died on April 11th, 1890.

Legge, Colonel William Vincent, F.L.S., formerly major and honorary lieut.-colonel in the Royal Artillery, is the son of Captain W. V. Legge, of Cullenswood, St. Mary's, Tasmania. He was appointed Commandant and Inspecting Field Officer of the Tasmanian Defence Force in Dec. 1883, which office he held until 1890. During a residence of nearly nine years in Ceylon he collected the materials for his splendid "History of the Birds of Ceylon" (London, 1880), the standard authority on the subject. He is a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London, and also Fellow of the Zoological Society. [Supplement: He was the only son of Robert Vincent Legge and Elizabeth Graves his wife, daughter of Captain John de Lapenotiere, R.N. He was born on Sept. 2nd, 1841, and married on Dec. 1st, 1867, Frances Anne Talbot, only daughter of Major W. Gray, of the 94th Regiment, and widow of Alick Thompson.]

Lette, Hon. Henry Elms, M.H.A., J.P., Chairman of Committees of the House of Assembly, Tasmania, has represented North Launceston in the House of Assembly since Nov. 1862, and has been Chairman of Committees since July 1877.

Levey, George Collins, C.M.G., son of George Levey, of Camberwell Grove, Surrey, and Great New Street, E.C., was born in 1835, and educated at University College, London. He arrived in Australia in 1851, and was for a short time in the Government service of Victoria as clerk to the Gold Receiver, but subsequently embarked in mining pursuits, and was the first to employ machinery for quartz crushing. He afterwards wrote for the Melbourne press, and travelled over the, continent of Europe from 1859 to 1861, contributing to English newspapers. He sat for Normanby in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1866 to 1867, and was editor and proprietor of the Herald from 1863 to 1868. This paper he issued at a penny, and thus founded cheap journalism in Australia. Since 1868 he has been connected as editor or contributor with the Melbourne Age. He was Secretary to the Commissioners of Victoria at the Exhibitions of New South Wales (1870), Melbourne (1872, 1875, and 1880-81), London and Vienna (1873), and Philadelphia (1876), and Acting Executive Commissioner at the Paris Exhibition in 1878 (C.M.G. and Legion of Honour), and Executive Commissioner at Amsterdam Exhibition in 1883, also Executive Commissioner at the International Exhibition held at the Crystal Palace in 1884. Mr. Levey successfully visited the European countries and the United States of America, with the view to induce their Governments to send representatives to the Melbourne International Exhibition. He was Secretary of the London Committee for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition, and has contributed largely to the Melbourne, London, Philadelphia, New York and Paris press, and written various important official reports. He visited South America in 1889, and on his return wrote a Handy Guide to the River Plate, and has recently published a Handy Guide to Australia. He also edited Hutchinson's "Australasian Encyclopaedia" (1892). He married first, in 1863, Euphemia Dalton, daughter of Charles Whybrow Ligar, Surveyor-General of Victoria; and, secondly, in 1877, Mary Elizabeth, daughter of George Parker, of Washington, U.S.A., and widow of the Hon. J. E. Bouligny, member of Congress for New Orleans, Louisiana.

Levien, Hon. Jonas Felix, M.L.A., J.P., is the son of B. G. Levien, who arrived in Victoria from England in 1839. He was born at Williamstown in March 1840, and at an early age embarked largely in pastoral and horticultural pursuits. In 1871 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for South Grant, since subdivided into Grant and Barwon, for which latter electorate he now sits. He joined the Service-Berry Coalition Government in March 1883, as Minister of Mines and Agriculture, retiring in Feb. 1886, when the Gillies-Deakin Government was formed.

Lewis, Hon. Neil Elliott, M.H.A., M.A., B.C.L., Attorney-General of Tasmania, is the eldest son of Neil Lewis, of Hobart, and was born on Oct. 27th, 1858. He was educated at the High School, Hobart, and took the degree of Associate in Arts under the Council of Education in 1875. Two years later he won the Tasmanian scholarship, and proceeded to Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1882, M.A. in 1885, and B.C.L. in 1885. Mr. Lewis entered at the Inner Temple in Oct. 1879, and was called to the English Bar in June 1883. Returning to Tasmania, he was admitted a barrister of the Supreme Court of that colony in Dec. 1885. Mr. Lewis, who is a member of the Council of the University of Tasmania and a lieutenant in the Tasmanian Defence Force, was elected to the House of Assembly for Richmond in July 1886. In August 1892, when the Dobson Ministry was formed, he accepted office as Attorney-General. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Leys, Thomson Wilson, was born of Scottish parentage in 1850 at Nottingham, where his father was Supervisor of Inland Revenue. He was five years a pupil at the People's College, Nottingham, and emigrated to New Zealand in 1863 with his parents, who joined the great Nonconformist movement to establish a special settlement at Albertland, north of Auckland. After arrival in New Zealand, he was apprenticed in the printing office of the Southern Cross, the oldest and most influential journal in the colony at that period. Three years later he obtained a transfer to the literary staff as shipping reporter, and in 1870, at the age of twenty, became sub-editor of the Daily Southern Cross and Weekly News, which were then owned by Mr. (now Sir Julius) Vogel, Colonial Treasurer. Compelled by ill-health to relinquish night work, he resigned and joined the editorial staff of the Auckland Star, assuming the chief editorship in Feb. 1875, a position which he still retains, having also acquired a partnership interest in that paper, the New Zealand Farmer, New Zealand Graphic, and the large printing and publishing business connected with those journals. In the scant leisure which falls to the lot of the editor of a daily newspaper, Mr. Leys has done much literary work. He contributed the Auckland section of Sir Julius Vogel's "New Zealand Handbook", edited the "Early History of New Zealand," covering the period from the earliest times to 1845, and also the "Colonist's Guide," a standard textbook for settlers in New Zealand. He has also edited for sixteen years the annual issues of the Auckland Almanack, a valuable compendium of statistical and descriptive matter relating to New Zealand. Being one of the party formed at Rotorua on the day after the Tarawera eruption to visit Rotomahana and ascertain the condition of the Terraces, he wrote a graphic description of that great volcanic outburst, which was published in separate form. Among his minor literary works are a brochure on "The Doctrine of Evolution," in reply to Professor Denton, and notes of a holiday excursion to the South Sea Islands, "The Cruise of the Wairarapa". In 1891 Mr. Leys represented a syndicate of New Zealand journals at the Federation Convention in Sydney.

Ligar, Charles Whybrow, sometime Surveyor-General of Victoria, was born in 1809 at Ceylon, where his father was stationed with his regiment. Educated at the Royal Military College, Sandhurst, he received a commission in the Royal Engineers, which he shortly afterwards resigned. He was employed on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland until 1840, when he was appointed Surveyor-General of New Zealand by Lord John Russell. Being wrecked at the Cape of Good Hope, he did not arrive in New Zealand until the end of 1841. In the latter colony he purchased a vast quantity of land from the Maoris for the European settlers, and was appointed colonel and commandant of the New Zealand Militia, in which capacity he took part in the war at the Bay of Islands. He retired from the position of Surveyor-General of New Zealand in 1856, and after residing for a short time in the southern portion of that colony, went to Victoria in 1857 as land commissioner for the province of Otago. In 1858 he became Surveyor-General of Victoria, retiring on a pension in 1869. He then returned to Europe, but finally settled in Texas, where he embarked in stock-raising. Mr. Ligar married in 1839 Grace, daughter of Thomas Hanyngton, of Dungannon, Tyrone, and granddaughter of the Earl of Charlemont, and in 1869 Marie, daughter of the late Captain Williams, of Auckland, N.Z. He died in 1879.

Lilley, Hon. Sir Charles, Chief Justice of Queensland, is the son of the late T. Lilley, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, where he was born on May 27th, 1830, and received the chief part of his education at University College, London. He was articled to an eminent London solicitor. He arrived in Moreton Bay in 1856, and re-entered upon the profession of the law as an articled clerk to Mr. Robert Little, Crown Solicitor, and was editor and joint lessee of the Moreton Bay Courier, in partnership with Mr. C. Belbridge. On the separation of the colony from New South Wales, Mr. Lilley was elected member for Fortitude Valley, which electorate he continued to represent until the end of his parliamentary career. In 1861 he was called to the bar, and in 1865 appointed Q.C. In September of the same year he became Attorney-General in the Herbert Ministry, and continued to hold that office under Mr. Macalister's premiership until July 1866. Mr. Herbert came into power again for another month, with Mr. Pring for his Attorney-General; but in August, when Mr. Macalister was reinstated, Mr. Lilley returned to his old post, and held office till August 1867. He became Premier and Attorney-General in Nov. 1868, and whilst in power established free education throughout the colony. In May 1870 he resigned, in consequence of Parliament censuring him for having ordered the building of the steamer Governor Blackall without Parliamentary sanction. In 1874 he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court, Chief Justice in June 1879, and was knighted by patent in 1881. Sir Charles Lilley has always taken a very active part in educational matters, and is at present chairman of trustees of the Brisbane Grammar School, an institution he was mainly instrumental in founding. He was chairman of the Royal Commission on Education, which resulted in the adoption of free, secular, and compulsory education. He was also the means of the Queensland Judicature Act being passed. Sir Charles Lilley has recently headed a movement for the establishment of a Queensland University. Sir Charles was one of the most active advocates of the separation of Moreton Bay from New South Wales, and its formation into the separate colony of Queensland. He now seems equally desirous to see Australia severed from the United Kingdom, some letters which he has recently published embodying the sentiment of Australian nationalism in its most extreme form. They have attracted considerable attention, owing to the outré language in which they are couched, and also owing to the fact that no colonial public man of anything like Sir Charles Lilley's standing has as yet taken up similar ground. He is also the most thorough-going advocate of the claims of the "Labour" party among all the prominent public men of Australia; and in laying the foundation of the Trades Hall, Brisbane (1891), he delivered a most sympathetic and outspoken address. As Premier, Sir Charles Lilley, who at any rate has the courage of his convictions, discouraged the popular borrowing policy, and refused to take office in 1874 under Mr. Macalister. He married in 1858 Sarah Jane, daughter of Joshua Jeays, sometime Mayor of Brisbane.

Lindauer, Gottfried, a well-known artist who has made Maori studies his specialty, was born at Pilsen, Bohemia, on Jan. 5th, 1839. Having early in life developed a taste for drawing, he was sent, at the age of seventeen, to Vienna as a resident student at the Academy of Artists, where he remained till 1865, studying in succession under Professor Joseph Freheich, Professor Kuppelwiesa, and Professor Rohl. After leaving the academy he was engaged for two years painting frescoes in the Cathedral churches of Austria. Then he went to Russia, where he remained two years, devoting himself exclusively to portrait-painting. Returning to Vienna in 1869, he painted some well-known public men, including Bishop Jieschek, of Budweis, in Bohemia. After a sojourn in that city of eighteen months, he went to Moravia for three years, and then migrated to New Zealand, arriving in the colony in May 1874. Devoting himself principally to Maori portraiture, he travelled through the colony and painted the prominent men and women of a generation now passing away. The series of life-size portraits of Maori chiefs and warriors exhibited by Sir Walter Buller at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886, were all from his hand, who had made the "Maori at home" a subject of special study. After visiting his native land in 1886-87, he settled down at Woodville, near Wellington, having shortly before married Rebecca, the daughter of Benjamin Prance Petty.

Linton, Right Rev. Sydney, D.D., first Bishop of Riverina, N.S.W., is the son of the Rev. Henry Linton, M.A., rector of St Peter le Bailey, Oxford, and Honorary Canon of Christ Church, by his marriage with Charlotte, daughter of Rev. William Richardson, rector of Ferrybridge, and was born in 1841. He was educated at Rugby, and at Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated and took a second class in Law and History in 1864. He was ordained deacon in 1867, priest in 1868, was curate of St. Mark's, Cheltenham, from 1867 to 1870, vicar of Holy Trinity, Oxford, from 1870 to 1877, vicar of St. Philip's, Norwich, from 1877 to 1884, in which year, on the formation of the see of Riverina, he was appointed the first bishop, being consecrated in St. Paul's Cathedral on May 1st, 1884. Bishop Linton, who was created an honorary D.D. of Oxford in 1884, and who arrived in New South Wales in March 1885, married in June 1877 Jane Isabella, daughter of Rev. Professor Heurtley, canon of Christ Church, Oxford.

Lipson, Captain Thomas, R.N., was born in England in 1783, and entered the navy in 1793 as a first-class volunteer. After seeing considerable active service and being present at the battle of the Nile, he was appointed acting lieutenant of the Sabrina, Jan. 1808; and in the following year senior lieutenant of a corvette on the South American station, where he greatly distinguished himself, and was awarded a medal and two clasps. In 1836 he went to South Australia, with the appointment of Naval Officer of the colony. He subsequently became Collector of Customs for South Australia, and Harbour Master at Port Adelaide, but resigned the former post in 1840, retaining his other appointments till 1855, when he retired on a pension. Captain Lipson made several surveys of the South Australian coast for the Home Government, and upon his retirement from the navy, in 1856, was given rank as Post-Captain. He died on Oct. 25th, 1863.

Lisgar (1st Lord), better known as the Right Hon. Sir John Young, Bart., P.C., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., was the eldest son of Sir William Young, 1st baronet of Bailieborough Castle, co. Cavan, and a director of the East India Company. He was born at Bailieborough Castle on April 30th, 1807, and educated at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1829. He represented the county of Cavan in the House of Commons from 1831 to 1855. In 1834 he was called to the bar, and in the following year he married Adelaide Annabella, daughter of the late Marchioness of Headfort by her first husband, Edward Tuite Dalton. Lady Lisgar survived him, and married secondly, in 1878, the late Sir Francis Fortescue Turville, K.C.M.G. Sir John Young held a minor office in the English Ministry in 1841, succeeded his father in the baronetcy in 1848, and was Chief Secretary for Ireland in 1852. In 1855 he was appointed Lord High Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, and held that position till their cession to Greece in 1859. In Jan. 1861 he was appointed Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of New South Wales, the title of Governor-General, borne by his predecessors, being discontinued from this time forth. Sir John arrived in Sydney in March 1861; but as the patent of his appointment was not forthcoming, he acted as Administrator only until May, when the necessary document arrived. During the political crisis occasioned by the struggle over the Robertson Land Bill, Sir John Young adopted the advice of his ministers with regard to the creation of sufficient new councillors to carry the measure over the heads of the majority in the Upper House. The course adopted did not meet with the approval of the Colonial Office; but his term of office, which expired in Dec. 1867, was on the whole successful, and he himself popular. From 1868 to 1872 he was Governor-General of Canada, and in 1872 was created a peer of the United Kingdom, as Baron Lisgar of Lisgar and Bailieborough. Lord Lisgar died on Oct. 14th, 1876, without male issue, when the peerage became extinct, and the baronetcy devolved upon his nephew.

Lissner, Isodor, M.L.A., is a native of Posen, and emigrated in 1856 to Victoria, whence, after a varied experience on the diggings, he went to New Zealand and subsequently to Queensland, where he first settled at Ravenswood, removing to Charters Towers, where he still resides. In 1883 he was elected to the Assembly for Charters Towers, and sat till 1888, when he was returned for Kennedy, which he still represents. Mr. Lissner came to England with Mr. Black in 1887 as the representative of the Charters Towers miners to assist Mr. Harold Finch-Hatton in pressing the question of North Queensland Separation on the attention of the Home Government.

Liversidge, Professor Archibald, M.A., F.R.S., President Royal Society of New South Wales, was educated at a private school, and by private tutors in science in London. He entered the Royal College of Chemistry and Royal School of Mines, London, in 1866, and obtained a Royal Exhibition at these places in 1867. This privilege was tenable for three years, with ?50 per year and remission of all fees, equal to about ?100 per annum in addition. At the same examination he obtained medals in chemistry, mineralogy, and metallurgy. During his first year as student at the Royal College of Chemistry, he was given charge of the chemical laboratory at the Royal of Naval Architecture for one term during the illness of the lecturer, and published his first paper on supersaturated solutions. He was trained in chemistry at the College of Chemistry, under Professor Frankland. He became Associate of the School of Mines in Metallurgy and Mining in 1870, after having studied and passed in physics under Professor Tyndall, geology under Sir Andrew Ramsay, mineralogy under Sir W. Warrington Smyth, mechanics under Professors Willis and Goodeve, and metallurgy under Dr. Percy. He also spent some time in Dr. Frankland's private chemical laboratory as a senior student upon research work. In 1870 he obtained an open scholarship in science at Christ's College, Cambridge. During his first year at Cambridge he held the post of Demonstrator of Chemistry in the university laboratory for two terms, in the absence of Dr. Hicks. He was one of the first two students in the new physiological laboratory at Cambridge started by Professor Michael Foster. In 1872 he was offered the appointment of Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in the University of Sydney, and went out in September of that year. He was a commissioner for New South Wales at the Paris Exhibition in 1878, and a juror in chemistry and metallurgy. He has been a trustee of the Australian Museum, Sydney, since 1874, and during visits to Europe, America, and elsewhere purchased most of the non-Australian mineral and geological collections which it possesses. Professor Liversidge has also been a member of the Sydney University Senate since 1878, and Dean of the Faculty of Science since the formation of that faculty in 1883. He made the chemical investigations upon the Sydney water supply for the Government in 1876; was one of the original members of the Board of Technical Education, and Hon. Secretary of the Royal Society of New South Wales from 1874 to 1889, exclusive of the period when he was President in 1883-4. He was the President for 1889-90. He was elected to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of England in 1882. He published a work on the minerals of New South Wales in 1888, to show the progress made in the knowledge of mineralogy in New South Wales during the first hundred years of its history. He originated the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science as a centennial record of the progress of the colonies. He has visited Tasmania and New Zealand three times, Fiji, Java, China, Japan, and the United States in 1887. Professor Archibald Liversidge is an Associate of the Royal School of Mines, London; Fellow of the Chemical Society, London; Fellow Institute Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland; F.G.S.; F.L.S.; F.R.G.S.; member Physiological Society, London; member Mineralogical Society, Great Britain and Ireland; corresponding member Royal Society, Tasmania; corresponding member Leuckenberg Institute, Frankfort; corresponding member Society d'Acclimatisation, Mauritius; Hon. Fellow Royal Historical Society, London; member Mineralogical Society of France; editor of the Journal of the Royal Society of New South Wales; and is the author of some twenty scientific papers and reports on chemistry, mineralogy, etc.

Lloyd, Hon. George Alfred, M.L.C., was born at Norwood in Surrey, and was employed in a shipping and insurance broker's office in London. In 1838 he emigrated to New South Wales, and ultimately began a successful career as a general merchant in Sydney. He represented Newcastle in the Assembly from 1869 to 1877, was Postmaster-General from May to Dec. 1872, and Colonial Treasurer from Dec. 1872 to Feb. 1875 in the first Parkes Ministry. Mr. Lloyd was Secretary for Mines in the second Parkes Government, which lasted from Feb. to August 1877, in which year he was defeated at Newcastle, but was subsequently re-elected. In Feb. 1887 he was nominated to the Legislative Council.

Loch, His Excellency Sir Henry Brougham, G.C.M.G., late Governor of Victoria, is the son of James Loch, of Drylaw, sometime M.P. for St. Germans and Wick Burghs, and Ann his wife, daughter of Patrick Orr, of Bridgeton, Forfarshire, and was born on May 23rd, 1827. He was in the royal navy from 1840 to 1842, entered the 3rd Bengal Cavalry in 1844, and was appointed aide-de-camp to Lord Gough, Commander-in-Chief in India, in 1846. In 1850 he was appointed adjutant and second in command of Skinner's Horse, and in 1854 was sent to Bulgaria to assist in organising the Turkish cavalry. In the same year he crossed to the Crimea in H.M.S. Agamemnon, and was attached to Lord Elgin's special embassies to China and Japan from 1857 to 1860. He was the bearer to England of the treaty of Yeddo concluded with Japan in 1858, and was treacherously taken prisoner in 1860 by the Chinese, who carried him about in a cage with Mr. Boulby, the Times correspondent, and exhibited him to their fellow-countrymen. On his liberation in the same year he returned to England, and ratified the treaty of Tientsin and the Convention of Pekin. He was appointed private secretary to Sir George Grey, Secretary to the Home Department in 1861, colonel commandant 4th Battalion Cheshire Regiment in 1873, and was Governor of the Isle of Man from 1863 to 1882, when he was appointed Commissioner of Her Majesty's Woods, Forests, and Land Revenue. This post he held till 1884, when he was appointed Governor of Victoria, and assumed the post on July 15th. His regime was highly popular, and in March 1889 he left Melbourne for England on leave of absence. During his stay in London he was pressed by the Government to accept the post of Governor of the Cape of Good Hope and High Commissioner for South Africa. Ultimately he somewhat reluctantly assented, and proceeded to the Cape via Melbourne, where he arrived on Oct. 18th, 1889, and left again for the Cape, where he is still Governor, on Nov. 16th, 1889. Sir Henry Loch married on May 7th, 1862, Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Edward Villiers, brother of fourth Earl of Clarendon. He was created C.B. in 1861, K.C.B. in 1880, and G.C.M.G. in 1887.

Loftus, Augustus Pelham Brooke, son of Lord Augustus Loftus (q.v.) was born on July 6th, 1851. He was aide-de-camp to his father whilst Governor of New South Wales from 1879 to 1885, and in the following year was secretary to the Royal Commission of that colony for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South Kensington, acting as the chief administrative functionary of the New South Wales Court during the progress of the Exhibition. Mr. Loftus married in 1887 Ethel Adelaide, daughter of P. P. Labertouche, of Melbourne, for many years Secretary for Railways in Victoria. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Loftus, The Right Hon. Lord Augustus William Frederick Spencer, G.C.B., P.C., is the fourth son of the second Marquis of Ely and Anna Maria his wife, daughter of Sir H. W. Dashwood, Bart. He was born on Oct. 4th, 1817, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he took the degree of M.A. Entering the diplomatic service, he was appointed attach? at Berlin in 1837 and paid attach? at Stuttgart in 1844. He accompanied Sir Stratford Canning (afterwards Viscount Stratford de Redcliffe) on his special mission to the Courts of Berlin, Vienna, Munich, and Athens in March 1848. He was appointed Secretary of the Legation at Stuttgart in 1852 and in Berlin in 1853, and Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Vienna in March 1858. In August of the same year he was sent to represent the Queen at the marriage of his Serene Highness Prince Leiningen with the Princess Mary of Baden at Carlsruhe. In Dec 1860 Lord Augustus was transferred to Berlin. On the elevation of the mission in Berlin to the rank of an embassy he was removed, on Oct. 28th, 1862, to Munich, which was on that occasion raised to the rank of a first-class mission. He was created K.C.B. on Dec. 12th, 1862, was promoted to be Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary to the King of Prussia on Jan. 19th, 1866, and was made G.C.B. on July 6th, 1866. Lord Augustus was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the North German Confederation on Feb. 24th, 1868, was sworn of the Privy Council on Nov. 11th, 1868, and was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Emperor of Russia on Oct. 16th, 1871. The latter post he held till Feb. 1879, when he was appointed Governor of New South Wales, where he remained till 1885, when he was succeeded by Lord Carrington. Lord Augustus Loftus took an active part in the despatch of the New South Wales contingent to the Soudan, and indeed it is doubtful whether he may not claim to have been the author of the project for offering colonial aid to the imperial authorities on this occasion. Lord Augustus retired on a pension, and resides in England. He married on August 9th, 1845, Emma, daughter of Admiral Henry Francis Greville, C.B. In 1892 he published his "Diplomatic Reminiscences". [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Long, Hon. William Alexander, M.L.C., formerly represented Parramatta in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales, but was nominated to the Legislative Council in August 1885. He was Colonial Treasurer in the Robertson Government from August to Dec. 1877.

Longmore, Hon. Francis, formerly Minister of Lands, Victoria, is the youngest son of George Longmore, a farmer in Monaghan, Ireland, where he was born in 1826. He was educated at Mr. Blackey's Presbyterian Academy, Monaghan, and in 1839 went to Australia with the members of his family, who settled in New South Wales, where he followed farming pursuits till 1851, when he started business in Sydney as a commission agent. The next year he removed to Victoria, where since 1854 he has farmed land in the Learmonth district. In 1856 Mr. Longmore began to take an active part in public affairs, being a strong opponent of the abuses of the land system. In 1861 he stood for the county of Ripon and Hampden, but was defeated by Mr. J. Service. In 1864 he was successful against another opponent. In the Assembly he distinguished himself as a strong Liberal, Protectionist, and land reformer. He held office as Commissioner of Railways and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works under Mr. (now Sir) Charles G. Duffy from June 1871 to June 1872, and was Minister of Lands under Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry from August to Oct. 1875. In the second Berry Government, which lasted from May 1877 till March 1880, he held the same position, distinguishing himself as a Minister by his vehement opposition to squatting and support of small settlement. Mr. Longmore was defeated for Ripon and Hampden in 1883, and has not re-entered Parliament.

Lonsdale, Captain William, first Colonial Secretary of Victoria, was originally an officer of the 4th Regiment, but after arrival in Sydney entered the Civil Service of the colony, and was employed as a police magistrate. In 1836, when measures were required for the preservation of order in the newly formed settlement, he was despatched by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir R. Bourke, with the appointment of police magistrate at the future Melbourne. He went to his new location in H.M.S. Rattlesnake, commanded by Captain William Hobson, afterwards first Governor of New Zealand, after whom Hobson's Bay, on which Melbourne stands, was named. In September Port Phillip was formally opened to settlement, and Lonsdale was instructed to form a bench of magistrates, to protect the natives from all manner of wrong, to pension Buckley (q.v.) the wild white man found amongst the blacks by Batman in the previous year, and generally to supervise the disposal of the public lands, to which previous unauthorised occupation was to give no prior claim at the sales which were to be carried out. In March 1837 Governor Bourke himself visited the settlement, and was received by Lonsdale, who was appointed sub-treasurer and was acting Superintendent of Port Phillip during the absence of the Superintendent, Mr. Latrobe, in Tasmania from Oct 1846 to Jan. 1847. When Port Phillip was separated from New South Wales in 1851, Captain Lonsdale was appointed first Colonial Secretary of the new colony of Victoria, as it was now called. He was also an ex-officio member of the Executive Council, and in Nov. 1851 was appointed by Governor Latrobe an official member of the semi-elective Legislative Council, his colleagues being Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Stawell, Mr. C. H. Ebden, Mr. (afterwards Sir Redmond) Barry, and Mr. R. W. Pohlman, all since deceased. Captain Lonsdale was Colonial Secretary during the perturbed times of the gold discovery until he was replaced by Mr. J. F. L. Foster in July 1853. He then returned to England, where he died.

Lord, Hon. George William, M.L.C., fifth son of the late Simeon Lord, of Sydney, was born on August 5th, 1818, and educated under Dr. Halloran and Mr. Cape. From 1837 to 1850 he resided in the Wellington district, and occupied himself in squatting pursuits. He was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of New South Wales for the Bogan in 1856, and continued to represent the constituency till 1877, when he accepted a nomination to the Upper House, in which he remained till his death. Mr. Lord, who was for many years a director of the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, held the office of Colonial Treasurer in Sir James Martin's third Ministry, from Dec. 1870 to May 1872. He died on May 9th, 1880.

Lorimer, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., was born in Dumfriesshire in 1831, and educated at Hatton House Academy in that county. After acquiring mercantile experience in an American house in Liverpool, he arrived in Victoria in 1853, and founded the firm of Lorimer, Mackie & Co., agents for the White Star Line, the designation of the firm being subsequently changed to Lorimer, Marwood & Rome, and more recently to Lorimer, Rome & Co. Sir James in his early political career was a Liberal-Conservative and free trader, entering the Legislative Council, in which he held a seat till his death, for the Central Province in 1878. He was twice President of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce, and was the first Chairman of the Melbourne Harbour Trust. In Feb. 1886, when the Gillies Ministry was formed, he accepted the post of Minister of Defence, and was sworn of the Executive Council. In the next year he was associated with Mr. Deakin and Sir Graham Berry as one of the Victorian representatives to the Colonial Conference in London, and was created K.C.M.G. during his visit. Whilst in England he did much useful work in connection with defence matters. He died in Melbourne on Sept. 6th, 1889.

Loton, William Thorley, M.L.A., represented Greenough in the old Legislative Council of Western Australia, and was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Swan at the end of 1890. He was one of the representatives of the colony of Western Australia at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891.

Lovett, Major Henry Wilton, D.A.A.G., South Australia, served as lieutenant in the Royal Carnarvon Rifles Militia in 1877-8; became second lieutenant in the Prince Albert's 13th Light Infantry in August 1878, and served with the Flying Column throughout the Zulu war, in 1878-9; was present at the battle of Kambula, and the engagement of Zungen Neck, for which he received a medal with clasp; served in the Nile Expedition with the Egyptian army, and, as staff officer of Shellal, was mentioned in despatches, and received a medal with clasp, the Khedive's bronze star, and the 4th class of the Medjidie. He was also officially thanked by General Lord Wolseley for services connected with the purchase of transport. In 1886-7 Captain Lovett served with the 2nd Battalion of the Somersetshire Light Infantry in the Burmese war, and with the Mainhing column to the Shan States, receiving a medal with clasp. Captain Lovett won a first extra certificate in musketry at Hythe, and first certificates in fortification and surveying at Chatham. In Nov. 1888 he was appointed Brigade-Major and Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General of the South Australian military forces, with the local rank of major.

Lovett, William, J.P., Auditor General, Tasmania, entered the Civil Service of the colony as a junior clerk in the Post Office in 1841, and ultimately became chief clerk. In 1860 he was appointed Accountant to the Treasury and Acting Auditor, which appointment was approved in 1865. In 1867 Mr. Lovett became Assistant Colonial Treasurer, and in 1876 Auditor General.

Lowe, Right Hon. Robert, G.C.B., LL.D., D.C.L., F.R.S., first Viscount Sherbrooke, formerly a New South Wales colonist, was the second son of the late Rev. Robert Lowe, rector of Bingham and prebendary of Southwell, Nottinghamshire, by his marriage with Ellen, daughter and co-heiress of Rev. Reginald Pyndar, rector of Madresfield, Worcestershire. Mr. Lowe was born at Bingham in Dec. 1811, and educated at Winchester School and at University College, Oxford, where he graduated as a first in classics in 1833, and was elected a Fellow of Magdalen College in 1834. After a highly successful career as a private tutor at Oxford, he was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn in Jan. 1842, and throwing up his Oxford appointment, emigrated to New South Wales. On Oct. 18th on the motion of the Attorney-General, Mr. Lowe was admitted a barrister of the Supreme Court of that colony, but briefs came so slowly that it was rumoured he would give up practice altogether. No public notice was taken of his arrival beyond the fact that he was the guest of Governor Gipps, and for fourteen months he remained in complete obscurity. Then, to the surprise of every one, in Nov. 1843 he was nominated by the Governor as a member of the Legislative Council. At this period the struggle for obtaining representative government was proceeding vigorously, under the powerful leadership of Mr. W. C. Wentworth. Mr. Lowe's first speech was made on the Monetary Confidence Bill brought in by Mr. Windeyer to alleviate the financial depression by circulating land debentures. It was against the measure, and excited universal admiration by its brilliancy and wit. This success was followed up by another speech on the third reading of the same measure, which passed the Council,but the vigorous opposition it met with emboldened the Governor to withhold the assent of the Crown. Mr. Lowe's attack called up Wentworth, the leader of the Opposition, who taunted him with his support of the authority which had given him legislative power. He acknowledged that "the efforts of the hon. member from Horbury Terrace, smelling of the lamp as they did, and highly considered as they were, were nevertheless efforts of no small merit." Then he alluded to his antagonist's want of experience. "All the opposition emanated from persons who were comparative strangers to the land, ignorant of its wants, ignorant of its history, and ignorant, in short, of everything connected with it." On Dec. 16th of the same year, Mr. Lowe brought up the report of a committee on the insolvency law, and earnestly and eloquently urged the abolition of imprisonment for debt, a measure which subsequently became law, and was the distinguishing feature of the first session of the Council. He vigorously opposed Mr. Wentworth's proposal to increase the duty on flour from one shilling to half a crown, and also the proposal to admit natives as witnesses in criminal cases. His oration in the latter debate was considered a masterpiece of oratory. Soon afterwards an affair occurred which brought Mr. Lowe still more prominently, but less favourably, before the public. Dr. Lang; who had been ejected by the local Presbyterian Synod, brought the temporalities of the Presbyterian Church under review in connection with the disruption of the Church of Scotland. In discussing this question of ecclesiastical law, Mr. Lowe thought proper to indulge to the full his extraordinary powers of sarcasm and personal invective. He jeered at Dr. Lang for proposing to bring before the House the conduct of the Executive of the Australian Library, which, though aided by Government funds, had blackballed a certain Alderman Macdermott. This unlucky allusion was the cause of much trouble, for Mr. Macdermott, after reading the speech, sent a friend, Dr. Macfarlane, to ask for an explanation. This Mr. Lowe refused to give, as he considered himself privileged as a member of the Legislature. Next day the same gentleman reappeared at his chambers with a certain Captain Moore, and demanded an apology or satisfaction. Mr. Lowe refused to apologise, and declined a duel on three grounds:?(1) that he was not responsible for his words in the Council except to the Council; (2) he did not consider Macdermott his equal; (3) he was always bound to keep the peace. Not content with this, he at once filed an affidavit detailing the circumstances, and appeared at the police court, where Macdermott, Dr. Macfarlane, and Captain Moore were bound over to keep the peace. These disagreeable incidents were brought before the Council at its next sitting, and a committee was appointed to consider them. This was the first case of "privilege," and it was a source of great perplexity. The committee were of opinion that the Council had not the power to deal directly with the offender, but recommended that an Act should be passed securing this right. In the present case they proposed that the Attorney-General should prosecute Macdermott and his friends in the courts of law. These recommendations were carried after a long discussion by fifteen votes to thirteen, Mr. Lowe voting in the majority, and the prosecution accordingly was commenced, but fell through on technical grounds. Meanwhile public opinion was roused on the subject. At the request of a huge number of citizens, the Mayor called a public meeting, and resolutions were passed against the appropriation of public money for the purpose of the prosecution and condemning the proposed legislation as oppressive and unjust. For the time Mr. Lowe was the most unpopular man in the colony, and the Council for the action it had taken shared in the opprobrium. On August 21st, 1844, Dr. Lang, then one of the members for the Port Phillip district, moved a resolution affirming the desirability of the separation of what subsequently became the colony of Victoria from New South Wales. This secured the unanimous adhesion of the six members for the district, but Mr. Lowe was tho only other member who gave them his support and vote. He hoped the time was not remote when Great Britain would give up the idea of treating the dependencies of the Crown as children who were to be cast adrift from their parents as soon as they arrived at manhood, and substitute for it the far truer and nobler policy of knitting herself and her colonies into one mighty confederacy, confident against the world in arts and arms." The most important task before the Council was the assertion of constitutional rights in connection with the lands of the colony. Mr. Cowper had obtained a committee on Crown lands grievances, of which Mr. Lowe was a member. The Council, ably led by Wentworth, Lowe, and Cowper, never rested until it obtained the distinct declaration that the Crown lands should be subject to the control of the local Legislature. A matter more particularly connected at this time with Mr. Lowe's name was popular education. He had obtained a committee and brought up a report recommending the introduction of Lord Stanley's Irish scheme. This report at once raised a storm. The Anglican bishop summoned a meeting of Churchmen, which was adjourned and lasted over two nights. The clergy were opposed-to anything but a denominational system pure and simple. The friends of a general system induced the Mayor to convene a town meeting. Mr. Lowe on coming forward to move the first resolution was howled down with cries of "Privilege! privilege!" The meeting was so disorderly that the Mayor adjourned it until next day. This adjourned meeting was quite as rowdy, but at length on a third day the opponents of Mr. Lowe's views stayed away, and able speeches were delivered in support of the recommendations of the committee. The Catholics held a meeting, under the presidency of their bishop, at which the proposals were temperately discussed, but they were adverse to the new scheme. The Council, in spite of the clamour on the part of the denominationalists, approved the committee's report. In successive sessions Mr. Lowe continued to press forward the subject, and in 1846 he succeeded in passing a resolution authorising the formation of a national board. After Mr. Lowe had completed his education report, he resigned his seat as a nominee member of the Council. When he was first appointed he was inexperienced in colonial politics, and his sympathies were with the Colonial Office. He expected that he could give a general support to the Government, though he was in no way pledged to do so. The Colonial Office had authorised the formation of district councils, with powers of taxation for local objects. Sir George Gipps thoroughly approved of this, and in spite of the objection that the population of the colony was then too sparsely scattered for the councils to be anything but an intolerable burden, he endeavoured to force them on an unwilling people. Mr. Lowe became one of the bitterest opponents of this pet scheme of Sir George Gipps. He also had a personal difference with the Governor respecting the admission to his entertainments by the latter of a guest of dubious reputation. He did not, however, resign his nominee seat until Mr. Roger Therry had denounced him in the Council as an adder which had stung to death the benefactor who had warmed it in his bosom. Before the commencement of the next session, Mr. Lowe was again a member of the Council, this time as the elected representative of the district of St. Vincent. His opposition to the action of the Governor and his condemnation of the squatting regulations had won him the support of squatters and settlers alike. His oratorical triumphs in the Assembly had brought him a considerable practice at the Bar. In defending the prisoner Knatchbull he made use of an argument which drew upon him the charge of fatalism, and the press attacked him for this somewhat unfairly. He defended himself with great spirit. In conjunction with William Forster and others, he started a weekly paper, the Atlas, which waged incessant war against the Government, and particularly against the Governor. Article after article full of constitutional learning, enriched with classical and historical allusions, assailed with relentless logic the unconstitutional position of the Governor and the Colonial Office. At length Sir George Gipps left the colony. Mr. Lowe in opposing him had allied himself with the squatting party; but when the new Governor arrived, the independent party who, in the first session of the Council, had joined with the squatters in demanding for them fixity of tenure as a protection from the encroachments and impositions of the Crown, were now equally loud in denouncing their threatened monopoly of the land of the colony. In truth, on the land question Mr. Lowe altered his views more than once, and thus incurred the charge of inconsistency. But he steadfastly opposed the squatting monopoly. Were the broad lands that could support millions to become a mere sheep-walk for the benefit of the few? This was the question which, supported by a small minority in the House and amid the indifference of the people outside, he propounded to his fellow-colonists with a vehemence, persistency, and eloquence that has never been surpassed. These efforts did not by any means absorb all Mr. Lowe's energies during the session of 1847. At its commencement he spoke with great effect on the bill for amalgamating the two branches of the legal profession. At the conclusion of the session he called attention to the incipient slave trade with the islands of the Pacific. Already employers of labour had begun the system of importing Polynesians, which subsequently led in some instances to deplorable results, calling for criminal prosecutions and legislative interference, In 1848 he opposed Earl Grey's proposal to constitute the Assembly by the election of local corporations or councils, and supported the bicameral system. At the general election he was triumphantly returned for Sydney as colleague to Wentworth, and amidst great rejoicings at the success of the popular party, of which he was now the acknowledged leader. Wentworth on this occasion attacked him on the hustings with great incisiveness, urging the electors to return Dr. Bland as his colleague in preference to Lowe, who had himself been a party to the compromise on the transportation system, which he then denounced. Mr. (now Sir Henry) Parkes was one of Lowe's warmest supporters. In 1849 he strenuously opposed Earl Grey's malign project for renewing transportation, and also the conduct of Sir Charles Fitzroy in seconding Earl Grey's efforts in spite of the repeated and passionate remonstrances of the people. On August 1st Mr. Lowe spoke at great length on the Budget, urging the House to use finance as the lever with which to force the British Parliament to grant them a responsible Government. The next month he brought up the report of a committee on the Sydney Corporation. The report proposed its abolition, and the speech in which Mr. Lowe moved the adoption of this recommendation manifested hostility not merely to the Sydney body, but to corporate institutions generally. The Land Committee's report was also drawn up during the session. It was palpably in the main Mr. Lowe's own composition, and pointed out that many of the positions taken up by the advisers or the Government were simply due to their absolute ignorance of all local conditions. During the session Mr. Lowe had given his support to Wentworth's proposals to establish a university in Sydney, but on the last day of the session he combated certain details, and suggested further consideration until the beginning of the next session. This led to a challenge from Dr. Bland (q.v.), which, however, ended harmlessly. During the debates on the Constitution Mr. Lowe had given no indications of any intention to leave his adopted country, but in the spring he determined to return to the old land, and to seek power and distinction in the broader fields of English political life. He left New South Wales in 1850. His subsequent career as an English statesman till his elevation to the peerage as Viscount Sherbrooke in 1880 forms no part of Australian history. The collection of his poems published in 1884 contains many pieces having reference to colonial life and politics. Lord Sherbrooke married first, in 1836, Georgiana, second daughter of George Orred, of Aigburth House, Liverpool. She died in Nov. 1884, and the following year he married Caroline, daughter of the late Thomas Sneyd, of Ashcombe Park, Stafford. In the House of Commons Mr. Lowe, as he then was, took an active part in the discussion of the legislation by which responsible government was conferred on the colonies of Victoria and New South Wales, especially condemning the stipulation by which a two-thirds majority was rendered a condition precedent of constitutional changes, and which, greatly owing to his influence, was expunged. By 1866, however, his views had altered, and instead of denouncing the oligarchical rule of a plutocracy in the colonies, he advocated the abolition of responsible government and universal suffrage, arguing in favour of a recurrence to the Crown system of government. Lord Sherbrooke owned much valuable property in Sydney. He died at Warlingham, Surrey, on 27th July, 1892.

Lowrie, William, M.A., B.Sc., graduated M.A. at Edinburgh University in 1883, and in Nov. 1887 was appointed Professor of Agriculture, and Principal of the Agricultural College under the Government of South Australia. In Jan. 1888 he became a member of the Central Agricultural Bureau, and in the same year the University of Adelaide conferred on him the honorary degree of M.A.

Loyau, George E., a resident of South Australia, who published "Australasian Sketches and Reminiscences," "History of Gawler," "Personal Adventures in Far Colonies," "Tales in Verse," "Essays," and other works. In 1883 his "Representative Men of South Australia" was issued by Mr. George Howell, of Adelaide.

Lucas, Arthur Henry Shakespeare, M.A., B.Sc., son of the Rev. Samuel Lucas, of Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, was born in 1853. He was an exhibitioner at Matriculation at London University in 1870, and in the same year matriculated at Balliol College, Oxford, of which he was exhibitioner until 1874. In 1872 he was first class in Mathematical Moderations; in 1874 he took honours (Aegrotat) in Mathematics and Physics; in 1876 was Burdett-Coutts University Geological Scholar; and in 1877 he graduated B.A. and M.A. at Oxford. During the years 1876 and 1877 Mr. Lucas was senior Science scholar, prizeman in Botany, and certificated in Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical School; in 1877 gold medallist in Botany, Apothecaries' Hall, London; and from 1877 to 1882 assistant master (Mathematics and Natural Science) at the Leys School, Cambridge. After his arrival in Victoria Mr. Lucas was from 1883 assistant master and lecturer (Mathematics and Natural Science) at the Wesley College, Melbourne; in 1884-5 lecturer and tutor in Natural Science, Ormond College; from 1886 lecturer and tutor in Natural Science, Trinity College, Melbourne University; from 1884 to 1886 hon. prosector to the Zoological Society of Victoria; 1885-7 Vice-President of the Microscopical 8ociety of Victoria; 1884-7 Vice-President of the Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria; and in 1887 President of that Club. In 1888 he became Senior Fellow and tutor in Mathematics and Natural Science at Queen's College, Melbourne University. Mr. Lucas, since his arrival, has contributed papers on scientific subjects to the Royal Society of Victoria, the Microscopical Society, and to the Field Club; as also in former days to the Geological Magazine. He has edited the Victorian Naturalist from its first issue. On his proposal the Royal Society in 1888 appointed a committee to initiate a biological survey of Port Phillip, and of that committee Mr. Lucas is honorary secretary and treasurer. In conjunction with Mr. J. B. Gregory, he was the first to urge that Wilson's Promontory should be set aside as a national park for the colony.

Lucas, Hon. John, M.L.C., is the son of the late John Lucas, of Sydney, N.S.W., and Mary (Rowley) his wife. He was born at Kingston, near Sydney, on June 24th, 1818, and married on Jan. 4th, 1841, Miss Ann Salmons. In Feb. 1860 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Canterbury, and again later in the year. In 1864 he was returned for both Canterbury and Hartley, and elected to sit for the latter. In 1871 he was re-elected for Canterbury, for which he continued to sit till he was appointed to the Legislative Council on Dec. 10th, 1880. Mr. Lucas was Secretary for Mines in the Robertson Ministry from Feb. 1875 to March 1877. In 1858 he was appointed a magistrate of the territory.

Lucas, Richard James, was born at Kingston, Browns River, Tas. on Nov. 1st, 1837. He was educated at the school of the Rev. John Burrows of Brighton, Tas., and was admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, Aug. 2nd, 1865. Mr. Lucas was elected member of the House of Assembly for Kingston in 1883, and again in 1886. Mr. Lucas accepted office without portfolio in the Agnew Ministry on Feb. 25th, 1887, but failed to secure re-election, and the Ministry resigned on March 29th following.

Lukin, Gresley, was born at Launceston, Tasmania, on Nov. 21st, 1840, and after studying engineering for two years, settled in Queensland, where he entered the Civil Service in 1866, becoming two years later Chief Clerk in the Crown Lands Department, in which capacity he drafted the Land Act of 1868. In 1871 he was appointed Chief Clerk in the Supreme Court, but resigned this position two years later to edit the Brisbane Courier and Queenslander newspapers, which he purchased in 1873. Mr. Lukin, who represented Queensland at the Sydney International Exhibition in 1879 as Executive Commissioner, ultimately disposed of his interest in the Brisbane Courier and the Queenslander, and went to reside in Sydney. More recently he started the Boomerang, which he now conducts in Brisbane.

Lutwyche, His Honour Alfred James Peter, M.A., sometime Puisne Judge, Queensland, eldest son of John Lutwyche, of a Worcestershire family, who removed to London and started as a leather merchant, under the firm of Lutwyche & George, in Skinner Street, Snow Hill, was born in England in 1810, and educated at the Charterhouse and at Queens College, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1828 and graduated B.A. in 1832, and subsequently M.A. After some journalistic experience as a colleague of Charles Dickens, on the Morning Chronicle, he was called to the bar in 1840, and went the Oxford circuit; but finding his health impaired, he decided to emigrate to Australia, and, after suffering shipwreck, landed in Sydney in Dec. 1853. Having entered the Legislative Council, he was Solicitor-General in the first Cowper Ministry from Sept. to Oct. 1856, and represented the Government in the Upper House. He was again Solicitor-General in the second Cowper Administration from Sept. 1857 to Nov. 1858, when he succeeded Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin as Attorney-General. This post he resigned in Feb. 1859, and was appointed in the following October Resident Judge of what was then the Moreton Bay district of New South Wales. Two months later he became sole Judge of the new colony of Queensland, and occupied the bench unaided until the arrival of the first Chief Justice, Sir James Cockle, in Feb. 1863. He died in Brisbane on June 12th, 1880. But for a certain lack of self-restraint in his judgments and utterances, Mr. Lutwyche would himself have been appointed the first Chief Justice of Queensland, and he keenly felt the disallowance of his claims.

Lyne, Hon. William John, M.L.A., Minister of Public Works, New South Wales, is the eldest son of John Lyne, of Gala, Tas., by his marriage with Lilias Cross Carmichael, daughter of James Hume, of Edinburgh, Scotland. He was born at Apslawn, Tas., on April 6th, 1844. When twenty years of age he went to Queensland, and was amongst the first to take up squatting country on the Gulf of Carpentaria. Returning to Tasmania, he was clerk to the Glamorgan Municipal Council till 1875, when he proceeded to New South Wales and commenced squatting pursuits on the river Murray, near Albury. Mr. Lyne has been a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 1880 and sits for the Hume. He was Secretary for Public Works in the first Dibbs Ministry from Nov. 2nd to Dec. 21st, 1885, and in the Jennings Government from Feb. 1886 to Jan. 1887. He was Secretary for Lands in the second Dibbs Ministry from Jan. to March 1889, and on the return to power of Mr. Dibbs in Oct. 1891 he was again appointed Secretary for Public Works. Mr. Lyne married on June 27th, 1870, Martha Coates, eldest daughter of Edward Carr Shaw, of Glamorgan, Tas.

Lyster, William Saurin, son of Captain Chaworth Lyster, and godson of the Hon. William Saurin, then Attorney-General for Ireland, was born in Dublin in 1827. After an adventurous youth, visiting Australia in his boyhood, and afterwards serving as a volunteer under the famous buccaneer Walker of Nicaragua, William Saurin Lyster finally settled in Melbourne, bringing with him a full high-class operatic company; and could claim the honour of introducing Italian opera into Australia, although there had been excellent operatic singers before his time in Sydney. Lyster's first operatic company included Madame Lucy Escott, who retained for many years undisputed sway as the favourite prima-donna—a gifted singer and a fine tragic actress; Miss Georgia Hodson (afterwards Mrs. Lyster); Madame Rosalie Durand; Henry Squires, the popular tenor; and Mr. Fred Lyster, brother of the impresario. Such an undertaking was no light one in those days; but Lyster not only introduced the above artistes, but continued to bring out, from time to time, other brilliant singers, who have left a name in the musical annals of Australia. Among these may be named Madame Fanny Simonsen, an admirable vocalist and actress, equally at home in classic opera or opera-bouffe, and her husband, the excellent violinist. These are specially named, not only on account of their excellence as artistes, but because they settled down in the colonies, and became in course of time Australians. In partnership first with Mr. John Smith, and then with Signor Cagli, Lyster introduced to the colonial public a succession of brilliant Italian singers; while two of their conductors, Herr Siede and Signor Zelman, remained, like the Simonsens, in Australia, and continued to brighten colonial existence by their musical talent. Mr. Lyster also introduced the celebrated pianiste, Madame Arabella Goddard, as well as Levey, the famous cornet-player. In addition to acclimatising Italian opera, he organised English companies for the production of favourite ballad operas and adaptations of French opera-bouffe. Among these English companies were singers of the highest merit, but none so identified with operatic art in Australia as Mr. Armes Beaumont, the popular tenor, who for almost twenty years has held an unique position in the estimation of Melbourne audiences as the favourite in oratorio, in classical opera, in opera-bouffe, and on the concert platform. For many years Mr. W. S. Lyster was the lessee of the Opera House, Melbourne; and it was at this theatre, and under Mr. Lyster's management, that the great Italian trag?dienne, Madame Ristori, and her company appeared. He died on Nov. 26th, 1880. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Lyttelton, Right Hon. George William, Lord, P.C., K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., F.R.S., eldest son of William Henry, 3rd Baron, and Lady Sarah Spencer, eldest daughter of George John, 2nd Earl Spencer, was born in London on March 31st, 1817, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, graduating first class in the classical tripos in 1838. He succeeded his father, as 4th Baron on April 30th, 1837, and was Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies from Jan. to July 1846. He was Chief Commissioner of Endowed Schools from 1869 to 1874, and was actively interested in all colonial, scholastic, and religious questions. He was one of the principal promoters of the Canterbury settlement, in New Zealand, under Church of England auspices, and paid the settlement a visit in 1868. As one of its founders his name has been given to the Port (Lyttelton) of Christchurch. He was also the owner of considerable property in Canterbury. He is the author of "Ephemera," containing lectures and addresses, etc. Lord Lyttelton married, first, on July 25th, 1839, May, daughter of Sir Stephen Glynne, Bart.; and, secondly, on June 10th, 1869, Sybella Harriet, widow of H. F. Mildmay, and daughter of George Clive, M.P. His lordship, who was a brilliant scholar, died on April 18th, 1876.

M

Macalister, Hon. Arthur, C.M.G., sometime Premier of Queensland, was born in Glasgow, where he studied for the legal profession. He emigrated to New South Wales and settled in the Moreton Bay district of that colony (now Queensland) in 1850. He represented Ipswich in the New South Wales Parliament until severance, of which he was one of the most active promoters, took place, when he refused a seat in the Queensland Legislative Council and was returned to the Legislative Assembly for his old constituency of Ipswich. When Mr. (now Sir) Robert Herbert formed the first responsible ministry, Mr. Macalister was included in it as Secretary for Lands and Works, and held office from March 1862 to Feb. 1866, when Mr. Herbert retired, and he himself became Premier. In the following July, however, he resigned, owing to the refusal of the Governor to assent to his method of overcoming the financial crisis by making notes legal tender. Mr. Herbert again took the helm, but retired in eighteen days, when Mr. Macalister resumed office as Premier and Colonial Secretary. Having been again relegated to private life in August 1867, Mr. Macalister acted as Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly during the greater part of 1868. In November of the same year he joined the Lilley Government as Secretary for Lands and Secretary for Public Works. In Jan. 1869 he resigned the former post, but continued to administer the Public Works Department till the fall of the Ministry in May 1870. From Nov. 1870 to June 1871 Mr. Macalister was Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, but lost his seat at the general election which followed. In 1873 he was re-elected for Ipswich and again became Premier, with the Portfolio of Colonial Secretary in Jan. 1874. In this ministry, both Sir Thomas McIlwraith and Sir Samuel Griffith were included. In June 1876, in which year he was created C.M.G., Mr. Macalister resigned to take up the position of Agent-General in London, which post he held till his death, in 1882.

Macandrew, James, M.H.R., was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1820, and whilst still a youth went to London, where he engaged in business. He took great interest in the scheme for the settlement of Otago, N.Z., by the Free Church of Scotland. Eventually he decided to cast in his lot with the settlement; and, having purchased an iron schooner, he and his family set sail in 1850 for his new colonial home. He very soon commenced to take an active part in public affairs, and his enterprise in starting new industries of various kinds led to the establishment of shipbuilding. Mr. Macandrew introduced the first merchant steamer, and was one of the members of the first Otago Provincial Council and of the first House of Representatives, being elected to the former for the Dunedin country district in Sept 1853, and being continuously a member of the latter body for Dunedin City and Port Chalmers down to his death in 1887. In 1860 he became Superintendent of the Province of Otago, and served four terms, holding office until the provinces were abolished in spite of strenuous opposition in 1876. In the first General Assembly Mr. Macandrew, in 1854, was one of the members of the Executive Council appointed by Acting Governor Wynyard without portfolio; out it was not Until 1877 that he held office again, when (in October) he became Minister of Lands in Sir George Grey's Cabinet, a portfolio which he subsequently exchanged for the Ministry of Public Works. The Grey Government went out of office in Oct. 1879. Mr. Macandrew was the founder of the Otago University, and the originator of the Panama and Californian mail services, and, indeed, of steam communication by sea in New Zealand. In 1884 he ventilated a plan for settling the Highland crofters on the lands of the colony. Mr. Macandrew was the Father of the House of Representatives at the time of his death, which took place on Feb. 24th, 1887, as the result of a carriage accident, when a fund was raised for his family, and several public memorials were organised to perpetuate his memory.

McArthur, Alexander, son of the late Rev. John McArthur, Wesleyan minister, Londonderry, and brother of Sir William McArthur, was born in 1814. He emigrated to Australia in 1841, and was a member of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales during two Parliaments and a magistrate of the Territory. In 1861 he was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, and in 1863 he returned to England. He was a member of the first London School Board, and represented Leicester in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1892. He married in 1853 Maria Bowden, second daughter of the late Rev. W. B. Boyce, of Sydney.

Macarthur, David Charteris, sometime Superintendent, Bank of Australasia, went to Sydney, N.S.W., in 1835 as one of the first batch of clerks sent out to start the Bank of Australasia in that city. In 1837, after the settlement at Port Phillip had been definitely organised, Mr. Macarthur was sent there to open a branch of the Bank of Australasia in Melbourne, and did so towards the end of the year in a small two-roomed house in what is now Little Collins Street. In 1854 Mr. Macarthur was one of a small committee appointed by the Governor of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham, to inquire into the state of the finances, and concurred in the report which recommended the abolition of the imprest system. Down to 1878 Mr. Macarthur was Superintendent of the Bank of Australasia, and on his retirement was made managing director in Australia. He died on Nov. 15th, 1887.

Macarthur, Lieut.-General Sir Edward, K.C.B., was the eldest son of John Macarthur, of Camden Park, New South Wales, the virtual founder of the merino wool industry of Australia, by Elizabeth, daughter of R. Veal, of Bridge Rule, Devon, and was born at Bath in 1780. When only a year old he was taken to Parramatta, N.S.W. He entered the army in 1808, became lieutenant in 1809; served with distinction through the Peninsular War, and accompanied his regiment (the 39th) to Sicily, Canada, Spain, and France. He became captain in 1829, major in 1836, and after some time spent in the Lord Chamberlain's department, served on the staff in Ireland from 1837 to 1841, when he became lieut.-colonel, and was gazetted Deputy Adjutant-General in Australia. In 1854 he became colonel, and the next year was appointed Commander of the Forces in the Australian Colonies, in which capacity he administered the government of Victoria during the interregnum which followed on the death of Sir Charles Hotham, from Jan. to Dec. 1856. Having become lieut.-general in 1856, he was appointed colonel of the 100th Foot in 1862. Sir Edward resigned the command of the Australian forces to General Pratt in 1866.[1] He was created C.B. in 1837 and K.C.B. in 1862. He married Sarah, third daughter of Lieut.-Colonel William Smith Neill, of Muir, Ayrshire, and sister of Brigadier-General Neill, who was killed at the siege of Lucknow, who survived him. Sir Edward died in London on Jan. 4th, 1872.

Macarthur, Hannibal Hawkins, son of James Macarthur, and nephew of John Macarthur, of Camden Park, New South Wales, was born at Plymouth, England, on Jan. 16th, 1788. He emigrated to New South Wales with his uncle, who had come home on a visit, in 1805, and assisted the latter in the development of the merino wool industry. In 1812, whilst on a visit to England, he married Anna Maria, eldest daughter of Captain Philip Gidley King, R.N., sometime Governor of New South Wales. For some years he was police magistrate of Parramatta, and was one of the first members of the first Legislative Council appointed by the Crown. When the elective system was introduced he was returned for Parramatta. He died at Norwood, in Surrey, on March 6th, 1861. Mrs. Macarthur died at Ipswich, Queensland, on Sept 1st, 1852.

Macarthur, James, third son of John Macarthur, of Camden Park, New South Wales, was born at Parramatta in 1798, and assisted for some years in the management of his father's estate. In 1836 he went to England, which he had twice previously visited, taking with him petitions to the king and parliament on transportation, immigration, and representative institutions; and in the following year published in London, "New South Wales: its Present State and Future Prospects." On his return, in 1839, he became a member of the Legislative Council; but in 1843 was defeated for Cumberland by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Charles Cowper, whom he had assisted Mr. Therry to defeat in the neighbouring constituency of Camden. Subsequently Mr. Macarthur declined a nominee seat. In 1848 he was elected for Camden to the new Council, in which he sat for five years. In 1853 he moved the resolution which empowered Mr. Wentworth and Mr. Deas Thomson to advocate the new Constitution Act in England. He was returned to the Assembly for West Camden in 1859, but retired on the ground of ill-health; and at this time declined the offer of knighthood made to him through Sir William Denison. In 1860 Mr. Macarthur, who was one of the pioneers of the Australian wine industry, revisited England, where he acted as a member of the International Statistical Congress and Commissioner of the Exhibition of 1862. He returned to New South Wales in 1864, and died on April 21st, 1867. In 1838 he married Emily, second daughter of Henry Stone, of Lombard Street, London. His only daughter, Elizabeth, married the late Captain Arthur Alexander Walton Onslow, R.N. (q.v.). In 1840 Mr. Macarthur accompanied Count Strzelecki and Mr. James Riley on their exploration of Gippsland, as it was named by the Count.

Macarthur, Hon. Sir William, M.L.C., fourth son of John Macarthur, of Camden Park, New South Wales (q.v.), was born at Parramatta in Dec. 1800, and educated in England with his brother James. He was principally engaged in pastoral pursuits, but was a member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales from 1849 to 1855, in which year he acted as a Commissioner of the colony at the Paris Exhibition. For his services thereat he received a knighthood and the decoration of the Legion of Honour, and returned to the colony in Nov. 1857. Sir William Macarthur took an active part in forming a collection of New South Wales products for the London Exhibition of 1862; but, though in England at the time, he refused the post of Assistant Commissioner offered him by the Government, and returned to the colony in March 1864, when he accepted a seat in the Legislative Council. He died unmarried on Oct. 29th 1882.

McArthur, William Alexander, M.P. is the eldest son of Alexander McArthur, ex-M.P. for Leicester, by his marriage with Maria Bowden, second daughter of Rev. W. B. Boyce, of Sydney. He was born in Sydney in 1857, and after being educated privately became a partner in the well-known firm of W. & A. McArthur, colonial merchants. In 1886 he was returned for the Buckrose division of Yorkshire by a majority of one over Mr. Christopher Sykes. He was, however, unseated on a scrutiny, but was returned for the St. Austell division of Cornwall at the bye-election in May 1887. Mr. McArthur was one of the Commissioners for New South Wales for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886, and is a director of the Bank of Australasia. He married in 1890 Florence Creemer, daughter of J. Creemer Clarke, formerly M.P. for Abingdon.

McCombie, Hon. Thomas, who was a native of Scotland, was a very prominent man in the early days of the colony of Victoria, or, as it was then called, Port Phillip. In 1845 he was a member of the committee appointed at a public meeting held in Melbourne on Sept. 28th to frame a petition to the Imperial Parliament in opposition to the proposal of New South Wales to pledge the credit of Port Phillip for an immigration loan for her own benefit. Mr. M?Combie was one of the first members of the Melbourne Town Council. In 1846 he took an active part in exerting pressure on the Superintendent of Port Phillip, Mr. Latrobe, to expend the moneys voted by the Sydney Legislature for public works in Melbourne, and which Mr. Latrobe had withheld owing to his distrust of local administration. On June 15th Mr. M?Combie submitted the following motion to the Council, which was carried by nine votes to five: "That the Legislative Committee be instructed to prepare an humble petition to her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen praying for the removal of Charles Joseph Latrobe, Esq., from the office of Superintendent of the district of Port Phillip on account of his systematic mismanagement of the money voted for the service of the province, his neglect of public works of paramount consequence, and his repeated breaches of faith in his official transactions with this Council in matters of high public importance." On August 3rd following Mr. M?Combie presided at a great public meeting held in Melbourne, when a resolution was carried for the despatch of a petition to the Home Government for the removal of Mr. Latrobe. The petition was courteously acknowledged, but not acted on. In 1848 Mr. M?Combie took an active part in what was known as the non-election movement, under which it was proposed to abstain from sending members from Port Phillip to the Sydney Legislature. As, however, a local candidate persisted in standing for the city of Melbourne, Mr. M?Combie proposed the nomination of Earl Grey, and he was returned by a large majority. In the outside districts the non-electionists were not so successful. They put the Duke of Wellington, Lords Palmerston, Brougham, and John Russell, and Sir Robert Peel in nomination for the five seats, but in the result five local candidates were returned. On the subject of these proceedings Mr. M?Combie addressed lengthy letters to Mr. Hawes, the Under-Secretary of State for the Colonies, and to Lord John Russell. He also took an active part in the anti-transportation movement, subscribing a hundred guineas towards the funds of the Australasian League in 1851. Though Mr. M?Combie had been one of the most prominent advocates of the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales, he was not elected to the mixed Legislative Council when in 1851 the colony of Victoria was constituted. In 1856, however, when responsible government was conceded, Mr. M?Combie was returned to the Upper House for the South Province. He was a member of the second O'Shanassy Ministry without portfolio from March 1858 to Oct. 1859. Latterly Mr. M?Combie eschewed public life, and was connected with the press in Geelong. He was the author of "New Plan of Colonial Government" (1845); "Waste Land Acts Considered" (1846); "Australian Sketches," reprinted from Tait's Magazine (1847); "History of the Colony of Victoria" (London, 1858). He died in Victoria. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Macartney, Very Rev. Hussey Burgh, D.D., Dean of Melbourne, is the son of the late Sir John Macartney, Bart., member of the Irish House of Commons, by Catherine, daughter of the Right Hon. Walter Hussey Burgh, Lord Chief Baron, who long represented the University of Dublin in Parliament. The Dean was born in Dublin on April 10th, 1799, and educated at Trinity College, where he graduated B.A. in 1821, M.A. in 18?, and D.D. in 1847. In 1822 he was ordained to the curacy of Banagher, in the diocese of Meath, and received priest's orders in 1823. He was subsequently for twelve years incumbent of Creagh, in the county of Cork, and in March 1833 he married Jane, daughter of Edward Hardman. He in 1847 accompanied Dr. Perry, first Bishop of Melbourne, to Australia. They sailed in the ship Stag from Spithead on Oct. 6th of that year, and for about seven months after his arrival Dr. Macartney officiated in Heidelberg and the surrounding district. In Oct. 1848 he was appointed Archdeacon of Geelong. In Jan. 1852 be became Dean of Melbourne, with the incumbency of St. James' parish attached, and was subsequently appointed Archdeacon of Melbourne. In 1862 he resigned St. James', which in 1883 was again united to the Deanery under altered conditions. From Nov. 1864 to August 1866 the Dean was absent on a visit to Ireland. During the episcopate of Dr. Perry he was three times Vicar-General of the diocese during the Bishop's absence in England?viz. in 1855 to 1856, 1863 to 1864, and in 1874 until the arrival of Bishop Moorhouse, in 1877. He also administered the diocese on the latter's departure until the arrival of Bishop Goe. In 1885 Mrs. Macartney died, and in the following year he resigned the Archdeaconry. Despite his ninety-three years, forty-four of which had been passed in Victoria, Dean Macartney took a prominent part in the consecration of St. Paul's Cathedral. He was made honorary M.A, of Melbourne University in 1854.

Macartney, Sir John, Bart., son of Rev. Sir William Isaac Macartney, on whose death in 1867 he succeeded as 3rd baronet, was born in 1832, and resides at Jolimont, Mackay, Qd. He married in 1865 Catherine, daughter of the late Alexander Miller of Merindindi, Vict. Sir John is a nephew of the Very Rev. Hussey Burgh Macartney, D.D., Dean of Melbourne.

MacBain, Hon. Sir James, M.L.C., K.C.M.G., is the youngest son of the late Smith MacBain, of Invergordon, Ross-shire, and was born at Kinrhives in that county in 1828. Having served a business apprenticeship in Inverness, he married in 1853 Jessie, youngest daughter of the late William Smith, of Forres, and sister of the late Duncan Smith, manager of the Oriental Bank Corporation at Bombay. Immediately afterwards he came to Melbourne, where he entered the service of the Bank of New South Wales, which, however, he shortly quitted, and became partner in Melbourne of the mercantile and squatting agency firm of Gibbs, Ronald & Co. In 1863 he became a partner in the Geelong and London business of that firm, and of Richard Gibbs & Co., of London. In 1865 the business of the former was sold to the Australian Mortgage, Land and Finance Company, Limited, of the Australian Board of which Sir James is chairman. Sir James is a member of the Council, and a trustee of both the Ormond College, affiliated to Melbourne University, and of the Working Men's College, Melbourne. He is also a trustee of the Scotch College and the Ladies' Presbyterian College, and of the Public Library and National Gallery in that city. Sir James represented the Wimmera district in the Legislative Assembly of Victoria from 1864 to 1880, and in the latter year was elected to the Legislative Council for the Central province. He was a member of the O'Loghlen Government without portfolio from August 1881 to March 1883, in which year he visited Europe and acted as chairman of the Victorian Commission at the Amsterdam Exhibition. In the next year Sir James McBain was elected for the South Yarra province, and succeeded the late Sir W. F. Mitchell as President of the Legislative Council, a position which he still holds. He was knighted in May 1886, and having in the meantime acted as president or the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition, was created K.C.M.G. in 1889.

McCoy, Prof. Sir Frederick, K.C.M.G., M.A., D.Sc. (Cantab.), F.R.S., son of Dr. Simon McCoy, M.D., was born in Dublin in 1823, and educated originally for the medical profession, attending lectures, hospital practice, etc., in Dublin and Cambridge. While yet too young to be admitted to the profession, he devoted himself entirely to the study of various branches of natural science, classifying the collections of the Geological and Royal Societies of Dublin, with the object of applying recent zoology to palaeontology as the basis of stratigraphical geology. He then accepted the offer of Sir Richard Griffith to make the palaeontological investigations required for the geological map of Ireland for the Boundary Survey, publishing the results in a large quarto volume in 1844, with numerous plates of several hundred new species, entitled "Synopsis of the Carboniferous Limestone Fossils of Ireland," and a smaller one in 1846, "Synopsis of the Silurian Fossils of Ireland." He was then invited by Colonel Sir Henry James, R.E., and Sir Henry de la Beche to join the Imperial Geological Survey of Ireland. He was appointed by Sir Robert Peel's Government one of the first professors of the Queen's University in Ireland, the chair of geology and mineralogy at Belfast being assigned to him. About this time he undertook, in conjunction with Professor Sedgwick, the large work on paleozoic rocks and fossils, based on the materials in the Woodwardian collection at Cambridge, and made a critical examination of the great series of fossils of the older formations brought together by Professor Sedgwick, the results of these labours being deemed worthy of publication by the syndics of the University Press of Cambridge in a large quarto volume, with numerous plates of new discoveries in the Carboniferous, Devonian, Silurian, and Cambrian formations, issued in 1852 as the second volume of a proposed joint work (of which the first volume, to have been on the rocks, by Professor Sedgwick, was never published) entitled "British Palaeozoic Rocks and Fossils," by Professor Sedgwick and Professor McCoy. He was then appointed by Sir J. Herschel and the Astronomer Royal, Sir G. B. Airy, as the first Professor of Natural Science in the University of Melbourne, where, having taken part in the formation of the university, he lectured on chemistry and mineralogy, botany, comparative anatomy and zoology, and geology and palaeontology for upwards of thirty years. He also established the National Museum of Natural History and Geology in Melbourne, of which he is director, raising it to a distinguished position by the extent of the collections and the perfection of the classification. He was chairman of the first Royal Commission on the Goldfields of Victoria, a member from the first of the Royal Commission on Technical Instruction, a member of the Royal Commission on Education and of the various Royal Commissions for International and Intercolonial Exhibitions of Victoria. He was appointed Government Palaeontologist at the early stage of the Geological Survey, determining the ages of the various tracts depicted on the maps. For over thirty years he has prepared, and continues to publish in decades at short intervals, two works for the Government of Victoria, one entitled "Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria," with coloured figures from the life, and another "Prodromus of the Palaeontology of Victoria." He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1880, created one of the first Doctors of Science honoris causa by the University of Cambridge; and the Royal University of Ireland also conferred on him their highest degrees in arts and sciences. He was created a Knight or Chevalier of the Royal Order of the Crown of Italy by King Victor Emanuel, and has been offered similar distinctions by other foreign sovereigns in recognition of his scientific work, and in 1886 received the decoration of C.M.G. from her Majesty, being promoted to be K.C.M.G. in 1891. He also received the Emperor of Austria's great gold medal for arts and sciences, the Murchison medal from the Geological Society of London, and other similar distinctions. He was elected one of the few (only thirty British subjects being eligible) honorary members of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. He has published about a hundred memoirs on every branch of zoology and palaeontology in the Annals of Natural History and other periodicals.

McCrae, George Gordon, is the eldest son of the late Andrew Morison McCrae, at one time a Writer to the Signet in Edinburgh, who emigrated to Sydney in 1839, but afterwards settled in Port Phillip, where he abandoned his profession, and took up a station at Arthur's Seat, Mornington. Mr. McCrae, sen., relinquished squatting in 1851, on being appointed police magistrate and Goldfields Warden at Kilmore, and died about 1874. Mr. George Gordon McCrae's mother, whose maiden name was Georgiana Huntly Gordon, was a woman of remarkable general ability and culture, and an admirable artist. She was born in London in 1804, and married Mr. McCrae, sen., in 1830, arriving in Hobson's Bay with her children on March 1st, 1841. She died at Hawthorn, near Melbourne, on May 24th, 1890. Mr. G. G. McCrae's uncle, Dr. Farqahar McCrae, formerly of the Enniskillen Dragoons, was one of the first medical men to start practice in Melbourne. Another uncle, Captain Alexander McCrae, of her Majesty's 84th Regiment, was the first Postmaster-General of Victoria. George Gordon McCrae was born at Anchorfield, Leith, Scotland, on May 29th, 1833, and received the principal part of his education from a private tutor at Arthur's Seat, his father's station. When about sixteen he went into a merchant's office in Melbourne, but only remained a year, and tried banking, but ultimately entered the Victorian Civil Service in Jan. 1854, in which he holds the position of Deputy Registrar-General, Senior Examiner of Patents, and Registrar of Copyrights. In the same year Mr. McCrae joined the Volunteer force, and served eight years. In 1864 he revisited Scotland, and spent some time in France. In 1871 he married Miss Augusta Helen Brown; and in 1887 he occupied a second leave of absence in exploring Mauritius, the Seychelles, and Bourbon. Mr. McCrae was in intimate association with the literary circle typified by the names of R. H. Horne, Henry Kendall, Lindsay Gordon, and Marcus Clarke. He has contributed largely to the colonial press, most of his verses appearing in the Melbourne Australasian, and a large number of pieces, prose and verse, in Sydney Athenaeum and Critic and Centennial Magazine. He contributed a naval novel, "Afloat and Ashore; or, the Story of Oginski" to the Sydney Mail, and "Under the Yellow Flag," a quarantine experience in the Seychelles, to the Sydney Echo, He has published in book form, "Balladeadro and Mamba" (Dwight: Melbourne), and "The Man in the Iron Mask," a poetical romance (George Robertson: Melbourne), also "A Rosebud from the Garden of the Taj," in the Melbourne Monthly Magazine.

McCulloch, Hon. Sir James, K.C.M.G., sometime Premier of Victoria, is the son of the late George McCulloch, of Glasgow, where he was born in 1819. Having embraced mercantile pursuits, he became in 1853 a partner in the firm of J. & A. Dennistoun, of Glasgow, and proceeded to Melbourne, where, in conjunction with Mr. Robert Sellar, he opened the house of Dennistoun Bros. & Co., in connection with the Glasgow firm, which had also branches in London, Liverpool, New York, and New Orleans. In 1862 the firm of Dennistoun Bros. & Co. of Melbourne was wound up, and Sir James (then Mr.) McCulloch founded a new firm in Melbourne in connection with that of Leishman, Inglis & Co., of London, with Mr. Robert Sellar as partner, under the style of McCulloch, Sellar & Co., of which firm he is still the senior member. In 1854 he became a nominee member of the old Legislative Council, and in 1856 he was elected to represent the Wimmera electorate in the first Legislative Assembly. In April of the following year he formed a Government, in which he took the portfolio of Minister of Trade and Customs, leaving the Premiership to the late Mr. Haines, with the office of Chief Secretary. Sir James retired with his colleagues in March 1858, and visited England; but having been re-elected to the Assembly on his return, he accepted the post of Treasurer in the Nicholson Administration, which lasted from Oct. 1859 to Nov. 1860. After another visit to England he was returned for Mornington in 1862, and in June of the following year became Premier of the colony of Victoria as Chief Secretary, and for the last four years of its existence Postmaster-General in a Ministry which held the reins under circumstances of extraordinary turmoil until May 1868. Mr. (now Sir) George Verdon was Treasurer of the new administration, and intimated his intention of renewing, under their aegis, the proposals which he had unsuccessfully put forward when occupying the same position in the Heales Ministry for the reduction of the export duty on gold and of the import duties on tea and sugar, and of supplying the deficiency by the imposition of ad valorem duties on the importation of articles which entered into competition with the local industries. Though the proposed duties were only to range from 5 per cent. to a maximum of 10, and were fathered by a Ministry mainly composed of Free-traders, who advocated them on revenue grounds, the importing interest at once took the alarm, and rallied to their support all that class of unbending economists whose devotion to free trade led them to regard it as an axiomatic principle admitting of no exceptions on grounds of fiscal expediency or the exigencies of a new community. Simultaneously the declared protectionists, who were daily growing in popularity, declined to accept the ministerial proposals as anything more than a halting step in the right direction; and when, at the general election in 1864, the ranks of this party were greatly reinforced, it is not surprising that the McCulloch Government should have been strengthened, instead of weakened, in their determination to carry through their very moderate proposals. The free trade party were intrenched in the Legislative Council, where their majority was overwhelming; and availing themselves of the experience acquired in the previous session, when payment of members having passed in the Assembly, was ignominiously rejected in the Council, the Ministry resolved to secure that there should be no repetition of such tactics in relation to their tariff. Backed by their large majority in the Assembly, they determined to tack the tariff to the Appropriation Bill for 1864, and thus to vindicate once for all, as had been done by the House of Commons in past times, the supremacy of the Lower House in matters of finance. The Council accepted the challenge, and threw out the Appropriation Bill, thus depriving the Government of the means of paying the civil servants, the works contractors, and other public creditors. Sir James McCulloch was not, however, a man to be easily beaten, and he found ready to his hand a legal weapon which for the time being at least would enable him to frustrate the action of the Council. Whilst with one hand the Government collected the new duties on the authority of the Assembly alone, they took advantage of a clause in the Audit Act which directed the Governor to sign the necessary warrants for the payment of any sums awarded by verdicts of the Supreme Court to persons who had sued the Government. The Government, to start with, borrowed ?40,000 of the London Chartered Bank to meet pressing payments, and the Bank, at their instigation, sued them for the amount owing. The Government law officers let judgment go by default, the Governor signed the needful warrant, and on it the Treasury paid the amount of the payment to the Bank, who re-loaned it to the Government. And so the process was repeated and the deadlock avoided. It having been complained that the Council had not had an opportunity of passing the Tariff Bill without the indignity of the tack, the Government in 1865 passed the bill through the Assembly in a separate form, but in the meantime withheld the Appropriation Bill. This the Council regarded as adding insult to injury, and promptly rejected the Tariff Bill. The Government on this decided to appeal to the country, and came back strongly reinforced; their followers, when the House met in Feb. 1856, numbering fifty-eight out of a total of seventy-eight members. The Tariff Bill was again sent up to the Council; and a despatch, censuring the conduct of the Government in collecting the new duties on the vote of one house alone, having in the meantime been received from Mr. Cardwell, the then Colonial Secretary, they were emboldened to again throw it out. Sir James McCulloch thereupon resigned; but the Governor found it impossible to get other advisers, and Sir James resumed office. He now suspended his financial arrangements with the London Chartered Bank, and left to the Council the full responsibility of the suspension of public payments. Calmer counsels now prevailed, and a conference was held between two Houses, when some slight alterations in the Tariff Bill were assented to, and the Council passed the Bill, thus putting an end to the long struggle?only, however, for it to burst out in a new and envenomed form. Just at the moment when peace was restored, Sir Charles Darling was recalled by the Home Government on the ground that he had displayed partisanship in assisting the McCulloch Government and the majority in the Assembly to coerce the Upper House. In order to mark the national gratitude to the outgoing Governor thus censured in the popular cause, the Assembly decided to offer a grant of ?20,000 to Lady Darling; but, owing to the fact that the Colonial Secretary intimated that Sir Charles Darling must retire from the colonial service if the gift were accepted by his wife, and the necessity of communicating with Sir Charles Darling before deciding on the action to be taken in consequence, the amount was not actually voted till August 1867, when it was included in the annual Appropriation Bill, which was at once rejected by the Council. The deadlock now recurred with all its former intensity. The new Governor, Sir John Henry Manners-Sutton (afterwards Viscount Canterbury) less complaisant than his predecessor, refused to endorse the judgments of the Supreme Court in favour of the Government creditors, and the former ingenious sources of satisfaction were thus shut off, leaving the McCulloch Ministry no other resource but to resign. The new Governor found it as impossible as his predecessor had done to form an alternative Government, Mr. Fellows, to whom he primarily applied, declining to guide his course in relation to the Darling grant by the results of another appeal to the country. Sir James McCulloch resumed office, and obtained the passage of a temporary supply bill, on a pledge that no part of the money voted should be applied to the payment of the obnoxious grant. After a brief recess Parliament was again called together; the Governor, to put an end to the trouble, agreeing, now that Sir Charles Darling had resigned the public service, to recommend the Council to pass the Appropriation Bill with the ?20,000 grant included. The Council, however, formally repudiated his intervention, but agreed to consider the grant on its merits if it were sent up to them as a separate measure. The Government was inclined to agree to this course, but the Assembly insisted on its continued inclusion in the Appropriation Bill, or otherwise they would be committed to the admission that tacking was unconstitutional, and would thus abrogate the privileges which they had fought so hard to vindicate. The result was that the Council again summarily rejected the Appropriation Bill. Another temporary supply bill was introduced; but the Council rejected it, on the ground that there was no guarantee that it might not be utilised to pay the Darling grant. In this dilemma the Ministry had recourse to their old device for meeting public payments in a modified form. They decided not to have recourse to a bank, but notified the public creditors that if they brought actions individually against the Crown they would not be defended. Even the Governor was impressed with the necessities of the situation, and agreed to this course being adopted, so long as the procedure was confined to the payment of services necessary for the protection of life and property or the prevention of dangerous confusion. In the meantime Parliament was again dissolved, with the result that the Government supporters counted sixty as against eighteen for the Opposition. In the meantime the Duke of Buckingham had become Colonial Secretary, and a despatch was received from him forbidding the Governor to in any way facilitate the adoption of the Darling grant. This was tantamount to prohibiting its inclusion in the Appropriation Bill. Sir James McCulloch and his colleagues immediately resigned, and after prolonged negotiations Sir Charles Sladen agreed to form, in the teeth of hostile votes in the Assembly, a ministry which only lasted two months. In the meantime the deadlock seemed likely to become more stringent than ever, it being now the turn of the Assembly to block Governmental supplies. Just at the most critical juncture the Colonial Office made its peace with Sir Charles Darling, who withdrew his resignation from the service, and at the same time terminated the dilemma by intimating the inability of himself or his wife to accept anything in the shape of a donation from the people of Victoria. Two years later, when Sir James McCulloch was once more Premier, a measure passed both Houses, which secured a life annuity of ?1000 a year to Lady Darling, whose husband had in the meantime died in England. Sir James McCulloch resumed office as Premier, Treasurer, and Chief Secretary, with a slightly altered following, in July 1868, on the retirement of the Sladen Government, who still remained in a hopeless minority in the Assembly. The second McCulloch Ministry resigned in September of the following year, Sir James becoming Premier for the third time in April 1870, when he again took the portfolio of Treasurer and Chief Secretary. Additional taxation being necessary, Mr. McCulloch was urged by his protectionist supporters to increase the import duties; but this he refused to do, proposing to provide for the deficit by levying a tax on town, suburban and country property. This scheme proving unacceptable, he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. (now Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy, in June 1871. In the meantime Sir James had been knighted in celebration of the visit of the Duke of Edinburgh, who arrived in Victoria during his second premiership, For a considerable period during the years 1872 and 1873 he acted as Agent-General in London for Victoria, and in 1874 was created K.C.M.G. Returning to the colony he became Premier, Chief Secretary, and Treasurer for the fourth and last time on Oct. 20th, 1875, and held office till May 1877, when, his party sustaining a crushing defeat at the general election, he made way for Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry, who, on the ground that the majority supporting the last McCulloch Government in the Assembly only represented the minority in the country, persistently obstructed the business of the Lower House during the latter portion of Sir James' tenure of office, with the view of forcing on a dissolution. This course of conduct led to the introduction of the closure, or "iron hand," as it was locally called, with a view to frustrating the obstructionist, or, as they were styled, the "stonewalling" tactics of the Opposition under Mr. Berry, Sir James McCulloch was himself re-elected for Warrnambool in 1877; but finding his party reduced to an inconsiderable fraction in the Assembly, he shortly afterwards retired from Parliament, and has since, with a short interval, resided in England, where he is now permanently settled. Sir James was twice President of the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce, and has been chairman of several banks and numerous important public companies. He takes a warm interest in the National Gallery of Victoria, of which he was a trustee for many years, and has assisted in the selection of numerous paintings purchased for it in England. He married, first, in 1841, Susan, daughter of the late Rev. James Renwick, of Muirton, Scotland; and, secondly, in 1867, Margaret, daughter of William Inglis, of Walflat, Dumbartonshire.

McCulloch, Hon. William, M.L.C., son of Samuel McCulloch, J.P., of Chippermore, was born in Wigtonshire, Scotland, and came out to Victoria in 1852. In 1861 Mr. McCulloch formed the largest carrying company in the colony, under the title of William McCulloch & Co., which in 1868 was converted into a limited company. For the last twenty years Mr. McCulloch has devoted his attention to squatting, and has spent large sums in the importation of high-class stock. He was elected to the Legislative Council for the Gippsland Province in 1879, and was re-elected in 1880 and 1890.

MacDermott, Marshall, was elected to the South Australian Legislative Assembly for Flinders in the first Parliament under responsible government in Feb. 1857, and was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in Mr. (afterwards Sir) R. R. Torrens' administration from Sept. 1st to 30th, 1857. In Sept. 1859 he resigned his seat on accepting a permanent post in the Civil Service. He died on Nov. 3rd, 1877.

MacDermott, Hon. Townsend, was born in Ireland, graduated at Trinity College, Dublin, in 1840, and was called to the Irish Bar. Emigrating to Australia, he was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1855, and to the Bar of New South Wales in 1877. He was returned to the Victorian Assembly at the head of the poll as one of the members for Ballarat East at the general election in 1874, and was appointed Solicitor-General on the reconstruction of the Francis Government, under Mr. Kerferd, in July of the same year, resigning office with his colleagues in August 1875. Mr. MacDermott, who was a staunch Conservative and Free-trader, remained in Parliament till 1877, when he was defeated at the general election in May, and did not re-enter politics. He was made Hon. M.A. of Melbourne University in 1867.

Macdonald, James William, son of the late Captain Archibald Macdonald, of 10th Hussars, and grandson of the first Lord Macdonald, in the peerage of Ireland, who claimed descent from the Lord of the Isles. He was born in 1811, and emigrated, in 1839, to South Australia, where he settled in the Sturt district. In 1841 he was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands, and in 1844-5 was Colonial Treasurer. After acting as Visiting Magistrate in the north, he was for a number of years Magistrate at Burra, and ultimately Commissioner of Insolvency for four years. Retiring on a pension, he resided at the Sturt till 1880, when he returned to England, where he died in the suburbs of London, on Dec. 1st, 1881.

Macdonald-Paterson, Hon. Thomas, M.L.C., was born in Glasgow on May 9th, 1844, and educated in that city, arriving in Queensland in 1861. Having become a resident of Rockhampton, he was elected mayor of that town, and represented the district in the Legislative Assembly in the Liberal interest from 1878 to 1883, when he unsuccessfully contested the Mitchell district. He was, however, returned unopposed for Moreton in November of the same year; but resigned his seat in April 1885, on his becoming Postmaster-General in the Griffith Government, and accepting a seat in the Legislative Council as the Ministerial representative in the Upper House. Mr. Macdonald-Paterson, who possesses a large stake in the Mount Morgan mine, left the Ministry in August 1887, but continues to be a member of the Upper House. He was selected as one of the Queensland representatives to the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891.

McDonnell, Lieut.-Colonel John, J.P., was born in Cork in 1829, and having emigrated to Australia entered the public service of New South Wales as clerk in the Immigration Department in Sydney in August 1854. After receiving several promotions he was entrusted in 1858 with the compilation of the general statistics of New South Wales, including what is now known as Queensland, in which colony he was appointed a clerk in the Police Department in Feb. 1860, becoming secretary and chief clerk in the same department in Oct. 1869. Having filled a number of other responsible offices in various departments of the Queensland Civil Service, he was appointed to his present post of Under-Secretary of the Post and Telegraph Department in July 1870, and became senior officer in command of the volunteer forces (honorary) in 1874, major commandant (also honorary) in 1877, and lieut.-colonel commandant in April 1878. In Nov. 1879 he retired from the command of the volunteer forces, and was placed on the staff with the rank of lieut.-colonel. In Feb. 1883 he was made Acting Commandant of the forces, but resumed his rank on the staff in Jan. 1884, on the arrival of Colonel French from England. He has been a member of the Immigration Board since 1872.

McDonnell, Hon. Morgan Augustus, eldest son of Michael Cypryan McDonnell, of Douay, France, entered as a student at Gray's Inn on May 1851, and was called to the bar in Jan. 1855. He emigrated to Victoria in 1864, and in the following year was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Villiers and Heytesbury. He was Attorney-General in the Sladen Ministry from May to July 1868, and in that of Mr. MacPherson from Sept. 1869 to Jan. 1870. Mr. McDonnell, who was the father of the well-known cricketer, immediately afterwards retired from public life, and died on Sept. 23rd, 1889.

MacDonnell, Sir Richard Graves, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., LL.D., son of the late Rev. Dr. Richard MacDonnell, Provost of Trinity College, Dublin, from 1852 to 1867, by a daughter of Dean Graves, Senior Fellow of Trinity, was born on Sept. 3rd, 1814, and educated at Trinity College, where he was Scholar in 1833, and graduated B.A. in 1835 and M.A. in 1838, being made honorary LL.D. in 1844. He was called to the Irish bar in 1838, and to the English in 1840. From 1843 to 1847 he was Chief Justice of the Gambia, and then Governor until 1853, when he was appointed Governor of St. Lucia, being transferred in the same year to St. Vincent. In 1855 he was appointed Governor of South Australia, and held the post from June of that year till March 1862, when he was succeeded by Sir Dominic Daly. Sir Richard was Governor of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1865, and of Hong Kong from 1866 to 1871, when he retired from the Colonial Service. During Sir Richard's tenure of office in South Australia responsible government was proclaimed. He married Blanche Anne, daughter of Francis Skurray, of Brighton. Sir Richard was knighted in 1855, and died on Feb. 5th, 1881.

McDonnell, Lieut-Col. Thomas, N.Z.C., the eldest son of Commander Thomas McDonnell, R.N., of Porte Ferry, Cassel, Ireland, was born in 1832 at the Straits of Bernadin, Philippine Islands. He went to New Zealand about 1840, and received a commission in August 1863 as sub-inspector in the Colonial Defence force. Served in the flying column at Dury, Burt's Farm, Manku, and Queen's Redoubt. Volunteered with Major Von Tempskey in the reconnaissance of Paparata, where they had a narrow escape from the enemy, for which service he was thanked in general orders by General Sir Duncan Cameron. Accompanied the Thames expedition under Brigadier-General Carey. Was present at the taking of Rangiaohia on Feb. 4th, 1864, and in the action fought on the following day. Received his captaincy for distinguished service in 1864, and was appointed resident magistrate for Upper Waikato. Was sent to the east coast in command of the Arawa tribes, where he encountered the enemy in several engagements and was wounded. Promoted brevet-major for services in the field in July 1865, and command of the native contingent on the West Coast. Played a prominent part in the capture of the Wereroa Pa, and accompanied the forces in the relief of Pipiriki the following day. Joined the expeditionary force sent to Opotiki, where he defeated the Hau-Haus and captured Kiorikino Pa, inflicting heavy loss on the enemy. Was in command of the Waimana force in pursuit of Kereopa and also captured Te Pua. Having been recalled to Wanganui he served with General Sir Trevor Chute, taking part in the actions of Moturoa and Pulche, where he was again wounded. Was made lieutenant-colonel for special services in the field in 1867, and was at the taking of Ketemarae and Keteonetea under Colonel Butler, 57th Regiment. While protecting the Patea district he defeated the Ngatiruanui tribes at Pokaikai, Pungarehu, Ketemarae, Waibi, Te Umu, Keteonetea, Ahipaipa, and other places. Again was sent to the East Coast, where he inflicted a heavy defeat on the Waikatos at Rotorua. Recalled to Patea en route for Hokitika with a force to quell a Fenian outbreak there. In July 1868 received his commission as Inspector of Armed Constabulary. Attacked and burnt Te Ngutu-o-te-Manu. At the second fight in the forest he was defeated, but succeeded in saving his column and the wounded, though having to sustain the whole force of the enemy. He was again wounded, and served against Titokowaru at Tauranga-Ika and Karaka flats. In July 1869 he assumed command of the forces against Te Kooti in the Taupo and Uriwera country, and defeated him at Tokanu, and stormed his stronghold Te Porere, killing many of his men, and continued the pursuit to Patatere and Opotiki. For these services he repeatedly received the thanks of the Governor in Council, of the Ministers of the day, and of Sir Duncan Cameron and Sir Trevor Chute, who on two separate occasions recommended him for the New Zealand Cross. In 1866 Colonel McDonnell married Miss Rose Von Dardebyyn, who died in 1869. He married secondly, in 1870, the third daughter of Thomas East Lomax, of Coutts' Bank, London, and niece of Mr. Justice Cole, of Algoa Bay.

McDougall, Hon. John Frederick, M.L.C., 2nd son of Andrew Louis McDougall, of Baulkham Hills, near Parramatta, N.S.W., was born in that colony in August 1820, and educated at the King's School, Parramatta. Upon the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, he was called to the Upper House in the former colony in the first instance for five years, from May 1st, 1860, and at the expiration of that time for life. During the absence of Sir A. H. Palmer in the fulfilment of his duties as administrator of the Government while Sir Anthony Musgrave was absent on leave, Mr. McDougall filled the chair of the Legislative Council. He married in July 1846 Catherine Maria, daughter of Major D'Arcy, of the 39th Regiment.

McEncroe, Ven. Archdeacon John, was born at Rathsalla, near Cashel, in Tipperary, on Dec. 26th, 1795. He entered St. Patrick's College, Maynooth, in 1814, and was ordained priest in 1819. In 1822 he went to America, and was engaged in missionary work under Bishop England. He distinguished himself by his opposition to the institution of slavery at a time when to do so meant liability to personal violence. Broken in health he returned to Ireland in 1829, and after an interval of repose was offered an American bishopric which became vacant. This he refused, and emigrated in 1832 to New South Wales, where he officiated as Colonial Chaplain, and was placed in charge of St. Patrick's Roman Catholic Church, Sydney, subsequently becoming dean, and later on archdeacon. He founded the Sydney Freeman's Journal, and was a regular contributor to its columns. When he returned from revisiting Ireland in 1859, he brought back with him the Rev. Dr. Forrest, as first rector of St. John's Roman Catholic College, affiliated to the University of Sydney. In 1849, when an attempt was made by the Home Government to reintroduce convicts, Archdeacon McEncroe, at a great public meeting held in Sydney, declared that rather than submit to such treatment the colonists would follow the example of the United States and proclaim their independence. Archdeacon McEncroe died on August 22nd, 1868.

McFarland, His Honour Alfred, ex-judge of the Southern District Courts, New South Wales, was born on April 24th, 1824, in county Londonderry, in Ireland. His father was a member of one of the earliest firms of linen-bleachers in that part of the North. He himself was educated at Foyle College and Belfast College, and became a student of law at King's Inn, Dublin, in 1843. In 1845 he studied temporarily at Lincoln's Inn, London, and was called to the Irish Bar in Easter term, 1847. He then joined the North-east Circuit, and practised in the superior courts at Dublin. Meantime he published a book upon "Principles and Practice of Pleading in Equity," which in 1857 procured his first judicial appointment as judge of the principal civil and criminal courts of Western Australia, a post which he filled till March 1861, when he resigned and went to New South Wales, where on May 30th he was appointed an acting district court judge. He was made Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Estates in July of the same year, and in 1865 became one of the Metropolitan District Court judges and Chairman of Quarter Sessions, a position which he exchanged in Nov. 1868 for his late office of sole judge of the Southern District Courts and Courts of Quarter Sessions. He retired in 1892. In the meantime he did much good work in consolidating the Insolvency, District Court, and Mining Statutes. He was also the author of a successful little work descriptive of the climate, soil, early history, products, capabilities, sports, and pastimes of the districts of Illawarra and Manaro, in New South Wales.

MacFarland, John Henry, M.A., Master of Ormond College, Melbourne University, was born at Omagh co. Tyrone, on April 19th, 1851, and educated at the Royal Academical Institution, Belfast, graduating as senior scholar in Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in the Queen's University in Ireland, and then proceeding to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was elected a foundation scholar. Having graduated as a wrangler in 1876, he was appointed an assistant-master at Repton School, a post which he held until he was elected to the position he now occupies of Master of Ormond College, Melbourne University.

McGowan, Samuel Walker, formerly Deputy Postmaster-General, Victoria, was the son of Samuel M?Gowan of Kingston, Ontario, Canada who had emigrated from the north of Ireland, and was born on Jan. 4th, 1829. He was originally intended for the profession of the law, but ultimately studied Telegraphy under the renowned Professor Morse. After being in the service of more than one telegraphic company in Canada and the States, Mr. M?Gowan in 1853 arrived in Melbourne with the ambitious project of establishing working lines of telegraph to Sydney and Adelaide, as well as to the local centres of population in Victoria. Mr. M?Gowan brought with him an expert working telegraphist, as well as a supply of instruments, batteries, etc. After much negotiation the enterprising young Canadian scientist was employed to establish telegraphic communication between Melbourne and its port, Williamstown. This short line, which was fully opened to the public in March 1854, was the first south of the equator, and served to form the basis of the now gigantic telegraph system of Australia. From 1854, the date of its formation, to 1869 Mr. M?Gowan held the office of Superintendent-General of the Electric Telegraph Department of Victoria, and upon the amalgamation of the Postal and Telegraph Departments, in the latter year, he was appointed Inspector-General of the conjoint services. Upon the retirement of Mr. William Turner, Mr. M?Gowan became Deputy Postmaster-General. He was an officer of the local Torpedo Corps, and an energetic member of the Royal Society of Victoria. Mr. M?Gowan married, on June 30th, 1857, Annie, eldest daughter of the late Major Henry Wm. Benson, CM., of Kingston, Ontario. He died on April 18th, 1887, shortly after his return from a visit to Europe and America.

MacGregor, Duncan, M.A., M.B., son of James MacGregor and Isabella his wife, was born at Fortingall, Perthshire, Scotland, on Dec. 14th, 1843, and married at York Place, Edinburgh, in Dec. 1870, to Miss Mary Johnston. In Aug. 1870 he was appointed Professor of Mental Science in the University of Otago, N.Z., a post which he resigned in 1886. From 1876 to 1882 Dr. MacGregor was medical officer of the Dunedin Lunatic Asylum, and in April 1886 was appointed Inspector-General of Asylums and Hospitals in New Zealand, a position he still holds.

MacGregor, Hon. John, sometime Minister of Mines, Victoria, was the son of John Macgregor, and was born in the island of Skye, Scotland, in 1828. He arrived in Victoria in 1840, was admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court in 1855, and practised in Melbourne, in what was latterly the firm of Macgregor, Ramsay, & Brahe. He unsuccessfully contested East Bourke in 1868, but on the retirement of Mr. Wilson Gray in the next year he was returned for Rodney, for which district he sat in the Legislative Assembly till 1874, when he retired from Parliament. Mr. Macgregor joined the first M?Culloch Government, and was Minister of Mines from July 1866 to May 1868. On the defeat of the Macpherson Ministry in April 1870 Mr. Macgregor was asked by the Governor to form a Government, but he recommended that Sir James M?Culloch should be sent for. Mr. Macgregor brought in, and for the first time carried, a Payment of Members Bill. He had long retired from public life when he died on March 27th, 1884. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

MacGregor, Sir William, K.C.M.G., M.D., administrator of British New Guinea, was born in 1846, and was brought up to the medical profession. He was admitted L.R.C.P. Edinburgh and M.B. Aberdeen in 1872, and M.D. of the latter university in 1874. He successively held the appointments of assistant Government medical officer at the Seychelles, superintendent of the lunatic asylum and resident surgeon at the Civil Hospital at Port Louis, Mauritius, assistant surgeon Royal Lunatic Asylum at Aberdeen, and surgeon and house physician at the Royal Infirmary, Glasgow. He was chief medical officer of Fiji from 1875 to 1877 and Receiver-General of the colony from 1877 to 1888, when he was appointed administrator of British New Guinea, in succession to the late Sir Peter Scratchley. He has received the Albert (second class) and Clarke medals for saving life at sea. He represented Fiji at the Federal Council of Australasia in 1886, and several times administered the government of Fiji, and acted as High Commissioner and Consul-General of the Western Pacific. Since his appointment as administrator of British New Guinea he has done some of the most remarkable exploration work yet achieved. He was created C.MG. in 1881 and K.C.M.G. in 1889.

McIlwraith, Hon. Sir Thomas, K.C.M.G., M.L.A., LL.D., Colonial Treasurer of Queensland, is the son of the late John McIlwraith, of Ayr, Scotland, and was born there in 1835. He was educated in his native town and at Glasgow University. Having studied engineering, he emigrated to Victoria (whither his elder brother had preceded him) in 1854, and was employed as a civil engineer on the Victorian railways, and also in the same capacity by Messrs. Cornish & Bruce, the well-known railway contractors, whose cause célèbre against the Victorian Government he was mainly instrumental in bringing to a successful issue. In 1861 Mr. McIlwraith became largely engaged in squatting pursuits in Queensland, and in 1870 finally settled in that colony, where the year before he had been returned to the Legislative Assembly for Maranoa. He was Minister for Public Works and Mines in the late Mr. Macalister's Government from Jan. to Oct. 1874, when he resigned. In 1878 he was elected for Mulgrave; and on the defeat of the Douglas Ministry in Jan. 1879 became Premier of the Colony, with the appointment of Colonial Treasurer. Two years later he exchanged this post for that of Colonial Secretary, and remained Premier until Nov. 1883, when he resigned with his colleagues, the general election having resulted in a majority for his successor, Mr. (now Sir) Samuel Griffith, who carried two adverse votes against him. The defeat of Sir Thomas, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1882, was mainly brought about by his proposal to construct the Queensland portion of the Trans-Continental Railway on the Land Grant System under a concession to an English company. Perhaps the most important event of his administration was the annexation of New Guinea, which was carried out under his instruction on April 4th, 1883. This act evoked the unanimous approval of the Australasian colonies, but, much to the general indignation, was disallowed by Lord Derby, then Secretary of State for the Colonies. The way was thus thrown open for the German Government to interpose; the statesmanlike action of Sir Thomas McIlwraith and the protests of the colonists against its disallowance being amply justified by the foothold which Germany was enabled to gain, not only in New Guinea, but throughout the Western Pacific. Out of these events sprang the Intercolonial Convention, held in Sydney in Nov. 1883, which formulated the basis upon which the Federal Council of Australasia was ultimately established. Sir Thomas McIlwraith had gone out of power before the Convention met, and it was attended by his successor; but he is understood to have warmly sympathised with this, as with all other attempts to advance the cause of Australasian unity. Sir Thomas, who became an Associate of the Institute of Civil Engineers in 1881, and had the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred upon him by Glasgow University, visited England in 1883, when he and his elder brother, Mr. John McIlwraith (formerly Mayor of Melbourne) were publicly invested with the freedom of their native town. Sir Thomas retired from public life in 1886, but re-entered it in 1888, when he headed the poll for North Brisbane by a large majority over the Premier, Sir Samuel Griffith. His programme of a national party aroused enthusiasm, the elections throughout the country turned in his favour, and he resumed office as Premier, Chief Secretary, and Colonial Treasurer in June. One of the principal events of his short tenure of office was his contest with the then Governor, Sir Anthony Musgrave, over the exercise of the prerogative of mercy in the case of convicted criminals, Sir Thomas contending that the Governor had no choice but to follow the advice of his ministers in these matters, whilst the latter claimed to exercise an independent discretion. The point was subsequently decided by the Colonial Office in Sir Thomas McIlwraith's favour. On the death of Sir Anthony Musgrave, in Oct. 1888, Sir Thomas claimed that his Government should be consulted by the Imperial authorities prior to the appointment of his successor. This was refused as a matter of principle by Lord Knutsford, who immediately announced the appointment of Sir Henry Blake to the Governorship of Queensland. Sir Thomas McIlwraith formally protested against the nomination, and a deadlock ensued, which was only obviated by the voluntary retirement of Sir Henry Blake from a difficult and delicate position. At the end of November Sir Thomas McIlwraith resigned the Premiership to Mr. Morehead, but still retained a seat in the Ministry without portfolio. On his return from a visit to China and Japan, undertaken with a view of recruiting his health, causes of difference arose, and he finally retired from association with his former colleagues in Sept. 1889. In the following year he joined with his former rival, Sir Samuel Griffith, in defeating their financial proposals; and, on their retirement in August 1890. accepted office as Treasurer in the Administration which Sir Samuel Griffith was then called upon to form. Sir Thomas, who is a Hon. Lieut.-Colonel in the Queensland Scottish Volunteer Rifles, married in 1879 Harriette Ann, daughter of Hugh Mosman of Armidale, N.S.W. In 1890 Sir Thomas, who was expected to visit the United Kingdom, was invited to contest the Ayr Boroughs in the Liberal interest at the next general election. He, however, declined the candidature. Sir Thomas McIlwraith was one of the Queensland delegates at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. In the latter year, owing to some observations made by Sir Thomas McIlwraith in the Queensland Assembly in relation to the failure of the Queensland loan, the Bank of England terminated their business relations with the colony, but the difficulty has since been satisfactorily adjusted by mutual explanations. Some years ago Sir Thomas became involved in intricate litigation with the Queensland Investment and Land Mortgage Company, in which Sir Arthur Palmer and Messrs. Hart and Drury were his co-defendants. Damages were claimed in a series of actions for negligence on the part of the latter as local directors of the plaintiff company in making advances to certain persons on securities which proved to be insufficient. After protracted proceedings, the first of the actions terminated in a verdict for the defendants. Mr. Andrew McIlwraith, Sir Thomas McIlwraith's younger brother, is head of the firm of McIlwraith, McEacharn & Co., the well-known Anglo-Australian shipping and mercantile firm. It may be added that Sir Thomas McIlwraith took an active interest in the experimental voyage of the Strathleven early in the year 1880, when, it will be remembered, his brother's firm, above alluded to, sent out this steamer to Australia for the purpose of testing the possibility of bringing meat in a fresh condition to the English market. The experiment, being eminently satisfactory, was the means of conferring an enormous boon on the pastoral industries of Australia and New Zealand. [Supplement: In the action mentioned above, the Chief Justice overruled the findings of the jury, and entered a verdict for plaintiffs, against which defendants have appealed.]

Mackay, Hon. Angus, son of Murdoch Mackay, of 78th Highlanders, and Elizabeth (Macleod) his wife, was born at Aberdeen on Jan. 26th, 1824, and was taken to Sydney, N.S.W., by his parents when only three years old. He was educated at the Australian College, and was intended for the Presbyterian ministry, but became a schoolmaster, and meanwhile contributed to the Australian Magazine and also to the Atlas, a Sydney paper, established by Mr. Robert Lowe (now Viscount Sherbrooke). In 1847 he became editor of the Atlas, but resigned in 1850 to become manager of a business for Mr. (now Sir Henry) Parkes at Geelong, Victoria. Returning to Sydney, he was attached to the People's Advocate, but again took up his residence in Victoria in 1853, and in the following year joined in purchasing the Bendigo Advertiser, subsequently assisting his co-partners in starting the M?Ivor Times and the Riverine Herald. In Feb. 1868 Mr. Mackay was returned to the Victorian Parliament for Sandhurst, and was re-elected in March 1871 and again in April 1874. At the general election in May 1877 Mr. Mackay suffered defeat owing to his adherence to Sir James M?Culloch; but Mr. Blackham, who displaced him, being unseated on petition, he was once more returned for Sandhurst in July of the same year. Having again gone to reside in Sydney, he did not offer himself as a candidate in 1880, but was elected in 1883 and again rejected in 1886. In July 1879 Mr. Mackay started the Sydney Daily Telegraph newspaper on behalf of a company of which he was manager till Feb. 1883, when he was re-elected for Sandhurst. Mr. Mackay was Minister of Mines in the M?Culloch Government from April 1870 to June 1871, and in the Francis Administration from June 1872 to July 1874, acting also as Minister of Public Instruction from May to July 1874. In the Kerferd Government Mr. Mackay continued to be Minister of Mines and Education from July 1874 to August 1875. He died on July 7th, 1886.

McKean, Hon. James, son of Rev. David M?Kean, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Belfast, Ireland, on April 24th, 1832. He emigrated to Victoria about 1854, and experienced a variety of the ups and downs of colonial life. In 1863 he was admitted a solicitor of the supreme court of the colony, and still practises in Melbourne. He was member for Maryborough for a number of years, and was Minister of Lands in the Macpherson Ministry from Sept. 1869 to April 1870. During the prevalence of the "Stonewall" agitation, in 1876, Mr. M?Kean was committed to the custody of the Serjeant-at-Arms for disorderly conduct in defying the closure rule, and was ultimately expelled the House for some uncomplimentary references to his fellow-members of the Assembly, made whilst conducting a police court case. Mr. M?Kean was subsequently elected for North Gippsland, but was defeated at the general election in 1883, and has not since re-entered parliament, though he contested Collingwood in June 1892.

MacKellar, Hon. Charles Kinnaird, M.L.C., M.B., C.M., son of Frederick MacKellar, M.D., of Sydney, N.S.W., and Elizabeth Beaton (Robertson) his wife, was born in Sydney in Dec. 1844. He married in 1877 Marion, second daughter of Thomas Buckland, of Sydney. Dr. MacKellar was admitted M.B. and C.M. of Glasgow University in 1871, and practises his profession in Sydney, N.S.W., where he is a member of the Board of Health. Dr. MacKellar was nominated to the Legislative Council in Aug. 1885, and represented the Jennings Government in the Upper House as Minister of Mines from Dec. 1886 to Jan. 1887.

Mackelvie, James Tannock, has established a perpetual memorial for himself in Auckland, N.Z., by his endowment of that city with a valuable art collection selected by himself in Europe, and a rich bequest for the maintenance of a permanent gallery. To further this purpose the Municipal Corporation, in Sept. 1891, resolved to erect a Mackelvie annexe to the handsome building, in which the Grey Literary Collection and the Auckland Free Public Library are placed. Mr. Mackelvie in early life was engaged as supercargo of a vessel during the Crimean war, and subsequently as purser on an Atlantic liner. Leaving the sea, he obtained an appointment in a large mercantile house in London, and was so engaged in 1865, when Dr. Campbell, desiring a partner to take charge of his business while he visited Europe, entered into an agreement with Mr. Mackelvie, who came to Auckland and assumed the direction of the business of Messrs. Brown, Campbell & Co. until 1870, when the partnership terminated by effluxion of time. During that short period, however, Mr. Mackelvie had amassed a fortune by means of judicious mining investments on the Thames goldfields. He returned to Europe a month or two after quitting his connection with Brown, Campbell & Co., and lived in retirement, employing a large part of his time in collecting the art treasures which he had resolved to bequeath to the city where his fortune was made. Many valuable paintings and sketches were forwarded to Auckland during his lifetime, and at his death, which took place on June 4th, 1885, by the terms of his will, after providing for about ?35,000 legacies, in some of which the trustees have a reversionary interest, the balance of the estate was left in trust for the people of Auckland. The legacy, owing to the great depreciation in all kinds of property, is very much less than the testator no doubt intended, but, including the reversionary interest in legacies, the trustees hope the amount may not be far short of ?30,000, besides the valuable collection now in the Art Gallery. During his stay in the colony Mr. Mackelvie was director of the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Company, and other companies.

Mackenzie, Lieut.-Col. Henry Douglas, of the family of the Mackenzies, baronets of Coul, Ross-shire, is the eldest son of the late Rev. Charles. Mackenzie and Henrietta, his wife, daughter of Chas. Simonds, of Beading, Berkshire. He was born in 1849, and was formerly a lieutenant in the Royal Navy. Having taken service in the New South Wales military forces, be acted as Brigade-Major to the Soudan expedition in 1885, was mentioned in despatches, and received a medal with clasp, and also the Khedive's star. In Oct. 1888 he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General to the New South Wales forces, and ranks as lieut.-colonel. He married, in 1873, Sofala, daughter of the late Hon. John Bligh Suttor, M.L.C., of Wyngdon, Bathurst, N.S.W.

McKenzie, Hon. John, M.H.R., Minister of Lands and Immigration, New Zealand, was born at Ardross, in Ross-shire, Scotland, in 1838. In 1860 he went to Otago, N.Z., and soon acquired sufficient experience to become working manager of the Pakitapu station, near Palmerston. He then took to farming on his own account in the Shag Valley. In 1865 he was made clerk and treasurer to the local Road Board and secretary to the local School Committee. In 1868 he contested Waikouaiti for a seat in the Provincial Council of Otago, Mr. George M?Lean being his opponent, but he lost the election. In 1871, however, he was successful, beating his opponent, Mr. John Douglas, for the Waihemo seat by two to one. He retained this position until the abolition of provinces, having been elected a second time for Waihemo without opposition. In 1881 he was sent to the House of Representatives by the electors of Moeraki, and has sat in the House for various constituencies for the same part of the country ever since. In 1884 he went to Sydney to attend the Stock Conference. Mr. McKenzie was whip to the Stout-Vogel combination in 1884, and did good service for his party, being rewarded by the portfolio of Lands and Immigration when the Ballance Government came into office in Jan. 1891.

Mackenzie, Sir Robert Ramsay, Bart., sometime Premier of Queensland, the son of the 8th baronet of Coul, Ross-shire, emigrated to New South Wales, and married, in 1846, Louisa Alexandrina, daughter of Richard Jones, M.L.A., of Sydney. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the Burnett in 1860, and was Colonial Treasurer in the Administration of Mr. (now Sir) R. G. W. Herbert, the first formed under responsible government, from Dec. 1859 to August 1862. In the Macalister Government, which succeeded, he was Colonial Secretary from Feb. to July 1866, and in August 1867 he formed a Government of which he was Premier and Colonial Treasurer. He went out of office in Nov. 1868, succeeded his brother as 10th baronet in the same year, and died on Sept. 19th, 1873. His son, Sir Arthur George Ramsay Mackenzie, is the 11th and present baronet.

McKerrow, James, F.R.A.S., Chief Commissioner of Railways, New Zealand, is the son of Andrew McKerrow and Margaret (Steven) his wife, and was born at Kilmarnock, Scotland, on July 7th, 1834. Mr. McKerrow emigrated to Dunedin, N.Z., in Nov. 1859, and was District and Geodetical Surveyor of Otago from that year till 1873, Chief Surveyor of Otago from 1873 to 1877, Assistant Surveyor-General of New Zealand from Jan. 1877 to Oct. 1879, also Secretary of Crown Lands and Mines from Feb. 1878 to Jan. 1889. From Oct. 1878 he held the latter office in conjunction with that of Surveyor-General of New Zealand, being appointed in Jan. 1889 to his present office of Chief Commissioner of New Zealand Railways. In 1861 to 1863 Mr. McKerrow made the reconnaissance survey of the Otago Lake districts, an area of eight thousand square miles. The reports of these surveys were read before the Royal Geographical Society of London, and received the special commendation of the President, Sir Roderick Murchison, in his annual address. In 1874 and 1882 Mr. McKerrow was associated with the British expeditions for the observation of the transit of Venus in New Zealand. In 1884 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society of London. He was married on August 5th, 1859, at Fenwick, Ayrshire, Scotland, to Miss Martha Dunlop.

McKinlay, John, the famous explorer, was born at Sandbank, on the Clyde, in 1819, and in 1836 emigrated to New South Wales, to join his uncle, a prosperous squatter in that colony. He quickly became an expert bushman, and took up several runs near the South Australian border, thus becoming especially identified with that colony, the Government of which, in 1861, appointed him leader of an expedition organised to search for traces of Burke and Wills. He was also instructed to acquire a knowledge of the country between Eyre's Creek and Central Mount Stuart, and to visit the western shores of Lake Eyre. Starting in August, Mr. McKinlay penetrated to Cooper's Creek, and was shown by the natives the remains of Gray, the first victim of the ill-fated Burke and Wills expedition. Sending back the news to Adelaide, he subsequently learnt that Mr. Howitt had already ascertained the fate of the party and found the bodies of Burke and Wills. He then determined to push on to the northern coast, and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria, after great hardships, in May 1862; but not finding, as he had expected, a vessel laden with provisions to replenish his supplies, he had to retrace his steps and endeavour to reach the settled districts of Queensland. Reduced to scant rations of horse and camel's flesh, the party ultimately reached an out-station in the valley of the Burdekin River, seventy miles from Port Denison, which place they ultimately reached without much difficulty, and thence made their way to Melbourne, where an ovation awaited them on their arrival, on Sept. 25th, 1862. The Royal Geographical Society of England presented McKinlay with a gold watch, the South Australian Parliament voted him ?1000, and the public of the colony subscribed for an elaborate tea and coffee service. In Sept. 1865 the South Australian Government despatched McKinlay to explore the Northern Territory. It turned out one of the rainiest seasons ever known; and, being environed by water, but for Mr. McKinlay's ingenuity in killing the remaining horses and constructing a raft out of their skins, stretched on a framework of saplings, the whole party must have perished. As it was, they managed to drift down the Alligator River to the open sea, at Adam's Bay, where they were safe. On his return from this journey, Mr. McKinlay reverted to his former pastoral occupations, but died of ailments brought on by hardships and exposure, on Dec. 31st, 1872. A monument was erected to his memory by the residents of Gawler, S.A. Mr. John Davis, who formed one of the party on his great expedition, commemorated its incidents in an interesting work entitled "Tracks of McKinlay across Australia."

Mackinnon, Lauchlan, one of the most enterprising of the pioneer colonists of Victoria and one of the proprietors of the Melbourne Argus from 1852, until his decease on March 21st, 1888, was born at Kilbride, Isle of Skye, Scotland, on Feb. 26th, 1817. He was the second son of the late Rev. John Mackinnon, Presbyterian minister of Strath, Skye, by his marriage with Ann, daughter of Lauchlan Mackinnon, of Curry, Skye, After being educated partly at home and subsequently at Broadford, Mr. Mackinnon entered the office of his uncle Mr. Lauchlan Mackinnon, a Writer to the Signet in Glasgow; but preferring a more active life, he in 1838 proceeded to Sydney. He at once engaged in the hazardous business of "overlanding," and succeeded in his dangerous mission of conveying stock from Sydney to Adelaide?a feat which attracted much attention at the time, as it was the first overland journey made between these distant points. A little later (in 1840) he made one of the earliest overland journeys with sheep from Sydney to Melbourne. The pastoral capabilities of the country attracted his attention, and he determined to settle in Australia Felix. He took up a run in the western district on the Loddon River, and subsequently removed to Mount Fyans. He was for some years associated in business with the late Mr. James Montgomery, and in 1852 he joined Mr. Edward Wilson, and became one of the proprietors of the Argus. Prior to this he had taken a prominent part in political life, particularly interesting himself in the agitation for the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales. He was one of the representatives for the district of Port Phillip in the Sydney Parliament in 1848, and vigorously supported its claims for justice from the governing authorities of New South Wales. He was a strong and earnest supporter of the anti-convict movement, and took a prominent part in the demonstration which was held in Melbourne in 1849, when the inhabitants resolved to oppose the landing of convicts from the ship Randolph by physical force, and to undergo any extremity of suffering rather than permit the colony to become a receptacle of felons. After separation had been secured, Mr. Mackinnon represented the Belfast and Warrnambool district in the Legislative Council of Victoria, and assisted to pass a measure intended to prevent the introduction of convicted offenders into the colony. He energetically combated the efforts of the imperial authorities to prevent the effective administration of the enactment; and on the popular opposition proving successful he proceeded in 1853 with Mr. Westgarth to Tasmania to assist the anti-transportation party in the colony. Indeed, he took a strong interest in all the public movements of the day; and his vigour and courage were so well recognised that, in the early days when bushrangers were prevalent, he had been offered the command of the police force of Port Phillip?a position which, however, he did not accept. He was one of the members of the original Council of the University of Melbourne, and first Chairman of its Building Committee. When the gold discoveries in Victoria gave such a wonderful impetus to the colony, the vigorous judgment and business ability of Mr. Mackinnon, with the brilliant literary qualities of his partner, Mr. Willson, placed the Argus in the van of the Australian press. After some years of arduous work, Mr. Mackinnon returned to England, where he remained. He was twice married, his first wife being a daughter of the late Robert Montgomery, and sister of the late Mr. James Montgomery; and his second, Emily, daughter of Capt. Bundoch, R.N.

MacLaurin, Hon. Henry Norman, M.L.C., M.D., LL.D., J.P., Chairman of the Immigration Board, New South Wales, graduated M.D. at Edinburgh University in 1857, and in the same year was admitted L.R.C.S and L.M.R.C.S. of Edinburgh. He is an LL.D. of Sydney University, and was nominated to the Legislative Council of New South Wales in Feb. 1889. He is also a member of the Board of Health, and Honorary Consulting Physician to the Sydney Hospital.

McLean, Hon. Allan, M.L.A., Minister of Lands, Victoria, was born in the Highlands of Scotland in 1840, and went to Australia when three years old. He is the senior partner in the firm of A. M?Lean & Co., stock and station agents in Melbourne and Gippsland. Up to 1880 he resided in Gippsland, and in that year was returned to the Assembly for the electorate of North Gippsland, and still sits for the reconstructed constituency. Whilst President of the Maffra Shire Council he took a leading part in establishing the Municipal Association of Victoria. In Nov. 1890 Mr. M?Lean accepted the post of Minister of Lands in Mr. Munro's Government, and was sworn of the Executive Council. On the death of Mr. Langridge he took the additional office of Chief Secretary, and when the Ministry was reconstituted under Mr. Shiels he retained both posts.

McLean, Sir Donald, K.C.M.G., fourth son of the late John McLean, of Kilmonaig, Tiree, Argyllshire, and Margaret, daughter of the Rev. D. McColl, was born on Oct. 27th, 1820. At the age of seventeen he emigrated to Sydney, and entered the office of a merchant there. Going to New Zealand, two years later, he was appointed clerk and interpreter in the office of the Chief Protector of the Aborigines, and soon gained a thorough acquaintance with Maori affairs. He became Protector of the Aborigines in Taranaki, and as such came into relation with the chief Te Heu Heu; in 1850 he was made resident magistrate for a native district. In 1847 he was instructed by the Governor (Sir George Grey) to secure the land at Waitara, which Commissioner Spain had decided was the property of the Government (an account of which will be found in the biography of Sir George Grey). After a varied experience as Chief Commissioner of Land Purchases, Mr. M?Lean was made Native Secretary in 1856, as a permanent officer under the control of the Governor. This dual arrangement, by which there was a Native Secretary outside the responsible ministry, led to much confusion, but Mr. M?Lean agreed that the Governor should retain the control of native affairs. In 1866 he was charged by Mr. Weld, then premier, with the task of reducing to order the hostile natives on the east coast. On June 28th, 1869, the Stafford Government went out of office, and Mr. Fox formed a ministry in which Mr. M?Lean was Native Minister and Minister for Colonial Defence. He held these positions till Sept. 10th, 1872, when the Government was defeated. Shortly after entering upon office he succeeded in making peace in the Waikato with the king party. At this time the colony was troubled by the outlaw Te Kooti, and Mr. M?Lean hit upon the idea of handing the chase over to the friendly Maoris, under Major Ropata; and subsequently adhered to a stedfast policy of peace, arranging for the return of Te Rangitake, one of the figures in the Waitara trouble, to Taranaki. So successful was he, and so trusted by the Maoris, that, upon the resignation of the Fox Ministry, in 1872, Mr. Stafford, in forming a Cabinet, offered to take over Mr. M?Lean as Native Minister. The Stafford Government had but a brief life, and on Oct. 11th, 1872, Mr. M?Lean became again Native Minister under Mr. Waterhouse. While in power he carried through the House a valuable Land Bill, which gave satisfaction to Maoris and colonists alike; and also a Native Reserves Bill. Mr. M?Lean continued in office through successive reconstructions of the Ministry from Oct. 1872 to Dec. 1876, when he resigned from ill-health. He died in Jan. 1877, and after his death his honourable policy was continued. He was the first Superintendent of the Province of Hawkes Bay, and was created K.C.M.G. in 1874.

McLean, Hon. George, M.L.C. New Zealand, son of James M?Lean and Jane (Procter) his wife, was born at Elgin, Scotland, on Sept. 10th, 1834. Having emigrated to Melbourne, Vict., in 1851, where he was connected with the Oriental Bank Corporation, he went to Otago, N.Z., in 1862, as manager of the Dunedin branch of the Bank of New Zealand, and was Provincial Treasurer in 1869. Mr. M?Lean, who went largely into commercial pursuits, represented Waikonaiti in the New Zealand House of Representatives for a period of ten years, and was nominated to the Legislative Council in 1881. He was a member of the Vogel Ministry from July to Sept. 1876, as Commissioner of Customs; and when the Ministry was reconstructed, after the departure of Sir Julius Vogel to England, under Major Atkinson, Mr. M?Lean was Postmaster-General from Sept. 1876 to Oct. 1877. Mr. M?Lean who was married at Dunedin, N.Z., on March 10th, 1867, to Miss Isabel Holmes, was Commissioner of Trade and Customs in the short-lived Atkinson Government in 1884. He is chairman of the Colonial Bank of New Zealand and of the Union Steam Shipping Company of New Zealand, Limited, and took a prominent part in the settlement of the great maritime strike of 1890.

Maclean, Hon. John Donald, M.L.A., sometime treasurer of Queensland, youngest son of Donald Maclean, of Aird and Glen in the island of Skye, and one of the original directors of the Australian Agricultural Company, was born at Aird in 1821. He emigrated to New South Wales in 1837, and ultimately went largely into squatting pursuits, being at one time interested in no less than forty stations. Latterly he resided on his property at Westbrook, Darling Downs, Qd. Having entered the parliament of that colony, he became Colonial Treasurer in the second Ministry of Mr. (now Sir) R. G. W. Herbert, which was formed in July 1866 when Mr. Macalister retired, owing to the refusal of the Governor's assent to his Legal Tender Notes Bill. Mr. Maclean took office in the midst of a monetary crisis, but quickly restored the equilibrium of the finances, when his career was cut short by a fall from his horse which ended fatally on Dec. 16th, 1866.

McLean, Peter, was born in Sept. 1837, in Glasgow, and educated at the Normal School. In 1854 he arrived in Victoria, and worked on the goldfields until 1862, when he returned to the old country and engaged in agricultural pursuits. His health failing, he went to Queensland in 1865, where he commenced dairying operations. He was returned to the Assembly in 1876 for the Logan, and was appointed Secretary for Public Lands and Mines in the Douglas Ministry on Dec. 7th, 1878, just six weeks before their defeat. After being returned three times for the Logan, Mr. McLean, who has been a prominent advocate of total abstinence, was defeated in 1883, and became Inspecting Commissioner of Crown Lands in Nov. 1883, a post which he held until his nomination as Under-Secretary of the newly created Department of Agriculture in July 1887. In March 1889 he received the additional appointment of Curator of Botanic Gardens, Parks, and Preserves.

Macleay, Sir George, K.C.M.G., who was the son of the late Alexander Macleay, F.R.S., Colonial Secretary of New South Wales from 1823 to 1837, and Speaker of the Legislative Council of that colony from 1843 to 1846, and Elizabeth, his wife, daughter of James Barclay, was born in 1809, and educated at Westminster School. He was associated with the early exploration work of Sturt and Mitchell; and in 1856 he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly elected under responsible government in New South Wales for the Murrumbidgee district. He was created C.M.G. in 1869 and K.C.M.G. in 1875. Sir George, who was lord of the manor of Bletchingley, Surrey, where he resided, married, firstly, in 1842, Barbara St. Clair, daughter of James Innes, D.L., of Thrumster, Caithness, who died in 1869; and, secondly, on Jan. 15th, 1890, Augusta, a daughter of the late W. G. Lams. He died on June 24th, 1891.

Macleay, Hon. Sir William John, M.L.C., second son of Kenneth Macleay, of Keiss Castle, Caithness, by Isabella, daughter of John Horne, and nephew of the late Hon. Alexander Macleay, M.L.C., F.R.S., sometime Colonial Secretary and Speaker of the First Legislative Council of New South Wales, was born in Caithness on June 13th, 1820, and educated at the Academy and the University of Edinburgh, emigrating in 1839 to New South Wales, where he engaged in squatting on the Murrumbidgee until 1854, when his parliamentary career commenced. He was elected to the old Legislative Council for Lachlan and Lower Darling in 1854, and sat in the Assembly for Murrumbidgee from 1856 to 1874, when he resigned, and conducted an expedition to New Guinea, in his own barque, The Chevert, in company with Capt. Onslow, starting from Sydney on May 15th, 1875. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Oct. 1877, on his return from this journey. In June 1857 Mr. Macleay married Susan Emmeline, second daughter of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Edward Deas Thomson. He was knighted in 1889, and died on Dec. 7th, 1891. Sir William was the holder of the gold medal struck in 1875 to commemorate distinguished services in connection with the stamping out of bushranging, having assisted in repulsing an attack by the notorious Gilbert gang at Plumb's Inn, near Goulburn, in 1864, and he was also the recipient of a gold medal from the International Fisheries Exhibition of London for his book on the fishes of Australia. To the Linnaean Society he a few years back presented a meeting-house at Elizabeth Bay, adjoining his residence, where he provided everything necessary for meeting and for study. He also set apart a sufficient sum of money to endow four fellowships of ?400 each yearly at the Sydney University, so that students might follow up their studies at the university after attaining the degree of B.Sc. By his will he bequeathed ?20,000 to the Linnaean Society.

Macleay, William Sharp, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., eldest son of the late Hon. Alexander Macleay, M.L.C., F.R.S., was born in London on July 21st, 1792, and educated at Westminster School and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated with honours. In 1815 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of British Claims, arising out of the conclusion of the French war. In 1825 he was appointed Commissioner and Judge in the Mixed Tribunal of Justice at the Havannah. Ten years later he retired on a pension, and in 1839 arrived in New South Wales, where he was appointed a Trustee of the Australian Museum and a member of the National Board of Education. For a short time also he was a member of the Executive Council, under Sir William Denison. Mr. Macleay, who died on Jan. 26th, 1865, made entomology his principal study, but he was recognised as an authority on geology and zoology.

McLellan, Hon. William, M.L.A., was born at Crieff, Perthshire, Scotland, on August 12th, 1831. He was educated at local schools, and was brought up to the trade of a builder. He left Scotland in June 1850 for Victoria, then a portion of New South Wales. When gold was discovered by Hargreaves, he went to Summer Hill and Turon diggings, New South Wales, and worked with some success. Returning to Victoria in July 1851, on discovery of gold there, he went to Ballarat and Forest Creek, and was amongst the first pioneers of Bendigo, where he worked at Golden Gully. After an extensive experience on the principal diggings, Mr. McLellan settled in Melbourne in 1853. In 1857, the time of the Canton Lead, he proceeded to Ararat, where fifty thousand miners were collected, and was elected a member of the Mining Board. In 1859, the amended Constitution Act having made Ararat an electoral district returning two members, he was returned to the Assembly by a large majority. Mr. McLellan represented Ararat till the general election in May 1877, when he was beaten by Mr. D. Gaunson by five votes. He had in the meantime been a member of three Ministries, taking office first as successor to Mr. I. G. Reeves as Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in Jan. 1870, and retiring with his chief, Mr. Macpherson, in April of the same year. He was subsequently Minister of Mines, under Mr. (now Sir) Charles Gavan Duffy from June 1871 to June 1872 and under Sir James M?Culloch from Oct. 1875 to May 1877. Mr. McLellan remained out of Parliament till 1883, when he was re-elected for Ararat. He occupied the position of Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Assembly till 1892.

MacMahon, Captain Hon. Sir Charles, the third son of the late Right Hon. Sir William MacMahon, Bart., sometime Master of the Rolls, Ireland, by his second wife, Charlotte, daughter of Robert Shaw and sister of Sir Robert Shaw, 1st Bart., of Busby, co. Dublin, was born at Fortfield, in the county of Dublin, on July 11th, 1824. He joined the 71st Highland Light Infantry as ensign after seeing some service in Canada, and exchanged into the 10th Hussars, retiring from the army, after being invalided for sunstroke in India, with the rank of captain. Having decided to emigrate to Victoria, he arrived in Melbourne in Oct. 1852, and joined the police force in Jan. 1853, being for some time inspector of police in Melbourne, where he was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Police under Sir W. H. F. Mitchell, whom he ultimately succeeded in the Commissionership. The latter office he resigned in 1858, owing to a disagreement on a matter of discipline with the then Chief Secretary, Sir John O'Shanassy. He was elected for West Bourke in the Legislative Assembly in 1861, and, despite their previous difference, was a member of Sir John O'Shanassy's third Ministry, without portfolio, from Nov. 1861 to June 1863. At the next general election Captain MacMahon was defeated, but was elected for West Melbourne in January 1866, and continued to represent the constituency till Jan. 1878, when he temporarily retired, but was re-elected in 1880, and continued to hold the seat till 1886, when he finally relinquished public life. In 1868 Captain MacMahon was invited to form a Ministry consequent on the resignation of the M?Culloch Government, but declined the hopeless task. He was elected Speaker of the Assembly in April 1871, and was re-elected in May 1874. He thus held the office during the troublous Stonewall period; and having given umbrage to the Liberal party, was rejected in favour of Sir Charles Gavan Duffy, when the new Parliament met in May 1877. Sir Charles, who was Speaker again for a few months in 1880, was knighted in 1875, and died in East Melbourne on August 28th, 1891. The deceased gentleman, who was a life captain of the Dublin Militia and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Victoria prior to responsible government, married first Miss Sophia Campbell, and secondly Clara Ann, daughter of J. D. Webster, of Yea, Vict. At the General Election in 1877 Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry made a strong attack, in a speech at Geelong, upon the conduct of Sir Charles MacMahon in his capacity of Speaker of the Assembly. Mr. Berry was leader of the "Stonewall" Opposition, and he said: "We" (the Opposition) "could not have been defeated if it were not for a corrupt Speaker and a corrupt Chairman of Committees, backed by a Ministry, and giving decisions contrary to all Parliamentary law and practice, and contrary to the well-known facts before them at the time." Sir Charles declared to the electors of West Melbourne that his first impulse had been to inflict personal chastisement upon Mr. Berry for the slander, but that he was dissuaded by the late Mr. Francis. It seemed improper for him, as the late Speaker of the Assembly, to institute criminal proceedings against a member of the same body, and when he announced his determination of suing Mr. Berry for damages, Mr. (now Chief Justice) Higinbotham demonstrated that it would be "extremely unfair and improper" to bring the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly under the purview of the Supreme Court, and to enable the Supreme Court to decide as to the rules and orders by which that body was to be guided in its internal movements. Under these circumstances, Sir Charles felt unable to do more than leave the matter in the hands of Mr. Higinbotham as amicus curia. Mr. Berry offered an explanation to the effect that he had not used the word "corrupt" in its ordinary sense, but that what he had meant to convey was that undue influence was threatened and used by the Ministry over the decisions given by Sir Charles, but without impugning the latter's personal integrity as Speaker. This explanation was regarded as being an aggravation of the offence, but Sir Charles MacMahon had to content himself with an emphatic denial of the aspersion.

MacMahon, Philip, was born in Dublin on Dec. 13th, 1857, and passed through a course of botanical instruction at the Royal Gardens at Kew. Having been for some time secretary and curator to the Hull Botanic Gardens, he was appointed leader of a botanical expedition to Central America, and subsequently proceeded to India, where he studied the local systems of agriculture, horticulture and forestry. In 1888 he went to Victoria for the sake of his health; and in April 1889 was appointed curator of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.

McMillan, Angus, the discoverer of Gippsland, Victoria, was born at Glenbrittle, Skye, in 1810, and went to Sydney in 1830, residing on various stations in the interior till May 1839, at which time he was overseer on Lachlan Macalister's station in the Maneroo district of New South Wales. He had won the confidence of the blacks in the neighbourhood, who had traditions of a fine country to the south; and, with the intention of finding fresh pastoral areas, he started with one of them from Corrowong on May 28th. In June he was at Omeo, and subsequently explored the Tambo river, obtaining in September a view of the plain country further south. On a second expedition, in Dec. 1839, undertaken for the exploration of the plain country previously seen, he reached Lake King, which he mistook for Corner Inlet on the sea coast. He also discovered and named the Nicholson, Mitchell, Macalister, Thomson, Glengarry, Tangil, and Avon rivers and Mount Wellington. In the meantime Strzelecki and James Macarthur and James Riley were making their venturesome overland journey from Sydney to Westernport in Victoria. They left Sydney on Jan. 20th, and arrived at Westernport on May 11th, 1840, calling en route, on March 7th, at McMillan's camp on the Tambo river, and were supplied with provisions, a camp kettle, and a guide, who went a day's journey with them over the tracks into what McMillan, who was absent at the time, had called Caledonia Australis, but which, at the suggestion of Strzelecki, was named after Sir George Gipps, the governor of New South Wales. Mr. McMillan occupied a station on the Avon river, near to Macalister, in Oct. 1840, and in Feb. 1841 penetrated to Corner Inlet. Without detracting from the eminent services of Strzelecki, there can be no doubt that the honour of the first exploration of Gippsland and the marking of a road to a seaport belongs to McMillan, who died in May 1865.

McMillan, William, M.L.A., ex-Colonial Treasurer, New South Wales, is a partner in the well-known firm of McArthur & Co., Sydney, and has represented East Sydney in the Legislative Assembly since Feb. 1887. On the formation of the late Ministry by Sir Henry Parkes, in March 1889, he accepted the post of Colonial Treasurer, and was re-elected unopposed for East Sydney on taking office. Mr. McMillan, who is a staunch free trader, resigned his seat in the cabinet in 1890, owing to some comments made by Sir Henry Parkes on language used by him in reference to the repression of disorders during the great strike in the shipping trade. Ultimately, however, explanations were tendered, and he withdrew his resignation, which, if persisted in, would have seriously injured the Government. Mr. McMillan was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Federation Conference held in Melbourne in Feb. 1890, and was appointed one of the representatives of the colony at the Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. In August 1891 he resigned the office of Treasurer, with the view of paying more exclusive attention to his private affairs. Mr. McMillan was appointed President of the New South Wales Commission for the Chicago Exhibition in Sept. 1891. He is the second son of the Rev. Gibson McMillan, of Melbourne, Vict. (formerly Wesleyan minister at Londonderry, Ireland), by his marriage with the daughter of Rev. John McArthur, of Londonderry, and sister of the late Sir William McArthur and of Mr. A. McArthur (q.v.). He was born on Nov. 14th, 1850, and arrived in Sydney in Nov. 1869.

Macnab, Henry Black, acting manager of the Bank of New Zealand in London, commenced his banking career in the National Bank of Scotland at Edinburgh. After about five years in their service he joined the staff of the Bank of British North America, and spent three years in that institution in various parts of Canada. He then returned to England, and was shortly afterwards appointed to a clerkship in the Oriental Bank Corporation. After six months' service in their head office in London he was sent out to join their Australian staff as an assistant accountant, arriving in Melbourne in March 1858; and fifteen months later was appointed to the accountantship at Auckland, N.Z., which post he continued to fill until the establishment of the Bank of New Zealand, in Oct. 1861, when he accepted the secretaryship of that institution. He was married in Auckland in 1863; and having for family reasons found it necessary to return to England, he was transferred to the London branch in 1866, and is now acting manager of the head office there.

McNeill, Major-General Sir John Carstairs, K.C.B., K.C.M.G., V.C., Equerry-in-Ordinary to the Queen, eldest son of the late Captain Alexander M'Neill, of Colonsay, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter and co-heiress of John Carstairs, and nephew of the late Lord Colonsay, was born on March 29th, 1831, and entered the army in 1850. He retired on half-pay as major in 1867, became colonel in 1872, and major-general in 1882. Sir John M'Neill has had a long and varied experience in active service. He served as A.D.C. to Sir Edward Lugard in the Indian Mutiny in 1858, being present at the siege and capture of Lucknow, and at the operations of the Azimghur field force, and was mentioned in despatches and received a medal with a clasp. In 1861 he went to New Zealand, and was A.D.C. to Sir Duncan Cameron during the Maori war till 1865. He took part in the actions at the Gate Pah, Rangiriri, Rangiaohia, and Nukumaru, receiving a medal and the Victoria Cross for his gallantry. In 1866-7 he was in command of the Tipperary Flying Column during the Fenian disturbance. From 1869 to 1872 he was military secretary to Lord Lisgar, Governor-General of Canada, and in 1870 was attached to the staff of the Red River Expedition. He was colonel on the staff, and second in command of the Ashantee Expedition in 1873-4; was present at the destruction of Essaman, where he was very severely wounded, and at Amquana, Akimfoo and Ampenee. Sir John M?Neill served through the Egyptian campaign of 1882, receiving a medal, a bronze star, and the second class Medjidie, as well as a K.C.B. He was brigadier-general in the Suakim Expedition in 1885, and commanded the force at Tofrik. In 1874 he was A.D.C. to H.R.H. the Commander-in-Chief, and has been equerry to Her Majesty since 1874. In 1880 he accompanied Prince Leopold to Canada, and in 1882 the Duke of Connaught to Egypt. He is a J.P. and a D.L. for Argyleshire. Sir John was created C.M.G. in 1870, C.B. in 1878, K.C.M.G. in 1880, and K.C.B. in 1882.

Macpherson, Hon. John Alexander, a native of Victoria, and a successful squatter, was admitted to the Victorian bar, but never practised. Having unsuccessfully contested Dundas at the general election in 1864, he was returned to the Assembly in November of that year for Portland. In 1865, however, he was elected for Dundas, and represented the constituency till his retirement from public life in 1877. On the fall of the second M?Culloch Ministry, in Sept. 1869, Mr. Macpherson became Premier of Victoria, with the office of Chief Secretary, which he held till April 1870, when Sir James M?Culloch returned to power, and Mr. Macpherson accepted office under him as Minister of Lands. In June 1871 he resigned with his colleagues, but returned to office with Sir James M?Culloch in Oct. 1875 with his old post of Chief Secretary, which he held till May 1877, when the Government experienced a crushing defeat at the elections, and resigned. Mr. Macpherson shortly afterwards resigned his seat in the Assembly, and retired from public life.

Macrossan, Hon. John Murtagh, M.L.A., was born in 1832, in co. Donegal. He was educated at local schools, and after spending two years in Scotland went to Victoria in 1853 to pursue his fortunes as a miner. After working on the diggings in that colony and in New Zealand and New South Wales for twelve years, with varying luck, but very little substantial success, he was attracted to Northern Queensland by the reported richness of the Peak Down diggings. His ready eloquence and knowledge of miners' wants soon made him a public character, and he was returned to the Lower House by the miners of Charters Towers for the Kennedy district in the year 1873. He was at first a very advanced Liberal; but his convictions became modified, and he joined the first McIlwraith Ministry as Secretary for Public Works and Mines on Jan. 21st, 1879, retiring from the Government on March 13th, 1883, six months before its fall. He occupied a congenial seat as member for the great mining district of Townsville, and on the formation of Sir Thomas McIlwraith's second Cabinet on Jane 13th, 1888, he rejoined his old chief in his former capacity. On Nov. 30th of the same year, when Mr. Morehead reconstructed the cabinet under his own premiership, Mr. Macrossan remained in the ministry, taking the additional office of Colonial Secretary in Jan. 1890. In August of that year he retired with his colleagues. He was a prominent advocate of the subdivision of Queensland, and the constitution of the northern portion into a separate colony. Mr. Macrossan was one of the representatives of Queensland at the session of the Federal Council of Australasia held in Hobart in Jan. to Feb. 1889. He was one of the delegates to the Federation Convention in Sydney, and died in that city on March 30th, 1891. The Queensland Parliament voted ?2000 to his widow.

Madden, Hon. John, LL.D., is the son of the late John Madden, solicitor, of Cork, Ireland, and was born there on May 16th, 1844. He went to England in Sept. 1852, and was at a private school there until 1854, when he proceeded to a college at Beauchamp, in France, where he remained until Sept. 1856, when, with the rest of his father's family, he went to Melbourne, Vict., arriving on Jan. 10th, 1857. He matriculated at the Melbourne University in Oct. 1861, and graduated B.A. in 1864 and LL.B. in 1865, in which year he was gold medallist in law. He was admitted LL.D. in 1869, being the first member of the university who passed the course prescribed for that degree. On Sept 14th, 1865, he was admitted to the Victorian Bar, and has held, a leading position in his profession ever since. He was an unsuccessful candidate in 1871 for the district of West Bourke, but at the ensuing general election in 1874 he was returned at the head of the poll for the district. In Oct. 1876 he accepted office as Minister of Justice in the M?Culloch Administration, but on going back to his constituency he was defeated by Mr. M. L. King. He continued, however, a member of the Government, and on July 27th, 1876, was elected member for Sandridge (now Port Melbourne), which he represented till 1883. He resigned office with his colleagues in May 1877 after the victory of Mr. Berry at the polls. He was again Minister of Justice under Mr. Service from March to August 1880. Dr. Madden, who has been Warden of the University of Melbourne, and is understood to have refused a judgeship on more than one occasion, has recently taken little active part in politics, but still holds a leading position in his profession.

Madden, Richard Robert, F.R.C.S., was the son of a Dublin merchant, and went into the medical profession. Subsequently he was appointed a special magistrate in Jamaica, and at a later date took part in a Commission of Inquiry into the Slave Trade on the west coast of Africa. He was for three years Colonial Secretary of Western Australia, and a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils. He died at Booterstown, near Dublin, on Feb. 5th, 1886. Dr. Madden was the author of the "Lives and Times of the United Irishmen" and other works.

Madden, Hon. Walter, M.L.A., brother of John Madden, was born at Cork in 1848, and went to Victoria in 1857. He began his career as a midshipman on the Victorian man of war Victoria, and studied marine surveying. When the vessel was put out of commission he turned his attention to land surveying, and entered the Survey Department of the Lands Office in 1865, becoming District Surveyor at Horsham. He was returned to the Assembly for the Wimmera in Jan. 1880, and still represents the constituency. He was Minister of Lands in the O'Loghlen Government from August 1881 to March 1883, and was sworn of the Executive Council. He has been Chairman of the country party in the Legislative Assembly, was Vice-President of the Commission on Vegetable Products appointed on his motion in 1886, and was a member of the Royal Commission on Irrigation and Water Supply.

Mair, Major William Gilbert, son of Gilbert Mair and Elizabeth (Pinkey) his wife, was born at the Bay of Islands, N.Z., on Nov. 20th, 1832. He served during the Maori war, and was in seventeen actions, being under fire on more than thirty occasions altogether. He was recommended by Colonel Haultain, Minister of Defence, for the decoration of the New Zealand Cross, for "personal valour before the enemy," and received the New Zealand war medal, and was twice mentioned in despatches. During the parley between General Cameron and the Maori insurgents at Orakau in 1864, Major Mair acted as interpreter and conveyed the General's message to Rewi Maniapoto calling upon the enemy to surrender at discretion, when he was fired upon, and the chiefs returned the now historical answer "Friend, we shall fight you for ever and ever!" Major Mair commanded the expedition against the East Coast rebels, resulting in the capture of Te Teko Pa and the surrender of the murderers of the Rev. C. S. Volkner and of Captain James Fulloon, Government agent, who were afterwards tried, convicted and executed. He also commanded the native contingent all through the Tauranga campaign in 1866-7, when he performed the act of personal valour for which he was recommended for the Cross. He was instrumental in obtaining the submission of the Maori king in 1882, when a hundred and twenty stand of arms were handed over to him in token of the King's sincerity. Major Mair was officially thanked by the Colonial Government on this and numerous other occasions. During the nine years of his occupancy of the Bench of the Native Lands Court (1882-91) Major Mair investigated some thousands of titles, and passed through his court over two million acres of native land, clothing it with an English title. He has contributed several papers on scientific subjects to the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. Major Mair, who holds his rank in the New Zealand Militia, was Government agent and resident magistrate at Waikato from 1870 to 1882, and now resides at Auckland. He married at Alexandra, N.Z., on May 15th, 1872, Miss Jane Black.

Mais, Henry Coathupe, M.I.C.E., was born at Westbury-on-Trym, near Bristol, and educated at the Bishop's College, being articled to a civil engineer in 1841. Having made a special study of railway construction, he sailed for Sydney in 1850, with machinery to start an engineering and foundry establishment. This scheme, however, was abandoned, and he was appointed acting engineer of the Sydney Railway Company, and in 1851 accepted employment under the City Commissioners, which he resigned in 1856. Two years later he removed to Melbourne, and assisted in the construction of the Melbourne and Sandhurst Railway until 1862, when he became manager of the Melbourne and Suburban Railway. In March 1867 Mr. Mais accepted the position of Engineer-in-Chief of South Australia, and in Jan. 1871 he was appointed, in addition, General Manager of Railways. In 1876, when the work of the position was redistributed, he retained the post of Engineer-in-Chief and Engineer of Railways and Harbours and Jetties. Mr. Mais resigned in April 1888, and is now in practice in Melbourne as a consulting engineer.

Maniapoto, Rewi, latterly known as Manga, a chief of the Ngatimaniapoto tribe, acquired a high reputation as a fighting general during the Waikato campaign in 1863. He was nominally the Maori leader during the attack upon and investment of the Orakau Pa by the British forces under Sir Duncan Cameron, but the gallant escape of the beleaguered garrison was planned and carried into execution by the young chief Hitiri Paerata. Rewi was, however, a prominent figure during the whole of the troublous times, and his influence with a large section of the insurgent tribes was paramount. At the conclusion of the war the Government marked their sense of this chief's adherence to the rules of civilised warfare by giving him a section of land in the Kihikihi township and building upon it, at the public cost, a comfortable residence. Most of the lands of his tribe were included within the confiscated boundary, but some provision was made for them by the powerful Waikato tribe.

Maning, Frederick Edward, late Native Lands Court Judge, New Zealand, was the eldest son of Frederick Maning, of Johnville, co. Dublin, Ireland, at which place he was born on July 5th, 1812. His father, attracted by the free grants of land to settlers in Van Diemen's Land, emigrated with his family to that colony, arriving at Hobart in the ship Ardent on May 24th, 1824. His son, being of an adventurous spirit, went to New Zealand in 1833, when twenty-one years of age. New Zealand was not then a British colony, but Mr. Maning acquired land from the Ngapuhi tribe at Hokianga, and took up his residence among the Maoris at Onaki, and rapidly acquired a thorough acquaintance with the laws and customs of the Maoris. This led to his being appointed a judge in the Native Lands Court, in which capacity he served for many years. He had lived among the Maoris, and looked upon himself as a "Pakeha Maori," by which name he was generally known. He published an interesting book embodying his experiences among the natives, called "Old New Zealand, by a Pakeha Maori." This is regarded as the most admirable picture of life in New Zealand in the olden time ever issued; it was republished in London in 1876, with a preface by the Earl of Pembroke. Mr. Maning died in London on July 25th, 1883. His only other published work was a small book entitled "The War in the North," which gave an account of the first Maori insurrection under Honi Heki and its suppression by the Imperial forces. The story is told from the Maori point of view. It is appended to Lord Pembroke's edition of "Old New Zealand." Judge Maning married a Maori wife. He rendered considerable services to the English in the Honi Heki war in 1845, and later in the war of 1861, which he was able to do from his great influence with the Ngapuhi tribe, the most powerful and advanced tribe in New Zealand, amongst whom he was naturalised.

Mann, Charles, was born in 1800. Having embraced the legal profession, he was appointed in 1836 Advocate-General of South Australia, and arrived at Adelaide in January of the following year by the Coramandel. Differences with the Governor, Captain Hindmarsh, caused him to resign in Nov. 1837. He was appointed Master of the Supreme Court of South Australia in 1844, Acting Judge in Feb. 1849, Crown Solicitor in Jan. 1850, Police Magistrate and Supreme Court Insolvency Commissioner in April 1856, and Commissioner of the Court of Insolvency and Stipendiary Magistrate in August 1858, which last office he held till his death, on May 24th, 1860.

Mann, Hon. Charles, Q.C., was the eldest son of the late Charles Mann (q.v.) and was born in Adelaide on April 8th, 1838. He was educated at St. Peter's College in that city, and having been articled to the firm of Messrs. Bagot & Labatt, was admitted as a legal practitioner in 1860. Mr. Mann, who was made Q.C. in 1875, entered the Assembly as member for the Burra in 1870. He was no less than five times Attorney-General—viz., in the last Hart Government, from July to Nov. 1871; in the Blyth Ministry which immediately followed it, from Nov. 1871 to Jan. 1872; in the third Blyth Ministry, from July 1873 to June 1875; in the second and third Boucaut Governments, from March to June 1876 and Oct. 1877 to Sept. 1878. Mr. Mann was Treasurer in the Morgan Administration, from Sept. 1878 to March 1881, when he was appointed Crown Solicitor and Public Prosecutor, both of which positions he filled till his death on July 7th, 1889.

Mann, John, J. P., son of the late Charles Mann (q.v.), and brother of the late Hon. Chas. Mann, Q.C. (q.v.) entered the South Australian Government service in April 1862, and has been Secretary for Public Works since May 1875.

Manning, Hon. Charles James, B.A., Puisne Judge, New South Wales, is the second son of J. Edye Manning, formerly of Sydney, N.S.W., and is the nephew of Sir William Manning (q.v.). He was born in 1841, and educated at Winchester and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1864. He entered as a student at Lincoln's Inn in Nov. 1862, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1865. In the following year he was admitted to the New South Wales bar, and practised his profession in Sydney. Having several times acted as a judge of the Supreme Court on special commissions prior to 1889, he was in that year appointed a Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and Judge in Bankruptcy and Assistant Equity Judge, and in Jan. 1891 Probate Judge on the passing of the Probate Act. Mr. Justice Manning married, first, Clara Isabella, daughter of the late J. C. Apthorpe, J.P. and D.L., of Dennington Hall, Yorkshire; and second, Emily, daughter of J. Camden Goodridge, J.P. of Hunter's Hill, N.S.W.

Manning, Frederic Norton, M.D., was born at Rothersthorp, Northamptonshire, in 1839, and studied at St. George's Hospital, London, for the medical profession, becoming an M.R.C.S. England and L.S.A London, in 1860, and M.D. of St. Andrews University in 1862. He became a surgeon in the Royal Navy, and saw considerable service with the Naval Brigade, first arriving in Australia in 1864. In 1867 he became Medical Superintendent of the Hospital for the Insane at Gladesville, N.S.W., and in the next year visited and reported upon the lunatic asylums of Europe and America for the New South Wales Government, furnishing a very valuable report, which obtained a high repute in England. In 1879 he became Inspector-General of the Insane in New South Wales—a position which he still holds. The first asylum for idiots in Australia was established on the suggestion of Dr. Manning, and organised under his superintendence at Newcastle. Dr. Manning, who revisited England in 1888, is President of the Board of Health of New South Wales, and Medical Adviser to the Government and Immigration Officer, and is Health Officer at Port Jackson and a member of the Board of Pharmacy.

Manning, Hon. Sir William Montagu, M.L.C., LL.D., second son of John Edye Manning, of Clifton, Bristol, was born in June 1811 at Alphington, near Exeter, and educated at private schools and at University College, London. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in Nov. 1827, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1832. He practised on the Western Circuit until 1837, when he went out to Australia. He was appointed Chairman of Quarter Sessions in Sydney in Oct. 1837, Solicitor-General of New South Wales in Oct. 1844, and undertook the duties of Acting Judge of the Supreme Court, in the absence of Justice Therry, from Jan. 1848 to Nov. 1849, when he returned to the Solicitor-Generalship, and held that post till the inauguration of responsible government in 1856. Sir William, who was appointed a nominee member of the mixed Legislative Council in 1851, was returned to the first Legislative Assembly for South Cumberland in 1856, and in April of that year was sworn of the Executive Council, taking office as Attorney-General in June following in the Donaldson Ministry, the first formed under responsible government in New South Wales. The Cowper Ministry came in in August for two months, and in October Mr. Manning resumed office as Attorney-General in the Parkes Ministry, but retired through ill-health in May 1857, when he was presented with his portrait (by Sir Watson Gordon, R.A.), a piece of plate, and a purse of ?1000. In March 1858 he visited England, and was knighted. Returning to the colony in 1859, he again became Attorney-General in February of the next year in the Forster Ministry, but retired with his colleagues a fortnight later. He was called to the Legislative Council in 1861. In Oct. 1868 Sir William, who had become Q.C., was reappointed Attorney-General in the Robertson Ministry without a seat in the Cabinet, and retained the position under Mr. (afterwards Sir) Charles Cowper till Dec 1870, when he resigned with the rest of the Government In 1876 Sir William Manning was made a Judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales, and quitted the Legislative Council. In 1887 Sir William retired from the bench, where he acted as Equity Judge, and was again called to the Legislative Council. In 1861 he became a Fellow of Sydney University, and was elected Chancellor in 1878. He has been President of the New South Wales Rifle Association since its initiation in 1860. Sir William, prior to emigrating to Australia, published "Notes of Proceedings in Electoral Revision Courts" (1832), and was joint author of Neville and Manning's "Reports in Court of King's Bench" (6 vols., 1832). Sir William married, in 1836, Emily Anne, eldest daughter of Edward Wise, of Hill Grove, Isle of Wight; and, secondly, in 1849, Eliza Anne, daughter of the Very Rev. William Sowerby, Dean of Goulburn, N.S.W.

Mansfield, Rev. Ralph, was born at Toxteth Park, Liverpool, on March 12th, 1799, and was ordained a minister of the Wesleyan Church in 1820, arriving in Sydney, N.S.W., in Oct. of the latter year. He was stationed in Sydney for two years and in Parramatta and Windsor during 1823, when he was sent to Van Diemen's Land, where he remained at Hobart Town till 1825, when he returned to Sydney and discharged ministerial functions till 1828. He was editor of the Sydney Gazette, the first newspaper published in New South Wales, from 1829 to 1832, and was leader-writer for another Sydney newspaper, the Colonist, for several years. From 1841 he contributed to the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1836 he presided at a public meeting held in Sydney to promote the lighting of the city with gas. A gas-light company was formed, of which Mr. Mansfield was secretary from June 29th, 1836, till his death in June 1880.

Mantell, Hon. Walter Baldock Durant, M.L.C., son of Gideon Algernon Mantell, LL.D., F.R.S., the eminent geologist, author of "Medals of Creation," "Atlas of Fossil Remains," and Mary Ann (Woodhouse) his wife, was born on March 11th, 1820. Having emigrated to Wellington, N.Z., in 1840, he was appointed in 1848 a Commissioner for Extinguishing Native Titles in the Middle Island of New Zealand; and, by promises of various small concessions, succeeded in buying out the claims of the Maoris to 30,000,000 acres of land for about ?5000 in cash. Greatly to his disgust, however, the promises he had made on behalf of the Government were not subsequently fulfilled; and being in London in 1856, when some of the principal of them were being broken, he appealed to Mr. Labouchere, then Secretary for the Colonies, to interfere in the matter. Mr. Labouchere declined to give him an interview; and finding his written remonstrances unavailing, Mr. Mantell resigned his official posts, being out of harmony with the native policy of both the Imperial and Colonial Governments. Mr. Mantell was Minister for Native Affairs in the Fox Ministry from July to Dec. 1861; and Postmaster-General and Secretary for Crown Lands under Mr. Domett, in August 1862. He was again Minister for Native Affairs in the Weld Administration from Dec. 1864 to July 1865; and also, concurrently, Native Secretary from April to July 1865. Mr. Mantell was for some time a member of the House of Representatives, and in 1866 was nominated to the Legislative Council. Some of the most important ameliorative measures passed in the interest of the Maoris were due to his initiative, and in his place in Parliament he never failed to protest against measures regarding them which savoured of injustice. He married first, on July 29th, 1863, Mary Sarah, daughter of Edward Prince; and secondly, on Jan. 10th, 1876, Jane, daughter of Benjamin Hardwick, of Beckenham, England. Mr. Mantell was the first scientific explorer of the moa beds of Waikouaiti and Waingongoro, and he succeeded in forming some magnificent collections of fossil remains, which were forwarded to England and ultimately deposited in the British Museum.

Marmion, Hon. William Edward, M.L.A., Commissioner of Lands, Western Australia, represented Fremantle in the old Legislative Council, and was a member of the Finance Committee of that body in 1890. In December of that year he accepted he post of Commissioner of Lands in he administration formed by Mr. Forrest, and was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Western Australia for Fremantle. Mr. Marmion was one of the representatives of the Colony at the Sydney Federation Convention in March 1891.

Marsden, Right Rev. Samuel Edward, D.D., late Bishop of Bathurst, N.S.W., grandson of the Rev. Samuel Marsden, senior chaplain at Parramatta, was born in 1832 at Sydney, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1855, M.A. in 1858, and D.D. in 1869. He was ordained deacon in 1855, priest in 1856, and was curate of St. Peter's, Hereford, from 1855 to 1858, and of Lilleshall, Salop, from 1858 to 1861, and perpetual curate of Bengeworth, Worcestershire, from 1861 to 1869, when he accepted the appointment of first Bishop of Bathurst, and was consecrated in Westminster Abbey by Archbishop Tait of Canterbury, and Bishops Jackson, of London, Selwyn of Lichfield, and Philpott of Worcester. He resigned the see in 1885, and resides in England.

Martin, Arthur Patchett, F.R.G.S., was born at Woolwich, Kent, on Feb. 18th, 1851. He is the son of George Martin and Eleanor (Hill) his wife, whose families were settled in Kent and Surrey, but who were both, on the maternal side, of Scottish extraction. When about eighteen months old, he was taken out by his parents to Melbourne, arriving in Hobson's Bay at Christmas, 1852. At St. Mark's Church of England School, Fitzroy, Mr. Martin received his education until he matriculated at Melbourne University, subsequently entering the Civil Service. In the meantime his literary bent had strongly declared itself; and at the Eclectic Society of Victoria, where he succeeded the founder, Mr. H. K. Rusden, as secretary, he was for many years a leading essayist and debater. During his secretaryship the Society contributed to the memorial statue to John Stuart Mill, erected on the Thames Embankment. Mr. Martin was the principal organiser of the meeting which took place at the Melbourne Town Hall on July 29th, 1878, "to express public appreciation of the services of the Earl of Beaconsfield in the settlement of the Eastern Question." Out of the Eclectic Society arose the Melbourne Review, a high-class quarterly periodical, which existed from Jan. 1876 to Oct. 1885, and of which Mr. Martin acted as editor, being also one of the most frequent contributors, until he left Melbourne for London in 1882. Before leaving Victoria Mr. Martin contributed to various Christmas and other collections, and had published: "Sweet Girl Graduate" (a novelette), "Lays of To-Day, or Verses in Jest and Earnest," and "Fernshawe," the latter an octavo volume consisting of essays and poems, several of which had first seen the light in the pages of the Melbourne Review. Since coming to reside in London, Mr. Martin has largely devoted himself to journalistic work; but, in addition, has written in several of the magazines, introducing the Australian poet, Adam Lindsay Gordon, to the English literary public by an article in Temple Bar of Feb. 1884. His most solid achievement, however, was the publication of a work entitled "Australia and the Empire," specially dedicated to the First Lord of the Treasury, Mr. Balfour. The opening essay in this work, entitled "Robert Lowe in Sydney," formed the nucleus of the undertaking on which Mr. Martin is now engaged—the complete political biography of Lord Sherbrooke. Among other literary efforts in London may be mentioned "Oak-bough and Wattle-blossom," the first of those collective stories by "Australians in England" of which there are now quite a series. "Over-the-Sea Stories for the Children of Two Worlds" a profusely illustrated gift-book, is also a collection by Mr. Martin. In 1886 Mr. Martin married the only daughter of the late Dr. J. M. Cookesley, of Boulogne-sur-Mer, who is also knows in the literary world by translating of Alfred de Musset, as well as by her poetical contributions to various periodicals. Mrs. Patchett Martin has recently turned her early Queensland experiences to account in "Under the Gum-tree" (1890), and "Coo?e" (1891) an interesting collection of tales of Australian life by Australian ladies. Since July 1891 Mr. Martin has been editor of Literary Opinion.

Martin, His Honour the Hon. Sir James, sometime Premier and Chief Justice of New South Wales, was the son of John Martin, of Fermoy, Ireland, and Mary his wife, daughter of David Hennessy, of Ballynona, and was born at Middleton, in the county of Cork, on May 14th, 1820. His parents emigrated to New South Wales the next year, so that Sir James was virtually almost a native of Sydney, where he arrived in Nov. 1821. He was educated at Cape's School and Sydney College; and, having embraced the legal profession, was admitted a solicitor of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in May 1845. In 1848 he commenced to contribute to the Atlas newspaper, and three years later to the Empire, started by Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes. His political commenced contemporaneously with his journalistic career, Mr. Martin being elected to the old Legislative Council for Cook and Westmoreland in 1848. He was unseated on petition, but was promptly re-elected unopposed; and had the like good fortune in 1851. When the first Legislative Assembly was constituted after the concession of responsible government in New South Wales Mr. Martin was returned to the popular chamber by his former constituents, his principal efforts being in the meantime directed to diverting the Riverine trade from Victoria, and to getting a branch of the Royal Mint established in Sydney. Under the new constitutional r?gime he attached himself strongly to the Liberal party, then led by Mr. (afterwards Sir) Charles Cowper. When the Conservative Administration of Mr. Donaldson was defeated, in August 1856, Mr. Martin, though only a solicitor, was appointed Attorney-General in the first Cowper Government; and so obnoxious had he made himself to the anti-progressive party that the motion of censure carried against the Government in the following October was mainly based on the fact of his inclusion in it. Later in the year, however, Mr. Martin was called to the bar; and thus the main objection raised to his nomination was removed. He was therefore, without any repetition of the previous clamour, reappointed Attorney-General by Mr. Cowper on his return to power in Sept. 1857, being made Q.C. in the same year. Mr. Martin resigned in Nov. 1858, and remained out of office till Oct. 1863, when he himself formed a Ministry, in which he took the Attorney-Generalship, in addition to acting as Premier. Prior to this, in 1859, he had been elected one of the four representatives of East Sydney under the system of manhood suffrage inaugurated by the Electoral Act of 1858. A financial deficit was bequeathed to the Martin Ministry by their predecessors; and with the view of meeting it, the Treasurer, Mr. Forster, in 1864, proposed a protective tariff, which was adopted in the Assembly, but rejected in the Council. The Government appealed to the country, but the response was a triumph for the free-trade party; Mr. Martin, who now became member for the Lachlan, being ejected from office in Jan. 1865, on a motion of no confidence proposed by his old chief Mr. Cowper. The latter gentleman now took the reins, but failed in meeting the necessities of the financial situation; the result being that Mr. Martin was recalled to power in Jan. 1866. He was fortunate in securing the co-operation of Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes, who had led the assault upon the Cowper Government, but who had, as a rule, acted in opposition to Mr. Martin. The new Administration proved one of the strongest ever formed in New South Wales; and, if it had performed nothing else, would be memorable for its great achievement in passing the Public Schools Act for the extension of elementary education to all parts of the colony, as well as to all classes of the community. Mr. Martin being a nominal Catholic, his action on this question marked his final breach with the ecclesiastical authorities of that communion. In Sept. 1868 Mr. Parkes resigned, and the Ministry only held together a month longer. During their tenure of office the Duke of Edinburgh visited the colony, and was shot at by the would-be assassin O'Farrell. As a memento of the general loyalty displayed during his visit (despite this untoward outrage), and of the official attentions he received, the ex-Premier was knighted by patent in 1869. In Dec. 1870 Mr. Martin formed his third Administration, which lasted till May 1872, and in which he was Attorney-General and Vice-President of the Executive Council, as well as Premier. He was succeeded by Mr. Parkes, who in Nov. 1873 appointed Sir James Martin Chief Justice of New South Wales—a post Mr. Parkes' Attorney-General (Mr. Butler) believed to be his due, and resigned in consequence of his not being offered it. In the following year Sir James Martin protested against the action of Sir Hercules Robinson, then Governor of New South Wales, in not appointing an administrator of the government during his absence in Fiji, and claiming the position as an appanage of his office as Chief Justice of the colony for the time being. In order to obviate the recurrence of any similar difficulty, Sir Alfred Stephen was subsequently appointed permanent Lieutenant-Governor. Sir James Martin, who was elected a member of the senate of Sydney University in 1858, married, in 1853, Isabella, eldest daughter of the late William Long, of Sydney. In 1865 he received the Queen's permission to bear the title of Honourable within the colony, after ceasing to be a member of the Executive Council. During the latter years of his life, Sir James Martin was recognised by all classes as one of the most distinguished men of Australia, and he particularly impressed Mr. Froude, the English historian, who records his impression of him in "Oceana" as that of a man who would have worthily filled the office of Lord Chief Justice of England. He died in Sydney on Nov. 4th, 1886.

Martin, Sir William, M.A., D.C.L., the son of Henry Martin, of Birmingham, was born in 1807, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he was Scholar from 1826 to 1831, and graduated B.A. as 26th wrangler and 2nd Chancellor's medallist in 1829. In 1831 he was elected Fellow of St. John's College, and having taken the M.A. degree in 1832, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1836. In 1838 he resigned his fellowship, and in 1841 he was appointed Chief Justice of New Zealand, and went to that colony in company with the newly appointed Attorney-General, Mr. Swainson. During his long career in the colony Sir William Martin had great experience of the Maoris, and on several occasions pleaded in public on their behalf. In 1847 he joined with Bishop Selwyn in protesting against the instructions of the Colonial Office regarding the treatment of the Maori lands, and published a pamphlet, "England and the New Zealanders." Subsequently, in 1861, he issued another pamphlet upon the Waitara question, entering into controversy with Mr. Richmond, the native minister, upon the subject. Once more, in 1863, he protested against the New Zealand Settlements Act, which embodied a policy of confiscation, and throughout his public career may be said generally to have contended for the validity of the Treaty of Waitangi. Sir William Martin, who was knighted in 1860, and received the honorary degree of D.C.L. from the University of Oxford in July 1858, retired on a pension, and died at Torquay, on Nov. 18th, 1880. He was the intimate friend of Bishops Selwyn and Patteson, and assisted the former in drawing up the New Zealand Church Constitution. Sir William married in 1841 Mary, daughter of the Rev. W. Parker, rector of St. Ethelburga, Bishopsgate, London, and Prebendary of St. Paul's. Sir William Martin was one of the most skilled linguists of his day, and after his return to England issued a work entitled "Inquiries concerning the Structure of the Semitic Languages," which was published in two parts in 1876 and 1878.

Mason, Clayton Turner, M.I.C.E., J.P., son of the late Charles Adnam Mason, of Great Malvern, Worcester, and Farrington, Hereford, was born at Farrington on May 25th, 1847, and was educated at King Edward's School, Birmingham. After considerable experience of engineering work in Wales and America, Mr. Mason went to Fiji, and from 1874 to 1877 was engaged in the railway branch of the Department of Public Works, New South Wales. In 1877 he was appointed resident engineer of the Geraldton and Northampton Railway, Western Australia, and superintended the construction of the Point Moore Lighthouse, and other public works in the Victoria district. He was afterwards resident engineer for four years of the Eastern Railway in the same colony; Acting Commissioner of Railways on two occasions during 1882 and 1883, and was provisionally appointed in 1884 Director of Public Works and Commissioner of Railways, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils. In June 1885, on the arrival of the Hon. J. Wright, he retired from the Executive and Legislative Councils, and was appointed General Manager and Maintenance Engineer of the Western Australian Railways. In Jan. 1890, in consequence of the resignation of Mr. Wright, he was appointed Commissioner of Railways and a member of the Executive Council, which position he held till the introduction of responsible government early in 1891, and from that time till June 1st in the same year he continued to discharge the duties of General Manager of Railways and Engineer of Existing Lines, when, in consequence of departmental changes, he was appointed Collector of Customs for the colony. Mr. Mason married in 1879 Julia, daughter of the late Captain Daniel Scott, of Fremantle.

Matheson, John, sometime general manager of the Bank of Victoria, Melbourne, was born in Sutherlandshire, Scotland, in 1821; was educated at the local schools, and made his first start in life at the early age of fourteen, when he was invited to join his uncles in Tasmania, then Van Diemen's Land. The youthful emigrant sailed from Cromarty to London in a fishing smack, and only reached Hobart Town after a tedious voyage of several months. He was employed in a merchant's office until 1838, and when the Union Bank of Australia opened a branch at Hobart Town Mr. Matheson joined the staff. He served the Bank both in Hobart Town and Launceston until he was promoted to be accountant, and in 1845 was appointed manager at Geelong, in the colony of Victoria. In 1851 he was appointed chief manager of the Union Bank in Australia. In Jan. 1853 he resigned his connection with his old bank, having accepted the general managership of the when newly formed Bank of Victoria—an appointment he held for many years. In 1859 Mr. Matheson visited England, and established the Bank of Victoria's London office, rejoining the head office in Melbourne in 1861. In the meantime he became considerably interested in station property in Victoria and New South Wales. Upon the retirement of Mr. D. C. M?Arthur he was elected chairman of the associated banks. In 1877 he again left for England, and died on May 10th, 1882.

Mathieson, John, Chief Commissioner of Railways, Queensland, was born at Cumnock, Glasgow, in 1846; and when a lad he entered the service of the Glasgow and South-Western Railway, working his way up through the various grades to the position of Superintendent of the line, an appointment he resigned in 1889 to take the post of Chief Commissioner of Queensland Railways—an office created under legislation similar to that previously adopted in the western colonies for abolishing political management. He is credited with possessing a special knowledge of the procedure for the promotion of new lines.

Matveieff, Alexey Froloff, Superintendent of Telegraphs, Queensland, was born in London on Jan. 3rd, 1833, and educated privately at Brighton and in Germany, and afterwards studied applied science at King's College, London. Mr. Matveieff, who is a member of the Society of Telegraph Engineers and Electricians, emigrated to Queensland in 1858 and joined the Native Force in 1860. In the following year he entered the Government Telegraph Department, of which he is now Superintendent.

Maunsell, Ven. Robert, B.A., LL.D., late Archdeacon of Auckland, New Zealand, born in Ireland in Oct. 1810, was one of the earliest missionaries sent to New Zealand by the Church Missionary Society, and was educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B .A. in 1832. In 1834 he went out to New Zealand in connection with the Church Missionary Society, and for many years lived as a missionary among the Maoris. In 1840 he was one of those who were instrumental in framing the Treaty of Waitangi, and in getting the native chiefs to sign it. Subsequently, in 1846, he joined with Bishop Selwyn and Sir William Martin in a protest against Earl Grey's instructions, by which it was considered the treaty was violated. Archdeacon Maunsell is especially distinguished for his translation of the Bible into Maori, and also for his Maori Grammar. He shares with Mr. Colenso the honour of being the greatest living authority on the Maori tongue. After thirty years of labour as a missionary, Mr. Maunsell was appointed Incumbent of St. Mary's, Auckland, in 1865, and was Archdeacon of Auckland from 1870 to 1883. He has recently retired from active duty, having had the degree of LL.D. of Dublin University conferred on him for his Maori scholarship.

Maxwell, J. P., M.Inst.C.E., entered the Public Works Department of New Zealand in 1874, and became General Manager of the New Zealand Railways in 1880. In 1890 he was appointed one of the Railway Commissioners of the colony.

Meaden, John William, was born in London on August 12th, 1840, and arrived in Melbourne in 1854. Mr. Meaden, who was engaged in commercial pursuits, was the author of the prize cantata performed at the opening of the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880. He also secured prizes of ?100 offered for an essay on the "Commercial History of Australasia," of ?50 for an essay on "Protection in Victoria," and of smaller amounts for essays on the Sabbath question and other subjects. Mr. Meaden was one of the founders of the Victorian Alliance, and now holds the position of honorary secretary. He established the Alliance Record the organ of the "Local Option" party in Victoria. He was married at St. Mark's, Fitzroy, Victoria, on Nov. 17th, 1863, to Miss Mary Anne Bullock.

Meares, George, C.M.G., son of the late George Rochfort Meares, of co. Westmeath, Ireland, was born in 1825, and emigrated to Australia. He was Mayor of Melbourne in 1880 and 1881, and a commissioner and member of the executive committee for the Melbourne Exhibition of 1880 to 1881. He married in 1864 Miss Sarah Broadley Dixon, and was created C.M.G. in 1882.

Mein, Hon. Charles Stuart, M.A., sometime Puisne Judge, Queensland, was born on June 14th, 1841, at Maitland, N.S.W., and attended Mr. Cape's school, at Darlinghurst, until 1857, when he attended the newly opened Sydney Grammar School. He left the school as captain in 1859, and was a colleague of Sir Samuel Griffith from 1860 to 1862 at the Sydney University, of which he was scholar, and graduated M.A. He became private secretary to the Attorney-General of New South Wales, but left for Queensland in 1867, and became a solicitor of the Supreme Court three years later. On May 19th, 1876, he took his seat in the Legislative Council, and was appointed Postmaster-General and representative in the Council of the Douglas Ministry on July 8th, 1876. He retired with his colleagues in Jan. 1879. In June 1884 Mr. Mein took office in the first Griffith Ministry in his former position as Postmaster-General, which he exchanged in the following January for the newly created post of Secretary for Public Instruction. In April 1885 Mr. Mein quitted Parliament and the Ministry, and was appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court on the death of the late Mr. Justice Pring. Mr. Justice Mein died in June 1890.

Melba, Madame (Helen Porter Armstrong), the Australian prima donna, is the daughter of David Mitchell (who emigrated to Victoria from Forfarshire, and who has been a builder in a large way of business in Melbourne, besides owning a good deal of pastoral property). Her mother was Isabel A. Dow, the daughter of J. F. Dow, to whom her father was married in 1857. She was born in Melbourne (hence her stage name), and was married in 1882 to Charles Nisbett Frederick Armstrong, sixth son of Sir Archibald Armstrong, first baronet, of Gallen Priory, King's County, Ireland, who had settled in Queensland. Mrs. Armstrong began to learn music at three years of age, and played and sang in public in Melbourne when only six. Her parents were, however, averse to her becoming a professional vocalist, and it was not until her marriage with Captain Armstrong that she was able to give free scope to what was from an early age her decided bent. In 1886 she came with her husband and parents to London, and made one or two essays at concert-singing in public with no very marked success. She was not, however, discouraged, and commenced a course of training under the well-known Parisian teacher Madame March?si, who considered her voice so good that she undertook that Mrs. Armstrong should be ready for the stage in eighteen months. This promise was more than fulfilled for exactly twelve months after her first lesson Madame Melba appeared as "Gilda" at the Brussels Opera. Later on she was engaged for the Grand Opera, Paris, where she appeared with M. Lassalle, the famous baritone, in Hamlet. Her Ophelia was warmly praised by the press, and a brilliant career was predicted for her. Whilst studying with Madame March?si she learnt the leading r?les of ten operas in ten months, said by her teacher to be an almost unheard-of achievement. Operatic deportment was studied by Madame Melba under M. Plaque. Her fame had by this time spread to England, and she was engaged in 1888 by Sir Augustus Harris to appear at Covent Garden in the opera of Lucia di Lammermoor. The performance was cautiously praised by the critics, who were more enthusiastic when she sang with M. Jean de Reszk? in Gounod's Romeo et Juliette. Amongst the r?les which she played during this and succeeding seasons at Covent Garden were Lucia, Lakn?, Elsa, Marguerite, and Esmeralda. Madame Melba had the advantage of being personally instructed by M. Gounod in the interpretation of his music, especially in the r?les of Juliette and Marguerite. In Jan. 1891 she sang at St. Petersburg, with the brothers De Reszk?, by special command of the Czar of Russia, and played a successful round of parts in the principal European capitals. In 1892 she again appeared at Covent Garden, and she has been engaged with the brothers De Reszk? for a grand tour of the United States in the "Exhibition year" (1893). It has for some time past been Madame Melba's intention to revisit Australia, in order to give her compatriots an opportunity of forming a judgment on her natural powers as a public singer, but up to date she has found it impossible to secure leisure for so prolonged a tour.

Melville, Ninian, M.L.A., Chairman of Committees, Legislative Assembly, New South Wales, son of Ninian Melville and Catherine (Hayes) his wife, was born in Sydney on Dec. 29th, 1843. Mr. Melville, who was formerly an alderman and Mayor of Newtown, has sat in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since 1880. He is member for Northumberland, and is well known as a teetotal advocate and orator. He has been Chairman of Committees and Deputy-Speaker since 1890, and being a cabinet-maker by trade, made the chair which he now occupies by virtue of his office with his own hands in 1886. He married on Dec. 29th, 1869, Mary, daughter of Thomas Brooks.

Menpes, Mortimer, the well-known painter and etcher, is a native of South Australia, and was born at Port Adelaide. He showed at an early period a talent for painting, and was fortunate enough to have for a schoolmaster the Rev. Mr. Garrett, who did much to develop and refine the mind of his pupil. When Mr. Menpes was about nineteen years of age he came with his father to London, and soon after married Miss Rose Grosse, an Australian and a ward of his father. At South Kensington, under Poynter and Sparkes, Mr. Menpes promptly won his spurs, and took the Poynter prize for the best drawing done in all the schools of art in England. He afterwards studied nature for three years in Brittany. As early as 1880 Mr. Menpes' etchings received high commendation and notice. He was an exhibitor at the Royal Academy in that year, and became a member of the Society of British Artists in 1885. By this time the original character of Mr. Menpes' work was acknowledged. He was a friend and admirer of James MacNeil Whistler, and it was the custom to speak of Mr. Whistler as his master. Much as he had learnt from Mr. Whistler, it became evident, however, that the pupil was not to be bounded by the reputation of his master. In 1887 Mr. Menpes went to Japan to paint and came back a celebrity. His exhibition of Japanese pictures at Dowdeswell's galleries in New Bond Street in 1888 created a sensation. Mr. Menpes had assimilated Whistlerism in port, but had made dominant something that was his own. The years that he had spent in France, Germany, Spain, and Holland were now productive of a new style and a new name in the annals of painting. Since 1888 Mr. Menpes has paid two visits to India, to study and paint the life there, and early in 1891 he held an exhibition of the fruits of his labours in the East. Mr. Menpes has contributed to the Magazine of Art on Japanese art, his views on etching and dry-point being considered especially interesting and novel. That Mr. Menpes is no mere artistic dilettante may be gathered from the fact that he has been a constant prize-winner as a crack rifleman. In 1891 Mr. Menpes visited Venice, and on his return held his third exhibition in 1892. The number of pictures was limited to fifty-six, but they were characterised by much better and more thorough workmanship than his paintings had previously shown, and even the smallest canvases exhibit the breadth and depth which as a follower of the Dutch school it has always been the artist's object to depict; but his effects are far more luminous than most workers in the same style have hitherto obtained; and the sales on this occasion were phenomenal, every picture being disposed of before the exhibition had been open forty-eight hours. His first noticeable work in England was his etching of "The Sabot Shop," which appeared in 1881 in the Art Journal. This was a Brittany reminiscence. It is in dry-point that Mr. Menpes mainly excels, but he has done equally distinctive work as an etcher and in water-colours and oils. In 1889 he contributed some excellent sketches in dry-point to "The Grey River," a work of which the letter- press was from the pens of Mrs. Campbell Praed and Mr. Justin McCarthy. Mr. Menpes has a penchant for small canvases, but he can boast of having produced the largest thing ever done in dry-point from Frans Hals, "The Banquet of the Officers of the Archers of St. Adrian" (or Andrew), painted in 1627. A feature of his Indian exhibition was his unique application of dry-point to ivory—unique, if not in practice, at least in results. His dry-point of the late Cardinal Manning is a fine work, and his adaptability is shown by the success of his chalk drawings of Manning, Whistler, Toole, Ada Rehan, and M. H. Spielmann. The artistic results of the next country he will visit and portray on canvas will probably be exhibited in the larger cities of America before they are seen in London. In the spring season of 1893 Mr. Menpes will open his new house in Cadogan Gardens, where he will make a new departure in portraiture, his object being to make his works represent pictures first and portraits afterwards. The house, which is being built, decorated, and tarnished from his own designs, will be an ideal artist's house from his own point of view, and will contain two studios and a small picture-gallery with a top light.

Mercer, Rev. Peter, D.D., is a native of Perth, Scotland, and graduated at St. Andrews and Edinburgh Universities, obtaining his D.D. degree at the former. He landed at Adelaide in 1855, going to Victoria in 1861; and has had three charges in the colonies—viz., at Taradale, Richmond, and Echuca and Deniliquin. He was for some time secretary and treasurer of the Presbyterian Church and Professor of Sacred Languages and Exegetics.

Meredith, Hon. Charles, descended in a direct line from the last kings of Wales, was the son of George Meredith (born in Birmingham), and of his wife Sarah Westall Hicks. Charles Meredith was born at Poyston Lodge, Pembroke, May 29th, 1811, and with his father and other members of his family emigrated to Tasmania, arriving at Hobart on March 18th, 1821. After some early years of varied and adventurous life, he became a successful squatter in New South Wales; and, revisiting England in 1838, married, at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham, his cousin, Louisa Anne Twamley, of that city, April 18th, 1839. Returning with his wife to New South Wales, Mr. Meredith, after a year's residence there, removed to Tasmania, where he remained, and was, during a period of thirty-eight years, a prominent member of the House of Assembly. In the second Tasmanian Ministry formed after the concession of responsible government, he held the post of Colonial Treasurer under Mr. Gregson, Feb. 26th to April 25th, 1857. He held the same position in the Whyte Ministry from Jan. 20th, 1863, to Nov. 24th, 1866. He was Minister of Lands and Works in the Innes Ministry from Nov. 4th, 1872, to Aug. 4th, 1873, and Colonial Treasurer in the Reibey Ministry from July 20th, 1876, to August 9th, 1877. He was a staunch free-trader, and in 1866, when Treasurer, he introduced a measure for the abolition of Customs duties (except those on spirits and tobacco), and the substitution of trade licences and a land or property tax; but the proposal led to the defeat of the Government. Among the many measures which Mr. Charles Meredith introduced into Parliament, the one most gratifying to himself was an Act for the protection of the native black swans, then in danger of extermination; and this, although at first received with derision, eventually passed, and was succeeded by other valuable enactments for the preservation of native birds and animals. Heart-disease compelled him to resign his seat in 1879. He died in Launceston, Tasmania, March 2nd, 1880. A public fountain, erected to his memory, was placed in the Queen's Domain, Hobart, in 1885.

Meredith, Louisa Anne (n?e Twamley), daughter of Thomas Twamley, of Hamptead, near Birmingham, where she was born on July 20th, 1812, was chiefly educated by her accomplished mother, and at an early age wrote verses and practised art with ardour and success. In 1833 she published an octavo volume of "Poems with Illustrations" (Tilt), the latter being etchings on copper from her own original drawings. The book was most favourably reviewed, and the novelty of a girl-poet being also artist and engraver excited considerable interest. Her "Romance of Nature" was a beautiful and costly volume in verse and prose, with hand-coloured plates from her own drawings—the 3rd edition published in 1839 (Tilt). "Our Wild Flowers" told the story of the year in a narrative form, with many poems introduced, the plates hand-coloured from the author's drawings. "A Tour in South Wales" and "An Autumn on the Wye" (Tilt) were illustrated with engravings after David Cox, Cattermole, etc. On April 18th, 1839, Miss Twamley married at Old Edgbaston Church, Birmingham, her cousin, Charles Meredith, and accompanied him on his return to Australia. Her "Notes and Sketches of New South Wales," published in Murray's "Home and Colonial Library," was one of the most popular volumes of that excellent series. It was followed, some years after, by "My Home in Tasmania" (Murray), with landscape illustrations by the Bishop of Tasmania (Dr. Nixon) and the author. "Over the Straits" (Chapman & Hall) was the narrative of a visit to Melbourne and the goldfields in 1856. " Lost" was the short life of a pet bird, told in poem and picture. In 1860 appeared "Some of my Bush Friends in Tasmania," published by Day & Sons, a large and elaborate work on the flora of the colony, with numerous coloured plates from the author's drawings, and original poems and prose. "Ebba," a novel, first appeared as a serial in the Australasian, then was published by Tinsley. "Grandmamma's Verse-Book for Young Australia," poems for children on local subjects, was printed in Hobart for the author. "Tasmanian Friends and Foes, Furred, Feathered and Finned," is also a book for young people, with coloured plates from the author's drawings (1880: Marcus Ward). In recognition of her life of scientific, artistic and literary work in the colony, Mrs. Meredith was long since elected an honorary member of the Tasmanian Royal Society, and was granted by the Government a pension of ?100 a year. Prize medals have been awarded to her for botanical drawings of Tasmanian subjects, in the Exhibitions of London, 1862; Melbourne, 1866 and 1881; Sydney, 1870 and 1875; and Calcutta, 1884. A second series of "Bush Friends in Tasmania" is now in the press—Mrs. Meredith having made the voyage home, after an absence of fifty-one years, for the purpose of publishing her last book.

Merewether, Francis Lewis Shaw, B.A., was Auditor-General of New South Wales for many years, and since his retirement has been in receipt of a pension of ?900 per annum. He was one of the first Fellows of the Senate of the University of Sydney.

Mewburn, William Richmond, manager of the Union Bank of Australia, Limited, was born at Acomb, Northumberland, on August 26th, 1834. In Feb. 1854 he became a junior clerk in the Union Bank of Australia, Limited, in London. Mr. Mewburn was appointed assistant-secretary of the Bank in Jan. 1864, secretary in Jan. 1866, and manager in Sept. 1876. Mr. Mewburn returned from a visit to Australia and New Zealand in 1888. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Meyer, Oscar, son of Gasper Theodor Meyer by his marriage with Virginia Vannetti, was born at Florence, Italy, Oct. 26th, 1851. He was educated in that city, and took part in various exhibitions in his native country. In 1878 he was in Paris in charge of the principal Italian exhibits. In 1879 he represented the Italian Court at the International Exhibition in Sydney; Commissioner for New South Wales at the International Geographical Congress at Venice, 1881; superintendent of the New South Wales Court at the Melbourne International Exhibition 1888-9; Commissioner for New South Wales at the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition at Dunedin 1889-90; Executive Commissioner for New South Wales at the International Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy, held at the Crystal Palace, July to Oct 1890. Mr. Meyer was married at Tamworth, New South Wales, Oct. 1st, 1881, to Miss Maria Rodgers of Glen Elgin, New England, New South Wales.

Michael, James Lionel, was one of the earliest of Australian poets. He was a solicitor at Grafton, in New South Wales, and published in Sydney in 1854 a volume entitled "Songs without Music," a collection of tuneful lyrics, and in 1857 "John Cumberland," a long narrative poem, containing passages of distinct ability. He was found drowned in the Clarence river in 1868.

Michie, Hon. Sir Archibald, K.C.M.G., Q.C., sometime Agent-General, Victoria, is the son of the late Archibald Michie, of Maida Vale, a merchant in London, where he was born in 1818. He was educated at Westminster School, entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1834, and was called to the Bar in May 1838. In the following year Mr. Michie emigrated to Sydney, and practised his profession there with success. In the New South Wales capital he devoted much of his time to journalism, and acted as a law reporter, ultimately becoming associated with Mr. Robert Lowe (the late Lord Sherbrooke) in the conduct of the Atlas newspaper, started in 1844 to champion the then current phase of local Liberalism. After revisiting England, Mr. Michie returned to Australia in 1852, taking up his abode in Victoria, where the discovery of gold and the concession of separation from New South Wales served to open up the brightest prospects of prosperous activity. He was at once admitted to the Victorian Bar, and on Oct. 26th, 1852, was nominated by the Government a non-elective member of the Legislative Council, as the single House of Parliament was then called. At the close of his second session Mr. Michie resigned his seat and devoted himself to the practice of his profession and to journalistic pursuits. From 1854 to 1856 he was proprietor of the Melbourne Herald, a morning paper, which involved him in loss. When the Ballarat rioters were placed on their trial after the affair of the Eureka stockade, Mr. Michie volunteered his services for their defence without fee. In 1856 responsible government was inaugurated in Victoria under the imperial act passed in the previous year, and Mr. Michie was returned to the newly created Legislative Assembly as one of the members for Melbourne, having as colleagues Sir (then Mr.) John O'Shanassy, Sir (then Mr.) William Foster Stawell, and Messrs. David Moore and J. T. Smith. In April 1857 he accepted office in the second Haines Ministry as Attorney-General and retired with his colleagues in March 1858. In August 1859 Mr. Michie became M.L.A. for St. Kilda, and sat till the general election in 1861, when he was not a candidate. When that most remarkable of Victorian Ministries the first M?Culloch Government came into office in June 1863, with Mr. George Higinbotham as Attorney-General, Mr. Michie was offered the post of Minister of Justice, and joined them in July, being re-elected to the Assembly for Polwarth and Grenville. Mr. Michie resigned office in the M?Culloch Government in July 1866, and in the same year was returned for St. Kilda, and in 1868 for South Gippsland. In the third M'Culloch Ministry Mr. Michie was again Attorney-General from April 1870 to June 1871, when he was defeated for South Gippsland, but was subsequently returned to the Legislative Council. In 1872 Mr. Michie paid a second visit to Europe, and on his return to Victoria in 1873 he was appointed Agent-General of the colony in London by the Francis Ministry. In May 1878 he was created K.C.M.G., and retiring from the agent-generalship in the next year, returned to Melbourne. He married in 1840 Mary, daughter of Dr. John Richardson, Inspector-General of Hospitals. Sir Archibald Michie is a man of very considerable literary culture, and has acted as Victorian correspondent for the London Times for many years.

Middleton, Lieut.-General Sir Frederick Dobson, K.C.M.G., C.B., son of the late Major-General Middleton, 3rd Dragoons, by his marriage with Fanny, daughter of C. Wheatley, was born in 1825, and entered the army in 1842. He became captain in 1852, major in 1858, lieut.-colonel in 1869, colonel in 1875, major-general in 1885, and retired as lieut.-general in 1887. General Middleton served with the 58th Regiment in the New Zealand war, 1846-7. He was present at the capture of Kawiti's Pah, and at the repulse of the attack on Wanganui. For his services he was mentioned in despatches, and received a medal. He served with distinction through the Indian Mutiny. From 1874 to 1884 he was Commandant and Secretary of the Royal Military College. Sandhurst, and in the latter year was appointed to the command of forces during the rebellion in the north-western territory, in Canada, and commanded the Canadian Militia with the local rank of Major-General until 1890, when he resigned. He was created C.B. in 1881, and K.C.M.G. in 1885. Sir Frederick married, in 1870, Eugenie Marie, daughter of Theodore Dowcet, of Montreal.

Midwinter, William, the well-known cricketer, was born in the Forest of Dean, Gloucestershire, on June 19th, 1852, and went to Australia when an infant with his parents, and learnt his cricket at Bendigo, Vict., being for several years a prominent member of the Bendigo United Cricket Club. He played for Victoria against New South Wales in nine intercolonial matches, commencing in 1875 and ending in 1887, his batting average in those matches for 17 innings being 20.53 runs per innings, and he bowled 1,956 balls, taking 32 wickets at an average cost of 16.81 runs per wicket. In 1877 Midwinter went to England, and was immediately engaged by the Gloucestershire county club, for whom he did yeoman service with both bat and ball, and was also a prominent member of W. G. Grace's famous and successful United South of England eleven. On the arrival of Gregory's Australian eleven in the old country in 1878 Midwinter joined them, but after he had taken part in the first five matches he was compelled to sever his connection with the Australian team on account of his previous English engagement. In 1880 he returned to Australia for a trip, but went back to England, and his next visit to the colonies was as a member of Shaw and Shrewsbury's English eleven in 1881-82. He subsequently revisited England as a member of Murdoch's Australian eleven in 1884, and after returning to Melbourne was the lessee of various hotels in the city and suburbs. He died at the Kew Asylum, near Melbourne, on Dec. 3rd, 1890.

Miles, Hon. William, M.L.A., was born in 1817 at Hails Quarry, near Edinburgh, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1838. He was employed on Mr. W. H. Chapman's station on the Macleay river, until 1852, when he commenced squatting on his own account on the Dawson river, in the present colony of Queensland. He was returned to the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Maranoa in 1865, for Carnarvon in 1874, and subsequently for Darling Downs. He was Colonial Secretary in the Douglas Ministry, from March to Nov. 1877, when he was transferred to the Public Works Department; but resigned in Feb. 1878, and was succeeded by Sir Samuel Griffith, in whose first Ministry he was Secretary for Public Works and Mines from Nov. 1883 till his death on August 21st, 1887.

Milford, Samuel Frederick, sometime Puisne Judge, New South Wales, was the eldest son of Samuel Frederick Milford, D.L., of Heavitree, Devonshire, and was born at Exeter, in that county, on Sept. 16th, 1797. He received his preliminary education at the High School, Exeter, and afterwards graduated M.A. at St John's College, Cambridge. He was called to the Bar at Lincoln's Inn, London, and practised his profession for several years at Bristol, where he held the appointment of judge of the Diocesan Ecclesiastical Court. Owing to bad health, he was induced to seek an appointment in Australia. Through the influence of his cousin Sir William Follett, the then Attorney-General of England, .he was appointed Master in Equity of New South Wales, and left London in Sept. 1842 for Sydney. He landed on Jan. 1st, 1843, and held the post of Master in Equity, together with that of Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Estates, until his appointment as Resident Judge in the district of Moreton Bay (now Queensland) in Jan. 1856. Thence he returned to Sydney in Feb. 1859, and was a Supreme Court Judge till his death on May 26th, 1865. He held also during this period the offices of Judge of the Court of Vice-Admiralty and Primary Judge in Equity.

Miller, Granville George, Judge of the District Court, Queensland, is the youngest son of the late Robert Miller, serjeant-at law, and was born in London in 1847, and educated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1874. He entered at the Inner Temple in Nov. 1873, and was called to the Bar in Nov. 1876, when he at once emigrated to Queensland, where from 1879 to 1882 he held the office of Master of Titles. In 1882 he was appointed Crown Prosecutor, and in November of that year Judge of the Central District Court.

Miller, Hon. Henry, was the son of the late Captain Henry Miller, of H.M.'s 40th Regiment of foot, who served with distinction in the Peninsular War, and was at the battle of Waterloo. He was born at Londonderry on Dec. 31st, 1809. In 1823 his father proceeded with a detachment of his regiment in charge of a batch of convicts to Sydney, his family accompanying him. Shortly afterwards he was appointed commandant at Moreton Bay, where he spent eighteen months, and was then transferred to Van Diemen's Land, where he died at Hobart in 1866. After the arrival of the family in what was afterwards Tasmania, Mr. Miller obtained an appointment as an accountant in the audit office at Hobart, and at the age of twenty-four married Eliza, second daughter of the late Captain Mattinson of the Merchant Service. In 1839 Mr. Miller visited Port Phillip, and subsequently resigned his appointment in Tasmania, and came to Melbourne, where he settled at Richmond. He was one of the promoters of the Bank of Victoria, which was incorporated in Oct. 1852, and was elected as the first chairman of directors, a post which he continued to occupy up till his death. He also originated a number of Insurance Companies and Building Societies. On the separation of Port Phillip from New South Wales in 1851, Mr. Miller was elected to represent South Bourke, Evelyn and Mornington, in the old Legislative Council. In July 1852 Mr. Miller induced the Legislative Council to petition the Queen to authorise the establishment of a branch of the Royal mint in Melbourne. Mr. Miller supported the ballot, and on the inauguration of the constitution in 1856 he was returned to the Upper House for the Central province. On the formation of the first O'Shanassy Administration, in March 1858, Mr. Miller became Minister of Trade and Customs, and was sworn of the Executive Council, and elected to the Legislative Council for the Western province. In July 1866 he joined the first M?Culloch Ministry as Commissioner of Railways, but on going before his constituents he was defeated, and resigned office in Jan. 1867, retiring thenceforward from public life. Mr. Miller was a most successful speculator in Melbourne property, and having conducted his investments with marvellous prudence, died on Feb. 7th, 1888, leaving enormous wealth.

Miller, Hon. Henry John, M.L.C. New Zealand, an old settler in Oamaru, Otago, has been a member of the Legislative Council of New Zealand for twenty-five years. Mr. Miller held office in the Fox Ministry as a member of the Executive Council from July to Sept 1872.

Miller, Hon. Maxwell, third son of Serjeant Miller, Judge of the Leicestershire County Court, was born in London in the year 1832. He was educated at St. Paul's School, whence he went up with a scholarship to Worcester College, Oxford. Here he gained the Fitzgerald scholarship, which transferred him to Queen's College. In 1852, at the instance of his elder brother William, who had emigrated to Victoria, he sailed for Melbourne. Soon after his arrival, Dr. Perry, the then Bishop of Melbourne, offered him the appointment of Secretary to the Diocese. This office he held until he obtained one of the two Inspectorships of Education for Victoria, the other Inspector being Mr. (now the Right Hon.) H. C. E. Childers. He resigned this office to become one of the sub-editors of the Argus newspaper, and shortly after his brother William and he received an invitation to conduct a newspaper in Hobart, which was being started in the Liberal interest. The Tasmanian Daily News was the result, a paper which, though creditable for its literary matter and effective as a political weapon, ended in heavy pecuniary loss after two or three years' existence. On the introduction of responsible government in 1856, Mr. Miller was returned to the House of Assembly as a member for Hobart, and soon made his mark as a debater. In conjunction with Mr. (now Sir F.) Smith, he introduced the scheme of Superior Education and endowed Tasmanian scholarships, which remained in force in the colony for some twenty-five years until the recent establishment of the Tasmanian University. Mr. Miller held office without portfolio in the short-lived ministry of Mr. Gregson, from Feb. 26th to April 1857. In 1863 Mr. Miller resigned his seat, and accepted the appointment of assistant-clerk to the House, an office which he held until within a short time of his death, which took place at Hobart, April 10th, 1867. Mr. Miller was a brother of Mr. Robert Byron Miller (q.v.). He was the author of "The Tasmanian House of Assembly: A Metrical Catalogue" (Hobart, 1860), a trenchant political satire.

Miller, Hon. Robert Byron, eldest son of Serjeant Miller and brother of above, entered as a student at the Middle Temple in April 1843, and was called to the bar in Jan. 1848. Emigrating to Tasmania, he was admitted to the bar of that colony in August 1855. Having entered Parliament, he was Attorney-General in the Whyte Ministry from Jan. 1863 to Nov. 1866, and was sworn of the Executive Council. He married, on April 11th, 1855, Emily, third daughter of George Berkeley Harrison, of London.

Mills, James, M.H.R., son of William Mills, formerly Collector of Customs at Christchurch, N.Z., was born in 1848. In 1869 he was left managing trustee of the properties of the late Mr. John Jones, mainly situate in Otago, and carried on business as a steamship owner from that year till 1875, when he started the Union Steamship Co. of New Zealand, of which he has been managing director since its formation. Mr. Mills entered the House of Representatives as member for Port Chalmers in April 1887, on the death of Mr. Macandrew, and was re-elected on the dissolution in October of that year; as also in Dec. 1890.

Milne, Hon. Sir William, the son of the late William Milne, of Glasgow, merchant, was born in 1822, and educated at the High School, Glasgow. He was one of the pioneer settlers of South Australia, and was engaged in business at Adelaide from 1839 to 1857, when he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Onkaparinga. This constituency he represented till 1868, and was returned to the Legislative Council in the following year. He was Commissioner of Crown Lands in the Baker Ministry from August to Sept. 1857, and in the Hanson Government from July 1859 to May 1860; Commissioner of Public Works under Mr. Waterhouse, from Feb. 1862 to July 1863; Commissioner of lands in the Ayers Ministry, from July to August 1864; Commissioner of Public Works in the Blyth Government, from August 1864 to March 1865; Commissioner of Lands in the Boucaut Ministry, from March 1866 to May 1867; Chief Secretary under Mr. Hart, from May 1870 to Nov. 1871, and in the Blyth Government from that date till Jan. 1872. Sir William Milne was President of the Legislative Council from July 1873 to Feb. 1881, when he resigned. He married in 1842 Eliza, daughter of John Disher, of Adelaide. Sir William was knighted in 1876.

Mitchell, Sir Thomas Livingstone, D.C.L., a well-known explorer and sometime Surveyor-General of New South Wales, was the eldest son of John Mitchell, of Grangemouth, and was born at Craigend, Stirlingshire, in 1792. He entered the army in 1808, and served through the most stirring scenes of the Peninsular war. He was afterwards employed in making surveys of the great battlefields of the Peninsula and published a series of military maps which are preserved in the Ordnance Office. He was made Surveyor-General of New South Wales in 1827, and devoted the next twenty-eight years to the task of exploration and the laying out of Australian towns and roads. In Nov. 1831 he started from Sydney with a party to find a passage to the interior of the continent, and ultimately reached the Darling. Here he waited for supplies from a permanent dep?t, which he had established on the Nammoy. But when his assistant, Finch, arrived, he had no provisions with him, but only a sad tale to tell how the camp had been surprised by the blacks, the two men in charge murdered, and the cattle and most of the stores carried off. This put an end to the expedition. Mitchell returned to the dep?t, where he buried the bodies of his two murdered assistants, and then retraced his steps to Sydney. Again in March 1835 Mitchell started with a strong party, amongst whom was Allan Cunningham, the botanist. When they reached the Bogan, Cunningham was missed. A search was at once instituted, but he was never found. His tracks were followed for seventy miles; his horse was found dead; his whip and gloves were also picked up. Afterwards the melancholy facts were revealed. Cunningham had lost his way, and wandered about for five days, when he fell in with some natives. At first they treated him kindly, but the horrible nature of his position overpowered his strength, and he became delirious. This sealed the poor fellow's fate. The natives became terrified at their strange guest, and murdered him. After this Mitchell continued his exploration of the Bogan for some time, but an unfortunate encounter with the natives, in which three of them were killed, induced the speedy return of the expedition to Sydney. His next expedition was into Australia Felix, as he styled the rich pastoral districts of what is now known as Victoria, in 1836. Mitchell's party started on March 17th, and soon reached the Lachlan, which they explored for a considerable distance. On the Murray an encounter with the natives, took place, in which seven of them were killed. On June 20th the party reached the Loddon Junction. On the third day they lost the Loddon, and then went through a pastoral country, past the Avon and Avoca rivers, obtained a fine view of the Grampians—so named by Mitchell—fell in with a deep creek, the Richardson river, and at length came to the Wimmera. A few days afterwards they came upon and named the Glenelg. Striking southwards, they descried the sea and came upon the settlement of the Hentys, formed three years before at Portland, Vict., as a whaling station. When the party again reached Sydney, they had traversed two thousand four hundred miles of magnificent country. Mitchell named it Australia Felix, or the Happy. He was knighted in 1839, and made an honorary D.C.L. of the university of Oxford. In 1845 he undertook another expedition to explore the Darling. The party included Mr. E. B. Kennedy, a young surveyor in the Government service, Dr. Stevenson, and twenty-six men; they had provisions for a year. The start was made from Parramatta. They reached the Macquarie, and from thence crossed to the Upper Darling. Advancing beyond the Darling and making direct for the tropic, he found himself within a network of streams, taking their rise in the Dividing Range and flowing through broad tablelands. Mitchell's chief discovery was the Barcoo river, which he named the Victoria. In 1851 he was sent to report on the Bathurst goldfields in New South Wales. On his first visit to England he had taken with him a large collection of specimens, amongst which were the first gold given him by the shepherd Macgregor and the first diamond discovered in the country, presented to him by Thomas Hale. On a second visit he patented the boomerang propeller for steamers. He published "Battlefields of the Peninsula," "Three Expeditions into the Interior of Australia" (1838), "Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Australia," "Australian Geography" (for the use of schools), besides numerous maps of his surveys in Australia. He also translated "The Lusiad," by Camoens. It may be added that in 1843 Sir Thomas Mitchell unsuccessfully contested Port Phillip for a seat in the New South Wales Legislature. The next year, however, he was elected. The distance from Sydney made the attendance of Port Phillip residents in Parliament so difficult that three out of six members allotted to the district and to Melbourne resigned, and two who took their seats in 1844 were Government officers, vis., the Surveyor-General and the Sheriff. The former was now warned by the Governor, Sir George Gipps, that, though in his private capacity he was welcome to his opinions, as Surveyor-General he must support the Government. Sir Thomas thereupon immediately resigned his seat. Subsequently the Governor appointed a board to inquire into the working of his department, a step which pained him greatly. He died at Darling Point, Sydney, on Feb. 5th, 1855.

Mitchell, Hon. Sir William Henry Fancourt, M.L.C., who was for fourteen years President of the Legislative Council of Victoria, was the son of the Rev. George Barkley Mitchell, vicar of St. Mary's and All Saints', Leicester, and chaplain to the late Duke of York. He arrived in Tasmania at a very early age, and for a time filled the office of acting Colonial Secretary. He went to Port Phillip about 1840. and engaged in squatting pursuits, taking up country in the neighbourhood of Kyneton. At the time of the first gold discoveries, when the police were in a very disorganised state, the Lieutenant-Governor, Mr. La Trobe, appointed him Chief Commissioner of Police, with almost unlimited powers, and the result was that after a time a tolerably efficient force was created. He introduced the cadet system by promising a number of young fellows commissions and outfits as police cadets on their passing through a successful probation in chasing bushrangers and doing escort duty. Bushranging was by this means to a great extent stamped out Captain (afterwards Sir) Charles Macmahon was appointed by the Chief Commissioner as head of the city police, and Mitchell going home on leave of absence, Macmahon succeeded him as acting Chief Commissioner. On his return in Sept. 1856 he entered political life, and was elected to the Legislative Council as one of the five original members for the north-western province, for which he was re-elected whilst he remained in public life. Mr. Mitchell was Postmaster-General of Victoria in the Haines Government from April 1857 to March 1858, during which time he effected an almost total reorganisation of the department. He was Commissioner for Railways from Dec. 1861 until June 1863 in the third O'Shanassy administration. In March 1869 he was elected Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Council, and retained that office until Oct. 1870, when, on the retirement of Sir James F. Palmer, he was elected President. In 1875 he received the honour of knighthood, and was five times re-elected President of the Upper House of the Victorian Legislature prior to his final retirement in Nov. 1884. He died on Nov. 4th, 1884.

Mitchelson, Hon. Edwin, M.H.R., is a native of Auckland, N.Z., where he is extensively engaged in the kauri gum trade and general mercantile business. He entered the New Zealand Parliament in 1881, and became a member of the third Atkinson Ministry in 1883, with the portfolio of Public Works, which he held from Nov. 1883 to August 1884, accepting the same post in the fourth Atkinson administration on August 28th, 1884. It only, however, lasted six days. In the last Atkinson Cabinet Mr. Mitchelson was Minister for Public Works from Oct. 1887 to Oct. 1889 and Minister of Native Affairs, Postmaster-General, and Electric Telegraph Commissioner from that date till Jan. 1891. During the latter part of the period he was acting Premier in place of Sir H. A. Atkinson, who was incapacitated by illness. Mr. Mitchelson is still M.H.R. for Eden.

Mitford, Eustace Reveley, a voluminous contributor to the South Australian press, under the nom de plume of "Pasquine," was nearly related to the well-known authoress Miss Mitford. He died on Oct. 24th, 1869, at the age of fifty-eight. His writings were collected after his death and published for the benefit of his widow.

Moffatt, Hon. Thomas de Lacy, M.L.A., was returned to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland in April 1860 for the district of Western Downs. He became Colonial Treasurer in the first Herbert Ministry in August 1863, and retained this post till his death on Oct. 2nd, 1864.

Molesworth, His Honour Hickman, Judge of Court of Insolvency, Victoria, is the elder son of the late Sir Robert Molesworth (q.v.) and was born on Feb. 23rd, 1842. He married first, on July 9th, 1868, Elizabeth Emily, daughter of William Rutledge, of Farnham Park, Warrnambool; and, secondly, on June 15th, 1882, Alice Henrietta, daughter of Dr. Ffloyd Minter Peck, of Sale, Gippsland. He was admitted to the Victorian Bar, and became a County Court Judge. In 1886 he was appointed Judge of the Court of Insolvency.

Molesworth, Hon. Sir Robert, M.A., Equity Judge, Victoria, was the only son of Hickman Blayney Molesworth by his first wife, Wilhelmina Dorothea, daughter of Brindley Hone, and was born in Dublin on Nov. 3rd, 1806. He was the great-great-grandson of the first Viscount Molesworth. He received his education at Trinity College, Dublin, where he gained a scholarship and took other honours, being admitted B.A. in 1826 and M.A. in 1833. Having been called to the Irish Bar in 1828, he joined the Munster circuit, and soon afterwards published a book on a legal subject which attracted some attention. In the year 1852 he emigrated to Adelaide. The gold discoveries of that and the preceding year, however, had made Melbourne a much more promising field, and in 1853 he came to Victoria, and was admitted to the local Bar. During the absence on leave of Sir W. a'Beckett he discharged the duties of Chief Justice for a short time in the same year. The first Haines Ministry having been formed, he took office as Solicitor-General on Nov. 25th, 1855, and retained the position until June 17th, 1856, when he was created a Judge of the Supreme Court. It was as Primary Judge in Equity that his chief work was afterwards done. When Judge Molesworth first took his seat on the Bench there was no such office, it being the custom of the Supreme Court judges to dispose of the equity business in turns. Shortly after his elevation to the judicial seat, however, an act was passed (19 Vict., No. 13) under which one of the judges was assigned exclusively to the business of the equity side. Judge Molesworth's special legal qualifications pointed him out as eminently suited for this position, and he was made Primary Judge in Equity, an office which he held with great credit to himself and satisfaction to the Bar and to suitors until April 1886, when he retired in his eightieth year on account of failing health. Judge Molesworth occasionally sat on the criminal side and in other jurisdictions, in all of which he showed marked ability, but his duties during the greater portion of the year were confined to the Equity Court, and hardly any of his decisions were successfully appealed against. Judge Molesworth performed important service in connection with local mining law. He may be said, in fact, to have formed it. As chief judge of the Court of Mines he had to deal with the various conflicting bye-laws of the different mining divisions. He was so successful in evolving order out of chaos that there were very few mining appeals from the inferior courts. Though very impatient of nonsense, the judge had a dry humour of his own, and he would not unfrequently cap a classical quotation. He never left the colony after his arrival, except for a short visit to New Zealand. He was knighted on his retirement in 1886. Sir Robert Molesworth married on Jan. 6th, 1840, Henrietta, daughter of the Rev. Joseph England Johnson (who died in 1879). He died on Oct. 18th, 1890.

Moncrieff, Alexander Bain, entered the Civil Service of South Australia in Nov. 1874, and in April 1888 was appointed Engineer-in-Chief of that colony in succession to Mr. Mais. He is also Engineer of Railways and Harbours and Jetties.

Monro, Sir David, K.C.M.G., M.D., was the fourth son of Alexander Monro, M.D., Professor of Anatomy in Edinburgh University, by his first wife, Maria, daughter of the late James Carmichael Smyth, and was born in 1813. He was educated at the Edinburgh Academy and Edinburgh University, where he graduated M.D. in 1836. Sir David, who was knighted in 1866, afterwards studied medicine in the schools of Paris, Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the earliest settlers in Nelson, N.Z., under the New Zealand Co., and took a prominent part in the agitation for a constitution before 1853. Having been a member of the Legislative Council of the Province of New Munster in 1849, he sat in the first New Zealand Parliament in 1854 for a Nelson constituency, and succeeded Sir Charles Clifford as Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1861, being re-elected in 1866. In 1871 he was unseated as the result of the first election petition adjudicated on in the colony. Sir David married in 1845 Dinah, daughter of John Seeker, of Widford, Oxfordshire. He died on Feb. 17th, 1877.

Montgomery, The Right Rev. Henry Hutchinson, D.D., Bishop of Tasmania, son of the late Sir Robert Montgomery, K.C.B., G.C.S.I., formerly Lieut.-Governor of the Punjaub, by his second wife, Ellen Jane, second daughter of William Lambert, of Woodmansterne, Surrey, was born in 1847. He was educated at Harrow, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. second class Moral Sciences Tripos in 1970, and M.A. in 1873. He was ordained deacon in 1871, priest in 1872, and was curate of Hurstpierpoint from 1871 to 1874, of Christ Church, Southwark, 1874 to 1876, and of St. Margaret's, Westminster, from 1876 to 1879, when he was appointed vicar of St. Mark's, Kennington, Rural Dean of Kennington, and examining chaplain to the Bishop of Rochester. In May 1889 he was consecrated Bishop of Tasmania, in succession to Dr. Sandford. He was enthroned in St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, Oct. 29th, 1889. Bishop Montgomery is a member of the Council of the University of Tasmania. He married Maud, third daughter of Ven. Archdeacon Farrar.

Montgomery, William, was born in 1822 in London of an Ulster family, and educated at Belfast. He went to sea in early life, and was in command of a trading vessel at eighteen, but subsequently migrated to Australia, from whence he went in 1860 to Canterbury, N.Z., settling there as a merchant. Mr. Montgomery was concerned for many years in provincial politics, and in 1868-70 was Provincial Treasurer and subsequently President of the Executive Council. In 1874 he was returned to the House of Representatives as member for Akaroa, which he represented till his withdrawal from politics in 1887. Mr. Montgomery refused the office of Colonial Treasurer in the Grey Ministry of 1877; but was Leader of the Opposition against the Atkinson Cabinet which succeeded. On August 16th, 1884, he accepted the offices of Colonial Secretary and Minister of Education in the Stout-Vogel Ministry, but held these for the briefest time, as the Government was defeated on August 28th. Later (Sept. 3rd), when the Stout-Vogel combination again came into power, Mr. Montgomery declined to take office. He retired from Parliament in 1887. Mr. Montgomery has been prominently connected with educational matters in the colony, having been at one time Chairman of the Canterbury Board of Education, and Chairman of the Board of Governors of Canterbury College from 1876 to 1885.

Montrose, Charles, is a native of Kent, and was born in 1840. He served in the navy as a midshipman, and was present at the final bombardment of Sebastopol. He was afterwards for nine years In the British army, and went through the New Zealand war, during which he was specially mentioned in despatches by General Sir D. Cameron. He retired from the service in 1869, holding Crimean, African and New Zealand medals. He has since been engaged in journalism, and has published "Picturesque New Zealand," a work on "Strikes and their Remedies," and is now connected with the Melbourne press.

Moore, Hon. David, who is a native of New South Wales was an early colonist of Port Phillip, and after the name had been changed to Victoria, and responsible government had been conceded, he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly as one of the four members for Melbourne in Oct. 1856. Mr. Moore, who was a merchant in the latter city, was President of the Board of Land and Works in the second Haines Ministry from April 1857 to March 1858.

Moore, Right Rev. James, D.D., R.C. Bishop of Ballarat, was born in Listowel, Kerry, in 1834. After a preliminary training at the Collegiate School in Tralee and a six-years' course at All Hallows Missionary College, Dublin, he was ordained to the priesthood, and left immediately for Australia, arriving in Melbourne in Jan. 1859. He was soon appointed to the important pastorate of St. Francis' Church, Lonsdale Street, in that city, but, owing to failing health, took charge of the less onerous parish of Keilor. There he remained until 1865, when Archdeacon Shiel having been appointed Bishop of Adelaide, Dr. Moore succeeded him as head of the Ballarat Mission in Victoria, being appointed dean, and accompanying Archbishop Goold to Rome in 1873, when Pius IX. made him D.D. On the erection of Ballarat into a separate diocese he was appointed Vicar-General, and on the death of Bishop O'Connor, in 1883, the Pope, who had made him one of his domestic prelates and a monsignor in 1881, first named him administrator of the diocese, and then nominated him to the succession. He was consecrated on April 27th, 1884.

Moore, Maggie (Mrs. J. C. Williamson), whose name is a household word in theatrical Australasia, was born in San Francisco, and, like so many eminent actresses, began her professional career in childhood. After making her name as a local favourite, the young actress married Mr. J. C. Williamson, then, like herself, a member of the company of the California theatre. On August 1st, 1874, Mr. and Mrs. Williamson arrived in Melbourne, and achieved phenomenal success with a play entitled "Struck Oil," in which the talented pair fairly divided the honours. At a bound they jumped into the positions of established favourites, and have ever since maintained their hold on the playgoing public of Australia and New Zealand. After her husband became one of the partners in the great theatrical "Trio," both Mr. and Mrs. Williamson continued to act in the leading Australian theatres. Of Maggie Moore herself it needs only to record that she has sustained with unflagging vivacity not only the farcical and eccentric dramatic r?les for which her early training specially fitted her, but by her perseverance, added to native genius, has from time to time appeared in the long series of Gilbert & Sullivan's comic operas, in which she has both sung the music and acted the chief parts with unvarying success.

Moore, Hon. William, M.L.C., sat for Wellington in the Tasmanian Assembly from 1871 to 1877, in which year he was elected to the Upper House for Russell, formerly Mersey, the constituency which he still represents. Mr. Moore was Minister of Lands and Works in the Kennerley Ministry from August 1873 to July 1876, and Colonial Secretary in the Fysh and Giblin Governments from August 1877 to March 1878. From Oct. 1879 to August 1884 he held the same position in Mr. Giblin's second Ministry. In July 1889 he was elected to his present position of President of the Legislative Council. In March 1891 he attended the Sydney Federation Convention as one of the delegates of Tasmania.

Moorhouse, Right Rev. James, D.D., Bishop of Manchester, son of James Moorhouse, merchant, of Sheffield, by Jane Frances, his wife, daughter of Capt. Bowman, of Whitehaven, Cumberland, was born at Sheffield on Nov. 19th, 1826. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (Senior Optime) in 1853, M.A. in 1860, and D.D. jure dignitatis in 1876. Bishop Moorhouse married on Sept. 18th, 1861, Mary Lydia, eldest daughter of the late Rev. Dr. Sale, vicar of Sheffield. He was ordained deacon by the Bishop of Ely in 1853, priest in 1854; he was curate of St. Neots 1853-5, Sheffield 1855-9, Hornsey 1859-61, perpetual curate St. John's, Fitzroy Square, London,1861-7; Hulsean Lecturer at Cambridge 1865; vicar of Paddington and rural dean 1867-76; Warburtonian Lecturer and Chaplain-in-Ordinary to the Queen 1874; prebendary of St. Paul's 1874-6. In 1876 he resigned the vicarage of Paddington on being appointed Bishop of Melbourne in succession to Dr. Perry. From the first he established himself in Melbourne in the favourable opinion of his laity as well as of his clergy, and in an incredibly short time was recognised outside the pale of the Church as one of the very foremost public men in Australasia. A very characteristic story is told of the Bishop, which reveals the secret of his success in the colonies. Before starting for Melbourne, an ex-Governor told him that in Victoria he must expect every man to consider himself as his equal, if not his superior. "If that be so," said the Bishop, "I shall meet with a great many men of the same opinion as myself." Broad-minded in his theology, Dr. Moorhouse evinced a warm interest in all matters of public concern. The cause of Irrigation owes much to his initiatory advocacy, whilst his pronouncements on such subjects as "Imperial Federation" influenced public sentiment in Victoria in a remarkable degree. Even his unceasing opposition to the State School system of Victoria in no way lessened the respect in which he was held by all classes and creeds in the colony, or even diminished his mere popularity. To his efforts the erection of St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne, must be mainly ascribed. In 1877 Dr. Moorhouse had the degree of M.A. conferred on him by Melbourne University, and on the death of Sir Redmond Barry he was elected Chancellor, a post which he filled with much ?clat until his departure from the colony. In 1886, after the death of Dr. Fraser, he was appointed by Lord Salisbury to the bishopric of Manchester, and shortly afterwards took his seat as a spiritual peer in the House of Lords. It is a further testimony to his high qualifications and recognised ability, that, when the archbishopric of York became vacant, first by the death of Dr. Thomson and then by that of Dr. Magee, many of the leading journals, secular and religious, singled out Dr. Moorhouse as one of the fittest men in the whole Anglican Church to succeed to the Northern Archiepiscopate. Dr. Moorhouse is the author of "Nature and Revelation," four sermons preached before the University of Cambridge, 1861; "Our Lord Jesus Christ the Subject of Growth in Wisdom," being the Hulsean Lectures for 1865; "Jacob," three sermons before the University of Cambridge, 1870; "The Expectation of Christ," "Dangers of the Apostolic Age," and "The Teaching of Christ" (1891).

Moorhouse, William Sefton, eldest son of William Moorhouse, of Knottingley, Yorkshire, was born in 1825 in that county, and educated for the law. He entered as a student at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1847, and was called to the Bar in Nov. 1850. In the following year he emigrated to the newly founded settlement of Canterbury, N.Z., and after trying his fortune in Victoria, where he worked on the goldfields and as a navvy in the construction of the Yan Yean water works, returned thither in 1853, acting for some time as resident magistrate. He entered the Canterbury Provincial Council, and in 1857 succeeded Mr. Fitzgerald as Superintendent of the Province. While in this office he conceived and carried out the idea of a tunnel connecting the Canterbury Plains with Port Lyttelton, turning the first sod of the Lyttelton and Christchurch Railway, which passes through it, in July 1861. He was re-elected Superintendent in 1861, but resigned in the following year, and was again elected in 1866. In 1870 he was Registrar-General of Lands when the Torrens system of land transfer was introduced into New Zealand, but resigned in 1872. He for some time sat in the General Assembly for Christchurch, and represented Ashley from 1879 till his death, which occurred in Sept. 1881. He founded the Canterbury Museum whilst Superintendent of the Province.

Moran, Right Rev. Patrick, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Dunedin, N.Z., was born in co. Wicklow, Ireland, on May 24th, 1823, and educated at the School of the Vincentian Fathers in Dublin, at St. Peter's College, Wexford, Castletrunck Seminary, and at the Royal College, Maynooth. He was ordained priest in 1847, and in 1848 was appointed supernumerary priest at Booterstown, and in 1849 curate of Haddington Road, co. Dublin. In 1856 he was appointed by the Pope Bishop of Dardania and Vicar-Apostolic of the Eastern Districts of the Cape of Good Hope. In 1869 he was made first Bishop of Dunedin, where he established the New Zealand Tablet. In 1888 he stood for a seat in the House of Representatives for the Peninsula constituency against Mr. W. M. J. Larnach, with a view of advancing the cause of religious education, but was defeated by a large majority.

Moran, His Eminence Patrick Francis, Cardinal, third Archbishop of Sydney and first Australian cardinal, was born at Leighlinbridge, county Carlow, Ireland, on Sept. 16th, 1830. When only twelve years of age he accompanied to Rome his uncle, Cardinal Cullen, then Rector of the Irish College in the Eternal City. There he remained until 1866, successively as student, professor, and Vice-Rector of the Irish College. He received ordination on March 19th, 1853. During the quarter of a century that he resided in Rome, he made a special study of the archives of the early Irish and British Churches, with the result that he is now generally acknowledged to be amongst the foremost living authorities in the department of antiquarian research. His studies in this direction have borne permanent fruit in no less than twenty publications from his pen. In 1866 he returned to Ireland in the capacity of private secretary to his uncle, Cardinal Cullen, now promoted to the archbishopric of Dublin. He also became Professor of Hebrew and Scripture in Clonliffe College, Dublin. In 1872 he was consecrated Bishop of Ossory, where he remained until March 21st, 1884, when he was translated to the vacant archdiocese of Sydney. He arrived in Sydney on Sept. 8th of the same year, and was welcomed by a concourse estimated at one hundred thousand people. Next year he was summoned to Rome, and raised to the cardinalate by Pope Leo XIII. on July 27th. He presided at the first plenary council of the Catholic Church in Australasia, which was attended by seventeen prelates. It assembled in Sydney in Nov. 1885. Without being precisely popular, Cardinal Moran is generally respected in the colonies as an able and energetic primate. Among other works he has published "Memoir of the Most Rev. Oliver Plunkett" (1861); "Essays on the Origin, etc., of the Early Irish Church"; "History of the Catholic Archbishops of Dublin" (1864); "Historical Sketch of the persecutions, etc., under Cromwell and the Puritans" (1865); "Acta S. Brendani" (1872); "Monasticon Hibernicum" (1873); "Spicilegium Ossoriense, being a Collection of Documents to illustrate the History of the Irish Church from the Reformation to the Year 1800" (3 vols., 4to, 1879); a volume of poems entitled "Fragmentary Thoughts"; also a political work on "The Federal Government of Australasia," and "Letters on the Anglican Reformation" (1890).

Morehead, Hon. Boyd Dunlop, M.L.A., was born in August 1843 in Sydney, where he was educated at the Grammar School and the University. After a short connection with the Bank of New South Wales, he became Inspector of Stations in Queensland for the Scottish Australian Investment Company. He was returned for Mitchell in 1871, and two years later started business in Brisbane, and is now the head of the well-known firm of B. D. Morehead & Co. In 1880 he was called to the Legislative Council, and was Postmaster-General and Leader of the Upper House in the McIlwraith Administration from Dec. 1880 to August 1883, when he resigned. Mr. Morehead, who has represented Balonne in the Assembly since 1883, accompanied Sir Arthur Palmer to Sydney to represent Queensland at the Intercolonial Conference in 1881. He led the opposition in the Lower House during Sir Thomas McIlwraith's retirement from politics from 1883 to 1888, and on the return to power of the latter after the general election in that year, he accepted office under him as Colonial Secretary. In Nov. 1888 Sir Thomas McIlwraith resigned the Premiership through ill-health, and Mr. Morehead succeeded him as head of the Ministry, taking the offices of Chief Secretary and Colonial Secretary. In Sept. 1889, on Sir Thomas McIlwraith's complete withdrawal from the Ministry, Mr. Morehead also succeeded him as Vice-President of the Executive Council In August 1890 Mr. Morehead resigned office with his colleagues, and left Queensland on a two-years' trip to Europe with his wife, who unfortunately died in Sydney in November whilst waiting to join the Orient Company's steamer. Mr. Morehead is a cousin of the Right Hon. James Lowther, M.P.

Moreton, Hon. Berkeley Basil, M.L.C., fourth son of Henry George Francis, 2nd Earl of Ducie, by Elizabeth, elder daughter of John, 2nd Lord Sherborne, was born on July 18th, 1834. He was educated at Rugby School, Magdalen College, Oxford, and the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. In 1855 he arrived in Sydney, and in the next year proceeded to Queensland. In 1870 he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Burnett, and in 1878 for Maryborough, and again for Burnett in 1883. In March 1883 he joined the Griffith Administration as Postmaster-General, but in the following month accepted the portfolio of Secretary of Public Instruction, which he exchanged for that of Colonial Secretary in April 1886. He retired with his colleagues in June 1888, having been appointed to a seat in the Legislative Council in the previous May, subsequently to his defeat at Burnett at the General Election by Mr. G. H. Jones. When Mr. Jones resigned in 1891, Mr. Moreton left the Legislative Council to contest the seat, but was again defeated.

Morgan, Frederick Augustus, discoverer of the Mount Morgan gold mine, was born in Sydney on June 21st, 1837. He spent his boyhood in Bathurst, and commenced life as a digger by joining with his uncle, Mr. John Woodward, who made the discovery which led to the Orphir rush, in 1851. After working with success there and at Golden Point and Golden Valley, he migrated to Warwick, Qd., in 1866, and engaged in mining at Thanes' Creek, and tinning at Stanthorpe, and was successful. He reached Rockhampton in Dec. 1879, and, after some prospecting, opened the Gallawa reef, near Mount Wheeler, and worked it for some years. He was then joined by his brothers—Thomas Squire Morgan, and Edwin Francis Morgan—and with them formed a prospecting party, which resulted in the discovery of Mount Morgan—the richest gold mine in the world. Mr. Morgan, who is largely interested in pastoral properties, is an Alderman of Rockhampton, and is prominently identified with local affairs in that town.

Morgan, Hon. Sir William, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., sometime Premier of South Australia, was a native of England, and emigrated to South Australia, where he arrived in Feb. 1849. He engaged in mercantile and pastoral pursuits, and was elected to the Legislative Council in 1867, and remained a member of the Upper House throughout his political career. He was Chief Secretary in Mr. (afterwards Judge) Boucaut's Ministry from June 1875 to March 1876, and took a leading part in giving effect to the public works policy associated with the latter gentleman's name. His retirement from the Boucaut Ministry, with a view of devoting himself to his private affairs, was one of the causes which necessitated the reconstruction of the Government. In Oct. 1877 Mr. Morgan again joined Mr. Boucaut as Chief Secretary, and held office under his premiership until Sept. 1878, when Mr. Boucaut accepted a seat on the Bench, and Mr. Morgan himself became head of the Government, holding office until March 1881, when a number of changes were made in the personnel of the Cabinet, which in its new shape only lasted till June 1881. Subsequently Mr. Morgan, who was created K.C.M.G., re-visited England, where he died in 1883. Sir William married, in 1854, Harriett, daughter of Thomas Matthews, of Hard's Hill, Coromandel Valley, S.A., who resides in Adelaide.

Morgan, William Pritchard, M.P., was born in 1844, and having been admitted a solicitor, practised at Newport, Monmouthshire. He emigrated to Queensland in 1867, and practised his profession in the north, where he gained a reputation as a mining lawyer. He also became largely interested in mining ventures in North Queensland. In 1885 he returned to England and established the mercantile firm of W. Pritchard Morgan & Co. in Queen Victoria Street, London. Subsequently, when the New South Wales contingent was offered for service in the Soudan, Mr. Morgan volunteered a handsome subscription towards sending a Queensland contingent to take part with the British forces in the campaign, Mr. Morgan now turned his attention to the mining industry in Wales, and having discovered gold in apparently payable quantities at Dolgelly, formed a company to work the auriferous deposits. In Oct. 1888 a vacancy occurred in the representation of Merthyr Tydvil in the House of Commons. Mr. Morgan thereupon became a candidate in the independent Liberal interest, and was returned by a very large majority over the official Liberal nominee. Both in and out of Parliament, Mr. Morgan has conducted a vigorous crusade against the antiquated system of gold mining royalties by which in England the working of auriferous deposits is hampered and strangled, Very considerable concessions have in consequence been wrung from the Government, though Mr. Morgan himself has been heavily mulcted by the exactions of the Treasury in his plucky attempt to exploit the auriferous resources or his native Wales. In 1891 Mr. Morgan took up the question of Welsh disestablishment, and made a very able and exhaustive speech in bringing the subject under the notice of the House of Commons. He also intervened with the weight of local knowledge in the discussion on the proposed renewal of the importation of Kanaka labourers into Queensland, defending the policy of the Griffith Government At the general election in July 1892 Mr. Morgan was again returned for Merthyr.

Morphett, Sir John, son of Nathaniel Morphett, of London, solicitor, was born in the Metropolis on May 4th, 1809. He emigrated to South Australia in one of the South Australian Company's pioneer ships, the Cygnet, arriving at Kangaroo Island in Sept. 1836. The next year when the Company removed their headquarters to Port Adelaide, Mr. Morphett also took up his residence on the mainland. In June 1843 he was appointed one of the seven members of the first Legislative Council of South Australia, and in 1851 he was nominated to the mixed council established under the new Constitution Act. He was also chosen Speaker. In 1857, at the first election held under responsible government, he was returned to the existing Legislative Council, and in March 1865 succeeded Sir J. H. Fisher as President of that body, a post which, having been thrice re-elected, he held till Feb. 1875, when his seat becoming vacant by effluxion of time, he did not seek re-election. He was knighted in 1870. Sir John was Chief Secretary in the two succeeding Reynolds Ministries, from Feb. to Oct. 1861. He married, in 1838, Elizabeth, daughter of the late Sir James Hurtle Fisher.

Morrah, Arthur, Commissioner of Audit, Victoria, is the second son of the late Robert Morrah, a surgeon in practice at Chelsea, London, and was born at Clapham in 1833. He emigrated to Victoria in 1853, and was appointed a clerk in the Survey Department under Captain (now Sir Andrew) Clarke. Subsequently he served successively as accountant, chief clerk, and inspector in the Lands Department; and in June 1878 was appointed Secretary for Lands. In 1890 he exchanged this position for that of Commissioner of Audit.

Morris, Edward Ellis, M.A., the son of the late John Carnac Morris, of the Madras Civil Service, and grandson of John Morris, for many years director, and for some years chairman, of the Hon. East India Company. He was born at Madras on Dec. 25th, 1843, and educated at Temple Grove, East Sheen, and at Victoria College, Jersey. He was also at Rugby under Dr. Temple, and was an exhibitioner of Lincoln College, Oxford, in 1862, second class in classics (Final school) in June 1866, and second class in law and modern history in the following November. He was assistant master of St. Peter's College, Badley, and afterwards at Haileybury, near Hertford. Between these two appointments he was for a short time at the University of Berlin. In 1871 he was elected head master of the Bedfordshire Middle-Class Public School; at Easter 1875 he became head master of the Church of England Grammar School, Melbourne; and in Jan. 1884 was appointed Professor of English, French, and German Languages and Literature at the Melbourne University, a position he still holds. Professor Morris is the projector and original editor of "Epochs of Modern History," a series of school histories published by Messrs. Longmans & Co., of London; author of "The Age of Anne" and "The Early Hanoverians" in that series, besides some small editions of English authors for school use. He was also editor of Cassell's "Picturesque Australasia." The Melbourne Shakespeare Society and the Melbourne Charity Organisation Society owe their origin to his suggestions. He married a daughter of Mr. George Higinbotham, Chief Justice of Victoria.

Morris, Henry Thomas, J.P., was born in 1823, at Gravesend, England, and accompanied his uncle, Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir John) Hindmarsh, to South Australia, being present when the colony was proclaimed on Dec. 28th, 1836. After being engaged in pastoral pursuits at Encounter Bay and Guichen Bay, Mr. Morris went to the Californian diggings in 1850, but returned to South Australia three years later, when he was shortly afterwards appointed a Government Sheep Inspector, and subsequently Chief Inspector. During his thirteen years' tenure of the latter post he eradicated scab. He also made a valuation for the Government of all runs under lease. In 1865 Mr. Morris became manager of the late Mr. F. H. Dutton's Anlaby station.

Mort, Thomas Sutcliffe, one of the leading commercial pioneers and public benefactors of New South Wales, was born at Bolton, in Lancashire, on Dec. 23rd, 1816. He entered the warehouse of the eminent Manchester firm of A. & S. Henry as a youth, and was recommended by them to the firm of Aspinwall, Brown & Co., carrying on business in Sydney, whither he proceeded in 1838. Mr. Mort remained with this firm and their successors, Gosling, Brown & Co., till 1843, when the latter firm collapsed in the financial crisis, and Mr. Mort started in business as an auctioneer on his own account. In this way the great wool-broking and financial firm of Mort & Co. was founded, Mr. Mort being the first to initiate public wool sales in Australia. Amongst numerous public enterprises which he was prominent in promoting were the Hunter River Steam Navigation Company (1841); the Sydney to Parramatta Railway (the first constructed in the colony—1849); the Great Nugget Vein Mining Company (the first company started for the working of auriferous lands); and Mort's Dock and Engineering Company, Limited, in which last he invested nearly ?100,000. In 1856 he started a dairying settlement at Bodalla, in the Moruya district of New South Wales, which soon occupied an area of 38,000 acres, and gave profitable occupation to a large number of persons, the capital invested by Mr. Mort being computed at ?100,000. In 1862 and 1863 Mr. Mort took an active part in floating the famous Peak Downs Copper Company in Queensland, and the Waratah Coal Mining Company, which carries on operations at Newcastle, N.S.W., both having proved enormously profitable. Mr. Mort also assisted in establishing a Maizena factory and iceworks. The great public work of his life was, however, in connection with the frozen meat industry. As early as 1843 he had gone into the export of beef cured in the ordinary way. In conjunction with Mr. E. D. Nicolle—who provided the science, and Mr. Mort the capital—he now went into a series of elaborate experiments to test the practicability of conveying the produce of Australian pastures to the European meat markets in a fresh condition. Hackneyed as the freezing process as applied to meat preservation now appears, it had all the interest and excitement of novelty when Mr. Mort first turned his attention to its possible developments. The first thing was to secure a cheap means of freezing, and this was accomplished when the repeated use of the same ammonia was demonstrated to be feasible. Partial freezing, it was found, would not do, as the meat went bad so quickly when exposed; whilst, on the other hand, when thoroughly frozen, it was found to keep longer after thawing than fresh meat after being killed. Mr. Mort also convinced himself that the quality of the meat was not deteriorated by being frozen. Freezing works were erected at Darling Harbour, and slaughterhouses in the Lithgow valley, amongst the Blue Mountains, on the Great Western line of railway ninety-six miles, so as to save travelling the cattle over the mountains, which injured their quality. At a luncheon given at the freezing works on Sept 2nd, 1875, to inaugurate the start of the industry, Mr. Mort spoke of having solved the riddle by which the superabundance of one country should supply the deficiency of another. He had spent ?80,000 upon the venture, and ?20,000 in addition was subscribed by the squatters of Australia, with the view of sending home a trial shipment, the ship Northern being chartered for the purpose. Unfortunately Mr. Nicolle's inventive skill failed him at the last moment, the machinery proving unable to stand the action of the chemical agent employed. This failure at the moment of seeming fruition was a terrible blow to Mr. Mort, who could not foresee the splendid results of which his efforts and those of Mr. Nicolle had laid the foundation. The meat export was abandoned, and the freezing works converted to local use as an ice manufactory, a daily supply of fresh milk and a dep?t of cooked dishes being started in connection therewith in the interests of the Sydney working classes. Mr. Mort died at Bodalla on May 9th, 1878, a monument being erected to his memory by public subscription. Mr. Mort married first, in 1841, Theresa Shepheard, eldest daughter of James Laidley, of Sydney, sometime Deputy Commissary-General (who died in 1869); and, secondly, Miss Macaulay. The firm of Mort & Co. was recently amalgamated with the equally eminent firm of R. Goldsbrough & Co., Limited, under the style of Goldsbrough, Mort & Co., Limited.

Moss, Frederick Joseph, was born at St. Helena in 1829. From St. Helena he went to Cape Colony, where he was trained to business in a merchant's office, and later on served as a burgher in the Kaffir war. In 1859 he emigrated to New Zealand, landing in Canterbury, where he at once organised and became captain of No. 3 Company of Volunteers, and took an active interest in supporting the construction of the tunnel which connects Christchurch with the port of Lyttelton. On the discovery of gold in Otago, he removed to Dunedin, where he entered into business and again took an Interest in volunteering, being elected captain of the first company there organised. In 1862 he was elected a member of the Otago Provincial Council, and shortly afterwards accepted the office of Provincial Treasurer, retaining that position till 1866, when he was succeeded by Mr. (now Sir Julius) Vogel, whose policy, local or general, he has always consistently and unflinchingly opposed. In 1868 Mr. Moss went to Fiji and established himself as a planter on the Rewa River, but finding the climate injurious to his health, he returned to New Zealand and settled at Auckland, where he was elected a member of the House of Representatives for Parnell in 1876, and sat continuously for that borough until 1890, when he was appointed British Resident at Rarotonga, a position which he still holds. In 1888 Mr. Moss made a seven months' cruise on a schooner through the South Sea Islands, and published an account of his trip in a volume entitled "Through Atolls and Islands in the Great South Sea" (Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1889). He is also the author of a "School History of New Zealand" (Brett, Auckland, publisher).

Moulden, Beaumont Arnold, M.P., son of Joseph Eldin Moulden by his marriage with Margaret Perkins Hinton, was born in Southwark, London, on Oct. 11th, 1849. He arrived in South Australia with his parents in Oct. 1850. He is a legal practitioner in Adelaide, and represents the Albert district in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia. He was appointed Attorney-General in the Cockburn Ministry in June 1889, but retired in March 1890, prior to the defeat of the Ministry, owing to his disapproval of some items of their policy. Mr. Moulden married in 1873 Miss Anna Mary Cramond.

Mueller, Baron Sir Ferdinand von, K.C.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.R.S., son of the late Frederick Mueller, of Rostock, Germany, and Louisa his wife, daughter of George Mertens, of Aschersleben, was born at Rostock in 1825, and was educated, after the early death of his parents, in Schleswig. He studied in Kiel, and devoted much time to the study of the flora of Schleswig and Holstein from 1840 to 1847, when he emigrated to Australia. He travelled through the extensive territory of South Australia, employed in botanical researches, from 1848 till 1852, at his private expense. In 1852 he accepted the then newly created office of Government Botanist for Victoria, explored there till 1855, examining also the whole alpine vegetation of Australia, which was previously utterly unknown; he ascended and named Mount Hotham, the Barkly ranges, and many other mountains, and joined as phytographic naturalist the expedition sent out under Augustus Gregory, by the Duke of Newcastle, to explore the river Victoria and other portions of the north parts of the Australian continent. He was one of the four who reached Termination Lake in 1856, and accompanied Gregory's expedition overland to Moreton Bay. He accepted the directorship of the Botanical Gardens of Melbourne in 1857, which office he held till 1873, raising that institution to high repute and establishing scientific relations with all parts of the globe, in order to introduce useful and rare plants into the colony, and to make known Australian plants abroad. He was one of the Commissioners for the Industrial Exhibitions in Melbourne in 1854, 1862, and 1867; and has issued eleven volumes of his "Fragmenta Phytographica Australi?," two volumes on the "Plants of Victoria," and others on the Eucalyptus, Myoporin?, Acacias, and Salsolace?, all largely illustrated, irrespective of many other publications. He co-operated in the elaboration of Bentham's "Flora Australiensis," of which seven volumes have appeared. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1861, and is a member of numerous foreign orders, besides being created a hereditary baron by the King of Wurtemberg in 1871. He has persistently and effectually promoted geographic research in Australian territory. The Baron still continues his researches in Melbourne. In 1879 he had conferred on him the Knight Commandership of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, of which he had been appointed a Companion in 1869. In 1888 he was the recipient of one of the royal medals of the Royal Society of London. The Baron is corresponding member of over a hundred and fifty scientific societies, including many academies in various parts of the world.

Mundy, Alfred Miller, third son of Edward Miller Mundy, of Shipley Hall, co. Derby, by Nelly, daughter of F. Barton, of Penwortham, co. Lancaster, was born on Jan. 9th, 1809, and became lieutenant 60th Rifles. He emigrated to South Australia, and was clerk of the Legislative Council in that colony from 1840 to 1843. He was Colonial Secretary from June 15th, 1848, to June 14th, 1849, when he returned to England on leave of absence, and ultimately resigned on succeeding to the family estates on the death of his elder brother, E. M. Mundy, M.P. for South Derbyshire, Jan. 29th, 1849. Mr. Mundy married on June 5th, 1841, Jane, second daughter of Captain (afterwards Admiral Sir) John Hindmarsh, sometime Governor of South Australia. He was High Sheriff of Derbyshire in 1855, and a J.P. and D.L. for that county and a J.P. for Notts. He died at Nice on March 29th, 1877.

Munro, Hon. James, Agent-General for Victoria, is the son of Donald Munro, and was born at Glen Dubh, in Sutherlandshire, on Jan. 7th, 1832, and educated at the Armadale School Mr. Munro began life as a printer and going to Edinburgh in 1848, entered the establishment of Thomas Constable & Co., printers to the Queen. He left Edinburgh for Victoria in the Champion of the Seas in 1858, and returned his attention to printing, but left that occupation in 1865, to found and conduct the Victoria Permanent Property Investment and Building Society. Mr. Munro also started the Melbourne Woollen Mill and the Victorian Permanent Fire Insurance Company. After seven years' service as secretary of the named society, he started the Federal Banking Company in 1882, and conducted its operations as managing director for three years. The Real Estate Bank was founded by him in 1887. Mr. Munro stood for Parliament in 1863 for Dundas, but was unsuccessful. In 1874 he was returned for North Melbourne as a supporter of the late Mr. Francis, and in May 1877 became first member for Carlton. He was, however, defeated in 1880, but re-entered the Assembly as member for North Melbourne in 1881. In 1883 he did not stand, but in 1886 he was elected for Geelong, in succession to Sir Graham Berry. Mr. Munro was Minister of Education in the first Berry Ministry from August 7th to Oct 20th, 1875, being sworn of the Executive Council on the former date. He declined office in the second Berry Ministry in 1877, and joined with Mr. Casey in forming a "corner party" on the Liberal side. Mr. Munro is President of the Victorian Alliance and the Melbourne Total Abstinence Society, and was the acknowledged leader of the Temperance party in the Victorian Parliament for a good many years. Mr. Munro, who led the opposition to the Gillies-Deakin Government, visited England in 1890, and successfully carried through several important commercial operations, besides being warmly received by the prominent advocates of temperance in Great Britain. On his return to the colony, Mr. Munro attacked the financial policy of the Gillies Government with great trenchancy, and ultimately carried a direct vote of want of confidence in them by a large majority. He then himself became Premier (Nov. 4th, 1890) at the head of what he styled a "National Liberal" Ministry. He was one of the representatives of Victoria at the Federation Convention held in Sydney in March 1891. In Feb. 1892 Mr. Munro resigned the premiership to Mr. Shiels, having accepted the post of Agent-General for Victoria in London, in succession to Sir Graham Berry. He arrived in London in April 1892, and assumed the duties of his present office on the 13th of that month.

Murdoch, William Lloyd, the well-known cricketer, was born in Victoria, but having gone to New South Wales (where he was admitted a solicitor) at an early age, he played for the latter colony in all intercolonial matches. In the latter he made the best batting average, and also the highest individual score of 321 runs. From 1875 to 1884 he a played in eleven intercolonial matches, and in twenty innings, without once carrying out his bat, secured the magnificent average of 46.85. He is regarded as the W. G. Grace of Australia, and at one time was a fine wicket-keeper, but later on he generally fielded at point. He has four times captained representative Australian elevens in England, namely, in 1880, 1882, 1884, and 1890. Mr. Murdoch, who may now be said to have retired, is living in England. During the previous few years he resided in Melbourne, and married a daughter of the well-known mining millionaire Mr. J. B. Watson.

Murphy, The Most Rev. Daniel, D.D., Archbishop of Hobart, Tasmania, son of Michael Murphy and Mary his wife, was born at Belmont, county Cork, Ireland, on the day of the battle of Waterloo, June 18th, 1815. He received his education at Maynooth College, where he was ordained priest in 1838, and at once volunteered for the foreign missions in India, proceeding with Bishop Carew to Madras in 1845. Subsequently he was appointed coadjutor to Bishop Fennelly, successor to Archbishop Carew, translated to Calcutta, and as consecrated by the Most Rev. Dr. Murphy, Bishop of Cork, in Oct. 1846, in the parish church of Kinsale, of which his brother was parish priest and vicar foraine. In 1848 Dr. Murphy was appointed bishop to the newly erected Vicariate Apostolic of Hyderabad, Deccan, India. During the Mutiny in 1857 he manifested great prudence, and secured from the Nizam several stands of arms for the boys of the Catholic College, who were drilled in expectation of a mutiny arising in the State. In consequence of failing health, Pope Pius IX. transferred him from India to Tasmania in 1865, appointing him Bishop of Hobart in succession to the late Dr. Willson. He arrived at Hobart in April 1866. He attended the Ecumenical Council at the Vatican in 1869, and paid another visit to Rome from Hobart in 1882. In 1888, on the occasion of the golden jubilee of his priesthood, Hobart was erected into an archbishopric, and he became the first Metropolitan. Cardinal Moran invested him with the Pallium on May 12th, 1889.

Murphy, Sir Francis, first Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Victoria, was the son of Francis D. Murphy, who was for upwards of thirty years head of the South of Ireland Transport of Convicts Department. He was born at Cork in 1809, and after being educated in his native city, entered at Trinity College, Dublin, as a medical student, ultimately being admitted M.R.C.S. of London. In June 1836 Dr. Murphy emigrated to Sydney, N.S.W., and was immediately nominated by the Governor (Sir R. Bourke) to a position on the staff of colonial surgeons. On appointment he proceeded to take charge of a portion of the southern district in the county of Argyle, but soon afterwards being led into agricultural pursuits, he resigned his official position, and finally discontinued practice as a medical man. After leaving the Government service, Dr. Murphy purchased a considerable quantity of land at Argyle, and soon became the largest grain-grower in the district. He married in 1840 Agnes, eldest daughter of Lieutenant David Reid, R.N., of Inverary Park, N.S.W., and in 1847 went to Victoria, where he purchased a station on the Ovens river, in the Beechworth district. Dr. Murphy was returned to the partially elective Legislative Council for the Murray district at the first election which took place after the separation of Victoria from New South Wales. He was for some time Chairman of Committees, and in 1852 he sold his pastoral property and went to reside permanently in Melbourne. In 1853 he was re-elected for the Murray, and resigned the chairmanship of committees to become President of the Central Road Board, which latter position he relinquished in Nov. 1856. He was acting Speaker in the Assembly daring the absence, on account of illness, of Dr. (afterwards Sir J. F.) Palmer in March 1855. When responsible government was conceded, he was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Victoria for the Murray, and appointed the first Speaker of the House in Oct. 1856. To this post he was re-elected in 1859, 1861, 1864, 1866, and 1868, and held it continuously till the dissolution of Parliament on Jan. 24th, 1871, when he resigned, having in the meantime been knighted in 1860. In 1866 Sir Francis Murphy left the Murray and was returned for the Grenville electorate till 1871, when he was defeated, and was out of Parliament till the next year, when he entered the Upper House as member for the Eastern Province. He resigned his seat in council in 1876, and resided for some time in England. He died on March 30th, 1890.

Murphy, Right Rev. Francis, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide, was born at Navan, co. Meath, Ireland, in 1796, and educated at the Diocesan Seminary in that town, and at St. Patrick's, Maynooth. At the latter College he was for some time Prefect of Studies, and was ordained in 1826. The scene of his early pastoral labours was at Bradford, in Yorkshire, and at Liverpool, but in 1838 he went on mission duty to New South Wales, succeeding the late Bishop Ullathorne as Vicar-General of the diocese of Sydney. When the suffragan sees of Adelaide, Perth and Hobart were constituted, in 1842, Father Murphy was appointed the first Bishop of the capital of South Australia, and was consecrated in Sydney in Sept. 1844, this being the first occasion on which the ceremony was performed in Australia. He assumed his episcopal functions at Adelaide in Nov. 1884, and consecrated St. Mary's, Morphett Vale—the first Roman Catholic church erected in South Australia—successfully superintending the early development of the various ecclesiastical institutions which have since multiplied so enormously. He died in Adelaide on April 26th, 1858.

Murphy, William Emmet, was born in the city of Dublin in May 1843, where his father was a publican, and was educated at the Christian Brothers' College. Originally intended for the priesthood, he was apprenticed to his uncle at Liverpool, to the trade of cabinet-maker. In 1860 he volunteered as one of "O'Reilly's Brigade" for the defence of Pius IX., and landed at Civita Vecchia, but with the other Irish volunteers was soon shipped back to Ireland. Returning to Liverpool, Mr. Murphy finished his apprenticeship and displayed his energy in helping to found the Liverpool Cabinetmakers' and Upholsterers' Apprentices' Society. He emigrated to Melbourne in 1865, and married in 1869. Mr. Murphy has been attached to the Trades Hall since his arrival in the colony; though, after following his trade for some years, he entered the Military Department, and for sixteen years was sergeant-major of Engineers. Subsequently Mr. Murphy established himself as a suburban auctioneer. He twice contested North Melbourne (in 1886 and 1889), on the latter occasion only losing the seat by 60 votes. Together with Mr. Hancock and Mr. Trenwith, Mr. Murphy played the most prominent part, so far as Victoria was concerned, in the late industrial conflict, which will always be known as "The Great Australian Strike."

Murray, Hon. David, M.L.C., was elected to the Legislative Council of South Australia in 1882, and was appointed Chief Secretary in the Downer Ministry, in succession to Mr. J. B. Spence, in July 1886. He retired with his colleagues in June 1887. Mr. Murray was elected a member of the council of Adelaide University in Nov. 1887.

Murray, George Gilbert Aim?, M.A., son of Sir Terence Aubrey Murray (q.v.), by Agnes, third daughter of John Edwards, of Fairlawn House, Hammersmith, was born in 1866 at Sydney, and educated at Merchant Taylors' School, from which he was elected to a scholarship at St. John's College, Oxford, in 1884. At the University he was Hertford (Latin) Scholar, and Ireland Scholar, and first class in classical moderations in 1885. The next year he won the Craven University Scholarship, the Chancellor's prize for Latin verse, and the Gaisford Greek verse prize. In 1887 he won the Gaisford Greek prose prize, was first class in the Final Schools in Trinity term 1888, and was Derby Scholar in 1889. The Derby Scholarship, founded in memory of the late Earl of Derby, who was Chancellor of the University, is ?157 a year, and candidates must have fulfilled the following conditions: viz., obtained (1) a first class in Classical Moderations; (2) a first class in the Final Classical School, or a second class in the Final Classical School, together with two of the three Chancellor's prizes (Latin verse, Latin essay, English essay); (3) two out of the three Classical University Scholarships (the Hertford, Ireland, and Craven Scholarships). He was offered Fellowships at three colleges; but elected to be Fellow of New College. Subsequently he was appointed Professor of Greek at Glasgow University in succession to Professor R. C. Jebb, now Professor of Greek at Cambridge, and in competition with Dr. Verrall, of Trinity College, Cambridge, and some of the most distinguished scholars of the day. He married Hon. Mary Henrietta Howard, eldest daughter of Right Hon. George James, 9th Earl of Carlisle, by Rosalind Frances, youngest daughter of Edward John, 2nd Lord Stanley of Alderley. Professor Murray published in 1890 "Gobi or Shamo; a Story of Three Songs."

Murray, Right Rev. James, D.D., first Bishop of Maitland, N.S.W., was born in Ireland in 1828, and educated at the Propaganda College at Rome, where he remained from his fourteenth to his twenty-fourth year (1852), when he was admitted to the priesthood. He then returned to Dublin, where he remained until his appointment to the see of Maitland, in the province of Sydney. During eleven years of this period he acted as private secretary to Cardinal Cullen. On Nov. 14th, 1865, he was consecrated first Bishop of Maitland, and in October of the following year he landed in New South Wales. Since he took possession of the see, the ecclesiastical and educational development of the diocese under his auspices has been enormous.

Murray, Reginald Augustus Frederick, Government Geologist, Victoria, is the eldest son of Captain Virginius Murray who was Warden of Goldfields and a police magistrate in Victoria from 1852 to 1861, and Eliza Alicia (Poitiers) his wife. He was born on Feb. 18th, 1846, at Frimley, Surrey, England. On the death of his father, in 1861, he was employed on the geological survey of Victoria, and wrote a work on the geology and physical geography of Victoria. He is now Government Geologist in the Victorian Department of Mines, and ranks high as a scientific expert. Mr. Murray, who has made extensive geological surveys throughout Victoria, and many of whose reports have been printed in official blue-books, married first, in 1869, Miss Jane Louisa Otway Ford; and, secondly, in 1888, Miss Ethel Baker.

Murray, Hon. Sir Terence Aubrey, M.L.C., sometime President of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, was born at Limerick in 1810, and went out to New South Wales in 1827, with his father, who, after spending seven years in Australia, had returned to Ireland on sick leave in the previous year. He spent four years on his father's station at Lake George, and on visiting Sydney in 1833 was gazetted a magistrate, in which capacity he assisted Mr. Waddy (who commanded the Mounted Police) in repressing bushrangers. In 1843 he was elected to the first Legislative Council of New South Wales for Murray, King and Georgiana, and retained a seat in that body till 1856, when responsible government was inaugurated; and he was returned to the Lower Chamber (then first instituted) for the Southern boroughs. He was Secretary for Lands and Works in the first Cowper Government from August to Oct. 1856, and acted as Auditor-General in addition from August to September. He was again head of the Lands and Works Department in the second Cowper Ministry, from Sept. 1857 to Jan. 1858, when he resigned. In Jan. 1860 he succeeded Sir Daniel Cooper as Speaker of the Assembly, and held that position till Oct. 1862, when he was nominated to the Upper House, with the position of President, which he held till his death in 1873. He was knighted in 1869, and married, as his second wife, Agnes, third daughter of John Edwards, of Fairlawn House, Hammersmith, near London, who survived him, and died in Feb. 1890, after living to witness the extraordinary success of her eldest son, for whose education she made considerable sacrifices. Sir T. A. Murray died on June 22nd, 1873.

Murray-Prior, Hon. Thomas Lodge, M.L.C., Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Council, Queensland, son of Lieut.-Colonel Thomas Murray-Prior, 11th Hussars, who was at the battle of Waterloo, by his second wife, Eliza, daughter of W. A. Skynner, of Moor Hall, Berkshire. He was born on Nov. 13th, 1819, at Wells, Somerset, and was educated under Rev. Wm. Drury at Brussels, Monsieur Giron at Reading, and Dr. Burney at Gosport. He emigrated to Sydney, arriving in May 1839; subsequently he proceeded to Queensland, and ultimately became first Departmental Postmaster-General for the colony, a position which he held for about five years. After the separation of the colony from New South Wales he was Postmaster-General in the second Herbert Ministry from July 21st to August 7th, 1866, and held the same office in the Mackenzie Ministry from Aug. 15th, 1867, to Nov. 25th, 1868. He was reappointed Postmaster-General in the Palmer Ministry on May 3rd, 1870, and held the post till Jan. 8th, 1874. On all of these occasions Mr. Murray-Prior represented the Government in the Legislative Council, to which he was appointed on Feb. 22nd, 1866. Mr. Murray-Prior succeeded the Hon. D. F. Roberts as Chairman of Committees on July 31st, 1889. He was married first, at South Creek, Sydney, N.S.W., on Sept. 3rd, 1846, to Matilda, daughter of Thomas Harpur, of Cecil Hills, Liverpool, in that colony (who died on Nov. 25th, 1868); and, secondly, at Ryde, Parramatta River, N.S.W., on Dec. 18th, 1872, to Nora Clarina, daughter of Robert Johnstone Barton, of Boree, Nevang, N.S.W.

Musgrave, Sir Anthony, G.C.M.G., son of Anthony Musgrave, M.D., of Antigua, was Private Secretary to Mr. Mackintosh when Governor-in-Chief of the Leeward Islands, in 1850-51; entered as student at the Inner Temple in 1851; was Treasury Accountant at Antigua in 1852; resumed legal studies at the Temple in 1853, and was appointed Colonial Secretary of Antigua, Feb. 1854; Administrator of the colony of Nevis, Oct. 1860; Administrator of Government of St. Vincent, April 1861; Lieut.-Governor of St. Vincent. May 1862; Governor of Newfoundland, April 1864; Governor of British Columbia, June 1869; Lieut-Governor of Natal, May 1872; and Governor of South Australia in June 1873. This post he held in remarkably quiet times till Jan. 1877, when he left the colony to assume the Governorship of Jamaica, where he remained till 1883. In that year he was transferred to Queensland, where he assumed office in November. In 1888 he became involved in a dispute with the Premier, Sir Thomas McIlwraith, in regard to the exercise of the prerogative of pardon, and in the result his views were not sustained by the Colonial Office. Sir Anthony, who died at Brisbane whilst still Governor, on Oct. 9th, 1888, married first, in 1854, Christiana Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. Sir William Byam, of Antigua, who died in 1859; and, secondly, in 1870, Jeanie Lucinda, daughter of David Dudley Field, of Gramercy Park, New York. He was created C.M.G. in 1871, K.C.M.G. in 1875, and G.C.M.G. in 1885.

Musgrove, Alexander William, J.P., was engaged for some years in commercial pursuits in the West Indies, and arrived in Victoria about 1848. He became a clerk in the department of Trade and Customs in 1851, and was appointed collector of customs at Warrnambool in 1858. In 1877 he was removed to Melbourne as receiver, and in 1880 was promoted to the position of Chief Clerk, and to that of Permanent Head (acting) in 1883. He was made Secretary of Trade and Customs, and Collector of Customs, Melbourne, in the first division of the public service, in 1884. Mr. Musgrove was a justice of the peace for the central bailiwick, and P.D.G.M. of the Victorian constitution of Freemasons. Mr. Musgrove figured as ex-officio defendant in the Chinese exclusion case, which was heard on appeal before the Privy Council in 1890. He died in Oct. 1891.

Mylne, Thomas, J.P., Civil Service Commissioner, Queensland, was born in 1838 at Boness, Linlithgowshire, educated at Perth Academy and Glasgow University, and arrived in Queensland in July 1864, after passing as a writer and public notary. In October of the same year he entered the professional branch of the Registrar-General's office, of which he was chief clerk and second deputy-registrar for several years. In 1878 he was appointed principal deputy Registrar-General. In 1884 the Real Property Office was separated from the Registrar-General's Department, and Mr. Mylne accepted the post of Registrar of Titles, which he retained until Dec 1889, when he received the appointment of Civil Service Commissioner.

N

Nairn, Hon. William Edward, son of William Nairn, major 46th Regiment, and formerly Inspector of Public Works in Van Diemen's Land, was born at Lynecombe, Somersetshire, in 1812, and graduated B.A. at Oxford in 1833. He emigrated to Tasmania in 1837 with Sir John Franklin, and received a Government appointment. He was made Secretary to the Board of Education in 1839, Clerk to the Executive and Legislative Councils in 1841, Assistant Colonial Secretary in 1842, and shortly afterwards Deputy Controller-General of Convicts. He was appointed Controller-General of Convicts in 1855 in succession to Dr. Hampton, and Sheriff of Tasmania. He was returned to the Tasmanian Legislative Council in 1856 as member for Meander. When the first responsible ministry was formed in November under Colonel Champ, he accepted a seat in it without portfolio, and was sworn of the Executive Council. He retired with his colleagues in Feb. 1857. Mr. Nairn was President of the Legislative Council from Sept. 1859 to August 1868. He resigned his seat in Parliament in April 1869, and died at Hobart on July 9th following.

Neales, Hon. John Bentham, M.L.C., emigrated to South Australia in June 1838, and successfully established himself as an auctioneer in Adelaide. In 1851 he was returned to the partially elective Legislative Council for North Adelaide, and took a prominent part in opposition to the scheme for the State endowment of the religious bodies. Having been re-elected he sat in the Council until responsible government was conceded, when he was returned to the first Legislative Assembly, in 1857, as one of the members for Adelaide. He was member for The Burra from 1865 to 1868, and in 1871 was elected to the new Legislative Council. He was Minister of Lands in the Hanson Government from June to July 1859, and in that of Mr. Hart from Nov. 1865 to March 1866. He died at Glenelg on July 31st, 1873, at the age of sixty-seven.

Neild, James Edward, L.S.A.(Lond.), M.D., Ch.M. (Melb.), the well-known dramatic critic, was born at Doncaster, in Yorkshire, in 1824, and is descended from an Irish family who emigrated into England in 1642. He received his early education in Leeds, and in 1843 he went to Sheffield to his uncle, a surgeon in extensive practice there, to whom he was apprenticed for five years. Subsequently he completed his medical studies at University College, London. He passed his examination in 1848, and for two years was in practice at Oulton, near Leeds. He was then for three years house surgeon of the Rochdale General Dispensary. In 1853 he went to Victoria on a visit, but ultimately decided to stay in Melbourne, where he abandoned his profession and started business as a chemist and druggist. In 1855, having always had a desire for newspaper work, he became a reporter on the Melbourne Age, then only just started. After ceasing regular connection with the Age, he contributed a good many occasional theatrical notices to that paper. In 1856 the late Mr. T. L. Bright started "My Notebook," and engaged Dr. Neild to write the theatrical notices. This having dropped, the proprietors of the Argus issued the Examiner in 1857, with Mr. T. L. Bright as its first editor, and for upwards of two years Dr. Neild wrote the theatrical criticisms under the signature of "Christopher Sly." Ultimately the Examiner, the Yeoman, and the Weekly Argus were blended into one, under the title of the Australasian, in which Dr. Neild continued to do the theatrical criticism under the signature of "Jaques," and in more recent times under the nom de plume of "Tahite." His connection with the Argus, which belongs to the same proprietary as the Australasian, commenced in 1858, and he also contributed to Melbourne Punch and other papers. In 1864 he retired from the business as a chemist which he had carried on meanwhile, and resumed the practice of his profession. Almost coincidently he accepted the editorship of the Australian Medical Journal, and began to take an active part as a member of the Medical Society of Victoria, of which in 1868 he was elected president, and of which he was subsequently honorary secretary. In 1864 he took the degree of M.D. in the University of Melbourne, and the following year was appointed lecturer on forensic medicine. Dr. Neild is the author of several novelettes, and has had two comediettas successfully placed upon the stage. He married in 1857 the eldest daughter of Mr. D. R. Long.

Neill, Andrew Sinclair, J.P., is one of the commissioners of the newly constituted Railway Board of South Australia.

Nelson, Hon. Hugh Muir, M.L.A., was born at Kilmarnock on Dec. 31st, 1836. He is the son of the Rev. Dr. Nelson, and was educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and the Edinburgh University. In 1863 he arrived in Queensland, and was elected to the Assembly for Northern Downs at the general election in 1883. In 1888 he was returned for Murilla, and was appointed Secretary for Railways in the McIlwraith Ministry in June 1888. This post he retained when the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Morehead, in November of that year. He resigned with his colleagues in August 1890.

Nevill, Right Rev. Samuel Tarratt, D.D., Bishop of Dunedin, New Zealand, son of Jonathan and Mary Nevill, was born at Nottingham in 1837. He was educated at St. Aidan's and at Magdalen College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (second class Natural Science Tripos) in 1865, and M.A. in 1868, being created D.D. in 1871. He was ordained deacon in 1860 and priest in 1861. From 1860 to 1862 he was curate of Scarisbrick, Lancashire, and rector of Shelton, Staffordshire, from the latter year till 1871, when he accepted the bishopric of Dunedin. He was consecrated in the pro-cathedral, Dunedin, by the Primate (Harper) of Dunedin and Bishops Suter of Nelson, Hadfield of Wellington, and Williams of Waiapu. Dr. Nevill has twice since revisited England to attend the Lambeth Conferences. He was married at Heavitree, Devon, in 1863, to Miss M. S. C. Penny. When rector of Shelton the Bishop held a certificate of the Science and Art Department of South Kensington qualifying him to instruct candidates for examination under the Department, and was thus instrumental in laying the foundation of the career of some who have attained positions of eminence. The branch of the Nevill family to which the Bishop belongs had been for many generations settled in Suffolk, but the Bishop's great-grandfather having assisted Count Zinzendorf in the establishment of the Moravians in London and Ockbrook, Derbyshire, married Elizabeth Thring, of Badminton, whose son, J. B. Nevill, married Millicent de Terrot, anglicised Tarratt, of a Huguenot family mentioned by Smiles ("Huguenots in England"), of which family the late Bishop of Edinburgh, Dr. Terrot, was a member.

Newbery, James Cosmo, C.M.G., fourth son of William Boxer Newbery, was born in 1843, near Leghorn, Italy, whence he went when quite young to America, and ultimately graduated as Bachelor of Science at the Harvard University. After leaving Harvard he studied at the School of Mines, Jermyn Street, London; and in 1865 was appointed analyst to the Geological Survey of Victoria—an appointment which he held until 1868, when the department was abolished. In 1870 he was appointed to his present position of Superintendent of the Melbourne Industrial and Technological Museum and Analyst to the Department of Mines; and he is, in addition, Instructor in Chemistry and Metallurgy at the Museum Laboratory. Mr. Newbery, who is a member of the Royal Society of Victoria, was Honorary Superintendent of Juries and Awards at the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880. He married, in 1870, Catherine Maud Florence, daughter of G. Hodgkinson. In 1881 he was created C.M.G.

Newland, Simpson, J.P., is the son of the late Rev. William Ridgway Newland, Independent minister, who emigrated to South Australia in 1839. He represented Encounter Bay in the Legislative Assembly of that colony, and was Treasurer in the Downer Ministry from June 1885 to June 1886, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. (now Sir) John Bray. He was rejected at Encounter Bay at the general election in 1887.

Newton, Hon. Hibbert, entered the Legislative Assembly of Victoria, and was Postmaster-General in the Nicholson Government from Oct 29th to Nov. 26th, 1860. He died on May 30th, 1890.

Nichols, George Robert, M.L.A., the son of Isaac Nichols, Principal Superintendent of Convicts, and subsequently the first Postmaster in New South Wales, was born in Sydney on Sept. 27th, 1809. He was educated in England, but returned to New South Wales in 1822, when he qualified as a solicitor, and obtained a large practice. In 1848 he was elected to the old Legislative Council for the Northumberland Boroughs; and when responsible government was conceded he represented his old constituents in the Legislative Assembly. He was Auditor-General in the Donaldson Government—the first formed under the new r?gime—from June to August 1856. Later in the same year failing health compelled him to decline a portfolio in the Parker Ministry. Amongst the pupils articled to him were Sir James Martin (afterwards Premier and Chief Justice of New South Wales) and Sir Richard Dry (afterwards Premier of Tasmania). He was conceded the privilege, enjoyed by no other practitioner of his grade, of appearing professionally in both the superior and inferior courts of the colony. He died on Sept. 12th, 1857.

Nicholson, Sir Charles, Bart., M.D., D.C.L., LL.D., first Chancellor of Sydney University, is the only son of the late Charles Nicholson, of London, by his marriage with Barbara, daughter of J. Ascough, of Bedale, Yorkshire, and was born on Nov. 23rd, 1808. He graduated M.D. at Edinburgh University in 1833, and in the next year emigrated to Sydney, N.S.W., where he arrived in May, and practised as a physician. In 1843 he was returned to the first Legislative Council of New South Wales as one of the five members for the Port Phillip district (now Victoria). He continued to sit in the Council till 1856, being elected Speaker of that body, in succession to Mr. Macleay, in 1846, and twice subsequently re-elected. He was knighted by patent in March 1852, and took great interest in the advancement of education. He was appointed first Vice-Provost of Sydney University, and delivered an inaugural address at its opening in Oct. 1852. In 1854 he was chosen first Chancellor of the University, and has been one of its most liberal benefactors. In 1857 he was made an honorary D.C.L. of the University of Oxford, and was created first baronet of Luddenham, N.S.W., in April 1859, In the following year Queensland was constituted a separate colony, and Sir Charles Nicholson having been nominated to the Legislative Council, acted as its first President from May to August, when he resigned, and returned to reside permanently in England in 1862. In 1865 he married Sarah Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Archibald Keightley, of the Charterhouse, London; and in 1868 had the honorary degree of LL.D. conferred on him by the University of Cambridge. In 1890 he was appointed to represent the interests of the Central Queensland Separation League in London, and headed deputations to Lord Knutsford on the subject. The heir to the baronetcy is his eldest son, Archibald Keightley, born in 1867.

Nicholson, Hon. William, the "father of the Australian ballot," was a native of Cumberland, and arrived in Melbourne in 1842, where he went into business, and was Mayor in 1850. He entered the old partially elective Legislative Council of Victoria as member for North Bourke very shortly after the separation of the colony from New South Wales. In 1852 he supported Mr. J. S. Johnston's motion of want of confidence in Governor Latrobe, and in Sept. 1853 he was appointed one of the Select Committee to whom was entrusted the task of drafting an autonomous constitution for Victoria. Mr. Nicholson's name will be best remembered in connection with the introduction of the ballot into the electoral system of Victoria, whence it spread to the other colonies, and has since been widely adopted elsewhere. It was in 1855 that the subject cropped up, when the Legislative Council was considering the bill by which the electoral system under the fully elected bicameral Legislature inaugurated in the next year was to be regulated. On the Electoral Bill being set down for a second reading, Mr. Nicholson moved as an amendment "That, in the opinion of this House, any new electoral act should provide for electors recording their votes by secret ballot." On Dec. 19th his amendment was carried by 33 votes to 23, Mr. Childers, Sir John O'Shanassy, Mr. J. P. Fawkner, and Dr. Greeves being in the minority, with Mr. Haines, the Premier, and the other members of the Government. The next day the Ministry resigned, and the Council was adjourned to Jan. 8th, 1856. In the meantime (Dec. 21st, 1855) the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, sent for Mr. Nicholson, who at the time was on the eve of paying a visit to the old country. Ultimately, however, he decided to abandon his trip and to take office as Premier and Chief Secretary; but he found some difficulty in filling up the other portfolios. This caused delay, and in the meantime the Governor, to whom he had notified his ill-success, died. Major-General Macarthur then became the administrator of the government, and on New Year's Day, 1856, sent for Mr. Nicholson, and asked if he might consider himself at liberty to recall Mr. Haines, the displaced Premier. Mr. Nicholson left the matter entirely in the ex-Governor's hands, with the result that the old Government came back to office. On Jan. 8th Mr. Nicholson explained the causes of his ill-success to the Council, and asked Mr. Haines to leave the ballot an open question in the restored Cabinet. This he was ultimately forced to do, and Mr. Nicholson carried the clauses establishing the present form of what is known as the "Australian ballot" in committee on the Electoral Bill. As this is a matter of considerable political interest, it may be stated that to Mr. H. S. Chapman (q.v.) Mr. Nicholson was indebted for the idea of having the names of all the candidates printed and letting the voter strike out the names of those for whom he did not wish to vote. Mr. Nicholson's own plan was much more rudimentary, as he simply proposed to give each voter a blank card on which he was to write the names of the candidate or candidates he desired to support. Ultimately he adopted the clauses drafted for him by Mr. Chapman, and was the instrument of their being incorporated in Victorian statute law. Against Mr. Nicholson's protest, an additional clause was inserted for numbering the ballot papers and thus preventing their being tampered with. On May 23rd, 1856, Mr. Nicholson, who, though not the author, may be styled the father, of the Australian ballot, carried out his original intention of revisiting England, and was not therefore a candidate for a seat in Parliament at the first election under responsible government. He remained in England two years, and during his stay in London was f?ted as the hero of the Victorian ballot. Of this John Stuart Mill wrote to his friend H. S. Chapman as follows in 1858: "The adoption of the ballot in Victoria has made some noise here, and has been a good deal appealed to by its advocates in Parliament. You have heard, no doubt, of the dinner given to Nicholson. It will perhaps surprise you that I am not now a supporter of the ballot, though I am far from thinking I was wrong in supporting it formerly." Mr. Nicholson returned to Victoria in 1858, and in August 1859 was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Sandridge. The following Oct. he turned out the O'Shanassy Ministry on a vote of want of confidence, and became Premier and Chief Secretary of Victoria himself, only, however, to be displaced by Mr. Heales in Nov. 1860. In the meantime he had passed a land bill authorising any person to select to the extent of six hundred and forty acres, at a minimum price of ?1 per acre. Selection was to be after survey, but the Government were enjoined to survey within twelve months, and land was to be thrown open to the extent of three million acres in the proclaimed districts. The bill was a good deal emasculated by the Legislative Council, and two of his best colleagues, Messrs. Francis and Service, resigned office in Sept. 1860, thus preparing the way for the downfall of the Ministry in November. Not long afterwards Mr. Nicholson retired from politics, and died in 1870. He was one of the founders of the Bank of Victoria.

Nickle, Major-General Sir Robert, K.H., sometime commander of the forces in Australia, was the son of an officer in the 17th Light Dragoons, and entered the army at an early age. He served with the well-known Connaught Rangers in various parts of the world for upwards of twenty-two years, seeing much hard service and winning great distinction for bravery. He went to the West Indies in 1830, and was appointed Governor of St. Christopher and its dependencies. He served during the insurrection in British North America in 1838, and was knighted in 1844. In 1853 he was appointed commander of the forces in Australia, and during the riots at the gold diggings in 1854 displayed great forbearance and tact. Coming on the scene shortly after the affair of the Eureka stockade, where Captain Thomas was in command of the Queen's troops, he induced the rioters to disperse without further bloodshed. He was nearly seventy years of age at the time of his death, which occurred on May 26th, 1855.

Nimmo, Hon. John, J.P., C.E., was born at Catrine, Ayrshire, Scotland, and educated as an engineer. He arrived in Victoria in 1853, and was for some years town surveyor of Emerald Hill, of which municipality he was subsequently mayor, and which he represented in the Assembly from 1877 to 1889, when he was returned for Albert Park. Mr. Nimmo, who is a moderate Liberal and Protectionist, and a strong advocate of temperance, was Commissioner of Public Works in the Gillies Government from Feb. 1886 to June 1889, when he resigned. He was for some time representative of the Government on the Melbourne Harbour Trust. At the general election in April 1892 Mr. Nimmo lost his seat.

Nisbet, Hume, artist and author, was born on August 8th, 1849, at Stirling, Scotland. As a boy he received special artistic training, and was educated under the Rev. Dr. Culross (now of Bristol College) up to the age of fifteen, when he left Scotland and emigrated to Melbourne, Vict. The next seven years he spent in wandering over the Australian colonies, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the South Sea Islands, painting and sketching and writing poetry and stories, besides making notes for future work. Of this period he spent one year acquiring theatrical experience at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne, under the well-known actor Mr. Richard Stewart. He returned to London in 1872, and spent some time in studying and copying pictures in the National Gallery and at South Kensington. At the end of the next year he went back to Scotland, and devoted himself to art, with an occasional lapse into literature. For eight years he was art master of the Watt Institution and School of Art, Edinburgh. He again went to reside in London, and in 1884 revisited Australia, and made his way to New Guinea, where he was the first painter-author to "interview" the Papuans. Most of his pictures have found a location in Scotland, and in 1883 he had an exhibition in Edinburgh of his collected works. He got to loggerheads with the Royal Scottish Academy, whose methods he criticised in numerous pamphlets and articles. During this trying period he owed much to the kindly encouragement of Mr. John Buskin and Sir Noel Paton. Among his best-known paintings are "Eve's first Moonrise," "The Flying Dutchman," "The Dream of Sardanapalus," four pictures of "The Ancient Mariner," and "The Battle of Dunbar." His literary efforts are mainly inspired by his Australian and South Sea experiences. He has published "The Practical in Painting" (Edinburgh, 1880), "Life and Nature Studies" (London, 1887), "The Land of the Hibiscus Blossom" (London, 1888), "Dr. Bernard St. Vincent" (London, 1889), "Eight Bells" (ditto), "Memories of the Months" (ditto), "Ashes" (London, 1890), "Bail Up" (ditto), "My Illustrated Diary of a Voyage from London to Australia" (ditto), "The Black Drop" (London, 1891), "Lessons in Art" (ditto), "The Savage Queen" (ditto), and "A Colonial Tramp" (ditto).

Nisbet, William David, M.I.C.E., J.P., was appointed Engineer of Harbours and Rivers for the colony of Queensland in March 1875.

Nixon, Right Rev. Francis Russell, D.D., sometime Bishop of Tasmania, son of Rev. Robert Nixon, of North Cray, Kent, was born in the year 1803. He was educated at St. John's College, Oxford, and after taking his degree was elected a Fellow of his college. Having taken orders, he was for some time chaplain to the Embassy at Naples. On the erection of Tasmania into a bishopric, Dr. Nixon was appointed first bishop by the Queen's letters patent, and was consecrated in Westminster Abbey on August 24th, 1842. On his arrival in Tasmania he was enthroned in St. David's Cathedral, Hobart, on July 27th, 1843. His administration of the diocese was marked by great energy and decision. In 1857 he attended the first synod of colonial bishops held in Sydney. In 1862 his state of health compelled him to leave Tasmania for England, and in 1864 he resigned his see, and was presented to an English living. Dr. Nixon was an accomplished scholar, and an artist of considerable ability. He was author of "Lectures on the Church Catechism" (second edition, London, 1844), a book which went through four editions. He died at Lago Maggiore, Italy, on April 7th, 1879, aged 76.

Noel, Arthur Baptist, District Court Judge, Queensland, eldest son of the late Judge Wriothesley Baptist Noel (q.v.) by Margaret, daughter of John McKenzie, of Tain, Scotland, was born in 1855, entered at the Inner Temple in Oct. 1873, and was called to the bar in Jan. 1877. Having gone to Queensland in Jan. 1881 to practise his profession, he was appointed a Judge of the Northern District Court of that colony in Jan. 1883. His Honour married on Sept. 25th, 1879, Henrietta Augusta McDonald, daughter of Henry and Ann O'Hara.

Noel, Wriothesley Baptist, sometime Judge of the Court of Insolvency, Victoria, was the eldest son of the Rev. Baptist Wriothesley Noel, tenth son of Sir Gerard Noel Noel, Bart., by Jane, eldest daughter of Peter Baillie, of Dochfour. He was born on August 15th, 1827, at Walthamstow, Essex, and entered at Trinity College, Cambridge; but left the university without taking a degree, owing to being incapacitated for study by an accident. He entered at the Middle Temple in Nov. 1847, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1850. In Nov. 1852 he landed in Melbourne, and was appointed police magistrate at Kilmore, Victoria. In Jan. 1855 he was removed to Melbourne as police magistrate for the county of Bourke; and later in the year he was appointed Crown Prosecutor, becoming Deputy-Chairman of General Sessions in July 1857. Two years later he was appointed Chief Commissioner of Insolvent Estates, and in Feb. 1871 Judge of the Court of Insolvency under the new statute. He married, in 1858, at the John Knox Church, Melbourne, Margaret, daughter of John McKenzie, of Tain, Scotland, who died on June 6th, 1869. Judge Noel died on May 19th, 1886.

Norman, General Sir Henry Wylie, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., C.I.B., Governor of Queensland, is the son of the late James Norman, and was born in Dec. 1826. He joined the Bengal Army in 1844; served as adjutant to the 31st Native Infantry throughout the Punjab campaign in 1848-9, including the passage of the Chenab, action of Sadoolapore, battles of Chilianwalla and Goojerat and pursuit of the Sikhs and Afghans. As brigade-major or assistant adjutant-general he was engaged in numerous affairs and expeditions on the Peshawar frontier in the years 1850-54; in 1855 in the Sonthal campaign in command of a detachment; in the mutiny campaigns of 1857-9 as assistant adjutant-general or deputy adjutant-general, and the greater part of the time as adjutant-general to the army in the field; served throughout the siege of Delhi; in all the actions under Greathed and Grant from Delhi to Lucknow; relief of Lucknow; operations at Cawnpore; action at Khodagunge and reoccupation of Futtehghur; siege and capture of Lucknow in March 1858; campaign in Rohilcund (wounded at the action of Bareilly); campaign in Oude, cold season of 1858-9, including several actions. In 1860 he was appointed assistant military secretary at the Horse Guards; in 1862 military secretary to the Government of India; in 1870 member of the Viceroy's Council, and in 1878 member of the Council of India in London; A.D.C. to the Queen from 1863 to 1869; in 1883 Governor of Jamaica; in 1889 Governor of Queensland, in succession to Sir Henry Blake, who resigned his appointment shortly after accepting it, owing to the dissatisfaction expressed thereat in Queensland. In 1890 Sir Henry Norman visited Northern Queensland, and reported home that in his opinion the majority of the people were in favour of separation from Southern Queensland. Later in the year he visited England on leave. Sir Henry, who became major-general in 1869, lieut.-general in 1877, and general in 1882, was created C.B. in 1859, K.C.B. in 1873, G.C.B., G.C.M.G. in 1887, and C.I.E. in 1878. He married first, in 1853, Selina Eliza, daughter of Dr. A. Davidson, Inspector-General of Hospitals; secondly, Minnie, daughter of T. Knowles, and widow of Captain A. R. Temple, who died in 1865; and, thirdly, Alice Claudine, daughter of Teignmouth Sandys, of the Bengal Civil Service.

Normanby, The Most Noble George Augustus Constantine Phipps, G.C.B., G.C.M.G., Marquess of, sometime Governor of Queensland, New Zealand, and Victoria, was the son of the first marquess, and was born on July 23rd, 1819. He entered the Coldstream Guards as ensign, and became lieutenant in 1838. In August, 1844, he married Laura, daughter of Captain Robert Russell, R.N. In 1847 he was elected M.P. for Scarborough, but gave up his seat in 1851 on accepting the office of Comptroller of the Queen's Household. In 1853 he became Treasurer of the Household, and in 1858 Lieutenant-Governor of Nova Scotia, a post which he filled till 1863, when he succeeded to the peerage on the death of his father. In 1866 he delivered his maiden speech in the House of Lords as mover of the address in reply to the speech from the throne. The Marquess was captain of her Majesty's Honourable Corps of Gentlemen of Arms from 1869 to 1871, when he succeeded Colonel Blackall as Governor of Queensland, which colony he left in 1874 on his appointment as Governor of New Zealand, where he remained till 1878, when he was transferred to Victoria, of which colony he remained Governor till 1884, when he retired from the service and resided in England. The Marchioness died on Jan. 26th, 1885. Lord Normanby, who in early life was a supporter of the Whig party, was opposed to Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule policy. He died on April 3rd, 1890.

Norton, Hon. Albert, M.L.A., Speaker of the Legislative Assembly, Queensland, was born at Elswick, near Sydney, on Jan. 1st, 1836, and educated at Wilkinson's School, near that city. In 1860 he removed to Queensland, and settled at Rodd's Bay Station, near Gladstone, in 1861. Five years later he unsuccessfully contested Port Curtis with Sir A. H. Palmer, and the next year (1887) was summoned to the Legislative Council. He only, however, sat in the Upper House for one session, being returned to the Assembly without opposition for Port Curtis (which he still represents) in 1868. In March 1883, on the resignation of Mr. Macrossan, he accepted office as Minister for Works and Mines in the first McIlwraith Ministry, retiring with his colleagues in the following November. On the meeting of Parliament after the general election of 1888 Mr. Norton was unanimously elected Speaker of the House of Assembly.

Norton, Hon. James, M.L.C., was nominated to the Legislative Council of New South Wales in Oct. 1879, and was Postmaster-General in the Stuart Ministry from May 1883 to May 1884. Mr. Norton is the eldest son of the late Hon. James Norton, M.L.C., formerly a solicitor in large practice in Sydney, by his first wife, Jane, daughter of Alexander Kenneth Mackenzie. He was born in Dec. 1824, and practises as a solicitor in Sydney, being a Fellow of St. Paul's College within the university of Sydney and a trustee of the Free Public Library and Australian Museum in that city. He married first, at Longford, Tasmania, in June 1854, Harriott Mary, eldest daughter of Thomas Walker, Deputy Assistant Commissary-General of New South Wales (who died in 1860); and, secondly, at Sydney, in Dec. 1862, Isabella, eldest daughter of Rev. William Stephens, of Levens, Westmoreland.

Nowell, Edwin Cradock, was born at Hobart, Tasmania, in 1831. He was appointed clerk to the Commissariat Department, Tasmania, 1852; clerk to the Governor 1857; acting clerk to the Executive and Legislative Councils 1862; clerk to the Executive and Legislative Councils 1864, which office he has held continuously down to the present time. He has also held the following offices:—Government Statistician 1867 to 1882; Superintendent of Census 1881; Clerk of Federal Council of Australasia first session 1886, second session 1888, third session 1889, and fourth session 1891. He is author of a "Parliamentary Handbook" (Hobart, 1887), "History of the Relations between the two Houses of Parliament in Tasmania and South Australia" (Hobart, 1890), papers on political economy and meteorology read before the Royal Society of Tasmania, and occasional literary works. Mr. Nowell is an honorary member of the Statistical Society.

O

O'Connell, Hon. Sir Maurice Charles, M.L.C., sometime Speaker of the Legislative Council, Queensland, was the son of General Sir Maurice Charles O'Connell, formerly Lieut.-Governor and Commander of the Forces in New South Wales, by his marriage with Mary, daughter of Admiral William Bligh, whose name has acquired world-wide notoriety in connection with the mutiny of the Bounty. He was for some years Governor of New South Wales; and when, in 1810, he was forcibly deposed by the officers in command of the forces in New South Wales, Lady O'Connell (then Mrs. Putland, widow of Lieut. Putland), courageously attempted to prevent the entrance of the insurgent officers into Government House. Failing in this, she vainly attempted to conceal her father, who was placed under arrest, and subsequently deported from the colony. Sir Maurice O'Connell, who was related to the "Liberator," was born in Sydney in 1812, and educated at the High School, Edinburgh, and in Dublin and Paris. He entered the army when sixteen, and joined the 73rd Regiment at Gibraltar. When twenty-three he went to Spain as colonel of a regiment of the British Legion which he himself had raised in the county of Cork and other parts of Munster, to sustain the cause of the Spanish Queen and constitution against the insurgent Carlists. Later on he became Deputy Adjutant-General, and ultimately succeeded Sir De Lacy Evans as general of brigade in command of the now British Auxiliary Legion in Spain. The Legion was disbanded in 1837, Sir Maurice O'Connell being rewarded for his services by having the knighthood of several Spanish orders conferred upon him. On his return to England he was appointed to the 51st Regiment, and afterwards becoming captain in the 28th, was appointed military secretary on the staff of his father in New South Wales in 1835. When the 28th was recalled to England, Sir Maurice sold out, and engaged in pastoral pursuits. In 1843 he unsuccessfully contested Sydney for a seat in the first Legislative Council of New South Wales, but was subsequently returned for the Port Phillip district (now Victoria). In 1848 he was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Burnett district, and in 1854 was made Government Resident at Port Curtis. The latter post he held till 1860, when the Moreton Bay district, in which both the Burnett and Port Curtis districts were situated, was separated from New South Wales, and was converted into the colony of Queensland. Sir Maurice was at once nominated to the Legislative Council of the latter colony, and represented the Herbert Ministry in the Upper House as a member of the Executive Council, without portfolio, from May to August 1860, when he succeeded Sir Charles Nicholson as President of the Legislative Council, and held that position till his decease. He also held the command of the local forces, and was on four occasions Acting Governor of Queensland. In the latter capacity he entertained the Duke of Edinburgh at Government House, Brisbane, in 1868, in which year he was knighted. Sir Maurice, who was president of the Australasian Association and of the Queensland Turf Club, died on March 23rd, 1879, and was accorded the honour of a public funeral. He married on July 23rd, 1835, Eliza Emiline, daughter of Col. Philip Le Geyt (63rd Regiment), of Jersey, who survived him.

O'Connor, C. Y., M.I.C.E., Engineer-in-chief of Western Australia, is a native of Ireland, where he was born in 1843. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to Mr. John Challoner Smith, M.I.C.E., and was engaged in engineering work in connection with the Irish railways until 1865, when he emigrated to New Zealand. Here he was assistant engineer in the province of Canterbury, under Mr. Dobson, from Sept. of the latter year till 1870, when the West Coast portion of Canterbury was constituted a separate county, and he was appointed its engineer. Mr. O'Connor was District Engineer for the county of Westland from July 1871 to Nov. 1872, and District Engineer for the Canterbury provincial district from the latter date till Nov. 1874, when he was appointed District Engineer for the whole West Coast district, a position he retained till March 1880. During the latter period he also, by permission of the New Zealand Government, acted as Consulting Engineer for the county of Westland from April 1877 to April 1878, and as Consulting Engineer to the Hokitika Harbour Board from April 1877 to March 1880. From March 1880 to Nov. 1883 Mr. O'Connor was Inspecting Engineer for the whole of the Middle Island of New Zealand, being Under-Secretary for Public Works for the colony from Nov. 1883 to May 1890, when he was appointed Marine Engineer. Mr. O'Connor, who was admitted a member of the Institute of Civil Engineers in April 1880, accepted the appointment of Engineer-in-Chief of Western Australia in April 1891, arriving in that colony at the end of May.

O'Connor, Hon. Daniel, M.L.C., is of Irish extraction, and has been an alderman of the city of Sydney. He represented West Sydney in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales until the last General Election. He was Postmaster-General in the last Robertson Government from Dec. 1885 to Feb. 1886, and was reappointed to that position in March 1889, when the late Parkes Ministry came into power, and took a prominent part in the Postal Conference at Sydney in 1891. At the General Election in June 1891, he was defeated for West Sydney, and subsequently contested Monaro with like ill-success. He was, however, nominated to the Legislative Council, and retained his seat in the Government until its defeat in Oct. 1891.

O'Connor, Right Rev. Michael, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Ballarat, Vict., was born in Dublin in 1827 and educated at Maynooth and Dunboyne Colleges, where he won numerous honours. Taking holy orders, he was appointed parish priest of Rathfarnham, Dublin. In 1875 he was appointed first Roman Catholic Bishop of Ballarat in Victoria, being installed in the cathedral of that city by Archbishop Goold on Nov. 20th of that year. The Bishop died on Feb. 14th, 1883. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

O'Connor, Hon. Richard Edward, M.L.C., Minister of Justice, New South Wales, was nominated to the Legislative Council of that colony in Dec. 1887. When Mr. Dibbs became for the third time Premier of New South Wales—in Oct. 1891—Mr. O'Connor accepted office under him as Minister of Justice.

O'Doherty, Kevin Izod, F.R.C.S., was born in Dublin in June 1824, and educated for the medical profession. Whilst still a student he entered heartily into the "Young Ireland" movement, and joined with R. D. Williams ("Shamrock," of the Nation), in founding the Irish Tribune, the first number of which was published in Dublin on June 10th, 1848. At the fifth number, issued on July 10th, the new journal was suppressed by the Castle authorities, and Mr. O'Doherty was lodged in gaol on a charge of treason-felony. In the following month he was placed on his trial, but the jury disagreed, and the same fate awaited a second experiment. Arraigned a third time, he was found guilty, and sentenced to ten years' transportation. Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was his destined location, for which he sailed in company with John Martin, arriving in Nov. 1849. He was at once released on parole, and his professional services were utilised at St. Mary's Hospital, Hobart. Five years later Mr. O'Doherty received a pardon, conditional on his residing anywhere out of the United Kingdom. Of this he availed himself to settle in Paris, where be resumed his medical studies, making a secret excursion to Dublin in order to marry Miss Kelly ("Eva," of the Nation), to whom he had been affianced at the time of his trial, and who had promised to wait for him when their prospects of reunion seemed blackest. In 1856 Mr. O'Doherty received an unconditional pardon, and in the following year he returned to Dublin, where he was admitted F.R.C.S. in 1857, and L.M. and L.R.Q.C.P. in 1859. After practising in Dublin for some time with much success, Mr. O'Doherty emigrated to Brisbane, where he took a leading position in his profession, and was for six years one of the members for the capital in the Legislative Assembly of Queensland. In 1877 he was nominated a member of the Legislative Council, and retained his seat till 1886, when he resigned, with the view of settling in Europe. He was received with great cordiality on his return to Ireland, and was at once nominated and returned to the House of Commons for Meath in the Parnellite interest. After a few months, however, he resigned his seat in Parliament, and returned to Queensland, where he still resides. Mr. O'Doherty was for some time president of the Irish National League of Australia, and was chairman of the Irish Australian Convention, held in Melbourne in 1883.

O'Donovan, Dennis, F.R.G.S., was born on August 23rd, 1836, in the county of Cork, and educated in Ireland and France. Prior to his arrival in Queensland in 1874, when he was appointed to his present position as Parliamentary Librarian, Mr. O'Donovan filled various positions in Victoria. He is the author of numerous works, including "Memories of Rome," and part author of "Ami de la Religion." During his stay in Melbourne he wrote on literary and artistic subjects, lectured on art and architecture at the Public Library, and advocated the establishment of schools of design in Victoria. Mr. O'Donovan's latest work is an Analytical Catalogue of the Queensland Parliamentary Library.

Officer, Charles Myles, M.L.A., J.P., the third son of the late Sir Robert Officer, was born at New Norfolk, Tasmania, in 1827, and in 1848 went to Port Phillip, where he engaged in pastoral pursuits at Mount Talbot, in the Wimmera district. He was returned to the Assembly for Dundas in 1880, and has ever since represented the constituency in the moderate Conservative interest. He married first, in 1854, Christina Susannah, daughter of the late Daniel Robertson, of Launceston, Tasmania; and secondly, in 1876, Ellen Agnes, second daughter of the late Thomas Pope Besnard, of Inverell, N.S.W.

Officer, Sir Robert, M.A., son of Robert Officer, was born in Scotland in 1800, and graduated B.A., and subsequently M.A., at St. Andrews University. Having obtained his diploma as a member of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, he emigrated to Tasmania, where he was appointed Government medical officer for New Norfolk, and also acquired considerable private practice in partnership with Dr. Agnew, who has since been Premier of the colony. Sir Robert paid a brief visit to Victoria whilst the gold fever was at its height; but ultimately returned to Tasmania, where, after filling the post of Assistant Colonial Surgeon, he retired from the medical profession, resigning his practice to Dr. Agnew. In 1853 he was returned to the old Legislative Council, then the only Chamber, for Buckingham. In the following year the new Constitution Act was passed, and when the first election under the bi-cameral system took place, in Sept. 1856, Sir Robert Officer was returned to the House of Assembly for the district of Glenorchy. He was at once chosen Chairman of Committees, and on the retirement of Mr. Fenton in August 1861 became Speaker of the House. This position he held uninterruptedly until April 1877, having been four times re-elected in the interval, and having throughout the whole term of his Speakership been returned unopposed for Glenorchy. Sir Robert was knighted in 1869; and after his resignation of the Speakership, on which occasion he received the thanks of the House for his long and valuable services, he retired to live at Hall Green, his residence near New Norfolk, where to the last he occupied himself in hop cultivation and salmon acclimatisation, industries in which he was greatly interested, and of which he was one of the leading pioneers. He died on July 8th, 1879.

O'Grady, Hon. Michael, K.S.G., M.L.A., was born in Roscommon, Ireland, in 1821, and went to London as a boy to push his fortune. In 1855 he was sent out to Sydney to establish a branch of the "People's Provident Society." The next year he removed to Melbourne and was connected with insurance business. In 1861 he entered the Lower House of the Victorian Parliament as member for Villiers and Heytesbury, and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Sladen Ministry from May to July 1868. He held the same post in the Duffy Ministry from June 1871 to May 1872. Mr. O'Grady, who was created a Knight of St. Gregory by the Pope in 1871, died in 1875.

O'Halloran, Joseph Sylvester, Secretary of the Royal Colonial Institute, is the son of the late Captain William Littlejohn and Eliza Minton O'Halloran. and was born at Adelaide, South Australia, on March 28th, 1842. He was educated at private schools, and entered the South Australian Civil Service, receiving his first appointment from Sir Richard Graves MacDonnell, the then Governor. After passing ten years in the Audit Office, and rising to the third position in that department, he was promoted to the clerkship of the Executive Council, being at the same time gazetted Clerk to the Court of Appeals. These offices he retained until 1871, and, in addition, acted for awhile as private secretary to the Right Hon. Sir James Fergusson, Bart., Governor of the colony. In consequence of certain reductions in the estimates, which involved several departmental changes, Mr. O'Halloran retired from the Government service in 1871, with compensation for loss of office, the Governor in Council recording his testimony to the honourable manner in which he had discharged his duties. Soon after his retirement Mr. O'Halloran came to England, was elected a Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society and of the Royal Colonial Institute, and found occupation in the city of London, where he filled secretarial appointments for a period extending over seven years. In 1872 he acted—in conjunction with the late Dr. C. W. Eddy—as honorary secretary and a member of the committee for celebrating the opening of telegraphic communication with Australia. In the following year he proceeded to New Zealand, and travelled through both islands, collecting information in connection with some elaborate investigations which had been conducted in London with a view to the application of an improved process for the extraction of the fibre of the Phormium tenax. He visited the Cape of Good Hope in 1877, and in the succeeding year revisited Australia. In April 1881 he was appointed assistant-secretary and librarian of the Royal Colonial Institute, and in Dec. 1883 was promoted to the position of secretary. In 1882 he proceeded to North-Western Canada, which was then attracting much attention, for the purpose of acquainting himself with its capabilities as a field for settlement. In 1884 he again visited Canada, attending the Montreal meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science as one of the secretaries to the Geographical Section, the president of which section publicly acknowledged his services. Before returning to England he made an extended tour through Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. In 1885 he attended the Aberdeen meeting, again undertaking the secretaryship of Section E. Mr. O'Halloran was a member of the London committee of the Jubilee Exhibition held at Adelaide in 1887. He was married, at the parish church, Cheltenham, Gloucester, on August 17th, 1886, to Alice Mary, daughter of the late Henry Simpson, of Ridge Park, Adelaide.

O'Halloran, Major Thomas Shuldham, J.P., second son of Major-General Sir Joseph O'Halloran, G.C.B., Bengal Army, by his wife, Frances, daughter of Colonel Nicholas Bayly, M.P., and niece of Henry, 1st Earl of Uxbridge, was born at Berhampore, East Indies, Oct. 25th, 1797. He became a cadet at the Royal Military College, Marlow, in 1808; ensign Royal West Middlesex Militia in 1809; ensign 17th Foot in 1813, and joined his regiment in 1814. He served in the Nepaul war during the years 1814, 1815, and 1816, became lieutenant in June 1817, and served in the Deccan war during that and the following year. He married, on August 1st, 1821, Miss Ann Goss, of Dawlish, who died in 1823 in Calcutta. In 1822 he exchanged from the 17th to the 44th Regiment, which he joined in Calcutta in Jan. 1823. In 1824 he was ordered with the left wing of the 44th to Chittagong, where he arrived early in June, and was appointed paymaster, quartermaster, and interpreter. On Oct. 30th he was appointed brigade-major to Brigadier-General Dunkin, C.B., who commanded the Sylket division of the army during the Burmese war, and served on his staff until his death in Nov. 1825. He received a medal for war service in India, for Nepaul and Ava. On April 27th, 1827, he purchased his company in the 99th Regiment, and exchanged into the 56th Regiment in 1828. In 1829 he exchanged into the 6th Regiment, and joined his father as aide-de-camp at Saugor, in Central India. From June 1830 to Jan. 1831 he served as deputy-assistant quartermaster-general at Saugor. In 1834 he married Miss Jane Waring, of Newry, and retired on half-pay in Oct. of that year. In 1837 he was placed on full pay as captain in the 97th Regiment; and in that year was sent in command of two companies of his regiment and a troop of the 4th Dragoon Guards to quell the riots in Yorkshire. In 1838 he retired from the army by the sale of his commission, and sailed for South Australia the same year in the Rajahstan, landing at Glenelg on Nov. 21st, 1838. He settled with his family at O'Halloran Hill, and was made a J.P. in 1839. He was gazetted Major-Commandant of the South Australian Militia on Feb. 26th, 1840, and on June 8th as Commissioner of Police. When the Maria was wrecked at Lacepede Bay, and the crew were murdered by the blacks, Major O'Halloran went down with two other gentlemen to investigate the matter, and hanged two of the natives. This proceeding was very severely condemned by a number of colonists, who made very strong representations upon the subject to both the local and home Governments. The result, however, showed that, whatever opinions might be entertained respecting the abstract propriety of the summary measures adopted, they were in reality the wisest and most merciful for both races, no organised attack being afterwards made upon Europeans by the natives in that part of the colony. He commanded several expeditions against the blacks in 1840 and 1841, and resigned his appointment as Commissioner of Police on April 12th, 1843. He was nominated on June 15th, 1843, senior non-official member of the old nominee Legislative Council, and sat till 1851, when the first instalment of representative government was conceded. He took part in the successful opposition to the official policy for the imposition of royalties on minerals; but, having supported the then Governor in his attempt to perpetuate State aid to religion, was defeated for the district of Noarlunga when the Mixed Constitution was proclaimed. In 1855 he unsuccessfully contested the Sturt. He was gazetted a lieutenant-colonel of the Volunteer Military Force in 1854. When responsible government was conceded, he was returned at the head of the poll over twenty-seven candidates for the Legislative Council in March 1857. In 1862 he resigned his commission as justice of the peace, owing to his strong disapproval of some of the Government appointments to the magistracy. He retired from the Legislative Council the following year, and died at Lizard Lodge, O'Halloran Hill, on August 16th, 1870.

O'Halloran, Captain William Littlejohn, son of Major-General Sir Joseph O'Halloran, G.C.B., and brother of the foregoing, was born in 1805. He entered the army as ensign in the 14th Foot in 1823, and after brilliant service in India, particularly at the siege and storming of Bhurtpore, Bengal, was advanced to lieutenant. With his brother, Major T. S. O'Halloran, he was attached to the staff of his father in the Saugor division, Central India, from 1828 to 1829; and became captain 38th Regiment by purchase in 1837. He retired from the army, and emigrated to South Australia in 1840. In that colony he was appointed a member of the Audit Board in 1843, and subsequently became private secretary to Governor Sir George Grey, and clerk of the Executive Council. He was appointed Auditor-General, in succession to Mr. F. C. Singleton, in 1851, and held the position till 1868, when he finally retired from the public service. He died on July 15th, 1885. Captain O'Halloran married in 1831 Eliza Minton, daughter of John Montague Smyth.

Okeden, William Edward Parry, Under-Colonial Secretary, Queensland, son of David Parry Okeden, was born at Maranumbela, his father's station, in the Manaro District of New South Wales, on May 13th, 1841. Having served three years as an articled clerk to a solicitor in Melbourne, he relinquished the law and joined his father in squatting pursuits in Queensland in 1861. Nine years later he was appointed to initiate the Border Customs, and entered the Civil Service as Inspector of the Border Patrol in Dec. 1870. Having been employed as a police magistrate from 1872 to 1886, Mr. Okeden acted for the next three years as Immigration Agent at Brisbane, receiving the appointment of Under-Colonial Secretary in July 1889. In 1887 he acted with Mr. Kinnaird Rose on an inquiry into gaol management in Queensland.

Oliver, Charles N. J., entered the New South Wales Civil Service, and was appointed Under-Secretary for Lands in Nov. 1880. He is now one of the Commissioners of Railways under the new non-political system of control.

Oliver, Hon. Richard, M.L.C., son of Robert Oliver, of Penzance, Cornwall, England, and Elizabeth (Fox) his wife, was born on Feb. 21st, 1830. Having emigrated to New Zealand, he entered the Parliament of that colony, and was Minister of Public Works in the Hall Ministry from Oct. 1879 to May 1881, being in the Cabinet without portfolio till April 1882, when, a reconstruction taking place, he was included in the Whitaker Government as a member of the Executive Council till Sept. 1883, when on a second reconstruction he became Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Electric Telegraphs under Major (now Sir H. A.) Atkinson, retiring, with the rest of his colleagues, in August 1884. Mr. Oliver married first at Penzance,on June 18th, 1858, Ellen, daughter of William Purchase; and secondly, at Penzance, on August 19th, 1885, Louise d'Este, daughter of J. S. Courtney, of Alverton House, Penzance, and sister of Right Hon. Leonard H. Courtney, M.P., Chairman of Committees, House of Commons. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Nov. 1881.

O'Loghlen, Hon. Sir Bryan, Bart., M.L.A., M.A., formerly Premier of Victoria, is the third son of the late Right Hon. Sir Michael O'Loghlen, a distinguished Irish judge, who was created a baronet in 1838, and who was the first Roman Catholic raised to judicial office either in England or Ireland after the revolution of 1688. Sir Bryan's elder brother, Sir Colman O'Loghlen, represented the county of Clare in the English Parliament from 1863 to 1877, and was Judge Advocate-General in the Gladstone Government from 1868 to 1870. Sir Bryan was born on June 27th, 1828, and was educated at St. Clement's School, Oxford, Oscott College, Birmingham, and ultimately at Trinity College, Dublin, where he entered in 1846 and took honours in classics and mathematics. In 1847-8 he took part on the national side in Irish politics, and in the latter year was articled to Mr. T. Flanagan, the engineer of the Bolton, Blackburn, and Clitheroe line, with the view of becoming a railway engineer. Two years later the railway panic occurred, and Mr. O'Loghlen (as he then was) took to farming some of the family acres in county Clare. He grew tired of this too, and passed the year 1851 in a mercantile office in London. The next year he hit upon his metier, and decided to read for the Bar. With this view he went back to Trinity College, Dublin, where he was classed as a junior moderator in the degree examination (B.A. 1856) and received a silver medal. After reading in his brother, Sir Michael's chambers, he was called to the Irish Bar in Easter term, 1856. He spent five years on the Munster circuit, and then decided to emigrate to Australia, arriving in Melbourne in Jan. 1862. Here he was admitted to the local Bar in Feb. following, and entering on the active practice of his profession, was appointed Crown Prosecutor in April 1863. From 1871 to Jan. 1877 Mr. O'Loghlen was employed in this capacity in the metropolitan district and conducted some of the heaviest criminal cases in the colony. At the general election in May 1877, when the Berry party swept the country, Mr. O'Loghlen came forward for North Melbourne as an advanced Liberal, advocating annual elections, payment of members (since conceded), deprivation of the Upper House of the power of rejecting money bills, a free university and free and compulsory but religious primary instruction. He was defeated by only sixteen votes, and on July 22nd in the same year succeeded to the baronetcy on the death of his surviving elder brother. His friends in Clare at once put him in nomination as his brother's successor in the representation of the county, and, despite the disadvantage of absence, he was returned at the head of the poll by an overwhelming majority over The O'Gorman Mahon and Mr. Reeves, who both also stood. In Jan. 1878 Sir Charles MacMahon resigned his seat for West Melbourne, and Sir Bryan O'Loghlen at once plunged into the fray as the Berryite candidate for the vacancy. He was opposed by Mr. J. G. Francis, an ex-Premier and probably the most popular embodiment of Conservatism in the colony. Popular enthusiasm on the side of the new Liberalism was, however, at its height, and on Feb. 4th Sir Bryan beat his doughty opponent by a majority of ninety votes, the contest exciting greater interest, owing to the strained nature of the political situation, than was probably ever aroused by a bye-election in the short but pregnant history of Victoria. Mr. Trench, the Attorney-General, subsequently resigned, and Sir Bryan O'Loghlen took his place on March 27th. He had thus again to go before the electors of West Melbourne within seven weeks of his first fight. Again Mr. Francis opposed him, and again Sir Bryan O'Loghlen repulsed the assault, though by a reduced majority. As legal adviser to the Government in the stormy times of the contest between the two Houses over the payment of members, "tack," and the "Black Wednesday" dismissals, Sir Bryan O'Loghlen had now to act a very similar part to that played by Mr. Higinbotham in the first M?Culloch Ministry, the bone of discord being in each case the claim of the Lower House to absolute financial supremacy over the Upper. The constitutional deadlock appearing insurmountable, it was decided to send an "embassy" (as it was called) to England to invoke the interference of the imperial authorities with a view to effecting necessary reforms for the liberalisation of the Legislative Council. It was at first intended that Sir Bryan O'Loghlen should form one of the deputation, but ultimately Mr. Berry and Professor Pearson went alone, leaving Sir Bryan O'Loghlen to cope with the acerbity of an excited political situation, with the added responsibilities of acting Premier during Mr. Berry's absence from Dec. 1878 to Nov. 1879. In the meantime the Elections Committee of the House of Commons had declared Sir Bryan O'Loghlen's seat for Clare vacant, owing to his having accepted an office of profit under the Crown—viz., the Victorian attorney-generalship—and he did not again contest the seat. In Feb. 1880 the elections turned against the once unboundedly popular Berry Ministry, and Sir Bryan O'Loghlen in consequence resigned with his colleagues in the following month, having previously been defeated for West Melbourne. Later on he was returned for West Bourke, and having in the meantime become estranged from the Berry party, who had come into office again in the interval, moved a vote of want of confidence in them, which on July 1st, 1881, was carried by 41 votes to 38. Mr. Berry at once resigned, and Sir Bryan O'Loghlen was sent for, and on July 9th assumed office as Premier, with the posts of Attorney-General and Treasurer. The new Government had hardly any direct supporters in the House, but by the forbearance of the Liberal and Conservative parties, who were neither of them strong enough to take office, they held on till the general election in Feb. 1883, when Sir Bryan O'Loghlen lost his seat for West Bourke, and his Ministry was displaced by the Service-Berry Coalition Government (March 1888). Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, who was soon afterwards returned for Port Fairy, for which he still sits, remained in opposition to the Service-Berry and Gillies-Deakin Ministries until Oct. 1890, when he assisted Mr. Munro to tern out the latter, but did not himself take office. During the session of 1890 he distinguished himself by his outspoken opposition to intercolonial federation, and especially to the form of it embodied in the Commonwealth Bill which emanated out of the Sydney Convention. Sir Bryan O'Loghlen, who is looked on as the leader of the Catholic party in Parliament, is a supporter of the Shiels Ministry. He married on Sept. 17th, 1863, Ella, third daughter of James Mackay Seward, of Melbourne. He was made an Hon. M.A. of Melbourne University in 1877.

O'Malley, Michael, J.P., was appointed to the Queensland Civil Service by the late Mr. A. Macalister in June 1869, and was a police magistrate for several years, and also Northern Sheriff. In Dec. 1889 he was appointed a member of the Civil Service Board, and also of the Civil Service Investment Board.

Onslow, Alexander Campbell, B.A., Chief Justice of Western Australia, is the fourth son of Arthur Pooley Onslow, of Send Grove, Ripley, Surrey, by his wife, Rosa Roberta, daughter of Alexander Macleay, F.R.S., Speaker of the first Legislative Council of New South Wales. He was born on July 17th, 1842, and was educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1864. He entered at the Inner Temple on Jan. 15th, 1862, was called to the bar on Nov. 17th, 1868, and went the Home Circuit. He married, on Feb. 4th, 1878, Madeline Emma, daughter of Rev. Robert Loftus Tottenham, of Florence, and granddaughter of the Bishop of Clogher. He was Attorney-General of British Honduras from 1878 to 1880, and Attorney-General of Western Australia from 1880 to 1883. In July of the latter year he was appointed Chief Justice, in which capacity he administered the government during the absence of Sir F. Napier Broome in England in 1884-5. His relations with that Governor having subsequently become strained, the latter "interdicted" him from his functions as Chief Justice, for the alleged premature and improper publication of certain correspondence then pending between them and with the Colonial Office. The Executive Council unanimously confirmed the interdict, and placed Mr. Onslow on half-pay pending the decision of the Colonial Office. In the result, Lord Knutsford reinstated Mr. Onslow, but censured him. Ultimately, in view of the attitude assumed by the Chief Justice in adjudicating on certain cases of newspaper libel, the Legislative Council passed a resolution requesting the Home Government, in the interests of tranquillity, to transfer him to some other location. He was accordingly given, a year's leave of absence; and this having been again extended, Sir H. T. Wrensfordsley was sent out to the colony in 1890 as Acting Chief Justice. Mr. Onslow returned to Western Australia and resumed his occupancy of the office of Chief Justice in July 1891.

Onslow, Captain Arthur Alexander Walton, R.N., eldest son of Arthur Pooley Onslow of Send Grove, Ripley, Karrey, by his marriage with Rosa Roberta, daughter of Alexander Macleay, F.B.S., sometime Colonial Secretary and Speaker of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, was born at Trichinopoly on August 2nd, 1833, and was taken to Sydney when five years old. In 1841 he went to England, and entered the royal navy in 1847 on board the Howe, commanded by Sir Jas. Stirling, first Governor of Western Australia. After seeing much active service, especially in the suppression of the slave trade off the west coast of Africa, Captain Onslow was employed on the Herald in 1857 in surveying "Shark's Bay," and the numerous detached coral reefs on the Eastern Australian coast, outside the Great Barrier Reefs and in Torres Straits. In 1861 he returned to England, and two years later became commander, and in 1871 retired from the navy with the rank of post-captain. In August 1867 he married Elizabeth, only daughter of James Macarthur (q.v.). In 1870 he was returned to the Assembly for Camden, and in 1874 accompanied Mr. (afterwards Sir) Wm. Macleay on his expedition to New Guinea in the Chevert. Captain Onslow died on Jan. 30th, 1882.

Onslow, Right Hon. William Hillier, Earl of, G.C.M.G., late Governor and Commander-in-Chief of New Zealand, son of George Augustus Cranley (grandson of Thomas, 2nd earl, and nephew of Arthur George, 3rd earl), by Mary Harriet Ann, eldest daughter of Lieut.-General William F. B. Loftus, of Kilbride, co. Wicklow, was born on March 7th, 1853, and was educated at Eton and Exeter College, Oxford. He succeeded his great-uncle as 4th earl on Oct. 24th, 1870. He was one of the Lords-in-waiting in 1880 and again in 1886, and is Lord High Steward of Guildford. In Feb. 1887 Lord Onslow was appointed Parliamentary Under-Secretary for the Colonies, and in that capacity acted as Vice-President of the Colonial Conference in that year. He was also one of the British delegates at the International Conference on the Sugar Bounties. In Feb. 1888 Lord Onslow became Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade, and in the next year was appointed to the Governorship of New Zealand, in succession to Lieut.-General Sir William Jervois. This post he resigned at the end of 1891, and quitted New Zealand in March of the next year, arriving in England in June. Lord Onslow, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1887 and G.C.M.G. in 1889, married in 1875 Hon. Florence Coulston, daughter of Alan, 3rd Lord Gardner. Lord Onslow, from the time of his arrival in the colony, manifested a strong personal interest in the land of his temporary sojourn, and gave evidence of his determination to give New Zealand associations a place in his after-life. His Excellency did what he could, by precept and example, to foster a taste for legitimate sport, he encouraged and aided the labours of Acclimatisation societies, and he used his personal influence with Ministers to get certain islands lying off the coast proclaimed as perpetual preserves for native birds, so as to save from extinction the various interesting species for which New Zealand ornithology has become so famous. He lost no opportunity of collecting rare birds for transmission to the Zoological Society of London, and commenced the formation at Government House of what may hereafter prove to be a very valuable ethnological collection. In further proof that he desired to have his future linked with New Zealand, on the birth of a son at Wellington he determined to give him a Maori name. Her Majesty the Queen, at the joint request of the Jubilee mayors of the four principal cities, had consented to be the child's godmother, and by royal command the first names were Victor Alexander, to which was added the family name of Herbert. After much deliberation, the third name, selected as a compliment to the Maori people, was that of Huia. The choice was a very happy one, as it linked the Governor's family with the most ancient Maori blood in the land, and brought the infant into brotherhood with the most powerful and most civilised chiefs in the North Island. After the child had been christened in due form, he was taken to Otahi by his parents on Sept. 12th, 1891, to be presented to the tribe whose name he had taken. The tribes from all parts of the surrounding country assembled to take part in the function, and the ceremonial was a very impressive one. The representative chiefs made speeches of welcome full of pathos and poetry, recounting the achievements of their forefathers who had "gone away into the eternal night" and drawing a pathetic picture of the decadence of the race. But throughout the speeches there was a full recognition of the honour the Governor had conferred on the Ngatihuia tribe. It was thus expressed by one of the speakers:—"Other governors have said kind things and done kind things, but it has been reserved for you, Governor, to pay this great compliment to the Maori people: that of giving to your son a Maori name. According to our ancient customs, no greater courtesy could be shown by one great tribe to another great tribe, and there was no surer way of cementing the bonds of friendship. It has long been said, 'Let the Pakeha and the Maori be one people,' and you have given practical shape to this by accepting for your son the name of an ancient chief. We invoke the spirits of our ancestors to witness this day that in your son Huia the friendship of the two races becomes united!" Lord Onslow having made a suitable reply, the hereditary young chief of the Ngatihuia, Tamihana Te Hoia, stepping forward, said:—"And now, O Governor and Lady Onslow, bring forward the infant Huia, that the tribe may do him honour." On being taken from the nurse's arms and presented to him, Tamihana solemnly "rubbed noses" with the child before the whole tribe, all the women present joining their voices in a soft and plaintive lullaby, composed expressly for the occasion. After this formal reception of Huia, there followed an incident of a touching kind, for all the chiefs of the tribe came forward and cast their offerings before the child, Costly robes of Maori workmanship in profusion, carved boxes, and ancient greenstones gave tangible expression to the genuineness of the Maori feeling.

Ord, Major-General Sir Harry St. George, R.E., G.C.M.G., C.B., sometime Governor of Western Australia, was the son of the late H. Ord, and was born in 1819. He entered the Royal Engineers in 1837, and was promoted to be lieutenant in 1839, captain in 1846, brevet-major in 1854, lieut.-colonel in 1859, and major-general in 1869. He served principally in the West Indies and on the coast of Africa. He acted as brigade-major in the combined French and English expedition to the Baltic in 1854; and was at the siege and capture of Bomarsund, for which he received brevet rank. He was employed under the Colonial Office in 1855-6 as Commissioner to the Gold Coast; and in 1856-7 and 1860 at the courts of Paris and the Hague, to assist the ambassador and minister in carrying out negotiations with respect to the French and Netherlands possessions on the coast of Africa. Sir Harry was appointed Lieut.-Governor of Dominica in August 1857; and Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda in Feb. 1861. He was sent on a special mission to the settlements on the west coast of Africa in Oct. 1864, and was made Governor of the Straits Settlements in 1867. He was Governor of Western Australia from Nov. 12th, 1877, to April 6th, 1880. He married in 1846 Julia Graham, daughter of Admiral James Carpenter, who still survives. Sir Harry died in 1885.

O'Reilly, Hon. Christopher, K.S.G., was Minister of Lands and Works in Tasmania from August 1876 to August 1877, in the Reibey Ministry, and was sworn of the Executive Council on the former date. He held the same portfolio in the Crowther and Giblin Ministries from Dec. 1878 to Dec. 1882, when he resigned and accepted the appointment of Stipendiary Magistrate at Scottsdale. Mr. O'Reilly was created a Knight of St. Gregory by Pope Leo XIII.

Ormond, Hon. Francis, M.L.C., the well-known Victorian philanthropist, was the son of Captain Ormond, of the Mercantile Marine, who in 1839 visited Port Phillip, and having determined to settle there, bought a small ship and brought out his family (including his son Francis) in 1842. The glowing reports from the new colony of New Zealand induced him to go on thither, instead of settling, as he had intended, in what is now Victoria. He soon, however, brought his family back to the latter colony, and settled at Geelong. Mr. Francis Ormond was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on Nov. 23rd, 1829, and was educated at Tyzack's Academy in Liverpool In Victoria, after a somewhat rough life as a lad, he was at first engaged in mercantile pursuits, and then went into squatting, in which he was very successful. He was made a territorial magistrate in 1855. When the Melbourne University was incorporated, ground adjacent to the main building was reserved for four denominational colleges, and in Nov. 1877 the Presbyterian Church decided to build on their portion at a cost of ?10,000, to be raised by public subscription. It soon, however, became evident that more than ?10,000 would be required, and Mr. Ormond in the first instance offered to contribute ?1000 if ?9000 were subscribed by others. About ?6000 was got in, and then Mr. Ormond announced that he would give ?10,000 if a like sum were got elsewhere to make up a total of ?20,000. This was accomplished, and, in addition to his first ?10,000, Mr. Ormond in Nov. 1880, when the college was opened, gave ?2571 to complete the erection of the tower, and offered to give ?2500 extra for endowment provided ?7500 was raised elsewhere. Finally he undertook to pay the whole cost of the buildings (about ?22,500), thus setting free the whole of the receipts from other sources to defray the cost of fittings and the current expenses of the institution. In 1883 additions were made to the building, and in 1887 Mr. Ormond erected the Victoria wing, to commemorate the Queen's Jubilee. Altogether Mr. Ormond contributed ?40,000 to the building fund of the college. Mr. Ormond mooted the idea of a working men's college for Melbourne in 1881, and offered to give ?5000 towards its establishment if others gave ?5000, and the Government a site. At first the project was received coldly, but with the aid of Bishop Moorhouse, Mr. Higinbotham, and others, the initial difficulties were got over, and a site was secured near the public library, Mr. Ormond being the first president of the institution. It was found that the gildings would cost ?20,000, and Mr. Ormond offered to erect them if ?7500 were contributed from other sources towards the endowment, and the name were changed to the "Leopold Working Men's College," to commemorate the late Prince Leopold. It was found, however, impossible to raise the ?7500, and when Mr. Ormond reduced the required subvention to ?5000, this too was found not to be feasible. There was a strong objection, too, to the change of name. The offer therefore lapsed, but Mr. Ormond contributed ?500 a year to the maintenance fund for two years. The college was opened in 1887, and proved highly successful, there being two thousand names on the roll of students at the time of Mr. Ormond's death in 1889. In 1887 Mr. Ormond offered to contribute ?20,000 towards the endowment of a chair of music at the Melbourne University, on condition that the public subscribed ?2500 to endow scholarships. The condition was promptly complied with, and Mr. Ormond paid over the ?20,000 to the credit of the university. It was, however, a considerable time before an eligible professor could be found to accept the stipend of ?1000 per annum. Mr. Ormond died whilst on a visit to Europe, in the south of France, on May 5th, 1889. His first wife was the daughter of Dr. Greeves, and in 1886 he married a daughter of Mr. Ebenezer Oliphant, formerly of Victoria. By his will and codicils Mr. Ormond bequeathed the following legacies to public objects: ?5000 each to the Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne Benevolent Asylum, Melbourne Protestant Orphan Asylum, Melbourne Deaf and Dumb Asylum, Melbourne Blind Asylum, Melbourne Sailors' Home, Melbourne Alfred Hospital, and Melbourne Sick Children's Hospital; ?40,000 to the Ormond College; ?10,000 to the Melbourne Working Men's College; ?5000 each to the Geelong Hospital, Geelong Benevolent Asylum, Ballarat Hospital, and Ballarat Benevolent Asylum; ?1000 each to the St. George's Presbyterian Church, Geelong, the Toorak Presbyterian Church, and the Gordon Technical College, Geelong; and ?500 to the Skipton Presbyterian Church. He also directed that any residue should be divided so as to increase the above legacies proportionately to their several amounts.

Ormond, Hon. John Davies, M.L.C., was a very early settler in Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, and was one of the agitators in favour of the separation of that province from Wellington. He was for some years Superintendent of Hawke's Hay, and in 1861 was returned to the General Assembly, and sat, with the exception of a three years' interval, till 1890. In the Fox Ministry Mr. Ormond was Minister of Public Works from Dec. 1871 to Sept. 1872, and acted in the same capacity in the Waterhouse Ministry in Oct. 1872. When Major Atkinson assumed the premiership, after the departure of Sir Julius Vogel, Mr. Ormond acted as Secretary for Crown Lands and Minister for Immigration from Sept. 1st to Sept. 13th, 1876, and upon its reconstitution succeeded Sir Frederick Whitaker as Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Telegraphs (Dec. 1876 to Oct. 1877). In 1891 he was called to the Upper House.

O'Rorke, Sir George Maurice, B.A., late Speaker of the House of Representatives, New Zealand, third son of the late Rev. John O'Rorke of Moylough, co. Galway, by Elizabeth Dennis, sister of the late John Dennis, of Benningham House, Tuam, was born in 1830, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he graduated B.A. in 1852. In the same year he emigrated to Victoria, and two years later settled in New Zealand, where he was called to the Bar in 1868. In 1857 Mr. O'Rorke was appointed Clerk of the Auckland Provincial Council, and in 1861 was elected to the General Assembly to represent Onehunga, for which constituency he continued to sit till 1882, when it was merged in the electoral district of Manukau (for which he was returned uninterruptedly till 1890). Mr. O'Rorke was an ardent provincialist, and was Speaker of the Auckland Provincial Council from 1865 to 1876, and for some time Deputy-Superintendent. In 1871 he succeeded Mr. Carleton as Chairman of Committees in the House of Representatives, and was reappointed in 1875 and 1876. He was Secretary for Crown Lands and Minister for Immigration in the Waterhouse, Fox and Vogel Ministries (which were, in effect, the same Ministry), from Oct. 1872 to August 1874, when, not being able to agree with Mr. Vogel's project to abolish the provinces, he resigned. Under the premiership of Sir George Grey Mr. O'Rorke was appointed to the Speakership of the House of Representatives in July 1879, in succession to Sir William Fitzherbert. This post he held until Parliament was dissolved at the end of 1890. Sir Maurice O'Rorke has been a member of the Board of Education, and is chairman of the Board of Governors of the Auckland Grammar School. He was also Chairman of the Royal Commission (1879-80) to inquire into the operations of the University of New Zealand and the secondary schools of the colony in relation to the University, and was elected first chairman of the Council of Auckland University College in 1883. He was made a knight-bachelor in 1880. Sir Maurice married Cecilia Mary, daughter of the late Alexander Shepherd, sometime Colonial Treasurer of New Zealand.

O'Shanassy, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., sometime Premier of Victoria, was born in 1818 near Thurles, co. Tipperary, Ireland, and arrived in Victoria with his wife in 1839. He started business in Melbourne, was one of the founders of St. Patrick's Society, and for many years represented the Roman Catholic body on the denominational board of education. He was appointed one of the trustees of the Public Library. In 1856 he was one of the chief promoters of the Colonial Bank, and acted as chairman of its board of directors for fourteen years. When the colony was separated from New South Wales, in 1851, Mr. O'Shanassy was returned to the first Legislative Council as one of the members for Melbourne, and became the virtual leader of the opposition to the official and nominee element in that body. Mr. O'Shanassy, who had been one of the strongest advocates of separation from New South Wales, now became one of the warmest champions of the establishment of responsible government and of the anti-transportation movement. During the troubles which ensued on the attempt to enforce the gold diggers' licence Mr. O'Shanassy was one of the six members of the royal commission which was appointed by Sir Charles Hotham to inquire into the condition of the goldfields of Victoria. He was also one of the members of the committee appointed by the Council to report upon the best form of a constitution for the colony. At the elections for the first Legislative Assembly, in Sept. 1856, Mr. O'Shanassy was re-elected for Melbourne, and was also returned a few days later for Kilmore, for which constituency he took his seat. Early in 1857 the Haines Government (the first formed after the concession of responsible government) resigned, and in March of that year Mr. O'Shanassy accepted office as Premier and Chief Secretary, and was re-elected for Kilmore; but a vote of want of confidence having been carried seven weeks later, he resigned. Mr. O'Shanassy returned to office as Premier and Chief Secretary in March 1858, on the break-up of the Haines Government through the rejection of the schedule of their Increase of Members Bill, and was re-elected for Kilmore. It fell to the lot of the O'Shanassy Government to negotiate the first Victorian public loan, which, to the amount of ?8,000,000, was successfully floated through the agency of six of the Melbourne banks. Mr. O'Shanassy was re-elected for Kilmore at the general election in 1859, but retired from office in the following October, as the result of a vote of want of confidence. In Nov. 1861 the Heales Ministry were defeated on their budget, and Mr. O'Shanassy became for the third time Premier and Chief Secretary. Amongst the important measures fathered by the Ministry were the Crown Lands Act of 1862—which, though it largely failed in its object, was intended to encourage the settlement of small holders upon the public lands—and the Local Government Act, to the shaping of which Mr. O'Shanassy devoted much personal attention. In June 1863 he left office with his colleagues, and never returned to it, though often apparently on the verge of doing so. He, however, continued down to his death to occupy a very prominent position in the public eye as an unflinching upholder of the claims of his fellow Roman Catholics, and as one of the most broad-minded advocates of Conservative, or as they grew to be called Constitutional, politics. He was re-elected for Kilmore in 1864, but was not a member in 1866, in which year he visited Europe, and was created by Pope Pius IX., in recognition of his services in the cause of Catholic education, a Knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. Mr. O'Shanassy returned to Victoria in 1867, and entered the Legislative Council in Feb. 1868, as member for the Central province, being re-elected for ten years in August 1872. Subsequently he unsuccessfully opposed the Secular Education, State-Aid to Religion Abolition, and Payment of Members Bills. In April 1874, in which year he was created K.C.M.G., having been made C.M.G. in 1870, he resigned his seat in the Council, and after two unsuccessful contests re-entered the Assembly as member for Belfast, in May 1877. He was an unwavering freetrader, a pro-immigrationist, and favoured a united form of government for the Australian, rather than the federal system. Sir John O'Shanassy had a singularly comprehensive grasp of constitutional questions, and was a most powerful speaker; the only obstacle to his complete success as a statesman being his paramount devotion to the interests of his creed. He married in 1839 Margaret, daughter of M. McDonnell of Thurles, and died on May 8th, 1883. Lady O'Shanassy died on July 13th, 1887.

Osman, John James, M.P., son of Henry Osman and Charlotte his wife, was born in London in 1848, and went to Adelaide, S.A., as a child in 1854. Mr. Osman, who is a captain in the Volunteer Force of South Australia, was married at Millicent, in that colony, to Miss Eliza Osborne, in Dec. 1880. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of South Australia for the Victoria district at the bye-election in Nov. 1888, and was Minister of Lands in the Cockburn Government from July to August 1890, after the retirement of Mr. Howe.

Outtrim, Hon. Alfred Richard, M.L.A., Minister of Mines, Victoria, was elected to the Assembly for Maryborough and Talbot in March 1886, and for Maryborough in March 1889. In Nov. 1890 he accepted the post of Minister of Mines in the Munro Government, and was sworn of the Executive Council. This post he continued to hold under Mr. Shiels, with the new portfolio of Forestry.

Owen, Major-General John Fletcher, R.A., military commandant, Queensland, was born on April 9th, 1839. He entered the Royal Artillery as lieutenant on Oct. 1st, 1857, and became captain on Dec. 1st, 1869. He passed in the advanced class at the Artillery College in 1872, and acted as adjutant from Sept. 25th of that year to Dec. 31st, 1873. He was captain instructor at the Royal Gun Factory at Woolwich from Jan. 1st, 1874, to March 31st, 1877, and was assistant superintendent at the factory from April 1st, 1877, to Dec. 31st, 1878. He became major in the Royal Artillery on Oct. 1st, 1877, and received brevet rank as a lieutenant-colonel in the army on Nov. 29th, 1879, for his services at the battle of Ulundi, in the Zulu campaign, for which he was also mentioned in despatches and received a medal with clasps. He was made colonel in the army on Nov. 29th, 1883, but was placed on half-pay on Oct. 1st, 1884. He became lieut.-colonel Royal Artillery on Oct 1st, 1885, having been appointed on March 26th previously Commandant of the Colonial Forces in South Australia—a position the duties of which he discharged till March 25th, 1888, when he returned to England. On May 13th, 1890, Colonel Owen read a paper before the Royal Colonial Institute on "The Military Defence Forces of the Colonies." In 1891 Colonel Owen was appointed Commandant of the Queensland Defence Forces, with the rank of Major-General, and assumed the duties of the post in August of that year.

Owen, Hon. Robert, M.L.C., an old settler in New South Wales, was for a number of years a member of the Legislative Council of that colony. He was a Minister without portfolio from Oct. 1868 till his death on August 1st, 1870, and represented the Robertson and Cowper Governments in the Upper House.

Owen, His Honour William, Chief Judge in Equity, New South Wales, youngest son of the late Colonel Owen, of the 72nd Highlanders, whose family is a younger branch of the Owens (now Cholmondeleys), of Condover Hall, Salop, was born in 1834, and educated at Cheltenham College and Trinity College, Dublin, where he was a prizeman and medallist. He was called to the Bar in 1859, and emigrated to New South Wales in 1860. He was made Q.C. in 1882, and Chief Judge in Equity in 1887. Mr. Justice Owen married, firstly, in 1860, a daughter of Langer Carey, M.D., who died in 1866; and secondly, in 1875, Florence, daughter of James Levick, who died in 1876. In 1892 he was appointed one of the commission to inquire into the charges brought against Mr. Eddy, Chief Commissioner of Railways, by Mr. Sohey, M.L.A., in the Legislative Assembly.

P

Packer, Frederick Augustus, entered the Civil Service of Tasmania in the Telegraph department in Jan. 1859, and has held the following appointments: landing waiter, Customs, Launceston, 1862; sessional clerk, House of Assembly, 1862; clerk in Ordnance department, 1863; sessional clerk, Legislative Council, 1864; clerk R.E. department, 1865; chief clerk, Telegraph department, 1866; Superintendent of Telegraphs, 1873, and clerk assistant, House of Assembly, 1878. In 1882 he was appointed Clerk of the House, and librarian to Parliament. Mr. Packer is also a well-known musician, many of his works, both secular and sacred, having obtained public recognition. Amongst them are a cantata on Longfellow's "Wreck of the Hesperus," probably the most successful work performed at the Melbourne Intercolonial Festival, a comedy-opera entitled Sweet Simplicity, many popular songs, and a number of anthems and other sacred compositions.

Packer, John Edward, J.P. (brother of the preceding), Under-Treasurer, Tasmania, entered the Tasmanian Government service as clerk in the Telegraph department in 1859, became chief clerk in 1866, Ministerial Clerk and Secretary to the Public Debt Commission in 1886, in which year he was appointed Under-Treasurer. Mr. Packer is a J.P. of the colony.

Palmer, Colonel the Hon. Sir Arthur Hunter, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., J.P., second son of the late Lieut. Arthur Palmer, R.N., by Emily, daughter of Robt. Hunter, of Dublin and Downpatrick, was born at Armagh, Ireland, in 1819. He emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, and for twenty-three years was connected with Mr. H. Dangar's stations, of which he was ultimately general manager. In 1866 Mr. Palmer was returned to the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Port Curtis, becoming Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Works in the Mackenzie Government in August 1867. In September he took the additional portfolio of Secretary for Lands, and retired, with his colleagues, in Nov. 1868. In May 1870 he formed an Administration of which, in addition to the premiership, he was Colonial Secretary, and for the last year of its existence acted as Secretary for Lands. He resigned in Jan. 1874, and, leaving Port Curtis, for which he had sat for thirteen years, was elected for Brisbane. He was Colonial Secretary and Secretary for Public Instruction in the first McIlwraith Administration, from Jan. 1879 to Dec. 1881, when he was appointed President of the Legislative Council, a position he still holds. In the same year he was created K.C.M.G. He has on several occasions administered the government of Queensland during the absence of or in the case of a vacancy in the office of Governor, on each occasion for a longer period than is usual in such interim tenures in the self-governing colonies. Sir Arthur married, in 1865, Cecilia Jessie, daughter of the late Archibald Mossman, of Armidale, N.S.W., and sister of Lady McIlwraith. He is an honorary colonel in the Queensland Defence Force, a Trustee of the Queensland Museum, and a Director of the Queensland National Bank.

Palmer, Hon. Sir James Frederick, first President of the Legislative Council of Victoria, was the fourth son of the Rev. John Palmer, of Torrington, Devonshire, and Jane his wife, daughter of William Johnson. He was born in 1804, and married in 1832 Isabella, third daughter of John Gunning, C.B., Inspector-General of Hospitals. He was educated for the medical profession, and went in 1839 to Port Phillip, where he practised his profession for a time, and then went into business as a cordial manufacturer and subsequently as a wine merchant. In 1846 he was Mayor of Melbourne, and in 1848 was elected to the Legislative Council of New South Wales as one of the five representatives of Port Phillip. When the latter district was separated from New South Wales in 1851, Mr. Palmer was returned to the first Legislative Council, then the only chamber, as member for Normanby, Dundas, and Follet. In Dec. of the same year he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Council, and held that post till responsible government was conceded, and he was elected to the new Legislative Council in the bicameral Parliament for the Western Province in 1856. When Parliament met he was elected first President of the Legislative Council in Nov. 1856, and was re-elected in Oct. 1859, August 1861, Nov. 1864, Feb. 1866, and March 1868. In Oct. 1870 he resigned, and was succeeded by Sir W. H. F. Mitchell. He was knighted in 1857, and died on April 23rd, 1871.

Parata, Wiremu, a Maori member of the House of Representatives, was, with Wiremu Eatene, appointed a member of the Executive Council, and minister without portfolio in the Waterhouse Ministry, at the instance of Mr. (afterwards Sir) Donald McLean, who was anxious to give Maori members a voice in the councils of the country. He occupied this office from Dec. 1872 to Feb. 1876. Wiremu Parata, who has adopted the Maori name of Te Kakakura, is a half-caste by birth, his mother being a Ngatiawa woman of very high rank, He lives in English style at Waikanae, forty miles from Wellington, and occupies the island of Kapiti as a sheep run. He is a man of considerable ability and of oratorical power, habitually speaking in the Maori language, although he has a fair knowledge of English. Although himself always loyal to the Crown, he strongly sympathised with the tribes who suffered during the war, and he has made more than one attempt to get the validity of the proclamation confiscating their lands tested in the law-courts. He is still bent on raising the question in some constitutional form, and having it argued before the Privy Council. The local Government is of course opposed to the reopening of a question involving many millions of money.

Parker, Gilbert, was born in Canada in 1859. He was educated at the Normal School, Ottawa, and at Trinity College, Toronto. He held for some time a position as professor in the Deaf and Dumb Institute at Belleville, Canada. He took a course in theology, was ordained a deacon in the Church of England, and became a lecturer in English literature in Trinity College, Toronto. In 1886 he went to Australia for his health, withdrew from connection with the ministry, and became one of the editors of the Sydney Morning Herald. Mr. Parker produced at Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney, in April 1888, an adaptation of Goethe's Faust, which had a long and successful run, and has been recently reproduced. This was followed by another drama in 1889, called The Vendetta, which was also successful. Mr. Parker, who is the author of books of short stories and poems, and a contributor to some of the best magazines, resides in London, and acts as one of the literary correspondents of the Sydney Morning Herald. In 1892 he published "Round the Compass in Australia" (Hutchinson, London).

Parker, Sir Henry Watson, K.C.M.G., sometime Premier of New South Wales, was the fourth son of Thomas Watson Parker, of Lewisham, Kent, England, and Mary his wife, daughter of John Carnell, of Sevenoaks and Carrendon, Hadlow, Kent. He was born at Lewisham in 1808 and was private secretary to Sir George Gipps, when Governor of New South Wales, from 1838 to 1846. In the latter year he was nominated to the Legislative Council of that colony, and was Chairman of Committees of the whole Council till 1855, when responsible government was conceded, and he sat for Parramatta in the first Legislative Assembly from 1856 to 1858. He was Premier and Colonial Secretary of the third administration formed in New South Wales in Oct. 1856, and held office till Sept. 1857. Having been knighted in 1858, he shortly afterwards returned to England, where he resided at Stawell House, Richmond, Surrey. Sir Henry, who was Crown trustee of the Australian Museum in Sydney from 1848 to 1856 and official trustee from 1856 to 1857, was created K.C.M.G. in 1877. He married in 1843 Emmeline Emily, third daughter of John Macarthur, of Camden Park, N.S.W., who survived him and died on May 3rd, 1888. Sir Henry died at Richmond on Feb. 2nd, 1881.

Parker, Stephen Henry, M.L.A., Q.C., son of Stephen Stanley Parker, held a seat from 1878 to 1890 in the old Legislative Council of Western Australia, and regarded as the leader of the elected members in the movement for obtaining responsible government. He came to England in 1890, with Sir Thos. Campbell, to assist the Home Government in carrying the new Constitution Bill through Parliament. He was eminently successful in his efforts, and gave important evidence before the select committee of the House of Commons presided over by Baron Henry de Worms, which resulted in the passing of the Bill freed from all restrictions as to the territorial control to be exercised by the colonial authorities under the new constitution. Mr. Parker, whose grandfather emigrated to Western Australia in 1829, was born at York, W.A., on Nov. 7th, 1846, was called to the Colonial Bar in 1868, was Mayor of Perth in 1880 and 1892, Q.C. in 1890, and M.L.A. for York in the latter year. He married at Perth, on July 27th, 1872, Amy Katherine, daughter of Hon. George Walpole Leake, M.L.C.

Parkes, Edmund Samuel, was primarily employed in the office of a leading firm of shipbrokers in London, and afterwards entered the service of the London and Westminster Bank. He subsequently became joint manager of the Alliance Bank in London, but resigned in 1867 to enter the service of the Bank of Australasia in Melbourne, sailing for Australia in August 1867. He was appointed Inspector in Nov. 1867, General Inspector in Oct. 1871, and succeeded Mr. D. C. Macarthur in 1876 as Superintendent, a position which he held down to the time of his death. On May 11th, 1887, Mr. Parkes was injured in a railway accident on the line between Prahran and Windsor, near Melbourne, and died the same day, after having had both his legs amputated.

Parkes, Hon. Sir Henry, G.C.M.G., ex-Premier of New South Wales, is the son of the late Thomas Parkes, a farmer on Lord Leigh's Warwickshire estate, and was born at Stoneleigh in that county on May 27th, 1815. He acquired some rudimentary education at a dame's school at Kenilworth, and at a hardly more ambitious academy at Gloucester. The fact that his school training ended at eleven years of age will sufficiently illustrate the process of self-education which the most literary of Australasian Premiers has constantly been undergoing and extending. Though he has recently denied that he ever formally associated himself with the Chartist agitation, it is undoubted that he was warmly interested, as a working youth, in the advanced Liberal movements of the time. Attracted by the freer range which colonial life seemed to offer, Mr. Parkes emigrated to New South Wales in March 1839, and spent some portion of his early Australian career as a farm labourer on the Regentville estate of Mr. John Jamieson, near Penrith. Several of the poems, which he ultimately published in a collected form, have reference to this period of his colonial life. It was in Sydney, however, that his most remarkable vicissitudes were experienced. For some time he was engaged in an iron store, and subsequently worked in a foundry. He then started business as an ivory turner, and was afterwards a dealer in toys in Hunter Street, Sydney. He now began to figure in the political arena as a leading agitator on the progressive side and a vehement opponent of the transportation system. On these lines he took a prominent part in securing the return of Mr. Lowe (afterwards Lord Sherbrooke) to the partially elective Legislative Council as member for Sydney. A year later he started the Empire newspaper, which he edited until 1857 under great pecuniary difficulties as the organ of metropolitan Liberalism. In 1853 Mr. Parkes himself unsuccessfully contested Sydney, but was returned for the city by a majority of two to one in the following year. The colony was now in the throes of the great struggle which culminated in the concession of responsible government. Mr. Parkes distinguished himself by his fervid protests against the nominee Upper House, which was subsequently established under the Constitution Act. He was more successful in his opposition to Mr. Wentworth's pet project for the institution of a hereditary colonial peerage on the English model. Responsible government having been conceded, Mr. Parkes represented East Sydney in the Legislative Assembly from 1858 to 1861, when the late Right Hon. W. B. Dalley and himself were sent to England as commissioners for promoting emigration. Their mission proved a comparative failure, owing to their having no power to grant assistance to emigrants, but there are persons engaged in extensive businesses in the colony who came out in consequence of their representations. Mr. Parkes acted as correspondent of the Sydney Morning Herald during the tour, and a selection of his letters was published by Messrs. Macmillan & Co. in London, under the title, "Australian Views of England." Returning to Sydney in 1863, he was re-elected to the Assembly in the following year for a country constituency. Mr. Parkes first took ministerial office in Jan. 1866, when he was appointed Colonial Secretary in the Administration of Mr. (afterwards Sir) James Martin. He, however, resigned in Sept. 1868, owing to a difference with his colleagues on a minor matter of administration, but not before he had signalised his term of office by passing the Public Schools Act, on which the present educational system of New South Wales is based. After being for a few months out of Parliament, Mr. Parkes was elected for Mudgee in 1871, and in the following year became Premier of the colony, with the post of Colonial Secretary. Mr. Parkes had made himself prominent in Opposition as the staunch advocate of the free-trade policy to which New South Wales adhered till 1892. He strongly opposed the 5 per cent, ad valorem duties imposed by the Cowper Ministry in 1865-6, and vindicated his consistency by taking advantage of a period of great financial prosperity to effect their repeal in the year 1878. The Parkes Government, having been censured in relation to the release of the prisoner Gardiner, resigned office in Feb. 1875, and the ex-Premier for some time left the leadership of the Opposition to subordinates. In March 1877, however, he again came to the front, and succeeded in carrying a vote of want of confidence in the Robertson Administration, becoming Premier and Colonial Secretary until August. In the same year he was created K.C.M.G., having previously refused the C.M.G. Later (in 1877) he coalesced with his old opponent, Sir John Robertson, and formed a Ministry in conjunction with that statesman, in which he was Premier and Colonial Secretary, and which lasted from Dec 1878 to Jan. 1883. In 1882 Sir Henry Parkes visited England and was received with much distinction in political and literary circles. On his return the Government was defeated on a measure for amending the Land Act, and met with an unfavourable response when they appealed to the country, Sir Henry Parkes being himself defeated in East Sydney, and having to take refuge in a country electorate. For some time subsequently Sir Henry took very little active part in politics, and in the interval again revisited England. On his return he swept the country at the general election in Jan. 1887, free trade being nominally the question which decided the issue, but the result being really a vote of personal confidence in Sir Henry Parkes as the only man in the colony capable of grappling with the exigencies of the situation. He now formed his fourth administration, again repealing the ad valorem duties imposed by his predecessors, and held office until Jan. 1889, when he retired, owing to an adverse vote. Mr. Dibbs, who succeeded him, only held office until March, when Sir Henry commenced his last memorable Premiership. During his fourth term of office as Prime Minister, Sir Henry Parkes supported Sir Thomas McIlwraith's contention that the colonial governments should be consulted by the Imperial authorities in the appointment of Governors, and carried an address to the Crown, embodying this view, arguing that future Governors should be selected from the class of public men eligible for Cabinet office at home. In 1889, during Sir Henry Parkes' fifth term of office, General Edwards, who had been instructed to investigate the military defences of the Australasian colonies, handed in a recommendation that the forces of the seven colonies should be federalised for purposes of common defence. Sir Henry Parkes cordially endorsed the suggestion, and seized the opportunity to inculcate the desirability of a complete political federation of the Australasian colonies. The fact that Sir Henry Parkes had from the first treated the Federal Council of Australasia, in which the other colonies were associated, with ill-concealed contempt, and had been instrumental in preventing New South Wales from participating in its deliberations, rendered Victoria somewhat suspicious of the olive branch which he now offered, especially after his official attempt to appropriate the national title of "Australia" for New South Wales alone. Ultimately, however, all difficulties and jealousies were overcome, and an Intercolonial conference was held in Melbourne in Feb. 1890, at which, despite the fact that Mr. Gillies, the Premier of Victoria, presided over its deliberations, Sir Henry Parkes, as the promoter of the conclave, was naturally the most prominent and interesting figure. The greatest unanimity prevailed, and the Convention held in Sydney in March 1891 was the outcome of the resolutions arrived at and of the subsequent action of the Colonial Legislatures. Sir Henry Parkes was very fittingly elected to preside over its deliberations. Sir Henry, who was awarded the gold medal of the Cobden Club, and was created G.C.M.G. in 1888, married, in 1835, Miss Clarinda Varney, who died in 1888; and secondly, in 1889, Mrs. Dixon. He stands prominent amongst colonial statesmen for the generous encouragement which he has afforded to struggling literary and artistic merit. In 1890 he broke his leg; but, despite his advanced age, has apparently quite recovered from the effects of the accident The general election of June to July 1891 resulted in the return of a minority of Ministerial supporters, and gave to the labour members the deciding voice in the New South Wales Assembly. For some time the latter supported Sir Henry Parkes, but in Oct. 1891 they threw their weight into the scale against him, and he was compelled to resign office. He subsequently retired from the leadership of the Opposition.

Parnell, Samuel Duncan, generally regarded as the originator of the Eight Hours Movement in New Zealand, and probably in Australasia, was a native of England, and was born in Feb. 1810. So far back as 1884, while working at his trade in London, he was impressed with the idea of agitating for shortening the hours of labour, and when he landed at the infant settlement of Port Nicholson, New Zealand, early in 1840, his first employment, that of constructing a wooden house, was begun under the stipulation that eight hours should be a day's work for himself and his fellow-workmen. Within a few years an attempt was made to increase the length of the working day; but the men interested, navvies working on the Hutt road from Wellington, struck work until the original eight-hours' plan was reverted to. From that date to the present time eight hours has been the recognised day's labour for Wellington tradesmen. Mr. Parnell died on Dec. 17th, 1890, and his funeral was attended by the members of the Ministry as well as by a procession of the Trades.

Parry, Right Rev. Edward, D.D., was the son of Rear-Admiral Sir William Edward Parry, K.C.B., the well-known Arctic explorer, and the Hon. Isabella Louisa, his wife, fourth daughter of the first Lord Stanley of Alderley. He was born in 1830 at Government House, Sydney, N.S.W., where his father had taken up his residence in the previous year, as commissioner for the Australian Agricultural Company. He went to England with his father in 1834, and was educated at Rugby and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated first class in classics in 1852. He was ordained deacon in 1854 and priest in 1855, and after holding minor preferments, was appointed Bishop Suffragan of Dover for the diocese of Canterbury, in March 1870. He wrote a memoir of his father, and "Memorials" of his brother, Commander Charles Parry, R.N. In 1882 he was chosen by the Australian bishops to succeed the late Bishop Barker as Bishop of Sydney and Metropolitan of Australia, but he declined the nomination. Bishop Parry, who married, in 1859, Matilda, eldest daughter of Benjamin Williams, of Limpsfield, Surrey, died at Dover on April 11th, 1890.

Parry, Right Rev. Henry Hutton, D.D., Bishop of Perth, W.A., is the son of the Right Rev. Thomas Parry, D.D., Bishop of Antigua, and was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A. in 1851 and M.A. in 1858. He was made D.D. of Durham in 1876. Dr. Parry was ordained deacon in 1851 and priest in 1852. He was curate of Holy Trinity, Trinidad, 1851-3; curate of All Saints, Trinidad, 1853-5; tutor of Codrington College, 1855-60; Archdeacon of Barbadoes, 1861-8, and was consecrated Bishop Coadjutor of Barbadoes on May 15th, 1868. He was translated to Perth in 1876, where he arrived on May 20th, 1877. Bishop Parry has been twice married, his second wife being a daughter of the Hon. George Walpole Leake, M.L.C.

Parsons, Hon. John Langdon, was formerly member for Encounter Bay, and afterwards for North Adelaide, in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia. The Education Department of this colony has, somewhat curiously, also under its control the affairs of the Northern Territory; and in April 1881, when Mr. (now Sir) John Bray formed his first Government, the conjoint portfolio was offered to and accepted by Mr. Parsons, who personally visited the territory, and has since displayed as much interest in its advancement as he had previously done in the cause of popular education. In March 1884 he retired from the Ministry, and was appointed Government Resident of the territory, a position which he retained till 1890. In 1884 he was granted the Queen's permission to bear the title of Honourable within the colony.

Pasley, Major-General Hon. Charles, C.B., R.E., formerly Commissioner of Public Works, Victoria, was the son of the late Lieut.-General Sir Charles Pasley, K.C.B., and Martha Matilda his wife. He was born at Chatham, Kent, on Nov. 14th, 1824, and entered the army in Dec. 1843, becoming colonel in April 1876, and retiring from the army with the honorary rank of major-general in August 1881. He served at Bermuda in 1850, and arrived at Melbourne on Sept. 18th, 1853, having been appointed in the spring of that year Colonial Engineer to the colony of Victoria. He found himself at the head of a considerable department, to which that of Colonial Architect was very soon added, and subsequently that of Central Road Board. In 1854 he was member of a commission to make arrangements for an exhibition of colonial products at the Paris Exhibition in the following year. Later in the same year he was nominated to a seat on the Legislative Council of Victoria. About this time the Ballarat riots broke out, and he offered his services to the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham, and was sent to the goldfields on a special mission. In 1855 the new constitution came into force in Victoria, and the first responsible ministry was formed by Mr. Haines in November of that year, General Pasley taking the portfolio of Commissioner of Public Works. On Dec. 10th he was appointed a member of the Executive Council, and a few months later was made by an Act of Council a joint trustee with Captain (now Lieut.-General Sir Andrew) Clarke, R.E., for the Melbourne and Mount Alexander Railway, purchased by Government. In 1856 Captain Pasley was elected to the first Legislative Assembly for South Bourke, and in March 1857 he resigned with the rest of the Ministry, but ultimately consented to remain as professional head of the Department of Public Works. The Houses of Parliament were amongst the public buildings erected under his direction, and some of the principal streets of Melbourne were laid out during his term of office. The last public building with which he was connected was the Melbourne Post Office, but this was not completed till after his return to England. Captain Pasley also took great interest in the Botanic Gardens and the Herbarium, which was built under his auspices. In 1860 he resigned his connection with the Public Works Department, with the intention of returning to England; but his interest in the welfare of the colony of Victoria and of the city of Melbourne was as keen as ever in after years. Before his departure from the colony the New Zealand war broke out, and he immediately offered his services, which were accepted the same day, and he was appointed an extra member of Major-General (afterwards Sir Thomas) Pratt's staff. Three months later he was severely wounded by a bullet in the thigh, while in charge of the trenches, after laying out and constructing a parallel needed in the capture of the Kaihihi Pas. His wound proving serious, he became unfit for further duty, and returned to Melbourne invalided. For his services in New Zealand he was mentioned in despatches, and promoted to brevet-major, he having become captain soon after his arrival in Melbourne. In 1864 he was employed as Acting Agent-General for the colony of Victoria, a temporary appointment which he held for four years, with leave from the War Office, and afterwards from the Admiralty, to accommodate the colony until they could make a permanent appointment. In this capacity he superintended on behalf of the colony the equipment of the Nelson, and the design, construction, armament and despatch of the Cerberus turret-ship. He again acted as Agent-General for Victoria from 1880 to 1882. From 1873 to 1882 he held the Imperial appointment of Director of Works of the Navy, in succession to Sir Andrew Clarke. General Pasley, who died at Chiswick on Nov. 11th, 1890, married at Hampton, on March 29th, 1864, Charlotte, eldest daughter of the late John Roberts, of Barzell, Sussex, who survives him.

Pater, Thomas Kennedy, S.M., eldest son of John Pater, of London, solicitor, was born in 1838. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in Sept. 1856, and was called to the Bar in June 1859. Having emigrated to Victoria, he practised his profession there, but left that colony and entered the public service of South Australia in March 1884, being appointed a special magistrate and Judge of the Northern Territory in October of that year. In 1890 he was appointed special magistrate at Port Adelaide.

Paterson, Alexander Stewart, M.D., Colonial Surgeon, South Australia, became L.R.C.S. Edinburgh in 1856, M.D. Edinburgh in 1857, M.D. Melbourne in 1865, and M.D. Adelaide in 1877. He was appointed Resident Medical Officer of the Adelaide Lunatic Asylum in April 1867, and Colonial Surgeon in Jan. 1870, both of which positions he still holds.

Paterson, Hon. William, M.L.A., was born on May 10th, 1830, at Hobart, but emigrated to Victoria, and was a councillor of the city of Melbourne prior to August 1864, when he went to Queensland, and commenced business at Rockhampton, where he acquired a large interest in the Mount Morgan Gold Mining Company. Mr. Patterson, who has been Mayor of Rockhampton, succeeded Mr. Archer in the representation of Blackall in 1886, was elected for Rockhampton in 1888, and was a minister without portfolio in the McIlwraith Ministry from June to Nov. 1888. On the reconstitution of the Ministry he was Colonial Treasurer under Mr. Morehead from Nov. 1888 to Nov. 1889, when he resigned the Treasurership. He was minister without portfolio till the retirement of the Morehead Government in August 1890.

Paton, Rev. John Gibson, D.D., the well-known missionary, was the son of James Paton, a stocking manufacturer at Kirkmahoe, Dumfries, Scotland, and Janet Jardine (Rogerson) his wife. He was born at Braehead, Kirkmahoe, on May 24th, 1824, and as a boy worked at his father's trade and as a field labourer. Subsequently he obtained an appointment in connection with the West Campbell Street Reformed Presbyterian Congregation in Glasgow as district visitor and tract distributer at ?25 per annum, with the right of receiving a year's training at the Free Church Normal Seminary. At the latter he studied so hard that his health broke down, and he had to return home. Later on he entered as a student at Glasgow College, but had to leave after one session through lack of funds, and was then for some time a school-teacher at Maryhill. For ten years he worked in connection with the Glasgow City Mission, studying meantime at the university of Glasgow and the Reformed Presbyterian Divinity Hall and attending medical classes at the Andersonian College. In Dec. 1857 Mr. Paton was licensed as a preacher with the view of taking up missionary work in the New Hebrides, and in March 1858 was ordained a minister in Dr. Symington's church, Glasgow. On April 16th of the same year Mr. Paton sailed from Greenock for Melbourne in the Clutha, and proceeded thence in an American ship, landing at Aneityum, New Hebrides, on August 30th. In Nov. Mr. Paton settled on the island of Tanna, one of the group, and in the following March his wife, Mary Anne, daughter of Peter Robert Robson, died. He struggled on under great difficulties until Jan. 1862, when, owing to the murderous attitude of the hostile natives, he had to abandon the mission, quit Tanna, and return to Aneityum, without any of his possessions save the clothes on his back and a single Bible. Mr. Paton now proceeded to Australia to raise funds for the purchase of a mission ship, and was so successful that he obtained enough to build the Dayspring and also to justify a journey to Scotland to bring out more missionaries. Leaving Australia in May 1863, he reached London in August, and proceeded to Scotland, where success again crowned his efforts. In 1864 he was married in Edinburgh to Miss Margaret Whitecross. The same year Mr. Paton returned to Australia, landing in Sydney in Jan. 1865. In the following year the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church of Victoria accepted his transference from the Church of Scotland and adopted him as the first missionary from the Presbyterian Churches of Australia to the New Hebrides. Mr. Paton now (Nov. 1866) took up his location on the island of Aniwa, not far distant from Tanna, and here for many years conducted a most successful mission. In 1884 he was commissioned to proceed to the United Kingdom to raise further funds for the New Hebrides mission with special reference to the purchase of a second mission ship, and was again successful. Mr. Paton returned to Australia at the end of 1885. This account of his career would be incomplete without some reference to his action in regard to the Polynesian labour traffic, which he has always strenuously opposed. In 1892, when Sir Samuel Griffith proposed to renew the importation of Kanakas into Queensland, he led the opposition to the project, and though unsuccessful in preventing its adoption, probably his action had much to do in procuring the adoption of stringent regulations to prevent abuses. In 1890 his autobiography, edited by his brother, was published in two parts by Messrs. Hodder & Stoughton. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Patterson, Hon. James Brown, M.L.A., J.P., was born at Alnwick, Northumberland, on Nov. 18th, 1833, and is the youngest son of the late James Patterson, district road inspector. He emigrated to Victoria in 1852, and went to the Forest Creek goldfields. In 1856 he was engaged in farming at Glenlyon, near Daylesford, and during his residence there married Miss Walton. Mr. Patterson was mayor of Chewton for four years, and in 1871 entered Parliament for Castlemaine, a district which he has represented in the Assembly ever since. He first took office in Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry's Ministry, in August 1875, and held the position of Commissioner of Public Works and Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works in that Government till its defeat in October of the same year. To these offices he was reappointed on Mr. Berry's return to power in May 1877, and retained them till the Ministry, in which Mr. Patterson also held the additional position of Postmaster-General from July 1878 to March 1880, was ejected from office. In the third Berry Ministry Mr. Patterson discharged with marked ability the duties of Minister of Railways from August 1880 to July 1881. Mr. Patterson revisited England in 1884-5, and did not return to office till Feb. 1889, when he succeeded Mr. Walker as Minister of Customs in the Gillies Administration, in which he was also Minister of Public Works from June to Sept. 1890, and Postmaster-General from that date until the government resigned, in November of the same year. During the great Australian strike of 1890, Mr. Patterson took the most prominent part in preserving the public peace in Melbourne. After the defeat of the Gillies-Deakin Government, Mr. Patterson visited England, and delivered important addresses on Australia in Newcastle-on-Tyne and Alnwick.

Patteson, Right Rev. John Coleridge, D.D., first Bishop of Melanesia, was the son of the late Right Hon. Sir John Patteson the judge, by his marriage with Frances Duke, only daughter of Lieut.-Colonel James Coleridge, and sister of the late Right Hon. Sir John Taylor Coleridge. He was born in 1827, and educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford, becoming Fellow of Merton in 1850. Having laboured from 1855 under Bishop Selwyn in New Zealand and the neighbouring islands, he was, in 1861, consecrated first Bishop of Melanesia in the South Pacific. He spent the rest of his life cruising about among the islands that composed his diocese, working among the natives, by whom he was much beloved. He vainly endeavoured to put a stop to the kidnapping of Polynesians for the purpose of supplying the labour market of Queensland and other colonies, and lost his life in the attempt. Hearing that a vessel was on her way to the Santa Cruz Islands to recruit labourers, he determined to visit the group himself. He arrived at Nukapu on Sept. 20th, 1871, and, at the request of two savages and in order to show confidence, got out of his own boat and went into one of the native canoes in order to land on the island. As soon as he was out of sight, on his way over the reef to the shore, a volley of arrows was let fly at the English boat, wounding some of the sailors and the Bishop's chaplain, who subsequently died of his wounds. Later on the natives on shore were seen by those on the bishop's vessel to turn a canoe adrift, which was found to contain the dead body of the bishop, rolled up in a mat. A small branch of the cocoa-nut palm, with five knots in it, was stuck to the mat, supposed to signify that the bishop's life had been taken in revenge for five lives of the natives who had most likely been shot by the kidnappers. There were also five wounds on his body. A very voluminous memoir of him has been published by Miss Charlotte Yonge. It was afterwards elicited that the bishop on landing was taken into a hut and there treacherously clubbed to death. The majority of the islanders disapproved of the bishop's murder, and the assassins were banished. The man who struck the first blow fled to a neighbouring island, and thence to Santa Cruz, where the chief had him shot. A cross was erected to Bishop Patteson's memory at Nukapu by Bishop (John) Selwyn in 1884.

Paul, George William, second son of G. W. Paul, of Sydney, N.S.W., was born at Penrith in that colony on June 2nd, 1839. He was educated in Sydney, and afterwards in England, and entered at the Middle Temple in March 1858, being called to the English Bar in Jan. 1861. He arrived in Queensland on Dec 25th, 1863, and was appointed Crown Prosecutor in 1866, and Judge of the Southern District Court in August 1874.

Peacock, Hon. Alexander James, M.L.A., son of James Henry and Mary Jane Peacock, was born at Creswick, Vict., in 1861. After passing the Civil Service examination when thirteen years old, he was for five years an assistant teacher at the Creswick Grammar School, and then gave up teaching owing to failing health. He is now the legal manager of the far-famed Madame Berry and Berry Consols Gold Mining Companies, the former being the richest deep alluvial mine in Australia. It was, however, in connection with the Australian Natives Association that he first became prominent in a political sense. In 1883 he was appointed one of the Board of Directors, Vice-President in 1884, and President in 1885 and 1886. At the general election in 1889 he was returned to the Assembly for Clunes and Allendale, defeating Mr. T. Cooper, the veteran chairman of committees; and in Nov. 1890, when the Munro Ministry was formed, Mr. Peacock accepted a seat in the Government without portfolio, and was sworn of the Executive Council. When the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels, Mr. Peacock retained his seat in the Cabinet, with the office of Minister of Public Instruction.

Pearson, Hon. Charles Henry, M.A., LL.D., son of Rev. John Norman Pearson, M.A., by his marriage with Harriet, daughter of Richard Puller, and younger brother of the late Sir John Pearson, Judge of the High Court of Justice, was born on Sept 7th, 1830, at Islington. He was educated at Rugby, King's College, London, and at Oxford University, where he matriculated on June 14th, 1849. He was scholar of Exeter College from 1850 to 1853; B.A. in 1853; Fellow of Oriel College from 1854 to 1873; M.A. in 1856; Honorary Fellow of King's College, London, and Professor of Modern History from 1855 to 1865; Lecturer on Modern History at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1869 to 1871. He emigrated to South Australia in 1872, and was married at Gawler, Dec. 10th, 1872, to Edith Lucille, eldest surviving daughter of Philip Butler, of Tickford Abbey, Bucks. He removed to Victoria, and became Lecturer in History and M.A. of Melbourne University in 1874. He was head master of the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne, from 1875 to 1877; in the latter year Dr. Pearson unsuccessfully contested Boroondara in the Liberal interest. He was Royal Commissioner to inquire into the present state of education from 1877 to 1878, in which year he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Castlemaine, and was selected to accompany Mr. (now Sir) Graham Berry to England, to request the intervention of the Home Government in the constitutional crisis then pending between the two Houses. He was absent in England from Dec. 27th, 1878, to June 17th, 1879. Dr. Pearson was member for Castlemaine till 1883, when he was returned for East Bourke Boroughs, for which he sat till the general election in April 1892, when he did not contest the seat. He was minister without portfolio in the third Berry Government from August 3rd, 1880, to July 9th, 1881; Minister of Public Instruction in the Gillies-Deakin Ministry from Feb. 18th, 1886, to Nov. 1890. Dr. Pearson was editor of the National Review 1862-3, and has published "A History of England during the Early and Middle Ages," in two volumes, 1861-8; "Historical Maps of England during the First Thirteen Centuries," 1869, third edition 1884. After he went to Australia Dr. Pearson published "History of England in the Fourteenth Century," and an "English Grammar," the latter written in conjunction with Professor Strong (q.v.), with whom he also collaborated in editing "Juvenal" for the University of Oxford. Since 1877 Dr. Pearson has been a regular contributor to the editorial columns of the Age and Leader, and has written articles for the leading English periodicals. He is an honorary LL.D. of the University of St. Andrews. As Minister of Public Instruction, Dr. Pearson steadily set himself to separate primary from secondary education, in opposition to the general and colonial tendency, which is to run one into the other. He did this by founding two hundred scholarships a year, which admit the scholars of primary schools to high schools; by reducing the limit of compulsory attendance from fifteen years of age to thirteen; by increasing the term of statutory attendance from thirty days a quarter to forty; and by liberally endowing special technical schools, which have increased during his term of office from two to fourteen. He brought over an expert from South Kensington to reorganise the teaching of design; be raised the incomes of the certificated teachers; and reduced the average expense of the school system by employing teachers of slightly inferior qualifications for the very small schools. A teacher is now sent to any place where there is an average attendance of eight scholars. Dr. Pearson is the firm advocate of secular education, as established in the colony of Victoria, as the only system that can be worked with fairness in a country divided between many sects. Before leaving office he was preparing to abolish the system of results, and laboured hard whilst he was Minister of Education, though with very little success, to make the so-called compulsory clauses of the Education Act a reality, as they are in Switzerland.

Pearson, Right Rev. Josiah Brown, D.D., ex-Bishop of Newcastle, N.S.W., son of Benjamin Pearson, was born at Chesterfield in 1841, and educated at Chesterfield Grammar School and St. John's College, Cambridge, where he took a first class in the Moral Sciences Tripos in 1864, was made M.A. in 1867, LL.M. in 1871, LL.D. in 1876, and D.D. in 1880. Dr. Pearson, who was for some time Fellow and Tutor of St. John's College, was ordained deacon in 1865 and priest in 1866. He was curate of St. Michael's, Cambridge, from 1865 to 1867, of St. Andrew the Great, Cambridge, from 1867 to 1869, vicar of Hormingsea from 1871 to 1874, preacher at Whitehall from 1872 to 1874, Hulsean Lecturer and Ramsden Preacher in 1872, and vicar of Newark from 1874 to 1880, when he was consecrated Bishop of Newcastle. In 1888 he formed the intention of returning to England, and Bishop Moorhouse was desirous of securing his assistance as a suffragan bishop for the diocese of Manchester; but the state of his health made clerical duty impossible and rendered him incapable of resigning his see until 1890, when the formal document was signed and his successor appointed. Bishop Pearson married, in 1880, Ellen, daughter of the late Godfrey Tallents, of Newark. He is the author of "An Essay on the Divine Personality," "Creed or No Creed, "Disciples in Doubt," and other minor publications.

Pearson, Hon. William, M.L.C., one of the principal patrons of the turf in Australia, is the eldest son of Captain Hugh Pearson, R.N., of Hilton, parish of Kilmany, Fifeshire, Scotland, and was born on Sept. 20th, 1818, at Hilton. Arriving in Victoria in 1841, he commenced squatting in Gippsland, taking up the Lindenow station on the Mitchell river, and after that Kilmany Park, near the junction of the Latrobe and Thomson rivers. Mr. Pearson was returned to the Legislative Assembly as member for North Gippsland on two occasions—in 1868 and 1871—and now represents the Eastern Province in the Legislative Council. He is the largest shareholder in the famous Long Tunnel gold mine, Walhalla. As an owner and breeder of racehorses, he dates back to 1842, since which time he has won several hundred races and bred a large number of winners by Warlock and Vagabond. Mr. Pearson married in August 1859 Eliza Laura, daughter of H. J. Travers, formerly of the H.E.I.C. Civil Service.

Pedder, Sir John Lewis*, Bart., first Chief Justice of Van Diemen's Land, was born in 1784, and was appointed Chief Justice in 1824. In 1854 he retired on a pension, and shortly afterwards returned to England, where he died in 1859. In 1848 Chief Justice Pedder had a dispute with Governor Sir William Denison over the Dog Act, which the Supreme Court in the previous year had declared to be void, although they had previously failed to exercise their prerogative of pronouncing the Act to be invalid on the ground of repugnancy to the Constitution Act. The Chief Justice declined the suggestion of the Governor that he should take leave of absence in order to admit of the reversal of the judgment, and Sir William Denison then tried to have him removed for neglect of duty in not having originally certified to the repugnancy. The Executive Council, however, acquitted him, and the Home Government ultimately censured the Governor for his conduct in the matter. As, however, the judgment would have voided fifteen Acts and rendered questionable thirty others, a bill was passed validating all Acts not certified by the judges as repugnant within fourteen days after enrolment, and thus the difficulty was got over. [* Correct spelling is "Lewes".]

Pell, Professor Morris Birkbeck, M.A. was born in the United States about 1823, and educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated as Senior Wrangler. He was also Fellow of his college. He was appointed to the chair of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy in Sydney University at its establishment in 1852, and was a member of the Water and Sewerage and the Hunter River Floods Prevention Commissions, He was also for some time actuary of the Australian Mutual Provident Society. In 1877, in consequence of failing health, he retired from his university employments on a pension, which had been guaranteed him by the Senate. In 1878 he was elected a Fellow of the Senate in conjunction with Sir Alfred Stephen. Professor Pell, who was admitted a barrister of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1863, and was one of the trustees of the Sydney Grammar School, died on May 7th, 1879.

Pennefather, Frederick William, B.A., LL.D., younger son of Edward Pennefather, Q.C., of Dublin, was born on April 29th, 1852, and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1874, LL.M. 1877, LL.D. 1891. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in Dec. 1874, and was called to the Bar in Nov. 1877. He went the south-eastern circuit, and was called to the Irish Bar in 1878. He was private secretary to the Governor of South Australia from 1881 to 1883, and to the Governor of New Zealand from 1883 to 1886. He was one of the Commissioners for New Zealand at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in 1886; was appointed Lecturer on Laws in the University of Adelaide in 1887, and Professor of Laws in 1890. He is the joint author of "Pennefather and Brown on the Civil Code of New Zealand."

Penn, Lieutenant-Colonel Fitzroy Somerset Lanyon, Assistant Adjutant-General, Victorian Military Forces, was born on Sept. 29th, 1854, and entered the army in August 1873 as sub-lieutenant in the 69th Foot, of which he was also made lieutenant. In Feb. 1881 he became captain in the Welsh Regiment, and adjutant of the regiment in August 1887. In Dec. 1889 (having meantime become major) he was appointed Assistant Adjutant-General of the Victorian Military Forces, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel.

Perceval, Westby Brook, K.G.S., Agent-General for New Zealand, is eldest son of the late Westby Hawkshaw Perceval, of Rangiora, N.Z., and was born in Tasmania in 1854. He was educated at Christ College Grammar School, Christchurch, N.Z., and at Stonyhurst, and matriculated at the London University in 1875. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1875, and was called to the English Bar in May 1878. Having returned to New Zealand, he practised as a barrister and solicitor in Christchurch, and was returned to the House of Representatives for that city at the general election in the year 1887, and again in Dec. 1890. On the meeting of Parliament in 1891, he was elected Chairman of Committees of the House of Representatives, but resigned the position on his appointment as Agent-General of the colony in London in succession to Sir F. Dillon Bell. Mr. Perceval left New Zealand in Oct 1891, and assumed the duties of the position in the following month. He married in May 1880 Jessie, the youngest daughter of the late Hon. John Johnston, M.L.C. (q.v.). In 1892 he was appointed to represent New Zealand on the governing body of the Imperial Institute, and Knight Commander of St. Gregory by the Pope.

Perkins, Hon. Patrick, M.L.A., J. P. second son of Thomas Perkins, a farmer in Tipperary, was born at Cashel on Oct. 14th, 1838. He emigrated to Victoria with his father and brothers, and, after a more than usually varied experience as a miner and storekeeper on the diggings, started breweries in that colony and in Queensland, where he went permanently to reside in 1876. In the same year he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for D'Aubigny, beating the late Mr. Angus Mackay, then editor of the Queenslander, by a large majority. Mr. Perkins was Minister of Lands in the first McIlwraith Ministry from Jan. 1879 to Nov. 1883. At the general election in May 1888 he was returned for Cambooya.

Perrin, George Samuel, F.L.S., was appointed Forester in the Woods and Forest Department of South Australia in 1880, Chief Forester at Wirrabura in 1885, Conservator of Forests in Tasmania in 1886, and Conservator of Forests in Victoria in June 1888.

Perry, Right Rev. Charles, M.A., D.D. first Church of England Bishop of Melbourne, Vict., was the third son of John Perry, of Moor Hall, Essex (an eminent shipbuilder at Blackwall and the originator of the East India Docks), by his second wife, Mary, daughter of George Green, of Blackwall. The late Bishop was born at Hackney, Middlesex, on Feb. 17th, 1807, and was educated at Dr. Heathcote's school, Hackney, under Dr. Butler at Harrow, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1828 as Senior Wrangler, first Smith's prizeman, and seventh in the first class of the Classical Tripos (bracketed equal with another competitor). He was elected Fellow of Trinity in 1829, and after studying for the Bar from 1828 to 1831 (in which year he took his M.A. degree), returned to his college, where he remained as tutor and assistant tutor till 1841. Dr. Perry was ordained deacon in 1833, and priest in 1836; and married in 1841 Fanny, daughter of Samuel Cooper, of Tranby, near Hull. The next year he took the living of St Paul's, Cambridge, which he held till his appointment as first Bishop of Melbourne in 1847. To this see, which was created on the subdivision of the diocese of Australia, he was consecrated in Westminster Abbey on St. Peter's Day in that year, and arrived in Melbourne by the ship Stag, accompanied by Dean Macartney, on Jan. 23rd, 1848. He was installed on the 28th in the cathedral church of St. James's (when he preached his first sermon in Australia), and on Feb. 13th the Queen's letters patent constituting Melbourne a bishop's see and appointing Dr. Perry the first Bishop were read in St, Peter's Church on the Eastern Hill. In this way Melbourne came to rank as a city. On his arrival he found only three Anglican clergymen in his diocese, and he had to lay the foundations of a system of Church organisation amidst the social delirium of the first gold discoveries. Belonging emphatically to the Evangelical or Low Church school, Dr. Perry stamped its characteristics on the discipline and theology of his budding diocese. He possessed the business qualifications which, more than eloquent preaching, were required in a pioneer diocesan in a new community, and was an excellent organiser. The system of Church government through an assembly of the clergy and of laymen elected in every parish was adopted for the first time in Australia in the diocese of Melbourne in 1854 under his ?gis. Having witnessed an amazing extension of Church influence and organisation under his rule, Bishop Perry arrived at the conclusion to hand over the carrying on of the work to a younger and stronger man. He left Melbourne for London on April 26th, 1874, and resigned his see in the following year, though the arrangements for the appointment of his successor, the able and energetic Dr. Moorhouse (q.v.), were not completed till 1876. In May 1878 Bishop Perry was appointed prelate of the order of St Michael and St George, and in Nov. of the same year Prebendary and Canon of Llandaff. The latter preferment he resigned in 1889, after a stroke of paralysis, which left him unfitted for farther labour. He died on Dec. 2nd, 1891. The Bishop was made an honorary M.A. of Melbourne University in 1869. By his will Dr. Perry appointed as trustees of his Australian estate Mr. Henry Henty, of Kew, Melbourne; Judge Thomas a'Beckett, of the Supreme Court, Melbourne; and Mr. William Edward Morris, registrar of the diocese of Melbourne. To the Melbourne Governesses' Association, the Melbourne Clergy, Widows, and Orphans' Fund, the Melbourne Church Missionary Society for the Chinese, and the Melbourne Church Mission to the Aborigines, the testator left ?50 each. Out of a sum of ?2000 due to his estate, if recovered, the sum of ?1000 is to be given to the Bishops of Melbourne and Ballarat for the churches of their dioceses. The testator bequeathed the silver testimonial plate presented to him on his resigning the bishopric of Melbourne to Trinity College, Cambridge, for use by the master in his lodge.

Peterswald, William John, J.P., was formerly Inspector of Police in South Australia, and in May 1882 was appointed Commissioner of Police in that colony. Mr. Peterswald is of German origin, and is the only son of the late Colonel William Peterswald, of Jamaica, by his marriage with Jean, daughter of Captain Walter Gray. He was born in Jamaica in Nov. 1829, and was educated at Jersey, where he subsequently resided and became a captain of militia. Mr. Peterswald married in 1852 Emily Mary, daughter of Charles de St. Croix, and emigrated to South Australia in the same year.

Petherick, Edward Augustus, F.L.S., F.R.G.S., is the eldest son of Peter John Petherick and grandson of Edward Jarman Petherick, R.N., of Bridgwater, and was born on March 6th, 1847, at Burnham, Somerset He went to Australia with his parents in 1852. Ten years later he entered the bookselling and publishing house of Mr. George Robertson, of Melbourne, and in 1870 was sent to London as buyer and representative of the firm and its correspondents in Australia and New Zealand. He is the editor of the "Torch" and "Colonial Book Circular", a guide to new books, English and American, including publications relating to or issued in the British colonies. Mr. Petherick has done much bibliographical work, among which may be mentioned a "Bibliography of Australasia," now in course of publication, and a "Catalogue of the York Gate Library" (S. W. Silver), issued in 1882 and extended and reissued in 1886 as "An Index to the Literature of Geography and Travels in all Ages and Countries." He is also the author of a series of papers contributed to the Melbourne Review, treating especially of discovery in the Southern Hemisphere. He is head of the firm of E. A. Petherick & Co., booksellers, Melbourne, Sydney, Adelaide, and London, and possesses a large and valuable library of colonial works.

Phillimore, Major William George, R.A., was born on Nov. 30th, 1851, and, having entered the army, became lieutenant R.A. in Dec. 1871 and captain in July 1881. He was appointed commandant of the local forces in Western Australia, with the local rank of major in July 1886, and major R.A., with local rank of lieut.-colonel, in Sept. 1887. He returned to England in 1890. Major Phillimore is the second son of the late Rev. George Phillimore, J.P., and Harriette Maria, his wife, daughter of William Willoughby Prescott. He married in 1889 Mabel Lee, daughter of Robert George Massie, of Sydney, N.S.W.

Phillips, Major George B., Commandant of the Military Defence Force, Western Australia, was appointed a writer in the Colonial Secretary's office, Western Australia, in 1851; third clerk in 1852; second clerk in 1856, and was also employed in the Governor's private office; assistant district registrar of births, deaths, and marriages in 1856; acting chief clerk in 1865; chief clerk in March 1866; and also held the offices of Registrar-General, Registrar of Titles and Registrar of Deeds; acted as Colonial Secretary from Dec. 1872 to July 1873; as acting Colonial Treasurer, from July 1875 to August 1877 and Jan. 1878 to Jan. 1880, with a seat in the Executive Council; he was created a J.P. in 1878; was appointed assistant Colonial Secretary in Jan. 1880; and was acting Colonial Secretary from Jan. to Sept. 1880. He was subsequently appointed Superintendent of police, and retired from the volunteer force with the rank of major in July 1888. In 1890 Major Phillips was appointed Commandant of the volunteer force by the Governor, and the Colonial Secretary subsequently signified his approval.

Philp, Robert, M.L.A. for Townsville, Queensland, was born in Scotland, and is a member of the extensive mercantile firm of Burns, Philp & Co., Ld., which he established in conjunction with Mr. James Burns. He was elected a member for the new electorate of Musgrave in Jan. 1886, and in 1888 for Townsville.

Piddington, Hon. William Richman, M.L.C., was born in London in 1815, and was brought up to the book trade. He emigrated to New South Wales in 1838, and after farming on the Hunter, pursued his original vocation with great success in Sydney. He took a prominent part in opposing transportation in 1848, and when responsible government was inaugurated, in 1856, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for the Northumberland and Hunter district. He subsequently represented the Hawkesbury, but lost his seat in 1877. He joined the first Parkes Government in May 1872, but ill-health compelled him to resign in the following December. He was Colonial Treasurer in the second Parkes Ministry, from March to August 1877, and two months later was thrown out of Parliament at the general election. He was subsequently appointed to the Legislative Council. Mr. Piddington died on Nov. 25th, 1887.

Pilkington, Captain Henry Lionel, is the son of Henry Mulock Pilkington, Q.C., LL.D., of Tore, co. Westmeath, and registrar of the Court of Probate, Dublin, by Wilhelmina Charity, daughter of John McDonnell, M.D., Poor Law Commissioner. He was born on May 22nd, 1857, and entered the army. He was appointed second lieutenant 1st West India Regt. in Jan. 1881, lieutenant in July 1881, lieutenant 21st Hussars in Oct. 1882, and captain in August 1888. He became private secretary and aide-de-camp to Sir F. N. Broome, Governor of Western Australia, in Jan. 1889, and clerk of the Executive Council, and returned to England in 1890.

Pillinger, Hon. Alfred Thomas, M.H.A. (p. 373). In August 1892 Mr. Pillinger resigned with his colleagues in the Fysh Ministry.

Pirani, Frederick Joy, M.A., C.E., was born in Birmingham, England, in Dec. 1850. He arrived in Victoria in 1859, and went to the Church of England Grammar School, then under Dr. Bromley, in 1863. After being first in both classics and mathematics at the school, he matriculated at the Melbourne University in 1869, gaining the exhibitions for classics and mathematics. He studied in the schools of arts and engineering, obtained the degree of C.E. in 1870 and graduated as B.A. in 1871 and as M.A. in 1873. For some time he practised as a civil engineer, but he eventually accepted the position of assistant lecturer to the late Professor W. P. Wilson (q.v.),* on whose death in 1874 he was appointed acting Professor of Mathematics until the arrival of Professor Nanson. He was then appointed Lecturer in Logic and Natural Philosophy. He took a keen interest in the Royal Society of Victoria, of which he was Secretary for several years, and before which he read several papers, some of which appeared in the Society's Transactions. In conjunction with Professor H. M. Andrew (q.v.) he wrote a treatise on elementary geometry. It is understood that had he lived a few months longer he would have been promoted to the new Chair of Natural Philosophy at the University which the council had decided to establish. On June 7th, 1881, he married Miss Marian Kennick, and on July 30th in the same year he was thrown from his horse, sustaining injuries which proved fatal on August 6th. [* This person does not have an entry in the book.]

Pitt, Lieutenant-Colonel Douglas Charles Dean, R.A., officer commanding artillery, Victoria, was born on March 24th, 1851, and was appointed lieutenant Royal Artillery in August 1871, captain in May 1881, and major in Sept. 1887. From Feb. 1877 to Feb. 1880 he was aide-de-camp to the Governor of Bombay, and from 1881 to 1888 was Deputy and Assistant Quartermaster-General in the Presidency of Bombay. In March 1889 Major Dean-Pitt took the command of the Victorian Artillery forces, with the local rank of lieutenant-colonel.

Playford, Hon. Thomas, M.P., ex-Prime Minister of South Australia, son of the late Rev. Thomas Playford, of Bentham Street Chapel, Adelaide, and previously sergeant-major in the British army, was born in London in 1837, and came to South Australia with his father in 1843. For many years he was engaged in farming at Mitcham, whence he removed to the hills and took up gardening pursuits. He was for twenty-one years the chairman of the East Torrens District Council, for three years a member of the Central Road Board, and for four or five years the president of the Association of District Chairmen. He made his first appearance in Parliament in April 1868 as member for Onkaparinga, a district which he represented until Nov. 1871. He assisted Mr. Strangways in passing the first Land Bill which gave farmers the chance of taking up land on deferred payments. In 1872 he was defeated at Onkaparinga, but in Feb. 1875 was returned for East Torrens, which he continued to represent till the general election of 1884, when he was rejected, being returned for Newcastle on April 6th, 1887. He was again chosen for East Torrens, however, at the general election in April 1890. Mr. Playford was Commissioner of Crown Lands and Immigration in Mr. Boucaut's three Administrations: Feb. 2nd to March 25th, 1876; March 25th to June 6th, 1876; and Oct. 26th, 1877, to Sept. 27th, 1878. He held the same office in Mr. (afterwards Sir) William Morgan's two administrations from Sept 27th, 1878, to 10th March, 1881, and from March 10th to June 24th, 1881. He was Commissioner of Public Works in Mr. Colton's first Ministry from June 16th, 1884, to Feb. 4th, 1885, and Commissioner of Crown Lands from Feb. 4th to June 16th, 1885. He took a prominent part in defeating the Downer Government, and was Premier and Treasurer from June 11th, 1887, to 27th June, 1889, during which time he carried the first protective tariff. Mr. Playford was one of the first two South Australian delegates to the Federal Council of Australasia, and presided over the deliberations of the third session, held at Hobart Jan. to Feb. 1889. He was Dr. Cockburn's colleague in the representation of South Australia at the Federal Conference held in Melbourne in Feb. 1889, and was again selected to represent the colony as one of the delegates to the Federal Convention in 1891. He was ejected from office in June 1889, but returned to power as Premier and Treasurer in August 1890. In Jan. 1892, having taken the portfolio of Lands instead of the Treasury, he paid a visit to India, with the view of ascertaining the suitability of coolie labour for employment in the tropical regions of the Northern Territory. Soon after his return the Ministry were defeated on a motion of want of confidence moved by Mr. Holder, and he resigned in June 1892. Mr. Playford married in 1860 Mary Jane, daughter of Rev. William Kinsman.

Plunkett, Hon. John Hubert, M.L.C., Q.C., was born at Mount Plunkett, co. Roscommon, in 1802, and educated at Trinity College, Dublin. He was called to the English Bar, and, being appointed Solicitor-General of New South Wales, arrived in that colony in June 1832. Five years later he succeeded Mr. Kinchela as Attorney-General, with a seat in the Executive and Legislative Councils, and held the post till responsible government was inaugurated, in 1856. Whilst Government law-officer he conducted the prosecution of ten Europeans for the wanton massacre of a number of aboriginal men, women and children, and secured their conviction, seven of them being hanged—an event which created a great sensation, owing to the lax views then prevalent regarding the killing of natives. At the first election under responsible government Mr. Plunkett was returned to the Legislative Assembly for the district of Argyle, but resigned his seat the next year, when he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and acted as its President from Jan. 1857 to Feb. 1858. In the meantime he had been appointed President of the Board of Education, charged with the duty of carrying out the national system of public instruction then favoured. Owing to a dispute with Mr. Cowper, the then Premier, in connection with the action of the Board in issuing regulations for bringing non-vested as well as vested schools within the scope of their operations, his services were dispensed with under circumstances of great personal acrimony, in Feb. 1858. He thereupon resigned all his other appointments, including his membership of the Council, his presidency of that body, and his commission as a justice of the peace. The matter was brought under the notice of the Assembly, and resolutions were carried expressing regret at his removal and the high sense entertained of his public services. Ultimately the Government consented to his reinstatement, provided he withdrew a portion of his correspondence, which they regarded as personally offensive. He did not, however, resume his position as President of the Upper House, in which Sir W. W. Burton had succeeded him. From Oct. 1863 to Feb. 1865 Mr. Plunkett represented the Martin Government in the Legislative Council as a Minister without portfolio. He died in Melbourne on May 9th, 1869, and was buried in Sydney six days later.

Pohlman, His Honour Robert Williams, county court judge, Victoria, was born in London in 1811, and was called to the English Bar. In 1840 he arrived in Port Phillip, Vict., and in the next year was admitted to practise at the local Bar. When Victoria was separated from New South Wales, Mr. Pohlman was gazetted (July 1851) Master in Equity; and in Nov. following was nominated a member of the partially elective Legislative Council, then the single Parliamentary chamber. He acted as chairman of the Board of Education, and was the first county court judge appointed in Victoria. When responsible government was introduced in 1856 he retired from political life, and devoted himself to his judicial duties. He died on Dec. 6th, 1877, aged 66 years.

Polding, Most Rev. John Bede, D.D., first Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, N.S.W., and Metropolitan of Australia and Tasmania, was born in Liverpool, England, on Nov. 18th, 1794, and educated at St. Gregory's College, Downside. In July 1810 he took the habit of the Benedictine order, made his religious profession a year later, and was ordained priest in March 1819. Up to 1834 Australia—so far as the Roman Catholic Church was concerned—was under the episcopal supervision of the Bishop of Mauritius, who appointed the late Dr. Ullathorne his Vicar-General. In that year it was decided to create a separate organisation for the administration of the Antipodean Church, and at its head it was concluded to place Father Polding, who was made Bishop of Hiero-Caesarea in partibus, with the local title of Vicar Apostolic of New Holland and Van Diemen's Land. This was carried out by a bull of Pope Gregory XVI., issued in May. In June Dr. Polding was consecrated, and in Sept. 1835 he arrived in Sydney, where he was soon busily engaged in laying the basis of the ecclesiastical organisation which has since so marvellously developed. In 1841 he visited Rome, and, it having been decided to create an archiepiscopal see in Sydney, Dr. Polding was appointed the first Archbishop on April 10th, 1842. He was also created a Count of the Holy Roman Empire and a Bishop assistant to the Papal throne. The assumption of the title of Archbishop by Dr. Polding created vast excitement in Anglican circles in Sydney, and was made the subject of a solemn public protest by Bishop Broughton, who, in happy ignorance of the dictum soon to be pronounced by the Privy Council as to the invalidity of all territorial titles granted by the Crown to colonial dignitaries subsequent to 1843, formally denounced the assumption of the title without the royal authority. Like the Ecclesiastical Titles Bill agitation in England, later on, the hubbub in the colony soon died away, leaving to each sect the untrammelled but entirely unofficial choice of the titular designations of its hierarchy. On three subsequent occasions Archbishop Polding revisited Europe; and in 1871 he again set forth to attend the ecumenical Council of the Vatican, summoned to consider the question of Papal infallibility. He did not, however, get further than Aden, whence his debilitated health compelled him to return to Sydney. The Archbishop (who obtained the assistance of the late Archbishop Vaughan as coadjutor in 1873) died at the Sacred Heart Presbytery, Darlinghurst, Sydney, on March 16th, 1877, his remains being honoured with a public funeral.

Pollen, Hon. Daniel, M.L.C., sometime Premier of New Zealand, embraced the medical profession, and emigrated to New Zealand, where he was one of the earliest settlers in the Auckland district. He held a position in the Civil Servicer and was appointed a member of the Legislative Council. He was a member of the second Fox Ministry, without portfolio, from July 1861 to August 1862, and of the second Stafford Government from June 1868 to June 1869. Having been reappointed to the Legislative Council in 1873, he was Premier and Colonial Secretary of the colony from July 1875 to Feb. 1876, when he took office under Sir Julius Vogel as Colonial Secretary, and held the post under that gentleman and Major Atkinson till Oct. 1877. He was also Minister of Native Affairs from Dec. 1876 till he retired with his colleagues in Oct. 1877.

Pompallier, Right Rev. John Baptist Francis, first Roman Catholic Bishop of New Zealand. When the vicar-apostolic of Western Oceania was created by brief of Pope Gregory XVI. in 1835, search was made amongst the French clergy for a suitable head of the mission. This was found in a priest of the diocese of Lyons named Pompallier, and he was named first vicar-apostolic and Bishop in partibus. This ecclesiastic was born in France in Dec. 1802, and was intended by his friends for the army, but he wished to become a Jesuit. From this he was dissuaded by the Archbishop of Paris, but, following his religious bent, he took orders as a secular priest, and became one of the founders of the Marist Congregation, which took its rise amongst a few secular priests in the dioceses of Lyons and Bellay. Francis Pompallier became novice-master of the order, and three hundred novices passed through his hands. When, on June 30th, 1836, Pompallier was consecrated at Rome Bishop of Maron?e and first Vicar-Apostolic of Western Oceania, the infant society of which he was so prominent a member came into notice at the Vatican, and he obtained a brief authorising the erection of the new society, to be called, after the Blessed Virgin, the Society of Mary, and having for its especial object the evangelisation of the islands of Western Oceania. Having recruited six priests and three lay brethren for his projected mission, the Bishop and his co-workers sailed from Havre in the Delphine on Dec. 24th, 1836, bound for Valparaiso, which they regarded as affording the best route to the islands of Oceania. They reached Valparaiso in June 1837, and were compelled to remain there two months before they found an American vessel—the Europa—going to the Sandwich Islands by way of Gambier and Tahiti. The party arrived at the latter island on Sept. 20th, 1837, and here the American consul placed at their service a schooner of sixty tons burden, called the Raiatea, in which they left Tahiti for the Sandwich Islands on Oct. 4th, 1837. After looking in at Vavau, one of the Friendly Islands, the party called in at Wallis and Fortuna islands, in each case leaving a priest and catechist behind them to evangelise the natives, who, unlike those of Vavau, had not fallen under Protestant influences. On Dec. 9th, 1837, the Bishop reached Sydney, N.S.W., where he was the guest of Archbishop Polding, who then held the Church's commission as Vicar-Apostolic of New Holland. The Raiatea once more set sail towards its now nearing destination at the end of the month, and reached Hokianga, the northernmost port on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, after a twelve days' passage; the party, now reduced to the Bishop and a priest and lay brother, disembarking on Jan. 10th, 1838, after over twelve months of inexpressibly tedious and toilsome travelling. The missionaries were welcomed by an Irishman named Poynton, and took up their abode in a wooden house, of which they turned the largest room into a chapel, and in which, on Jan. 13th, 1839, they celebrated what was probably the first mass said in New Zealand. Hokianga was then the headquarters of the Wesleyan Mission, and at first the Mangamuka natives seemed inclined to expel "the Papists" and destroy their crucifixes and images. Ultimately, however, they were brought to kindlier dispositions, more probably as the result of Bishop Pompallier's reasonings than in consequence of a manifesto issued on the missionaries' behalf by the eccentric Baron de Thierry (q.v.), who stood loyally to his fellow-countrymen. The Bishop was now much crippled for money, and was greatly relieved when supplies and three more priests arrived from France in June 1839. He now made his headquarters forty miles away at Kororarika, in the Bay of Islands, which soon became the centre of a successful mission. Captain Hobson, the first English governor of New Zealand, arrived in Jan. 1840, and was met by Bishop Pompallier, who demanded a declaration of toleration for his mission and converts. This was promised, and on Feb. 6th Captain Hobson met the principal Maori chiefs at the immortal trysting-place close to where the Waitangi river falls into the sea. At this conference Bishop Pompallier attended in full canonicals, much to the disgust of his Protestant rivals, who charged him (as did Governor Hobson) with prompting the chiefs, who demurred to signing the famous document now put before then, and known in history as the "Waitangi treaty." The Queen's sovereignty was formally proclaimed in May 1840, not greatly, as it may be imagined, to the satisfaction of Bishop Pompallier, who, however, made the best of the situation. In July 1841 he visited Auckland, and obtained grants of land from the Government for a church site and cemetery. After the destruction of Kororarika in 1845, he made Auckland, of which he was vicar-apostolic and virtually bishop, his headquarters; and it remained so to the close of his episcopate. In 1849, when on a visit to Europe, he visited Carlow in Ireland, and took out a detachment of Sisters of Mercy under Mother Cecilia Maher, afterwards well known in New Zealand. After thirty-three years of labour, during which he is said to have baptised 10,000 savages, Bishop Pompallier obtained leave to retire, and was raised by the Holy See to the dignity of Archbishop of Amasia in partibus He subsequently returned to France, where he died on Dec. 20th, 1870.

Potatau (Te Whero Whero), the first so-called "Maori king," was a high-born chief of the Waikato, North Island of New Zealand. He narrowly escaped slaughter at the hands of Hongi at Matakitaki in 1822. In 1831 Te Whero Whero, as he was then called, led an immense war party against the Taranaki Maoris and killed many hundreds of the Ngatiawa tribe, whose lands more than ten years later he claimed by right of conquest. In 1844 Te Whero Whero was the prominent figure at a great feast of the Waikato tribe given at Remuera, near Auckland, with the view mainly of impressing Governor Fitzroy with the power of the Northern Maoris. He was subsequently received at Government House, Auckland, and treated with great distinction by Fitzroy. In 1847 he wrote with other chiefs to the Queen to insist upon the observance of the stipulations of the treaty of Waitangi in regard to the inviolability of native lands, which had been ignored in a despatch of Earl Grey, the Colonial Secretary, to Sir George Grey, the then Governor of the colony. In reply Earl Grey completely changed his tone and assured the chiefs that her Majesty had directed that the treaty should be religiously and scrupulously observed. In 1857 Wiremu Tamihana, known as the kingmaker, issued a circular "to all Waikato" proposing the appointment of Potatau, as he was now called, to the kingship of New Zealand, this move being taken as a counterblast to the growing authority of the Queen of England, which it was hoped it would neutralise. Potatau unwillingly accepted the nomination, and claimed only the title of "Matua, father." Ultimately, however, he took up a more aggressive, though always calm and dignified, attitude. He died on June 25th, 1860, and was succeeded by his son Tawhiao (q.v.).

Powers, Hon. Charles, M.L.A., was born in North Brisbane in 1853, and educated at the Ipswich and Brisbane Grammar Schools. He was admitted a solicitor in 1876, and in 1881 was elected alderman of Maryborough and mayor in 1883. In 1886 Mr. Powers became a member of the Burrum Divisional Board, and assisted largely in developing the Burrum coalfields and the northern coal trade. In 1887 he went to London and formed the Isis Investment Company. He was elected member of the Legislative Assembly for the Burrum District at the general election in 1888, and was appointed a member of the Morehead Ministry, without portfolio, on Sept. 20th, 1889. On Nov. 19th in the same year he succeeded Mr. Donaldson as Postmaster-General and Secretary for Public Instruction, resigning with his colleagues in August 1890, previous to which he represented Queensland at the Intercolonial Postal Conference held at Adelaide.

Praed, Mrs. Campbell (Rosa Caroline Murray-Prior), was born at Bromelton, on the Logan river, Queensland, on March 27th, 1851, and is the daughter of Hon. T. L. Murray-Prior, M.L.C., and Matilda his first wife, daughter of Thomas Harpur, of Cecil Hills, N.S.W. Miss Murray-Prior was educated mainly at Brisbane, and previous to her marriage saw a great deal of the social and political life of Queensland, which she has utilised so effectively in her various novels. On August 29th, 1872, she married Arthur Campbell Bulkley Mackworth Praed, son of a banker in Fleet Street, London, and nephew of the poet Winthrop Mackworth Praed. Mr. and Mrs. Campbell Praed lived at their station on Curtis Island, Qd., until 1876, when they came to London. In 1880 she published her first novel, "An Australian Heroine," which has been followed in rapid succession by a number of works of fiction, many of which are thoroughly Australian in character; such as "Policy and Passion," (or "Longleat of Kooralbyn"); "Moloch"; "The Head Station"; "Affinities"; "Australian Life"; "Black and White"; "Miss Jacobsen's Chance"; "The Bond of Wedlock" (subsequently dramatised by the author, and produced by Mrs. Bernard Beere, under the name of the heroine, Ariane); "The Brother of the Shadow," "The Soul of Countess Adrian." In addition Mrs. Campbell Praed has collaborated with Mr. Justin McCarthy, M.P., and produced a series of novels dealing mainly with English political and social life, but some parts of which are distinctly Australian, and evidently from her pen. These are "The Right Honourable"; "The Ladies' Gallery"; and the "Rival Princess." Mrs. Campbell Praed is generally recognised as the most brilliant and successful of Australian novelists. Her descriptions of the scenery of her native land are unsurpassed; and Australians cannot be blamed for thinking her work, which deals with the life, character and scenes of Queensland, to be of a higher and more enduring kind than the descriptions of London ephemeral fashions, social, political or religions, which she occasionally essays. Some few years ago Mrs. Campbell Praed paid a visit to the United States, and subsequently wrote a series of articles on her transatlantic experiences in Temple Bar. She has frequently written for the magazines, English and American, and has been a contributor to the series of short stories written by "Australians in London," from "Oak-Bough and Wattle-Blossom" (1888) to Coo?e" (1891).

Pratt, Lieut-General Sir Thomas Simson, K.C.B., son of Captain James Pratt, by Anne, daughter of William Simson, was born in 1797, and educated at St. Andrew's University, entering the army as an ensign in Feb. 1814, in which year he performed distinguished service in Holland, and in China in 1841. In Jan. 1860 he succeeded Mr E. Macarthur in the command of the forces in Australia, with the rank of major-general, and in the summer of that year proceeded to New Zealand to conduct the operations against the Maories. After a fairly successful campaign he gave up the local command to General Cameron, and left New Zealand in April 1861 to reassume bis Australian command. In 1862 Sir Thomas, who was sometime adjutant-general at Madras, was appointed to the colonelcy of the 37th Regiment, and retired from the active list in 1878 with the rank of lieut.-general. He married, in 1827, Frances Agnes, daughter of John S. Cooper. Sir Thomas was made K.C.B. in 1861, and was publicly invested with the ribbon and badge of the Order of the Bath by Sir Henry Barkly, Governor of Victoria, at Melbourne, on April 16th, 1862, this being the first ceremony of the kind performed in Australia. He died in England in Feb. 1879.

Prendergast, Hon. Sir James, B.A., Chief Justice of New Zealand, second son of the late Michael Prendergast, Q.C., by his marriage with Caroline, sister of the late George Dance, R.A., was born in 1828, and educated at St. Paul's School and at Queen's College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1849. He entered as a student of the Middle Temple in May 1849, and was called to the bar in April 1856. Having practised in England for a time as a special pleader, he emigrated to Otago, N.Z., and was admitted to the New Zealand bar in 1862. In 1865 he was appointed to the office of non-political Attorney-General, which he held till 1875. In that year he became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Zealand. Sir James, during the absence of the Governor, has several times administered the government of the colony. He was created Knight Bachelor in Nov. 1881.

Price, Rev. Charles, was born in London on Nov. 21st, 1807. In 1829 he entered Highbury College to study for the ministry of the Congregational Church. He was ordained in 1832, and sailed with his wife for Hobart. He preached in Launceston from August 1832 to Jan. 1833, when he was invited to the charge of Pitt Street Chapel, Sydney. Mr. Price opened this chapel on Feb. 13th, 1833, and became the first minister of this the first church of the Congregational denomination in Australia. After acting for some time as resident minister at Port Stephens, N.S.W., he returned in 1836 to Launceston. Here he accepted the charge of Tamar Street Congregational Chapel, the pulpit of which he occupied till his death in 1891.

Price, Edward William, S.M., entered the Royal Navy as a cadet in 1856, and served in the Black Sea fleet till the close of the Russian war, for which he received English and Turkish medals. Mr. Price entered the Civil Service of South Australia in 1860, was appointed a stipendiary magistrate in 1873, and was Government Resident of the Northern Territory, as well as stipendiary magistrate and Commissioner for the Circuit Court, from 1876 to 1884.

Price, John, was the fourth son of Sir Rose Price, first baronet, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Charles Lambart and sister of Frances, wife of the second Earl Talbot. He was born on Oct. 20th, 1808, and married on June 12th, 1838, Mary, eldest daughter of Major Franklin, of 1st Royal Cavalry. He went to Van Diemen's Land in 1835, and employed himself in agricultural pursuits. Subsequently he joined the Government service, and showed great daring in the detection and capture of bushrangers. In 1838 he was appointed police magistrate at Hobart Town, and ten years later succeeded Captain Maconochie as Chief Superintendent of the convict settlement at Norfolk Island. Captain Maconochie had relaxed discipline and preached the gospel of kindness. This was totally foreign to Mr. Price's idea of convict management, and he gained a reputation for severity which always followed him. The chaplains who denounced him as cruel he dismissed, and gave the same short shrift to the officials who would have preferred milder measures. In 1853 he was appointed Chief Inspector of Convict Establishments in Victoria, and continued to show himself an inflexible disciplinarian. On March 26th, 1857, he was pelted with stones and masses of rock by eighty-two of the convicts employed on the jetty at Williamstown, near Melbourne, and died the next day from the injuries he received. Several of the ringleaders in the attack were executed.

Pring, His Honour the Hon. Ratcliffe, second son of Thomas E. Pring, solicitor, of Crediton, Devon, was born there on Oct. 17th, 1825, educated at Shrewsbury School, and entered at the Inner Temple in Nov. 1845, being called to the Bar in June 1849. He emigrated to Sydney in 1853, and practised with much success until 1857, when he was appointed Crown Prosecutor at Brisbane, in Queensland, where he was made Q.C. In 1860 he was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland for the district of East Downs, and served under Mr. (now Sir) R. G. W. Herbert as Attorney-General in the first Ministry formed under responsible government from Dec. 1859 to August 1865. In the second Herbert Ministry he filled the same office from July to August 1866. He was also Attorney-General in the Mackenzie Ministry from August 1867 to Nov. 1868; in the Lilley Government from Nov. 1869 to May 1870; and in the first McIlwraith Administration from May 1879 to June 1880, when he accepted a puisne judgeship of the Supreme Court of Queensland. Mr. Justice Pring died on March 22nd, 1885. In 1863 he was offered the position of first Chief Justice of Queensland, over the head of the late Judge Lutwyche, but declined the post, and Sir James Cockle was appointed.

Prout, John Skinner, a well-known artist and nephew of Samuel Prout, who became famous as a painter of the churches, streets, and market-places of Normandy, was born at Plymouth in 1806. He early developed artistic tastes, and turned his attention to water colours, in which he was mainly self-taught. In conjunction with Mr. M?ller, he published in 1836 "The Antiquities of Bristol," in which city he resided for a number of years. He went to Sydney in 1840, and followed his art with good results, several of his water colours being still in the local galleries. In 1845 Mr. Prout visited Tasmania, and subsequently issued his "Tasmania Illustrated" in four series. Mr. Prout returned to England in 1850 and became a member of the Institute of Painters in Water Colours, at whose exhibitions he was represented till his death on August 29th, 1876, at Camden Town, near London. After his return from Australia he wrote to the artistic periodicals on the development of Australian art. He also exhibited his Australian sketches at the Crystal Palace.

Pugh, Theophilus Parsons, was born in Nov. 1831, at Turk's Island (Caicos group), and educated at Old Kingswood School, near Bristol, and at Wesley College, Taunton. He joined the staff of the Southern Times at Weymouth in 1852, after a short apprenticeship to the printing business, and was afterwards attached to the Mirror at Salisbury and the Herald at Swansea. In 1855 he emigrated to Australia, arriving in Moreton Bay in June of that year. Mr. Pugh acted as local correspondent for Sir Henry Parkes' paper, the Empire of Sydney, and was editor of the Moreton Bay Free Press from Oct. 1855 to Oct. 1859. When Mr. T. B. Stephens bought the Moreton Bay Courier, then a bi-weekly paper, in 1859, Mr. Pugh accepted the editorship, and brought it out as a tri-weekly in November, and as a daily in May 1861. After leaving what is now the Brisbane Courier in 1863, Mr. Pugh went into various journalistic ventures, becoming editor of the Brisbane Telegraph, then newly started, in Oct. 1872. This post he resigned in Nov. 1873. Pugh's "Moreton Bay (Sheet) Almanack for 1858" appeared at the end of 1857, followed by the first book almanack for 1859 in 1858. These developed into the now well-known publication, Pugh's "Queensland Almanack" in 1860, which has been published continuously ever since, with constantly increasing usefulness and popularity. Mr. Pugh became secretary of the committee formed for the purpose of obtaining the separation of Queensland from New South Wales, on the retirement of Mr. William Wilkes in 1857, until the purpose of the movement was achieved in 1859. On Dec. 10th, 1859, Mr. Pugh issued the first Queensland Government Gazette, and continued to print and publish it until the appointment of Mr. Belbridge as the first Government printer. In May 1863 he was elected to represent North Brisbane in the second parliament, was re-elected for the city in June 1867, became chairman of committees in September, and was again returned in 1868, but almost immediately afterwards retired from parliamentary life. Mr. Pugh was appointed police magistrate at Goondiwindi in 1874, for Rockhampton in 1876, for Warwick in 1882, and for Bundaburg, where he is still stationed, in June 1887.

Pullen, Admiral William John, when a lieutenant in the Royal Navy, went to South Australia as one of Colonel Light's Survey Staff, arriving in the colony in August 1836. He was employed in exploring and surveying the mouth of the Murray river, and may be regarded as the discoverer of Port Adelaide, into which he sailed on Sept. 28th, 1836, three months before the arrival of the first Governor. He also surveyed Port Elliot, and did much to elucidate the geography of the South Australian coast. Returning to England, he sailed, In June 1849, with one of the Franklin search expeditions, and remained two years and a half with the fur traders of the Hudson's Bay Company, returning home via Northern America in Oct. 1851. The next year he explored Davis Straits, Lancaster Sound and Beachy Isle, and was icebound for two years. Goolwa was originally called Port Pullen, but the former name was, for some reason, substituted. He died on Jan. 22nd, 1887.

Pulsford, Edward, was born in 1844 at Burslem, Staffordshire, his father being a Baptist minister. Mr. Pulsford was for many years occupied with mercantile affairs in Hull. In 1883 he decided to settle in Australia, and chose the colony of New South Wales on account of its free trade policy. He arrived in Sydney early in 1884, and has since resided there. Within a few weeks of his arrival he wrote a small work entitled "Thoughts and Suggestions on the Commerce and Progress of New South Wales," which was published and distributed by the Sydney Chamber of Commerce. In 1885, in consequence of a protectionist agitation, the Free Trade Association of New South Wales was formed, and Mr. Pulsford was appointed the secretary. By his pamphlets, papers, letters to the press, and public addresses, he is considered to have been largely instrumental in maintaining the free trade policy of the colony. He was for some time commercial editor of the Sydney Daily Telegraph, and has lately become the proprietor of the Armidale Chronicle, one of the leading country newspapers in New South Wales.

Purves, James Liddell, Q.C., the eminent Victorian advocate, is the eldest son of the late James Purves, one of the pioneers of the colony of Victoria, and was born in Swanston Street, Melbourne, on August 23rd, 1843. He was educated in the first instance at Mr. Budd's school and at the Melbourne Diocesan Grammar School, but went to Europe in 1855 with his father, and passed through a course of instruction at various English and foreign schools. He also studied at King's College, London, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, to which he went up in 1859. He entered at Lincoln's Inn in April 1861, and was called to the English Bar in June 1865. Shortly afterwards he returned to Victoria, where he was admitted to the local Bar, and commenced the career as an advocate which has given him the foremost position, not only in Melbourne, but throughout Australia. Of recent years no Victorian cause c?l?bre has been complete without his retention on one side or the other. In March 1872 Mr. Purves entered Parliament as a Constitutionalist and Free-trader for the constituency of Mornington, in the representation of which he succeeded Sir James M?Culloch, and sat till 1880. In the interim he refused offers of office from the first Berry and the last M?Culloch Administration. Mr. Purves, though mainly devoted to his profession, has taken a prominent part in the proceedings of the Victorian Natives Association, and holds national Australian views nearly as advanced as those of Sir Charles Lilley, the Chief Justice of Queensland.

Pyke, Hon. Vincent, was born in Somersetshire, England, on Feb. 4th, 1827, and went to South Australia in 1851. He soon, however, left that colony for the Victorian goldfields, where he worked as a miner for two years with varying success at Forest Creek, Castlemaine, and Fryer's Creek, Bendigo. In 1853 he took to storekeeping at Fryer's Creek, and having made himself prominent as an opponent of the unpopular diggers' licences, was elected in 1855 to represent the Mount Alexander goldfields in the semi-representative Legislative Council which was then the sole parliamentary chamber. He was one of the earliest supporters of the ballot, which was adopted by the Council. Responsible government having been conceded, Mr. Pyke was returned in 1856 to the first Legislative Assembly for Castlemaine, and in the following year was appointed emigration agent in England in conjunction with the Right Hon. H. C. E. Childers. Returning to Victoria at the end of 1858, Mr. Pyke was appointed warden and police magistrate at Sandhurst, a position he held for eighteen months, when he resigned and was re-elected for Castlemaine. On the fall of the O'Shanassy Ministry in Oct. 1859 Mr. Pyke accepted office under Mr. Nicholson as Commissioner of Trade and Customs. This post he held till Oct. 1860, when he was transferred to the position of Vice-President of the Board of Land and Works and Commissioner of Public Works. He also for a few weeks in Sept. 1860 discharged the functions of Minister of Lands in succession to Mr. Service. In the following November he resigned with his colleagues. In 1862, whilst still a member of the Victorian Parliament, he visited New Zealand with the view of inspecting the Tuapeka goldfields in Otago. Whilst in Dunedin he was offered and accepted the post of head of the goldfields department under the Otago Provincial Government. In this capacity he organised the department and prepared regulations for its guidance and working, being thus in large measure the father of goldfields legislation in New Zealand, the Goldfields Act of 1866 being drafted by him. He held the office of Secretary of Goldfields till 1867, when it was abolished, owing to a dispute between the Colonial and Provincial Governments as to their respective powers under the Goldfields Act. Mr. Pyke was then successively warden and resident magistrate of the Dunstan and Tuapeka districts. In 1873 he resigned his magisterial post, and was returned to the New Zealand House of Representatives for Wakatipu. In 1875 he transferred his services to the Dunstan district, but was thrown out of Parliament in 1890. Mr. Pyke, who resides at Dunedin, has published a number of works of fiction, principally illustrative of gold-digging life.

Q

Quick, John, LL.D., is the son of John Quick, of Trevassa, St. Ives, Cornwall, where he was born on April 14th, 1852. He was taken to Victoria in 1854 by his father, who settled at Bendigo (Sandhurst). He was brought up to engineering, and then became a compositor. Later on he was an engine-driver in a mine. From the typographical department he subsequently advanced to the literary, and, having learned short-hand, was a reporter first on the Bendigo Independent and afterwards on the Bendigo Advertiser. He then went to Melbourne, and became a reporter on the Age, studying meanwhile at the Melbourne University, where he graduated B.A. in Dec. 1877. The next year he became law reporter on the Age and was admitted to the Victorian Bar in June. Having in the meantime become leader of the Age parliamentary reporting staff, he in July 1880 contested Sandhurst for a seat in the Assembly, and was returned, defeating Mr. John McIntyre. He then resigned his position on the Age. In June 1882 he took the degree of LL.D. at Melbourne University, and in Feb. of the next year was re-elected for Sandhurst. In March he was offered a seat in the Service-Berry coalition Cabinet, but declined to accept office, though, it is remarkable, three other former members of the Age staff took portfolios, viz., Messrs. Deakin, Dow, and Pearson. In 1883 Dr. Quick published a "History of Land Tenure in Victoria." At the general election in 1886 he was re-elected for Sandhurst, but was defeated in 1889, and has not since re-entered Parliament nor taken much part in politics.

Quinn, Right Rev. James, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, was a brother of the late Roman Catholic Bishop of Bathurst, New South Wales, and was born at Athy, co. Kildare, in 1820. He was educated in Ireland and at the Jesuits' College at Rome. He was ordained priest in 1843, and was engaged in educational work in Dublin. In June 1859, when the see of Brisbane was created, he was appointed the first bishop, but did not arrive in Queensland till 1861. He died on August 30th, 1881 aged sixty-two, having done a good deal to moderate the acerbity of Irish factions feeling during his episcopate.

Quinn, Right Rev. Matthew, D.D., first Roman Catholic Bishop of Bathhurst N.S.W., the brother of the Right Rev. James Quinn, first Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane, was born in co. Kildare on May 29th, 1821. He pursued his studies in Rome at the Propaganda and Irish Colleges from 1837 to 1847. He was ordained priest in May 1845 at St. John's Lateran, and, being transferred to Ireland, took great interest in the promotion of Irish emigration to Queensland. He was consecrated first Bishop of Bathurst by Cardinal Cullen in Dublin in Nov. 1865, and died on Jan. 16th, 1884.

R

Radford, Henry Wyat, son of Henry Wyat Radford, surgeon of her Majesty's 62nd Regiment, and Frances Maria (Biddulph) his wife, was born at Newcastle, N.S.W., on Oct. 19th, 1835. In 1859 he went to Queensland, and was engaged in pastoral pursuits on the Fitzroy river, being at one time part proprietor of Princhester Station. He entered the Queensland Parliamentary Service in April 1862, and was clerk-assistant of the Legislative Assembly until June 1881, when he was appointed clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of the Parliaments. Mr. Radford was married at Newcastle on Oct. 24th, 1864, to Miss Lydia Amelia Sloan.

Rae, John, M.A., J.P., was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, on Jan. 9th, 1813, and educated at the Grammar School and Marischal College. Having commenced the study of the law, he graduated M.A. at Aberdeen University in 1832, and subsequently attended law classes in Edinburgh, gaining a prize of ?20 in 1837 for a literary essay. In Dec. 1839 he arrived in Sydney, having accepted the post of secretary and accountant to the North British Australasian Loan and Investment Company. In 1842 he wrote the letterpress for "Sydney Illustrated," and in July 1843 was appointed Town Clerk of Sydney. Ten years later he published a version of Isaiah in blank verse, with explanatory notes. In Jan. 1854, on the abolition of the Sydney Corporation, Mr. Rae was appointed one of the City Commissioners, and retained that position till the Corporation was re. established in April 1857. In November of that year he became secretary to the New South Wales Railway Department, and in Jan. 1861 was appointed Under-Secretary for Works, with the additional position of Commissioner of Railways. In 1877 the office of Commissioner of Railways was separated from that of Under-Secretary of Works, in which latter post Mr. Rae remained until March 1888. Mr. Rae (who in 1875 published "Gleanings from my Scrapbook") married, in 1845, Miss Elizabeth Thompson, who died in Dec. 1877. Mr. Rae is now a member of the Civil Service Board, constituted under the Civil Service Act of 1884.

Raff, George, a native of Scotland, was elected to the first Legislative Assembly of Queensland, as one of the three members for the Metropolitan constituency of Brisbane, and took part in the Herbert and Macalister Ministries as a member of the Executive Council without portfolio from July to Nov. 1866. He died on August 8th, 1889, at the age of seventy-four.

Ramsay, Hon. John James Garden, M.L.C., for some time represented Mount Barker in the Legislative Assembly of South Australia, but was in 1880 elected to the Legislative Council, for which he sat down to the day of his death. Mr. Ramsay was Commissioner of Public Works in the Ayers Ministry from Jan. so March 1872, and in the two Bray Governments from June 1881 to June 1884. He was Chief Secretary under Mr. Playford from June 1887 to June 1889. On Jan. 18th, 1890, he died from the effects of injuries sustained through the bursting of a lamp in a railway carriage in which he was travelling. In 1886 Mr. Ramsay received the Queen's permission to bear the title of Honourable within the colony.

Ramsay, Hon. Robert, was born in 1842 at Hawick, Roxburghshire, and went with his parents to Victoria at the age of four years. He was the eldest son of the Rev. A. M. Ramsay, of St. Enoch's Church, Collins Street, now the Assembly Hall, was educated at the Scotch College, and was afterwards a law student at the Melbourne University, subsequently becoming a partner in the well-known firm of Macgregor, Ramsay & Brahe, solicitors, Melbourne. In 1870 he was elected to the Assembly for East Bourke, and held a seat in the Francis Ministry without portfolio from June 1872 to July 1874. From the latter date till August 1875 he was Postmaster-General under the late Mr. Kerferd, holding the same post in conjunction with that of Minister of Education in the last M?Culloch Government from Oct. 1875 to May 1877. After three years in opposition Mr. Ramsay, in March 1880, joined Mr. Service as Chief Secretary and Minister of Education, and held the combined office till the Ministry retired in August of the same year. Mr. Ramsay, who was a Conservative and free-trader, introduced and carried a bill abolishing pensions to future civil servants. Mr. Ramsay, who married in 1868 Isabella Catherine, second daughter of Roderick Urquhart, of Yangery Park, died on May 23rd, 1882.

Randell, William Richard, was born in May 1824 at Sidbury, Devonshire, England, and went to South Australia with his parents in 1837. Until 1853 he was engaged in pastoral pursuits, but in July of that year he anticipated Captain Cadell in navigating the Murray, in a small steamer which he built for the purpose and named the Mary Ann. Two years later he explored the Murrumbidgee and Darling in the Gemini. Mr. Randell received a reward of ?300 from the South Australian Government and ?400 was raised for him by public subscription.

Rawson, Charles Collinson, J.P., son of Charles Rawson and Octavia his wife, was born at Boldon Rectory, Durham, England, on Dec. 13th, 1840, and emigrated to Australia, arriving in Sydney in Dec. 1857. He married Miss Winifred Harrison on August 30th, 1870. He was engaged in pastoral pursuits in the Mackay district of Queensland, and was chairman of the local branch of the North Queensland Separation League. Since his return to England, where he now resides, he has taken an active part in promoting the erection of Northern Queensland into a separate colony.

Real, His Honour Patrick, Puisne Judge, was born at Limerick, Ireland, in March 1847, and was taken to Australia as an infant in 1851. His father died on the voyage out, and his mother settled in Ipswich, Queensland, where he was apprenticed to a carpenter. Subsequently he was employed in the Ipswich railway workshops until, at the age of twenty-one, he formed the idea of becoming a barrister. Relinquishing his trade, he devoted himself to study, and was admitted to the Queensland Bar in Sept. 1874, and practised with success. In Feb. 1878 he was appointed Crown Prosecutor for the Central District of Queensland, and, on the death of Mr. Justice Mein, in 1890, a Puisne Judge.

Redwood, Most Rev. Francis, S.M., D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Wellington, N.Z., is the son of Henry Paul Redwood and Mary (Gilbert) his wife, and was born on April 8th, 1839, at the Lower Hanyard, Tixall estate, Staffordshire. Having gone with his parents to Wellington, N.Z., where they landed in Nov. 1842, he went with them a month later to Nelson, where they settled on the Waimea Plains. The future Archbishop studied first at Nelson, under the late Archpriest Garin, S.M., and afterwards in France and Ireland. He was ordained priest at Maynooth on June 6th, 1865, and was Professor of Dogmatic Theology in Dublin till his appointment as Bishop of Wellington, being consecrated to that see by Cardinal Manning at St. Ann's, Spitalfields, London, on March 17th, 1874. Dr. Redwood was appointed first Archbishop of Wellington and Metropolitan of New Zealand on May 13th, 1887. His Grace is also a member of the Senate of the University of New Zealand.

Rees, William Lee, M.H.R., was born at Bristol on Dec. 16th, 1836, and went to Australia in 1851. He studied for the Congregational ministry, and was ordained in 1861. In 1865 he left the Congregational ministry, and was called to the Bar in Victoria, The following year he went to New Zealand, living first upon the West Coast, and subsequently in Auckland, where he was a member of the Provincial Council and acted as Provincial Solicitor under Sir George Grey as Superintendent. Mr. Rees became a member of the General Assembly of New Zealand in 1876, and was subsequently for some years out of Parliament. On his return in 1890 as M.H.R. for Auckland he was appointed Chairman of Committees in the House of Representatives. For many years a well-known cricketer in the different colonies, and devoted to all athletic and field sports, he comes from an athletic family, being a cousin of the Graces, the celebrated cricketers. He is the author of a political sketch of New Zealand in 1874 called "The Coming Crisis," the predictions of which have since been singularly fulfilled. In 1878 he published a historical novel: "Sir Gilbert Leigh." In 1888 he visited England and announced a system of co-operative colonisation. In the same year he published in London "From Poverty to Plenty," which contains a short history and analysis of the past and present systems of political economy, and lays down a new system of associative economics entirely opposed to the individualistic and ultra-competitive system of Adam Smith and his successors, also a pamphlet, "The Science of Wealth in the light of the Scriptures," a Christian system of economics. Mr. Rees is an ardent believer in co-operation, and for many years has supported it both in the press and from the platform. In 1892 he was elected Chairman of Committees of the House of Representatives. He has published, in conjunction with his daughter, "The Life and Times of Sir George Grey."

Reeves, Hon. William, M.L.C., was the son of a gentleman holding the position of Receiver of Fee Farm Rents, and was born at Clapham, near London. In early life he was placed in the banking house with which the Kennard family were connected, and subsequently became a stockbroker. Not being successful on the Stock Exchange, he decided to emigrate to New Zealand, and, after a short trial of farming, settled at Christchurch, in the North Island, where he became editor and chief proprietor of the Lyttelton Times. He was connected with provincial politics, and entering the House of Representatives was a member of the Executive Council and resident Minister for the Middle Island in the third Fox Government from Nov. 1871 to Sept. 1872. In Oct. 1884, he was nominated to the Legislative Council and died at Christchurch on April 4th, 1891. He married a daughter of John Edward Ross Pember, of Clapham Park, Surrey, and sister of E. H. Pember, Q.C.

Reeves, Hon. William Pember, M.H.R., Labour Minister, New Zealand, is the eldest son of the late Hon. William Reeves (q.v.), and was born in 1857 in Canterbury, N.Z. Mr. Reeves began school life at Christ College Grammar School at ten years of age by winning the Canterbury Provincial Government scholarship of ?40 a year. He won it a second time, thus holding it seven years in all. In 1873 he gained the Somes scholarship (?40 for three years), and in 1874 he took two university scholarships, being first in classics and first in English. After this brilliant opening he was sent home to graduate at Oxford and read for the Bar, but ill-health, caused by the strain of his educational course, forced him back to the colony without the achievement of either object. After an interval of country life he was admitted to the New Zealand Bar. But beyond reporting for the Canterbury Law Society, he did not devote much attention to his profession. He preferred journalism, to which profession he soon devoted himself entirely, first as contributor and leader-writer to the Lyttelton Times. Then he became editor of the Canterbury Times, and in 1889 he succeeded to the editorial chair of the Lyttelton Times. In 1887 Mr. Reeves was elected to the House of Representatives for St. Albans, beating Mr. Garrick by a substantial majority, and he was returned for Christchurch at the general election in 1890, being in Jan. 1891 appointed to a seat in the Ballance Government as Minister of Justice and Education. Mr. Reeves married in Feb. 1885 Miss Magdalen Stuart Robison. On the Government deciding to constitute a department of labour, Mr. Reeves was appointed the first Minister. He has written a short history of Communism and Socialism.

Reibey, Hon. Thomas, M.H.A., M.A., eldest son of Thomas Reibey and Richenda his wife, daughter of Richard Allen, M.D., and sister of the late Sir George Wigram Allen, was born on Sept. 24th, 1821. He matriculated at Trinity College, Oxford, in May 1840, but did not proceed to a degree. Mr. Reibey (whose father changed the spelling of the family name from Raby) married in Oct. 1842 Catherine McDonall, daughter of James Kyle, of Inverness, Scotland. He has represented Westbury in the Tasmanian Assembly since May 1874. Having acted as leader of the Opposition from March 1875 to July 1876, he acceded to office as Premier and Colonial Secretary in the latter month. He only, however, held power till August of the next year. He then acted as leader of the Opposition till Dec. 1878, when he became Colonial Secretary in Dr. Crowther's Ministry, which lasted till Oct. 1879. In July 1887 Mr. Reibey was elected Speaker of the Assembly, which office he held until 1890, when he was succeeded by Mr. N. J. Brown. Mr. Reibey was formerly in holy orders, and was preferred to be archdeacon.

Reid, Donald, was one of the earliest settlers in Otago, N.Z., and he held important executive offices under the provincial Government. In 1865 he was elected to the House of Representatives, and was Minister of Public Works in the Stafford administration from Sept. to Oct. 1872. He held the portfolio of Lands and Immigration under Sir Harry Atkinson from Jan. to Oct. 1877. Since 1878 he has been out of Parliament, and has devoted himself to the affairs of the mercantile firm of which he is the head in Dunedin.

Reid, George Houston, M.L.A., son of the Rev. John Reid, a Presbyterian minister, was born at Johnstone, Renfrewshire, Scotland, in 1845, and went out with his parents to Melbourne in 1852. Having removed with the latter to New South Wales five years later, he entered the Civil Service of that colony in 1864, and was appointed Clerk of Correspondence in the Treasury in Sept. 1869, and Secretary to the Attorney-General in 1878. He published "Five Free Trade Essays," which caused his election to the honorary membership of the Cobden Club, and a work entitled "New South Wales, the Mother-Colony of the Australias." He was elected to the Legislative Assembly for East Sydney in 1880, and still retains his seat. Mr. Reid was Minister of Public Instruction to the Stuart Ministry from Jan. 1883 to March 1884, when he resigned. He was admitted to the New South Wales bar in Sept. 1879. At the end of 1891 he was elected leader of the opposition to the Dibbs Government, in succession to Sir Henry Parkes, with whose views in regard to intercolonial federation, as embodied in the Commonwealth Bill, he is by no means in accord either on constitutional or fiscal grounds.

Reid, Hon. Robert Dyce, is the third son of the late David Reid, surgeon R.N., and was born on August 3rd, 1829, at Inverary Park, New South Wales. He went to Victoria at seventeen years of age, and settled in the Ovens district, at Reid's Creek, immediately after the opening up of the Mount Alexander goldfield. He was engaged for thirty years in squatting pursuits, and subsequently visited England. On his return to Victoria he was returned to the Legislative Council for the Eastern province unopposed, and in August 1880 accepted a seat in the third Berry Administration, without portfolio. After the defeat of the Government in July 1881, he resigned his seat in the Upper House, and unsuccessfully contested West Bourke against the then Premier (Sir Bryan O'Loghlen). After another unsuccessful contest for Fitzroy, he was returned for that constituency at the general election In 1883, and held the seat till 1889, when he was again defeated, as also in 1892. Mr. Reid married Caroline Esther Shadforth, second surviving daughter of the late Colonel Shadforth, of the 57th Regiment.

Rennie, Edward Alexander, J.P., Auditor-General of New South Wales, is the only son of the late James Rennie, M.A., formerly Professor of Zoology at King's College, London, and author of "Insect Architecture" and many popular works on natural history. Mr. Rennie was born in London on Oct. 16th, 1820, and reached Sydney in Feb. 1840. In 1846 he joined the Audit Office, was appointed chief clerk in Jan. 1856, and Auditor-General of New South Wales in July 1883. He was married at Sydney on Sept. 25th, 1850; and his eldest son, who is Professor of Chemistry in the university of Adelaide, was the first Australian who took the degree of D.Sc. in London University.

Rentoul, Rev. J. Laurence, M.A., D.D., is the fourth son of the Rev. James B. Rentoul, D.D., and was born in 1846 at Garvagh, Londonderry, Ireland. He graduated in 1868, and was ordained in 1872 as Minister of St. George's Presbyterian Church, Southport, Lancashire. In 1879 he went to Victoria as pastor of St. George's, East St. Kilda. In 1888 he was appointed to the Professorship of Sacred Languages and Christian Philosophy in the Theological Hall in connection with Ormond College. At an early age Professor Rentoul received the honorary degree of D.D. from the Theological Faculty of Ireland. In 1878 he was married to a daughter of the late D. T. Rattray of Chili, South America, and Southport, Lancashire.

Renwick, Hon. Arthur, M.L.C., B.A., M.D., F.R.C.S., was born in Sydney, and educated at the University of that city, where he graduated B.A. in 1857, being one of the first three on whom the degree was conferred. Having embraced the medical profession, he studied at Edinburgh, and was admitted L.R.C.S. in 1860, and F.R.C.S. in 1861, in which year he received the degree of M.D. from Edinburgh University. He was for some time member for East Sydney and Redfern in the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales; but was defeated for the former constituency in 1882, and for the latter in 1887, in December of which year he was called to the Legislative Council. Dr. Renwick was Secretary for Mines in the Parkes Government from Oct. 1881 to Jan. 1883; and Minister of Public Instruction in that of Sir Patrick Jennings from Feb. 1886 to Jan. 1887. He was Executive Commissioner for New South Wales at the Melbourne International Exhibition of 1880, Vice-President of the New South Wales Commission for the Amsterdam Exhibition in 1883, President of that for the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition of 1887, and in 1892 was appointed Executive Commissioner for New South Wales at Chicago. Dr. Renwick was appointed a Fellow of the Senate of Sydney University in 1872, and Vice-Chancellor in 1889; a member of the Medical Board of New South Wales in 1873; and President of the State Children's Belief Department in 1881. He is President of the Benevolent Society of New South Wales, and President and Honorary Consulting Physician to the Sydney Hospital, and to the Institution for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. In 1877 Dr. Renwick made a donation of ?1000 to the University of Sydney, "to found a Scholarship for Natural Science with especial reference to Comparative Anatomy when a School of Medicine shall have been established." He also gave ?100 for the purchase of Leipeius' "Antiquities of Egypt and Ethiopia."

Revans, Samuel, father of the New Zealand press, was a native of England. and was brought up to the printing trade. In 1833 he went out to Montreal, Canada, to assist the late Mr. Henry Samuel Chapman (q.v.) in starting the first daily newspaper, the Daily Advertiser, published in British North America. He subsequently became Mr. Chapman's partner, and it was probably at his instigation that he identified himself with the Edward Gibbon Wakefield schemes for the colonisation of New Zealand. At any rate when in Sept. 1839 a provincial constitution was drawn up in London for the Port Nicholson (Wellington) settlement, which the New Zealand Company were founding under Colonel Wakefield, Mr. Revans was appointed secretary to the executive committee nominated to control the inception of the settlement. At Port Nicholson he arrived by the Adelaide in Jan. 1840, and his signature is appended to all the official documents issued by the committee before its dissolution after the arrival of Governor Hobson and the annexation of New Zealand by England. Very shortly, however, Mr. Revans reverted to his original calling, and issued the first newspaper published in New Zealand. It was called The New Zealand Gazette, and had been issued in London in Sept. 1839. Under Mr. Revans' auspices it was published in New Zealand in April 1840. The plant had been bought in England by subscription amongst the intending colonists, and Mr. Revans occupied the triple position of manager, printer, and editor. He also assisted with his own hands in building the office for the carrying on of the paper and in setting up the press. In No. 20 (August 22nd, 1840) the name of the paper was changed to the New Zealand Gazette and Britannia Spectator, the latter being the name then contemplated for the new settlement. Mr. Revans died in the Wairarapa Valley, N.Z., on July 15th, 1888.

Reville, Right Rev. Stephen, D.D., O.S.A. Coadjutor-Bishop of Sandhurst, Vict., was born in Wexford on May 9th, 1844. He entered the Augustinian order at Callan, Kilkenny, and studied on the Continent, taking the degree of Master in Philosophy and Sacred Theology at Ghent. Soon after his ordination in 1867 he was appointed President of St. Laurence's Seminary, Usher's Quay, Dublin, and he held the office for seven years. He accompanied the first Bishop of Sandhurst (Dr. Crane) to Australia in 1875, and on the failure of that prelate's eyesight, he was appointed Coadjutor-Bishop, having previously held the office of Vicar-General and acted as administrator of the diocese from 1882 during Dr. Crane's absence. He was consecrated on March 29th, 1885.

Reynolds, Most Rev. Christopher Augustine, D.D., Roman Catholic Archbishop of Adelaide, was born in Dublin on July 14th, 1834, and educated at a Carmelite convent near that city. Subsequently he spent two or three years in the Benedictine Monastery of Lublace, in the Papal States. Thence he went to West Australia, staying there about two years, and arriving in 1857 in South Australia, where he was ordained by Bishop Geoghegan in April 1860, and was subsequently stationed in various parts of the colony. On the death of Dr. Shiel, in 1873, he was offered the bishopric of Adelaide, which he accepted. The ceremony of consecration was performed by Archbishop Polding. In 1887 Adelaide became an archiepiscopal see, and Dr. Reynolds received the appointment of archbishop on April 23rd of that year, being invested with the pallium by Cardinal Moran on Sept. 11th following.

Reynolds, Hon. Thomas, M.P., sometime Premier of South Australia, was elected to the mixed Legislative Council of that colony in June 1854, and in 1857 was returned to the first Legislative Assembly, retaining a seat in the Lower House until his death. Mr. Reynolds was Commissioner of Public Works in the Hanson Ministry from June 1857 to Oct. 1858, when he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. (now Sir) Arthur Blyth. On the defeat of the Hanson Ministry, in May 1860, Mr. Reynolds became Premier of South Australia, and held office, with the portfolio of Treasurer, from May 1860 to Oct. 1861. He was also Treasurer in the Waterhouse Ministry from Oct. 1861 to Feb. 1862, in that of Mr. Dutton from March to Sept. 1865, and in two of Mr. (now Sir) Henry Ayers' Governments—from May 1867 to Sept. 1868, and from October to November respectively of the latter year. He was Commissioner of Public Works in the last Ayers Government from March 1872 to July 1873. Mr. Reynolds was drowned, with his wife and over a hundred other passengers, in the wreck of the Gottenburg, on the Barrier reef in Torres Straits on Feb. 24th, 1875, whilst on his return from a trip to the Northern Territory, where Judge Wearing, another of the victims of the catastrophe, had opened the first circuit court.

Reynolds, Hon. William Hunter, M.L.C., son of Thomas Reynolds and Marion (Hunter) his wife, was born at Chatham, Kent, on May 1st, 1822. Mr. Reynolds, who arrived in Otago, N.Z., from London in Jan 1851, was returned to the Provincial Council for Dunedin in 1853 at the first election after the granting of a constitution to the colony. He retained his seat till the provinces were abolished in 1875, and in the meantime held office on several occasions in the Provincial Executive, besides for a time filling the office of Speaker in the Provincial Council. In 1863 Mr. Hunter was member for Dunedin in the New Zealand House of Representatives from 1863 to 1878, when he resigned, and was nominated to the Legislative Council in the same year. Mr. Reynolds, who was married at Caversham, Dunedin, on Oct. 7th, 1856, to Miss Rachel Selena Pinkerton, was Commissioner of Customs in the Waterhouse and Fox Ministries from Oct. 1872 to April 1873, and Colonial Secretary under Sir Julius Vogel from the latter date until July 1875, when he became Commissioner of Customs in the Pollen Ministry, holding office till Feb. 1876. He was a member without portfolio of the Stout-Vogel Ministry of 1884-7.

Richardson, Hon. Edward, C.M.G., was born in London in 1831, and was educated at the City of London School. He served his apprenticeship as a civil engineer on the London and South-Western Railway, and as a mechanical engineer on the Great Southern and Western Railway of Ireland. He went out to Melbourne in 1852, and was at once employed in the service of the Victorian Government as engineer in the roads and bridges department. In 1855 he retired from the Government service, and commenced the business of contractor, and carried out several large railway and other works. He joined the first volunteer corps that was raised in the colony, and rose from the ranks to the position of captain in the Volunteer Horse Artillery. He left Victoria in 1861 to carry out an important railway contract in New Zealand, and, in partnership with Mr. George Holmes, constructed the Lyttelton and Christchurch Railway, including the celebrated Moorhouse tunnel. He was elected a member of the Canterbury Provincial Council, representing Lyttelton in 1870, and in 1871 was returned to the House of Representatives for the city of Christchurch. He remained a member of the Provincial Council till the provinces were abolished in 1876. Mr. Richardson was appointed Minister for Public Works in Oct. 1872, and held that office in the Waterhouse, Fox, Vogel, Pollen, and Atkinson administrations till Jan. 1877, when he was compelled, through ill-health produced by overwork, to resign. He was created C.M.G. in 1879 in recognition of his services to the colony in connection with the carrying out of the public works policy inaugurated by Sir Julius Vogel. He was again Minister for Public Works in the Stout-Vogel Government from Sept. 1884 till the Ministry resigned in Oct. 1887. Mr. Richardson remained member of the House of Representatives till 1890, but did not seek re-election at the general election in that year. He has been a member of the Mechanical Engineers' Institution of England since 1862.

Richardson, Hon. Sir John Larkins Cheese, M.L.C., was born in Bengal on August 4th, 1810, and educated at Addiscombe College. Returning to India as an artillery cadet, he remained in the military service of the East India Company till 1851. In the following year he visited New Zealand and published an account of his trip in a volume entitled "A Summer's Excursion." He also published a poem in blank verse entitled "The First Christian Martyr in New Zealand." He then went back to England, but returned to settle in the Molyneux district of Otago in 1856. Subsequently he accepted a seat in the Provincial Council of Otago, and was chosen Speaker, being elected Superintendent of the province in 1861. In 1863 he was defeated on seeking re-election to the latter post by Mr. Harris. He was, however, again elected to the Provincial Council, and was once more chosen Speaker. This office he resigned in Nov. 1864, on becoming Postmaster-General in the Weld Government. In Nov. 1865 he became Commissioner of Customs in addition, but resigned with his colleagues in Oct. 1865. Sir John was a member of the Stafford Government without portfolio from August 1866 to May 1868. He was M.H.R. for Dunedin from 1861 to 1863, when he resigned, but was returned for a Taranaki constituency in 1866. Having been nominated to the Legislative Council, he was appointed Speaker of that body. Sir John, who was Chancellor of Otago University, died in Dunedin on Dec. 16th, 1878. He was knighted in 1875.

Richardson, Major-General John Soame, C.B., Commander of the Forces, New South Wales, was born in 1836, and entered the army in 1854. In the next year he served with the 72nd Highlanders in the Crimean war, and was present at the siege and fall of Sebastopol for which he received a medal with clasp, and the Turkish war medal. In the New Zealand war of 1860-61 he served with the 1st battalion of the 12th Regiment of Foot in the Taranaki district, and in the Waikato campaign in 1863 and 1864. General Richardson, who holds the New Zealand war medal, became captain in 1863, and, retiring from the Imperial service, was in 1865 appointed to the command of the military forces of New South Wales, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, becoming colonel in 1876 and major-general in 1885, when he commanded the New South Wales contingent despatched to co-operate with the British forces in the Soudan campaign, being created C.B., mentioned in despatches, and receiving the Egyptian medal with clasp and the Khedive's star in recognition of his services.

Richardson, Hon. Richard, M.L.A., J.P., was born in the Tyneside district, and having embraced the profession of a civil engineer, he went to Victoria in 1852, and was for some time in the Roads and Bridges department of the Government service. After spending a year or two in Sydney, he, in 1854, settled as a farmer in the Creswick district of Victoria. In 1874 he entered the Assembly as member for Creswick, and held the seat till 1886, when he was defeated at the general election. He was, however, re-elected when the district was subdivided in 1889 as the representative of the Creswick section. Mr. Richardson, who is a Liberal and Protectionist, was Minister of Lands and Agriculture in the third Berry Government from August 1880 to July 1881.

Richmond, Hon. Christopher William, Puisne Judge, New Zealand, eldest son of the late Christopher R. Richmond, of the Middle Temple, was born in London in 1821, and entered as a student at the Middle Temple in Jan. 1844, being called to the bar in Jan. 1847. After practising in England, Judge Richmond emigrated to New Zealand in 1853, and was appointed Provincial Solicitor for Taranaki, becoming a member of the House of Representatives two years later. In June 1856 he joined the first Stafford Ministry; and between that date and July 1861, when the Government broke up, was constantly being shifted from position to position in the Cabinet, being first Colonial Secretary, then Colonial Treasurer, then Minister of Native Affairs, then Commissioner of Customs, then a member of the Executive Council without portfolio, then again Colonial Treasurer, and finally Commissioner of Customs for the second time. Having led the Opposition to the succeeding Fox Ministry for a single session, Judge Richmond retired from political life, and resumed the practice of his profession, being appointed a Puisne Judge in Oct. 1862. As a Minister Mr. Richmond had but scant sympathy with the intricacies of Maori territorial rights, his constant aim being to convert them into English freeholds. He also abetted and encouraged Governor Browne's policy in the ill-fated purchase of the Waitara block, which drove the Maoris into war in 1860.

Richmond, Hon. James Crowe, M.L.C., brother of the above, was an early settler in the Taranaki district of New Zealand, and was for some time Provincial Secretary under Superintendent Cutfield, in which capacity he approved Governor Browne's action in the purchase of the Waitara block, which led to the outbreak of the Taranaki war. During the struggle his farm and house were destroyed, and he removed to Nelson, where he conducted the Nelson Examiner. Meantime he served as a volunteer in the operations against the Maoris, and as an inspector of the defences. Having been returned to the House of Representatives, he was Colonial Secretary in the Weld Ministry from June to Oct. 1865 and Commissioner of Customs and Stamp Duties in the Stafford Government from August 1866 to June 1868. He has been in the Legislative Council since 1883. [On July 7th, 1892, Mr. Richmond resigned his seat in the Legislative Council of New Zealand. [ppended in Supplement, p. 528]

Richmond, Major Hon. Matthew*,[1] C.B., M.L.C., was Resident of Paxo, Ionian Islands, in 1836, and Deputy Judge Advocate at St. John's, New Brunswick, from 1838 to 1840, when he was appointed Commissioner for examining and reporting on claims to grants of land in New Zealand. While he was engaged on this duty the "Wairau massacre" occurred, and he was despatched to establish order and confidence. In 1843 Mr. Richmond was police magistrate of the southern division of New Ulster (now called North Island) and Cook Straits, superintendent of the southern division of New Zealand in 1844, and superintendent and resident magistrate at Nelson in 1846. On June 23rd, 1853, he was nominated a member of the Legislative Council by the Governor, Sir George Grey, and in May 1860 he was created C.B., with an expression of Her Majesty's approbation of the services rendered by him to the Crown. Mr. Richmond was Chairman of Committees of the Legislative Council from 1865 to 1881. He died in March 1887. [* Usually spelled "Mathew".]

Ridley, Rev. William, M.A., was born at Hartford End, Essex, Sept. 14th, 1819, and educated at King's College and the University of London. He arrived in Sydney with Dr. Lang in 1850, and became a Presbyterian minister and Professor of Greek, Latin and Hebrew in the Australian College. He took pastoral charge at Portland Bay, Brisbane, and the Manning River; and subsequently devoted himself to missionary work amongst the aborigines. Returning to Sydney, he was connected with the Empire until its discontinuance; and for the last five years of his life he was chief editor of the Evening News, and a regular contributor to the Town and Country Journal. In 1877, at the request of the Presbyterian Synod, he acquired the Chinese language, in order to take charge of the Chinese Mission in Sydney. The work by which he will be principally remembered is that on the Kamilaroi and other native dialects, which was printed at the expense of the Government, and is highly esteemed by ethnologists and philologists. Mr. Ridley, who married Miss Isabella Cotter, died on Sept. 27th, 1878.

Rignold, George, the actor, is a native of Bristol, England. His mother, Patience Blaxland Rignold, was an actress, and played with Macready and Phelps. George Rignold was not originally intended for the stage. He first entered the musical profession, and played in the orchestra of a provincial theatre; but eventually he began his dramatic career at the Theatre Royal, Birmingham. Mr. Rignold made his most important success in Henry the Fifth; but his name is intimately connected with Lord Clancarty, Cromwell, Harold, The White Pilgrim, Caliban in The Tempest, Amos Clarke, Mephistopheles in Faust, Marc Antony in Julius Caesar, and Bottom in The Midsummer Night's Dream. After Mr. Rignold had gained a London reputation, he went to America in 1876, and secured great popularity. From the United States he went to Australia, played a star engagement, and entered into active management with the late Mr. James Allison at Adelaide. Paying a visit to England, he played Henry the Fifth at Drury Lane, and again went to Australia, where for the last seven years he has held a leading position as an actor-manager. In Nov. 1887 Mr. Rignold opened Her Majesty's Theatre, Sydney (of which he has since been lessee and manager) with Henry the Fifth. Since then he has produced, amongst other plays, Julius Caesar, The Midsummer Night's Dream, Antony and Cleopatra, and a local version of Goethe's Faust. Mrs. George Rignold, who has now abandoned the stage, was an attractive actress, and appeared in Australia during her husband's earlier colonial career; while Mr. William Rignold, an admirable English character actor, brother of the above, has recently gone to Australia, where, in addition to his own well-known type of modern character, he has made quite a sensation by his remarkable performance of Falstaff in The Merry Wives of Windsor.

Rintel, Rev. Moses, was the son of the Rev. Myer Rintel, and was born at Edinburgh in 1824. He emigrated to New South Wales in 1844, and established the Sydney Hebrew Society, of which he became principal. In 1848 he occupied the office of minister to the newly established Jewish congregation in Melbourne, but resigned this charge, and was invited to assist in the formation of a new synagogue in the Victorian metropolis. In 1864, mainly through his exertions, a duly constituted Beth Din (Hebrew court of justice), the only one out of London, was established, of which he acted as chairman. In 1868 the Chief Rabbi of Great Britain and its dependencies assigned to him the position of Senior Minister of the Melbourne Hebrew community. He died on May 9th, 1880.

Robe, Major-General Frederick Holt, C.B., succeeded Sir George Grey as Governor of South Australia in Oct. 1845. He was an English military man, and Tory of the old school. He is best known for his unsuccessful attempt to induce the old Legislative Council to impose a royalty on copper, and for his, for the time, successful attempt to subsidise the various religious bodies. The latter policy was contrary to the principles on which the colony was founded, and was repealed in 1851, so soon as the elective element was introduced into the Legislative Council. General Robe was recalled in August 1848, and he returned to England, where he died on April 4th, 1872.

Roberts, Col. Charles Fyshe, C.M.G., Under-Secretary Defence, New South Wales, son of the late Capt. Charles Roberts, of the 59th Regiment, was born in 1837, and educated at Carshalton Military School and the Royal Academy, Woolwich. He entered the Royal Artillery in 1855, became captain in 1862 and major in 1863. He served in the Crimean campaign in 1855-6, during which he was twice wounded, and received a medal with clasp, the Turkish medal, and the Sardinian order of Military Valour, and and was personally commended for his conduct on June 18th, 1855, by Lord Raglan. He was in command of the artillery with the field force in Sikkim, in 1861, for which he was thanked in general orders, and by the Governor-General of India in Council, and was made captain and subsequently brevet-major. He was aide-de-camp to Sir John Young when Governor of New South Wales from 1866 to 1867. Colonel Roberts retired from the Royal Artillery in 1871, and was secretary to the Agent-General for New South Wales from 1872 to 1874. He was appointed Colonel in command of the New South Wales artillery in 1876, and second in command of the forces, being created C.M.G. in June 1885. Colonel Roberts married in 1866 Alice, daughter of the late William Bradley, of Goulburn, N.S.W. In 1890 he visited England, and was commissioned by the New South Wales Government to inquire into all military matters likely to be suggestive of improvements in the colonial forces. In 1892, when it was decided to establish a separate department of defence under the Colonial Secretary, Col. Roberts was appointed the first Under-Secretary.

Roberts, Charles James, C.M.G., eldest son of Charles Warman Roberts, of Sydney, N.S.W., was born on March 29th, 1846, and educated at the Sydney Grammar School. He was Mayor of Sydney in 1879, the year of the International Exhibition, for which he was a member of the New South Wales Commission, as also of the Commissions for the exhibitions held in Melbourne in 1880, Amsterdam in 1883, Calcutta in 1883-4, South Kensington (Colonial and Indian) in 1886, and Centennial in 1888. He was member for the Hastings and Manning district from 1882 to 1889, and was Postmaster-General in the Parkes Ministry from Jan. 1887 to Jan. 1889. He married in 1867 Lucretia, daughter of the late Abraham Abraham, of Sydney.

Roberts, Hon. Daniel Foley, M.L.C., formerly Chairman of the Legislative Council, Queensland, was one of the first members nominated to the Legislative Council of Queensland, and was Chairman of Committees of that body from its inception in May 1860 till his death on July 26th, 1889.

Roberts, John, C.M.G., is the son of the late George Roberts, of Selkirk, Scotland, who was for many years provost of that town. He was born in 1845 and educated at the Edinburgh Academy and at the Queen Street Institution in that city. In 1868 he went to New Zealand, and was President of the Dunedin Chamber of Commerce in 1887 and of the New Zealand and South Seas Exhibition held at Dunedin in 1889-90, in which latter year he was Mayor of Dunedin. Mr. Roberts married in 1870 Louisa Jane, daughter of the late Charles Henry Keale, of Dunedin. He was created C.M.G. in 1891.

Robertson, Hon. Sir John, K.C.M.G., is of Scotch extraction, and was born at Bow, Essex, on Oct 15th, 1816. His father emigrated to New South Wales with his family in 1820, and the future Premier was educated under Dr. Lang and Messrs. Gilchrist and Cape. Mr. Robertson, sen., went into grazing on the Hunter river, and thither the family removed in 1835. In the meantime the subject of this notice had revisited England, working his passage home as one of the crew of the ship Sovereign. After two years' experience of the sea, during which he visited some of the principal ports of Europe, Brazil and South America, he returned to Sydney, and was engaged in pastoral and farming pursuits in the northern districts of the colony for a number of years. Though on various occasions he made himself prominent as the champion of the interests of his fellow-squatters, Mr. Robertson's Liberalism in his early days was of a very pronounced type. He was returned to the first Legislative Assembly elected under the present bicameral system in 1856 for the district of Phillip, Brisbane and Bligh. The programme to which he pledged himself embraced manhood suffrage, vote by ballot, the division of the electoral districts on a population basis, the abolition of State aid to religion, national education, and free selection over the public lands of the colony. All of them have since been embodied in the statute law of the colony, and several of them mainly through his instrumentality. Mr. Robertson took office in the second Cowper Ministry as Secretary for Lands and Public Works in Jan. 1858, and in the following February issued regulations providing that all future pastoral leases granted should be issued subject to whatever conditions subsequent legislation might impose. This effectually prevented the creation of fresh vested interests to block the path of land reform. Their education policy proving unacceptable, the Ministry resigned; but in March 1860 Mr. Robertson became Premier of the colony, with his former portfolio as Minister of Lands, Mr. Cowper (who had temporarily retired from Parliament) taking office under him as Colonial Secretary. True to his previous pledges, he at once introduced a Land Bill embodying the principle of free selection over the public land, whether surveyed or unsurveyed. An amendment moved by Mr. (now Sir) John Hay, limiting the popular choice to lands previously surveyed, being carried in the Assembly, Mr. Robertson appealed to the country, and came back with a large majority. The Upper House being still regarded as hostile, Mr. Robertson took the bold and chivalrous course of resigning his seat in the Assembly, and accepting a nomination to the Legislative Council, with the view of himself piloting his pet measure through the breakers which threatened to wreck its progress in the squatters' stronghold. This was in Jan. 1861, and involved his transferring the premiership to Mr. Cowper. As Minister of Lands he triumphed over the prejudices of the Upper House, and secured the passage of his measure, of which all subsequent land legislation has been an expansion. Before the Cowper-Robertson Ministry resigned in Oct. 1863 they had effectuated another point in the latter's programme by passing an Act to abolish State aid to religion. Mr. Robertson was once more Secretary for Lands for a few months in Mr. Cowper's fourth Government in 1865 and 1866. In the latter year he assisted his political opponents in carrying the Public Schools Act introduced by Mr. (now Sir) Henry Parkes. In Oct. 1868 Mr. Robertson formed his second Cabinet, acting as Premier and Colonial Secretary until Jan. 1870, when he transferred these offices to Mr. Cowper, under whom he served as Minister of Lands from August to December of the above year. In the Martin Ministry, which succeeded, he was Colonial Secretary from the latter date till May 1872. He formed his third Cabinet in Feb. 1875, and held office till March 1877. Another Parkes Ministry intervened, and Mr. Robertson was Premier for the fourth time from August to Dec. 1877, in which year he was created K.C.M.G. The public now became disgusted by the paucity of legislation, which they attributed to the personal rivalries between Sir John Robertson and Sir Henry Parkes; and at the general election in Dec. 1877 this view of the case was indicated pretty palpably by the simultaneous rejection of the former for West Sydney and of the latter for East Sydney. Both, however, quickly found alternative seats; but they took the hint, and after a short interval formed a Coalition Ministry, which held office for the unusual period of four years—viz., from Dec. 1878 to Jan. 1883. The arrangement come to was facilitated by the fact that Sir John Robertson had resigned his seat in the Assembly a short time previously, on failing to form a Government when that of Mr. Farnell was defeated. Thus, whilst Sir Henry Parkes conducted Government business in the Assembly, Sir John, who was nominated to the Upper House for the purpose, represented the Government in that Chamber as Vice-President of the Executive Council. During Sir Henry Parkes' absence in England, from Dec. 1881 to August 1882, Sir John supplied his place as Colonial Secretary; and was also for a short time Minister of Public Instruction, and latterly of Lands, in the joint Cabinet. In Dec 1885 Sir John formed his fifth and last Administration, and was Premier and Colonial Secretary till Feb. 1886, when he was displaced by Sir Patrick Jennings. Shortly afterwards he retired from public life, the Legislature voting him ?10,000 for his lifelong public services. Sir John was utterly opposed to the Federation policy fathered by Sir Henry Parkes, and denounced his former colleague with characteristic vigour. He married, in 1837, Margaret Emma, daughter of J. J. Davies, of Clovelly, Watson's Bay, Sydney, who died in August 1889. Sir John Robertson died in Sydney on May 8th, 1891.

Robertson, William, B.A., was the second son of the late William Robertson, who went to Victoria from Tasmania in 1812, and purchased the Colac estate from the late Captain Foster Fyans. Mr. Robertson, sen., was for many years engaged in pastoral pursuits at Campbelltown, between Hobart and Launceston, and he afterwards entered into business as a merchant in Hobart, where his son William was born in the year 1839. The latter received his education at the High School in Hobart and at Wadham College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. in 1861. He was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple in Jan. 1863. While at Oxford he rowed in the Oxford and Cambridge annual boat race on the Thames in 1861, and was one of the winning crew, being the first of several young Australians who have taken part in the great inter-university race. The oar used on that occasion, converted into a trophy of the victory and appropriately mounted and inscribed, was always in after-life one of Mr. Robertson's proudest possessions. In 1863 he returned to Victoria, where he was admitted to the Bar in the following year. For several years Mr. Robertson practised as a barrister in Melbourne, but he never exerted himself to any great extent in that direction. At the General Election of 1871 he became a candidate for the electorate of Polwarth and South Grenville, and was returned by a large majority, but when the Parliament expired in 1872 he did not offer himself for re-election. He, however, again stood in 1881, and sat till 1886. In Jan. 1874 occurred the death of Mr. William Robertson, sen., and the Colac estate was by his will divided among his four surviving sons. John, the eldest, received that portion of the estate since known as Cororoke; George Pringle had Coragulac; James took Glen Alvie; while to William fell Kerangemorrah, better known as The Hill, a stretch of very rich agricultural and grazing land about four miles from Colac. John Robertson died within two or three years of his father, and the death of James occurred in July 1890, and the estate of each was sold. Mr. G. P. Robertson is therefore now the only surviving son of the old Colac pioneer, and for many years his Coragulac estate has been leased to others. Mr. William Robertson also disposed of a large portion of his estate, but retained the ownership of a magnificent stretch of land surrounding The Hill. In 1886 the resignation of the late Mr. C. J. Jenner caused a vacancy in the representation of the South-western Province in the Legislative Council, and Mr. Robertson was returned without opposition. In 1888 he obtained leave of absence for the purpose of making another trip to the old country, and upon his term of office expiring in the same year he retired finally from Parliamentary work. For some years after the death of Mr. William Robertson, sen., the combined property was worked by the brothers in partnership, and the firm of Robertson Brothers became famous throughout Australia for the great annual sales of shorthorn cattle which were initiated. The herd had been commenced by Mr. Robertson, sen., at least a quarter of a century before, and he spared neither time nor money to procure some of the best strains of blood then extant. The stock had been kept perfectly pure, and in 1875 the brothers began a series of annual drafts from their herd, which were submitted at auction year by year and realised almost fabulous prices. On each occasion stock-breeders flocked to Colac from all the Australian colonies, New Zealand, and Tasmania. At one sale the prices paid aggregated upwards of ?30,000, and at another the total receipts were ?25,800. On one occasion the firm purchased from the estate of the late Mr. Richard Morton thirty-seven prime shorthorns, known previously as the Mount Derrimut herd, for ?27,000, the sum of ?2,500 being paid for one of the bulls: Oxford Cherry Duke. The last sale of the regular series took place in 1884, and in 1885 the famous "F.F." herd was dispersed, owing to the dissolution of the partnership which had till then subsisted between Messrs. Robertson Brothers and the executors of the late Mr. John Robertson, the surviving brothers having decided to confine their attention almost exclusively to sheep-breeding. Mr. William Robertson in 1862 married Martha Mary, second daughter of the late Mr. J. R. Murphy, of Melbourne. Mr. Robertson's eldest son, William St. Leger, was educated at Oxford, and during his stay there had the same pleasant experience as his father of being one of the winning crew in the annual boat race against Cambridge. He afterwards settled at Broome, W.A., as resident partner with the Messrs. Streeter, of London, in the pearl fishing industry and in squatting pursuits in the Kimberley district. Mr. Robertson died at Colac on June 24th, 1892. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Robinson, Right Hon. Sir Hercules George Robert, Bart., G.C.M.G., sometime Governor of New South Wales and New Zealand, is the second son of the late Admiral Hercules Robinson, of Rosmead, co. Westmeath, author of "Harry Evelyn," a naval romance, and of "Sea Drift," by his marriage with the only daughter and heiress of Henry Widman Wood, of Rosmead. His elder brother, Sir Henry Robinson, K.C.B., is Vice-President of the Irish Local Government Board; and his younger brother, Sir William Cleaver Francis Robinson (q.v.), is Governor of Western Australia. He was born in 1824. and educated at Sandhurst Military College. After serving in the 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, he retired from the army in 1846, and was employed during the Irish famine under the Commissioners of Public Works and the Poor Law Board; being appointed Chief Commissioner to inquire into the fairs and markets of Ireland in 1852. He became President of Montserrat in 1854, Lieut.Governor of St. Christopher in the same year (holding also the dormant commission of Governor-in-Chief of the Leeward Islands), and Governor of Hong Kong in 1859, in which year he was knighted. Sir Hercules was a member of the Commission appointed in 1863 to enquire into the financial condition of the Straits Settlements, was Governor of Ceylon from 1865 to 1871, and of New South Wales from June 1872 to March 1879. During his term of office in New South Wales he made several suggestive speeches, especially one on the question of Intercolonial Federation, which has since ripened so remarkably. His patronage of the turf and his participation in the sport as an owner of racehorses also added greatly to his personal popularity. Immediately on the expiry of his term of office in New South Wales he was transferred to New Zealand, where he administered the government until August 1880, when he was appointed Governor of the Cane of Good Hope and Her Majesty's High Commissioner for South Africa. Sir Hercules, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1869 and G.C.M.G. in 1875, in recognition of his services in negotiating the cession to the British Crown in 1874 of the islands of Fiji, of which he was acting Governor until the arrival of Sir Arthur Gordon, was sent on a special mission to Mauritius in 1886, and as the result of his inquiries suspended the Governor, Sir John Pope Hennessy, who was, however, subsequently reinstated. Sir Hercules, who was appointed to the Privy Council in 1882, resigned his official connection with South Africa in 1889, and has since resided in England. He married, in 1846, Hon. Nea Arthur Ada Rose d'Amour, fifth daughter of the 9th Viscount Valentia, whose elder sister Ada subsequently married his elder brother Sir Henry. He was created a baronet in 1891.

Robinson, His Excellency Sir William Cleaver Francis, G.C.M.G., F.R.G.S. for the third time Governor of Western Australia, is the third son of the late Admiral Hercules Robinson, of Bosmead, co. Westmeath, by Frances Elizabeth, his wife, only daughter of Henry Widman Wood, of Rosmead. He was born on Jan. 14th, 1834, and was private secretary to his elder brother, Sir Hercules Robinson, in the governments of St. Kitts and Hong Kong, from 1855 to 1860; administered the government of Dominica, Jan. to Oct 1865; Governor and Commander-in-Chief of the Falkland Islands, 1866 to 1870; Governor of Prince Edward Island, July 1870 to Nov. 1878; Governor of Western Australia, Nov. 14th, 1874, to August 28th, 1877; Governor of Straits Settlements, 1877 to 1879; proceeded to Bangkok in 1878, on a special mission to invest the King of Siam with the G.C.M.G., on which occasion his majesty conferred on him the Grand Gross of the Order of the Crown of Siam, which the Queen authorised him to accept and wear. Sir William was reappointed Governor of Western Australia for the second time in 1880, a position which he occupied from April 10th of that year to Feb. 17th, 1883. Sir William was Governor of South Australia from Feb. 16th, 1883, to March 6th, 1889, when he left to assume the acting governorship of Victoria, during the absence in England, on leave, of Sir Henry Brougham Loch. His administration, which extended from March 9th to Oct. 18th, 1889, was marked with great success. Sir Henry Loch having returned and departed for the Cape, Sir William administered the Government from Nov. 16th to 28th, pending the arrival of the Earl of Hopetoun, who had been appointed to succeed Sir H. Loch. Sir William subsequently proceeded to England, having been in the meantime nominated for the third time to the governorship of Western Australia, it being the desire of Her Majesty's Government to avail themselves of his administrative experience and previous knowledge of the colony to preside over the inauguration of responsible government in the last of the Crown colonies of the Australian group. Sir William rendered valuable assistance whilst in London both to the Colonial Office and to the Western Australian delegation in facilitating the passage of the Constitution Bill, through the Imperial Parliament. After having been received by the Queen at Balmoral, Sir William Robinson left for Perth in Sept 1890. He married April 7th, 1862, Olivia Edith Deane, fourth daughter of the Right Rev. Dr. Thomas Townshend, Bishop of Meath, and was created C.M.G. in 1873, K.C.M.G. in 1877, and G.C.M.G. on May 24th, 1887. Sir William was very cordially received on his return to Western Australia, and carried out all the formalities in connection with the inauguration of responsible government with entire success . It may be mentioned that so satisfied were all parties in Victoria with Sir William Robinson's brief administration of the affairs of that colony that the head of the Government and the leader of the Opposition were about to send a joint request to the Colonial Office that Sir William might be appointed to permanently succeed Sir Henry Loon as Governor, when news came that Lord Hopetoun had been appointed. Sir William Robinson is a musician of considerable eminence, and has composed a number of popular songs, amongst which the best known are—"Remember me so more," "I love thee so," "Imperfectus," "Severed," "Thou art my soul," etc. Towards the end of 1891 Sir William Robinson went to England on leave and was offered the post of Agent-General of Western Australia. This, however, he declined, and returned to the colony as Governor, leaving England in May 1892.

Roe, Captain John Septimus, R.N., sometime Surveyor-General, Western Australia, was born in 1797, and entering; the navy, accompanied Captain Phillip King in his expedition to survey the north and north-west coasts of the continent of Australia in 1818, and was a member of King's fourth expedition in 1821. He was one of the founders of Western Australia, going out as surveyor with Governor Stirling on the Parmelia, and landing on Garden Island with the pioneer party on June 1st, 1829. He took part in nearly every exploring expedition sent forth in that colony. He started from York in Sept. 1848 with a party of six persons, eleven horses, and provisions for four months. In Oct. they reached the Pallinup, the last water crossed by Eyre, and steering north-east, crossed several good streams. Then succeeded dense scrubs, dry watercourses, and salt lakes till they reached the Bremer range. No better view could be obtained from the Fitzgerald Peaks at a thousand feet above the level of the plains. A retreat to the south towards Mount Ridley showed no better country. Four days and three nights they were without water, and the flashes of the Aurora Australia added to the horrors of the scene. Still struggling to attain the Russell mountains, cutting their way with axes through thickets fifteen feet high, they at length reached the range in lat. 38? 27', and found further progress impossible. The party returned by Esperance Bay. On the Phillips river they found extensive coal deposits, and on Feb. 2nd returned to Perth, after an exploration of eighteen hundred miles. Roe is styled by Australian writers the "father of modern explorers." Mrs. Roe, who accompanied her husband to Western Australia in 1829, died on July 22nd, 1870. Captain Roe, who was Surveyor-General of Western Australia for forty-two years, died at Perth, in that colony, on May 28th, 1878.

Rogers, John Warrington, M.A., Q.C., eldest son of the late John Warrington Rogers, of London, entered as a student of the Middle Temple in June 1843, and was called to the bar in Nov. 1846. Having emigrated to Tasmania, he was admitted to practise there in August 1865, and was Solicitor-General in the first Ministry formed under responsible government from Dec. 1856 to Feb. 1857. In the latter year he removed to Victoria, where he was admitted to the Bar in March. In 1858 he was appointed a County Court Judge in Victoria, and held that position for many years, when he retired on a pension. Mr. Rogers, who is an M.A. of Melbourne University, was appointed a Law Lecturer at that University in 1878, and the same year was made Q.C. He was President of the Royal Commission on Education appointed by the O'Loghlen Government.

Rogers, John William Foster, son of Thomas George Rogers and Sarah (Smith) his wife, was born at Leeds, Yorkshire, on July 16th, 1842, and was educated at Stonyhurst College Lancashire. He went to Victoria in Jan. 1850, and was engaged in scholastic work till 1885, founding a collegiate school in Ballarat, which prospered till the great mining collapse of 1869-70. Later on Mr. Rogers conducted a high school at St. Kilda, and contributed at that time to the Melbourne Review articles on the English and Chinese languages. In 1883 he was appointed Inspector of Schools at Sydney, N.S.W. In the same year he published a treatise on "Grammar and Logic in the Nineteenth Century." In 1887 Mr. Rogers visited London for the purpose of printing the first issue of "The Australasian Federal Directory." Mr. Rogers, who is now established in Melbourne as a publisher, was married at St. Kilda, Victoria, on Oct. 1st, 1881, to Miss Letitia Moroney.

Rogers, G. H., the well-known comedian, was originally a private soldier and went to Hobart, Tas., with his regiment. In 1842, having meantime become sergeant, he retired from the army, and was employed as a civil officer in the convict department. Subsequently he took to the stage, and played at all the principal theatres in Australasia. His forte was old men's parts, and he was for many years leading old man at the Theatre Royal, Melbourne. He died on Feb. 12th, 1872.

Rolfe, Hon. George, M.L.C., founder of one of the leading mercantile firms in Melbourne, Vict., was on Sept. 2nd, 1869, appointed Commissioner of Customs in the second McCulloch Government, although not then a member of either House of Parliament. A motion was a few days later made in the Assembly by Mr. Byrne censuring the Premier for having gone outside the House for a colleague. It was carried, and the Ministry resigned on Sept. 20th. Mr. Byrne then became Treasurer in the MacPherson Government, but on going back to his constituents at Crowlands for re-election was defeated by Mr. Rolfe on Oct. 5th, 1869. The latter subsequently became a member of the Upper House, and died on Dec. 18th, 1871.

Rolleston, Christopher, C.M.G., was born in Nottinghamshire in 1817, and in 1838 emigrated to New South Wales, where he was engaged in farming until 1843. In January of the latter year he was appointed Commissioner of Crown Lands for the Darling Downs, private secretary to the Governor, Sir William Denison, in 1855, and Registrar-General in 1856, when he inaugurated the present system of registration, and in 1858 took charge of the statistical branch of the Colonial Secretary's Department. In Nov. 1864 he was appointed Auditor-General. In 1879 Mr. Rolleston was created G.M.G. He died on April 9th, 1888.

Rolleston, Hon. William, M.H.R., is the son of the late Rev. George Rolleston, M.A., who for over fifty years was rector of Maltby, near Doncaster, in Yorkshire. His brother, George Rolleston, F.R.S., was the well-known Professor of Physiology at the university of Oxford. Mr. Rolleston was born on Sept. 19th, 1831, and was educated at Rossall School, Lancashire, under the late Dr. Woolley (q.v.). Entering at Emanuel College, Cambridge, in 1851, he became foundation scholar of his college in the following year. In 1855 he graduated with classical honours. Mr. Rolleston emigrated to New Zealand in 1858, and settled near Lake Coleridge. In 1863 he was appointed a member of the Education Commission, which framed the educational system of the province of Canterbury, and in 1864 became provincial secretary and a member of the Canterbury Board of Education. He was subsequently Under-Secretary for Native Affairs and Inspector of Native Schools under the Colonial Government. Mr. Rolleston was Superintendent of the province of Canterbury from 1868 to 1876. From 1868 to 1884 he was M.H.R. for Avon, and in the latter year was returned for Geraldine. He was a member of the Hall Government from Oct. 1879 to April 1882, holding the portfolios of Minister of Lands, Immigration, Justice, Mines, and Native Affairs, for successive periods. In the Whitaker and Atkinson administrations which succeeded, he was Minister of Lands, Immigration, and Mines from April 1882 to August 1884. In 1891, on the retirement of Mr. John Bryce from the leadership of the opposition to the Ballance Government, he was unanimously selected to succeed him. He did much to promote the adoption of the system of perpetual leases.

Romilly, Hugh Hastings, C.M.G., was the third son of the late Colonel Frederick Romilly, by his marriage with Elizabeth Amelia Jane, daughter of the second Earl of Minto. He was born in 1856, and was private secretary to Sir Arthur Gordon when Governor of Fiji in 1879, and when Governor of New Zealand in 1880-1. In the latter year he was appointed Deputy Commissioner of the Western Pacific, and visited and lived in all the principal groups of islands. He was in charge of New Guinea after its annexation until Sir Peter Scratchley's arrival, and after his death in 1885 and 1886. In the latter year Mr. Romilly was assistant commissioner in charge of New Guinea exhibits at the Colonial and Indian Exhibition at South Kensington. For his services in this capacity he was created C.M.G., and in 1888 he was appointed deputy Commissioner of the Western Pacific and consul for the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands. He quitted the colonial service in 1890, and returned to England. In 1891 he accompanied Lord Randolph Churchill in his visit to Mashonaland. Mr. Romilly died in London in July 1892. He was the author of "A True Story of the Western Pacific in 1879-80" '(London, 1882), "The Western Pacific and New Guinea" (London, Murray, 1886), and "From My Verandah in New Guinea" (London, Nutt, 1889). [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Rooke, Hon. Henry Isidore Joachim Raphael, M.L.C., J.P., is a merchant in Launceston, and formerly represented Deloraine in the House of Assembly. He was first elected to the Legislative Council in July 1886, and in the following March was Chief Secretary for four weeks in the Agnew Ministry. He is a member of the Executive Council, and Captain and Paymaster of the Launceston Rifle Corps.

Rose, W. Kinnaird, late editor of the Brisbane Courier, was born in Glasgow in 1845, and educated at Kilmarnock and Ayr Schools and at Edinburgh University. Having embraced a journalistic career, Mr. Rose acted as special commissioner of the London Daily Telegraph in the conduct of an inquiry into the condition of the Scotch agricultural labourers, and had considerable experience as a special correspondent in various parts of Europe. He acted in this capacity for the Edinburgh Scotsman during the Turco-Russian war, and was for some time on the staff of General Skobeleff. He was several times wounded, being present at Plevna, the capture of the Gravitza redoubt, and most of the memorable scenes of that bloody and hotly contested war. Subsequently be returned to Edinburgh University for three years, and studied for the Bar with distinguished success. In 1879 he went as special commissioner to the East, to inquire into the condition of the Christian population in Roumelia, Macedonia, Albania and Armenia, and his report formed a subject of debate in both Houses of Parliament. On the advice of Sir Thomas McIlwraith, in 1884 he went to Queensland and was admitted to the local Bar in December of that year. Mr. Rose was one of the commissioners appointed to inquire into the Polynesian labour traffic in 1885, and formed an opinion decidedly adverse to this method of supplying labour to the Queensland sugar plantations as the system was then conducted. At the beginning of 1888 he became editor-in-chief of the Courier, which position he occupied until 1891, when he left for England. Amongst other incidents of Mr. Rose's career were his narrow escape from assassination in Albania, and his imprisonment in Rome on a charge of possessing forged notes which had been foisted upon him by a dealer in antiquities. Mr. Rose is the author of "The Modern Bayard; a Life of General Skobeleff," "A History of Agriculture in Scotland," "Political Ethnology," "A Popular Handbook on Forestry," and other works.

Rosewarne, David Davey, F.G.S., son of David Davey Rosewarne, was born at Redruth, Cornwall, on April 7th, 1854. He was taken at an early age to California, and in 1877 to New Zealand, where he engaged in mining pursuits, which he has ever since followed. He married, at Thames, N.Z., Rebecca, daughter of William Huntley, a settler of fifty years in that colony. In Feb. 1889 he was appointed by the Government of South Australia, Inspector of Mines, Warden of Goldfields, and Inspector under the Mining on Private Property Act of 1888. In the following year he was sent to London as Executive Commissioner for South Australia at the International Exhibition of Mining and Metallurgy, held at the Crystal Palace in 1890, in which year he resigned his official employment under the Government of South Australia, and accepted the management of the Aclare Silver Mine in that colony.

Ross, Hon. Sir Robert Dalrymple, sometime Speaker Legislative Assembly, South Australia, was the son of John Pemberton Ross, a West Indian planter, by his marriage with a daughter of Dr. Alexander Anderson. In 1858 Mr. Ross was appointed acting Colonial Secretary of the Gold Coast, but retired in August 1859, after displaying great bravery and discretion in dealing with the disaffected tribes. When at Cape Coast Castle he initiated negotiations which led to the ultimate acquisition by England of the Dutch settlements on the Gold Coast. On his return home Mr. Ross was appointed to the commissariat control of districts A and B, but in 1860 was ordered to China and served at Tientsin with the expeditionary force under General Sir Hope Grant. He was then military accountant in China, stationed at Hong Kong until 1862, when he was appointed head of the Commissariat Department in South Australia, and subsequently provincial aide-de-camp and private secretary to Sir D. Daly, the then Governor. Mr. Ross served in the Maori war of 1864-5, and received the New Zealand medal. At the close of the war he returned to Australia, and in 1869, on promotion, to England. He visited India at the request of Sir James Fergusson, then Governor of South Australia, with a view to inducing the Government to start a central remount station at Port Darwin, so as to secure a steady supply of Australian horses for army purposes. Though this mission was in the end resultless, Mr. Ross was officially thanked by the Governor-General for the information afforded. In a letter to the Times written about this time Mr. Ross advocated the then novel idea that the Port Darwin line of cable communication between England and Australia should be constructed without subsidies on a business basis, as was ultimately done. In Dec. 1869 Mr. Ross was ordered to Ireland to take charge of the flying columns then being organised at Limerick, Tipperary, etc., to operate against the Fenians. In May 1870 he was stationed at Manchester on duty in the Control Department, but in the following year finally left the Government service and settled in South Australia. Here he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for Wallaroo in 1875, and for Gumeracha later on. On the death of Mr. Dutton in 1877, he was offered the post of Agent-General for the colony in London, but declined it, and Sir Arthur Blyth was appointed. He was Treasurer in the Colton Government from June 1876 to Oct. 1877, and in Jan. 1881 he was elected Speaker of the Legislative Assembly in succession to the late Sir G. S. Kingston. He was three times successively re-elected, and filled the chair of the house till his death on Dec. 27th, 1887. He was knighted in 1886.

Rounsevell, Hon. William Benjamin, M.P., late Treasurer of South Australia, is the second son of the late William Rounsevell, coach proprietor, and received his education at St. Peter's College, Adelaide. On the death of his father he, in common with his brother, Mr. J. Rounsevell, inherited a large fortune; and he has since been engaged in pastoral and commercial pursuits. He was elected member for the Burra in 1875, which district he represented continuously till the general election in 1890, when he sought the suffrages of the electors of Port Adelaide, and was returned at the head of the poll. In Dec. 1881 he was elected mayor of Glenelg. When Mr. G. S. Fowler resigned his position in Parliament through ill-health, Mr. Rounsevell received the portfolio of Treasurer in the Morgan Ministry on May 10th, 1881; but he only filled the office for a few weeks in consequence of the resignation of the Government on June 24th following. When the Hon. J. Colton formed his last Ministry in June 1884, Mr. Rounsevell was his Treasurer, and he retained that office until the downfall of the administration in June 1885. He was one of the two candidates for the Speakership at the opening of the Parliament elected in 1890, and received the support of the Cockburn Ministry; but he retired when it was found that there was a majority in favour of the Hon. Jenkin Coles. Mr. Rounsevell became Commissioner of Public Works on Mr. Playford's return to power in August 1890. In Jan. 1892, he became Treasurer, retiring with his colleagues in June.

Rous, Admiral Hon. Henry John, second son of the Earl of Stradbroke, was born on Jan. 23rd, 1795, and, entering the Royal Navy, came out to Sydney in command of the Rainbow in 1825. He remained in Australian waters for four years, discovering the Richmond and Clarence rivers in New South Wales in August 1829. He also displayed very keen interest in turf matters, for which his name became a household word, importing the thoroughbred horse "Emigrant," which became the sire of numerous Australian performers. He was elected a member of the Parramatta Jockey Club in Sept. 1829, just before his departure for England, where he was member for Westminster from 1841 to 1846. His connection with the English Jockey Club and his almost unique position in the sporting world are matters of history. He married, in 1836, Sophia, daughter of J. B. Cuthbert, and in the same year retired from the navy. He died in 1877.

Rowan, Marian Ellis, daughter of Charles Ryan, of Derriweit, Macedon, is a native of Victoria, and is well known for her talent in depicting the wild flowers of the bush. She has made special journeys to Western Australia, to Queensland, and to other parts of Australia, in search of material for her studies. She has been an exhibitor at many exhibitions, and has executed some black-and-white work for the publishers of the "Picturesque Atlas of Australasia." Mrs. Rowan was married to Captain F. C. Rowan in Oct 1873, and accompanied her husband to New Zealand, from which she returned to Melbourne in 1877.

Rusden, George William, J.P. third son of the Rev. George Keylock Rusden, M.A., of Pembroke College, Cambridge by his marriage with Anne, only daughter of Rev. Thomas Townsend, was born at Leith Hill Place, in Surrey, on July 9th, 1819, and went to New South Wales with his father in 1834. Primarily engaging in pastoral pursuits he was in 1849 appointed Agent for National Schools, first in Port Phillip, and afterwards in New South Wales and Moreton Bay. On the separation of Victoria from New South Wales in 1851, he was appointed Under-Secretary or Chief Clerk in the Colonial Secretary's Office. The next year he became Clerk of the Executive Council; and in 1856, when two Houses of Parliament were established under the new Constitution Act, he was appointed Clerk of the Legislative Council and Clerk of the Parliaments. He was for some time a member of the National Board of Education in Victoria, and was a member of the Council of Melbourne University from its foundation. Mr. Rusden, who originated the Shakespeare scholarships, founded in 1864, retired in 1882, and has latterly resided in England. In 1885 he was the defendant in a libel action brought against him by Mr. John Bryce of New Zealand, in connection with certain statements made with respect to the latter in the "History of New Zealand." In the result Mr. Bryce obtained a verdict for ?5000 damages. Sir John Gorst was counsel for Mr. Rusden, whose allegations were understood to be based on information supplied by Sir Arthur Gordon and Bishop Hadfield. He is author of the following works. "Moryarra: an Australian Legend," 2 cantos; "National Education," 1 vol.; "Discovery, Survey and Settlement of Port Phillip," 1872; "Curiosities of Colonisation," London, 1874; "History of New Zealand," 3 vols., London, 1883; "Aureretanga: Groans of the Maoris," 1888; "History of Australia," 3 vols., London, 1883: "Letter to the ''Times'', on the Law of Libel," 1890; "Lectures on Work and Learning," 1857; "Old Road to Responsible Government," 1856; "Character of Falstaff," 1870; "Constitutional Rights," 1865; "Caucus Premonitions," 1884; "Letter to General Macarthur," 1860; "Status of Colonial Bishops," 1868; "Translations and Fragments," 1874; "Les Propos de Labienus," 1874; and some other pamphlets.

Russell, Very Rev. Alexander, D.D., Dean of Adelaide, was born in 1825 and educated at the High School and University of Edinburgh, where he was a prizeman in four subjects. Dr. Russell spent two years at Trinity College, Dublin, and took orders in the Church of England in 1850, in which year he was appointed curate of Emsworth, Hants; and having held other similar preferments, accepted the incumbency of St. John's, Adelaide, in 1855. Dr. Russell became incumbent of St. Paul's, Adelaide, in 1860, Canon in 1867, Dean in 1869, and Vicar-General in addition in 1878. During the interval between the departure of Bishop Short and the arrival of Bishop Reunion in 1882, Dr. Russell was administrator of the diocese. In 1878 the Archbishop of Canterbury conferred on him the degree of D D., and he for some time edited the Education Journal, published in Adelaide. He was the author of "The Light which Lighteth every Man" (Hope & Co., London: 1854), "Charge to the Synod of Adelaide" (1878), "Memorial of Professor F. D. Maurice" (1870), and "The Seeker, and other Poems." Dean Russell died on May 20th, 1886.

Russell, Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton, sometime Minister for Native Affairs, New Zealand, comes of a Scotch family, and was formerly lieutenant-colonel in the 58th Regiment. Having taken part in the Maori wars, he purchased land in the Hawke's Bay district of New Zealand, and for some time resided in the colony, being for several years a member of the Legislative Council, and from Oct. 1865 to August 1866 Minister for Native Affairs in the Stafford Ministry. He married Miss Eliza Ann Howlett.

Russell, Henry Chamberlain, C.M.G., B.A., F.R.S., Government Astronomer of New South Wales, son of Hon. Bourn Russell, M.L.C., was born at West Maitland in that colony on March 17th, 1836. He was educated at the local grammar school and at the University of Sydney, where he graduated B.A. and took a scholarship for general proficiency and the Deas-Thomson scholarship for chemistry and physics. He was appointed assistant in the Sydney Observatory, and Government Astronomer in July 1870. Mr. Russell, who has been a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society since 1872, has inaugurated a system of meteorological observations throughout the colony, and in 1874 organised four parties to observe the transit of Venus, the results being utilised by the Astronomer Royal in the determination of the sun's distance. He is the author of "Memoirs on the Australian Eclipse Expedition," published in 1875, and of numerous other papers on astronomical subjects, and has designed a variety of instruments for use in the observatory. In 1877 his life was attempted by means of an infernal machine. He was created C.M.G. in 1890, and elected Vice-Chancellor of the University of Sydney in 1891.

Russell, James George, S.M., entered the public service of South Australia in March 1878, and in August 1889 was appointed Commissioner of Insolvency and stipendiary magistrate at Adelaide in succession to Mr. Stuart. He is also Commissioner of Taxes and Commissioner of Stamps without salary.

Russell, Thomas, C.M.G., formerly a New Zealand publicist, was born in the year 1830 in Cork, Ireland. In 1833 he went to the Bay of Islands, N.Z., with his parents. Having embraced the legal profession, he practised in Auckland in partnership with Sir Fred Whitaker. Entering public life, Mr. Russell was a member of the Domett Ministry from August 1862 to Oct. 1863, and also of the subsequent Whitaker-Fox Ministry from Oct. 1863 to Nov. 1864. In both of these administrations—in the former for only three months—he held the portfolio of Defence Minister, a position at that time involving grave responsibility. The Whitaker-Fox Ministry, it is well known, resigned in 1864, owing mainly to a difference of opinion with the Governor, Sir George Grey, on questions connected with the conduct of the Waikato war and the management of native affairs generally. On his resignation Mr. Russell retired from Parliamentary life. He took a leading part in the formation of the Bank of New Zealand, the New Zealand Insurance Company, the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Company, and the New Zealand Land Mortgage Company. He was also largely interested in the Thames goldfields and in pastoral pursuits in the Waikato district. Mr. Russell was created C.M.G. in 1877. He has resided in England for some years past.

Russell, Captain William Russell, M.H.R., is the son of Lieut.-Col. Andrew Hamilton Russell (q.v.), and was born at Sandhurst, Berkshire, England, on Nov. 12th, 1838. He went to New Zealand with his father in 1845 and remained three years, returning to England to be educated. Having joined the army, he was successively captain in the 58th and 14th regiments, revisiting New Zealand on military service in 1857, and again in 1861, when, having decided to settle in New Zealand, he purchased an estate at Flaxmere, near Hastings, in the Hawke's Bay district, where he is extensively engaged in squatting pursuits. Captain Russell was formerly a member of the Hawke's Bay Provincial Council, and having entered the General Assembly as M.H.R. for that district, was Postmaster-General and Commissioner of Telegraphs in the fourth Atkinson administration from August 28th to Sept. 3rd, 1884, and Colonial Secretary and Minister of Defence and Justice from Oct. 1889 to Dec. 1890. Captain Russell, who represented New Zealand at the Federation Conference held in Melbourne in 1890 and also at the Australasian National Convention held in Sydney in 1891, is President of the New Zealand Jockey Club. He was married at Chichester, Sussex, on July 11th, 1867, to Miss Harriette Julia Hodgskin. Captain Russell is one of the leaders of the Conservative party in New Zealand.

Rutledge, Hon. Arthur, M.L.A., son of James and Lucy Ann Rutledge, was born at Castlereagh, N.S.W., in 1843, and went with his father to Darling Downs, Queensland, returning with him in 1855. He entered the Wesleyan Church, but retired on changing his views, and devoted himself to the study of law, and was called to the Queensland bar in May 1878. Prior to his being admitted as a barrister he unsuccessfully contested the North Brisbane constituency against Mr. Pring; but was elected, with the Hon. J. R. Dickson, for Enoggera at the general election of 1878, and was returned at the head of the poll for Kennedy in 1883. He was appointed Attorney-General in Sir Samuel Griffith's Ministry on Nov. 13th, 1883, and held the position till the Ministry resigned on June 12th, 1888. Mr. Rutledge now sits as member for the Charters Towers district, and was one of the representatives of Queensland at the National Australasian Convention held in Sydney in 1891. He was married at Sydney on March 24th, 1869, to Mary Thomas, youngest daughter of Rev. Stephen Rabone.

Ryan, Charles Snodgrass, M.B., C.M., was born on Sept. 20th, 1853, in Melbourne, Vict., and educated at the Church of England Grammar School, and subsequently at the Melbourne University, as a student of medicine; afterwards he proceeded to Edinburgh, where he graduated in medicine and surgery, and took the degrees of M.B. and C.M. He then travelled on the Continent and studied medicine in France, Austria, and Italy. In Sept. 1876 he entered the Turkish service, and was forthwith sent to Nisch, where he was placed in charge of a large hospital during the Servian war. He was afterwards sent to the Orchanie Balkans in charge of 3000 Turkish soldiers, and from there was ordered to march to Widdin, although still suffering from a severe attack of dysentery. He reached that place in ten days, having nearly died from exhaustion on the road. Whilst in Widdin he was present during nine bombardments. From Widdin he proceeded with Osman Pacha to Plevna, which he gained after marching for three successive days and nights, and was present at the first battle of that memorable conflict, being the only doctor on the field. He was in the Turkish ranks at the great action of July 31st. On Sept. 8th his horse was shot under him, and his attendant killed by his side, whilst riding into one of the Turkish redoubts, which was about to be attacked by Skobeleff. At the battle of Gravitza he entered one of the redoubts captured by the Turks from the Russians, and on the Turks, in their turn, being expelled from this redoubt, Dr. Ryan was the last to leave it, which he did leading his horse, on which he had placed two Turkish soldiers whose legs were broken. In this plight he returned to Plevna, a distance of six miles, for the first two miles of which he was exposed to a very heavy fire. He next accompanied the expedition to Loftcha. On Oct. 18th he left Plevna for Constantinople, and was sent to Erzeroum as head of an ambulance. Here he remained four months in charge of a hospital. During this period the city was besieged by the Russians for six weeks, and for four weeks Dr. Ryan was suffering from a severe attack of typhus, which disease carried off twenty-two out of thirty-six surgeons in Erzeroum, more than sixteen thousand Turkish soldiers dying from it and from dysentery. For his services during the war he received the order of the Medjidie of the fourth class, the order of the Osmanieh of the third class, and the war medal. Dr. Ryan married on July 5th, 1883, Alice Elfrida, daughter of the Hon. Theophilus J. Sumner, M.L.C., of Stony Park, Brunswick, Vict. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

S

St. Hill, Lieut.-Colonel Windle Hill, M.H.A., was born on July 11th, 1839, entered the army in Feb. 1858, became captain in June 1867, brevet lieut.-colonel in June 1876, and retired from the army (19th Foot) in August 1881. Colonel St. Hill served with distinction in the New Zealand war from 1860 to 1865, and for his gallant services was mentioned in despatches, received the war medal, and was promoted to brevet-major. He was private secretary to Sir F. Weld when Governor of Tasmania for two years, and was commandant of the local forces of that colony from June 1878 to May 1880. He has been member for North Hobart in the House of Assembly since July 1886.

St. Julian, Charles James Herbert, was born in France on May 10th, 1819, and emigrated to Adelaide in 1837, proceeding in 1839 to Sydney, where he wrote for the Australian Chronicle, and subsequently for the Commercial Journal. In 1843 he joined the staff of the Sydney Morning Herald, which he left four years later for the Sydney Chronicle, afterwards known as the Free Press. In 1849 he rejoined the Herald, and remained as Law Reporter until 1872, when he received the appointment of Chief Justice of Fiji, from King Thakombau. Mr. St. Julian, who had some time previously acted as Consul for Fiji in Sydney, died near Levuka on Nov. 26th, 1874.

Salomons, Hon. Sir Julian Emanuel, M.L.C., Q.C., only son of Emanael Salomons, of Birmingham, England, merchant, entered at Gray's Inn in Oct. 1858, and was called to the Bar in Jan. 1861. On Dec. 17th in the following year he married Louisa, fourth daughter of Maurice Salomons, of Lower Edmonton, Middlesex. Having emigrated to New South Wales, he was called to the Bar of that colony, and practised with much success before the Supreme Court in Sydney, being made Q.C. He was Solicitor-General in the Robertson and Cowper Ministries from Dec 1869 to Dec. 1870; and in 1886, on the retirement of Sir William Manning, he was offered the position of Chief Justice of the colony. Of this post he in the first instance intimated his acceptance; but, on reconsideration, ultimately decided to decline it, owing to the hostile attitude of one or more of the puisne judges. From Jan. 1887 to Jan. 1889 Mr. Salomons acted as Vice-President of the Executive Council and representative of the Parkes Government in the Legislative Council. In June 1891 he was knighted, and in Oct. following was appointed Vice-President of the Executive Council and representative of the Dibbs Government in the Legislative Council.

Salvado, Right Rev. Rosendo, D.D., O.S.B., ex-Bishop of Victoria (or Port Victoria), Northern Australia, in the province of Sydney, was consecrated on August 15th, 1849. On March 12th, 1867, the Abbey Nullius was formally constituted at New Norcia, W.A., by Pope Pins IX., and Dr. Salvado elected first Lord High Abbot of the Benedictine community at New Norcia, where he resides and conducts a remarkable mission to the aborigines. He is the only mitred abbot in Australia. Bishop Salvado, who was born at Tuy, in Spain, was permitted by the Pope in 1891 to resign the bishopric of Port Victoria, and is now Bishop of Adrana in partibus.

Samuel, Hon. Sir Saul, K.C.M.G., C.B., Agent-General for New South Wales, is the son of the late Sampson Samuel of London, and was born on Nov. 2nd, 1820. When twelve years old he was taken to Sydney, N.S.W., and educated at Sydney College under Mr. Cape. On leaving school he entered the office of his uncles, who were merchants in England and Sydney. In 1841 Sir Saul Samuel embarked in squatting, and he and his brother became joint owners of large stations in the western districts of New South Wales. In 1851, shortly after the gold discovery, Sir Saul Samuel relinquished pastoral pursuits and embarked extensively in the mining and manufacturing interests of the country. He may be said to have been the pioneer of several important industries which have since been largely developed in the colony. In 1854 Sir Saul was elected a member of the Legislative Council of New South Wales, which consisted of members partly nominated by the Crown and partly elected, for the constituency of Roxburgh and Wellington. In 1856 responsible government was inaugurated, and Sir Saul was returned to the Assembly soon after the new Constitution came into existence for the Orange district. From Oct. 1859 to March 1860 he was Colonial Treasurer in the administration of the late Mr. William Forster. It was during his period of office that Queensland was separated from New South Wales, and it was Sir Saul's duty to effect the financial separation of the two colonies. Sir Saul was also Treasurer in the late Sir Charles Cowper's Government from Oct. 1865 to Jan. 1866; when he resigned, owing to the rejection of a portion of his financial proposals. He was again Treasurer from Oct. 1868 to Dec. 1870 in the Robertson and Cowper Administrations. In 1868 Sir Saul Samuel was present at Clontarf, when the Duke of Edinburgh was shot at and seriously wounded by O'Farrell, and was the first to announce the occurrence of the outrage to the Legislative Assembly, amidst a scene of much excitement. On the following day, as a leading member of the Opposition, he seconded the address which was proposed by the Premier, Sir Jas. Martin, expressive of horror of the crime and sympathy with its intended victim. In 1870, whilst in office under Sir Chas. Cowper, Sir Saul was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Intercolonial Conference held in Melbourne, on which occasion he moved a resolution in favour of Intercolonial Free Trade, and of a uniform Australian tariff, based upon the principles of free trade so far as fiscal requirements would permit. In 1872 Sir Saul was elected to the Assembly for East Sydney; but in the same year was nominated to the Upper House in order to represent the Parkes Government in that Chamber, with the office of Vice-President of the Executive Council. This position he held from May to Dec., when he took the additional office of Postmaster-General, the new Sydney post office being opened during the time he held office, which lasted till Feb. 1875, when the Government resigned. In 1873, when Postmaster-General, he was a member of another Conference of Representatives of all the Colonies, which was held in Sydney, to endeavour to come to some agreement with reference to several important questions of common interest to the Australian colonies, among them the mail service between the mother country and the colonies. In consequence of the action of Victoria in entering into a contract with the Peninsular and Oriental Company, which made Melbourne the terminus for that mail service instead of Sydney, as had previously been the case, Sir Saul Samuel was delegated to proceed to New Zealand, England and the United States to establish a postal service between England, New South Wales and New Zealand, vi? San Francisco, which he succeeded in doing in conjunction with Mr. Thomas Russell, C.M.G., who was appointed to act for the New Zealand Government. Having contracted in England for the performance of this service, Sir Saul Samuel returned to Sydney by way of the United States, and at New York was entertained at a public dinner, at which Mr. Arthur, then Collector of Customs and afterwards President of the United States, was one of the guests. At Washington Sir Saul succeeded in making a Postal Convention with the United States Government, which was personally ratified by President Grant, and afterwards by Her Majesty's Government. On Sir Saul Samuel's arrival in Sydney, in Feb. 1874, he was entertained at a public banquet in recognition of the successful manner in which he had carried out the establishment of what is known as the "San Francisco Mail Service." In the same year Sir Saul was created C.M.G. He twice subsequently acted as Postmaster-General under Sir Henry Parkes—viz., from March to August 1877, and from Dec. 1878 to August 1880—when he accepted the appointment of Agent-General for New South Wales in the United Kingdom. In addition to the heavy financial operations which Sir Saul, who was created K.C.M.G. in 1882, has carried through on behalf of his Government, he has had to deal with Imperial questions of considerable importance. In 1885 he was the medium of intercommunication through which Mr. Dalley offered to place what is known as the "Soudan Contingent" at the disposal of the British Government, and through him its acceptance, due in great measure to his energy and promptitude, was subsequently secured. In 1883 Sir Saul acted as Executive Commissioner for New South Wales to the Amsterdam Exhibition. In 1886 he was appointed one of the Royal Commissioners for the Colonial and Indian Exhibition, and on the death of Sir Alexander Stuart, who acted for a short time as Executive Commissioner for New South Wales, he performed the duties of that post till the close of the Exhibition, when, for his services in connection therewith, he received the Civil Companionship of the Bath. In the next year Sir Saul was one of the delegates of New South Wales to the Colonial Conference held in London under the auspices of Lord Salisbury's Government. He was also appointed a member of the Organising Committee of the Imperial Institute, Sir Saul, who about this time was presented with the freedom of the Skinners' Company, is a member of the Council of the Royal Colonial Institute. In 1888 Sir Saul paid a short visit to Sydney, where he received a very cordial reception from all sections of the community. The next year he was entertained at a public dinner in London on the occasion of his entering his seventieth year. In 1891 Sir Saul represented the Governments of New South Wales and Queensland at the Vienna Postal Convention. Sir Saul married, first, in 1859, Henrietta Matilda, daughter of Benjamin Goldsmid Levien, of Geelong, Vict.; and, secondly, in 1877, Sara Louise, daughter of B. Isaacs, J. P., of Auckland, N.Z.

Sanderson, Frederic James, S.M., J.P. is the son of Francis Sanderson, formerly of Killingworth House, Newcastle-on-Tyne, and afterwards of South Australia. He was born at Newcastle-on-Tyne in July 1834, and emigrated in 1852 to South Australia, where he entered the Civil Service as a clerk in the Treasury in June 1854, and was appointed secretary to the Lands Titles Commissioners in Dec. 1862, secretary to the Attorney-General in Dec. 1870, acting Under-Secretary and Government statist (in the absence of Mr. Boothby) at the Paris Exhibition from Jan. 1878 to June 1879, and collector of customs and chief inspector of distilleries in July 1879, and a special magistrate. He is also Chairman of the Marine Board of South Australia, registrar of shipping, and chief inspector of kerosene. He married on July 1st, 1856, Sarah, daughter of William Younghusband and Louisa Cecilia his wife.

Sandford, Rt. Rev. Daniel Fox, D.D., LL.D., formerly Bishop of Tasmania, third son of the late Sir Daniel Keyte Sandford, D.C.L., sometime M.P. for Paisley, and Professor of Greek at Glasgow, by Henrietta Cecilia, daughter of Robert Charnock, was born on July 25th, 1881. He was ordained deacon in 1853, and priest in 1855. After filling various curacies in Scotland, he became incumbent of St. John's, Edinburgh, in 1873. In 1883 he was elected to the bishopric of Tasmania, and was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury (Dr. Benson) in St. Paul's Cathedral on April 25th, in that year. In 1873 he was made an honorary LL.D. of Glasgow University. He married, on August 30th, 1855, Elizabeth Barret, eldest daughter of John Rae. He resigned the bishopric of Tasmania in 1889.

Santo, Philip, entered the Parliament of South Australia, and was Commissioner of Public Works in the Waterhouse Ministry, from Oct. 8th to 17th, 1861, and in the first five Ayers Ministries, from July 1863 to July 1864, from July to August 1864, from Sept. to Oct. 1865, May 1867 to Sept. 1868, and Oct. to Nov. 1868 respectively. In 1881 he retired from public life, but subsequently made several unsuccessful attempts to re-enter Parliament. He died at the age of seventy-one, on Dec. 17th, 1889.

Sargood, Lieut.-Col. Hon. Sir Frederick Thomas, K.C.M.G., M.L.C., late Minister of Defence and Education, Victoria, is a son of the late Frederick James Sargood, M.L.A. He was born at Walworth, London, on May 30th, 1834, and arrived in Victoria, then Port Phillip, in Feb. 1850. He was for a short time in the public service in the office of Public Works, and then joined his father in the business of warehouseman. He entered the Volunteer force in 1859, and is now lieut.-colonel in the Defence force. He was elected a member of the Legislative Council in 1874, and still sits for the South Yarra province. In the following year he was elected a member of the Melbourne Harbour Trust; and during a visit to England in 1880 was appointed as special delegate to represent the colony before the Imperial Commission for the protection of British possessions abroad. He returned to Victoria in 1882, and in Nov. 1883 joined the Service-Berry Government as Minister of Defence, in which capacity he planned and carried out the reorganisation of the Defence forces, naval and military, including the employment of Imperial officers. He was also Minister of Water Supply until Feb. 1886, when he retired on the Ministry being merged in that of Mr. Gillies. He was appointed Executive Vice-President of the Melbourne Centennial Exhibition of 1888, and became President on the retirement of Mr. Justice Higinbotham. He was created C.M.G. in 1884, and K.C.M.G. in 1890. Sir Frederick married first, in 1858, Marian Australian, only daughter of the Hon. G. Rolfe, M.L.C.; and, secondly, in 1880, Julia, second daughter of James Tomlin, of London. He accepted office as Minister of Defence and Education in the Munro Ministry in Nov. 1890, but resigned office a year later rather than assent to the "one man one vote" principle of election. Ultimately he withdrew his resignation on the measure being dropped, but finally retired on the Ministry being reconstructed in Feb. 1892, under Mr. Shiels, who announced his adhesion to the "one man one vote" principle.

Saunders, Alfred, M.H.R., is the son of the late A. E. Saunders, of Market Lavington, Wilts, and Mary his wife, daughter of John Box. He is a brother of William Saunders, formerly connected with the Central News and now M.P. for Walworth in the English Parliament. He was born at Lavington, Wilts, on June 12th, 1820, and was educated at Bristol. He emigrated to Nelson, N.Z., with the first party of settlers, sailing by the Fifeshire in Sept. 1841. In 1855 he was elected to the Nelson Provincial Council, and was appointed a J.P. in 1858. In the next year, having written a letter to the Nelson Examiner impugning the conduct of District Judge Travers, he was indicted criminally and sentenced to six months' imprisonment and a fine of ?150, his name being struck off the commission of the peace. He was, however, promptly released, in compliance with a petition forwarded to the Governor by his fellow-settlers, his popularity being evidenced by the fact that he was re-elected to the Provincial Council whilst still incarcerated. Subsequently he was returned to the House of Representatives, and replaced on the commission of the peace. He, however, declined the position of Colonial Treasurer when it was offered him by Mr. (now Sir William) Fox. He was twice elected Superintendent of Nelson, but resigned in 1867. It was during his term of office that the perpetrators of a horrible series of murders, which startled the colony, Burgess, Kelly, Levy, and Sullivan, were brought to justice. On his return to the colony in 1872, after a long visit to England, Mr. Saunders resided in the Canterbury district, and was elected M.H.R. for Cheviot in 1877, and again in 1879. In 1880 he was Chairman of the Civil Service Commission, which recommended drastic reductions. In 1883 he published "Our Domestic Birds," and in 1885 "Our Horses." He has represented Lincoln in the House of Representatives since 1889.

Sawyer, Right Rev. William Collinson, D.D., first Bishop of Grafton and Armidale, N.S.W., was born in 1831, and consecrated Bishop of Grafton and Armidale in Feb. 1867. He had only assumed charge of the diocese for about three months, when he was drowned, with his son and servant, in attempting to cross the Clarence river in a boat, after conducting service on Sunday, March 15th, 1868.

Schomburgk, Richard Von, Ph.D., was the son of the late Rev. J. F. L. Schomburgk, a Lutheran minister in Thuringia, and brother of Sir Robert Schomburgk, formerly consul at Bangkok, who was associated with Baron von Humboldt in his scientific researches in South America. He was born at Fribault, in Saxony, in 1811; and,having studied botany at Berlin and in the Royal Gardens at Potsdam, accompanied his brother on several of his expeditions—notably that to British Guiana in 1840, where the latter acted as Commissioner for delimiting its boundaries. Returning to Germany, the subject of this notice became involved in the political troubles of the time, and, aided by his friends—Humboldt and Leopold von Buch—escaped punishment by a timely flight to South Australia, whither his brother Otto accompanied him. They bought land on the Gawler river, and engaged in farming and viticulture, calling their new location Buchsfeldt, in honour of the friend who had assisted them in securing their safety. Their wines quickly achieved a reputation; but after ten years Otto von Schomburgk died, and his brother, who had been curator of the Gawler Museum, accepted the post of Director of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens and Secretary to the Board of Governors. When he went to them the Gardens were little better than a wilderness, but under his skilful management a revolution was quickly effected, and progress was begun towards the perfection now attained. In 1888 Dr. Schomburgk was appointed a member of the Central Agricultural Bureau of South Australia. He was decorated with several foreign orders, and was a member of a number of the leading natural history and scientific societies on the continent of Europe and in the colonies. He died on March 24th, 1890.

Scott, Rear-Admiral Lord Charles Thomas Douglas Montagu, C.B., late admiral commanding on the Australian station, is the fourth son of the fifth Duke of Buccleuch, K.G., by his marriage with the youngest daughter of the second Marquis of Bath. He was born on Oct. 20th, 1839; and, having entered the royal navy, commanded H.M.S. Bacchante from 1879 to 1882, Princes Albert Victor and George of Wales being entrusted to his care during their voyage round the world and visit to Australia. On Feb. 23rd, 1883, he married Ada Mary, second daughter of Charles Ryan, of Derriweit Heights, Upper Macedon, Vict., and Marian his wife, daughter of John Cotton. From 1886 to 1888 Lord Charles Scott was naval aide-de-camp to the Queen, and in the latter year was appointed admiral commanding on the Australian station, a post which he held till the autumn of 1892. [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Scott, Hon. James Reid, son of James Scott, formerly Assistant Surveyor-General of Tasmania, was born at Gattonside, Melrose, Scotland, on April 1st, 1839. He was educated as a surveyor, but never practised his profession. Mr. Scott made many exploring expeditions in the western and north-east districts of Tasmania, and did valuable work in mapping the Western Highlands of the colony. Accounts of some of his explorations appear in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Tasmania for the years 1872 and 1875. He represented the district of Selby in the House of Assembly from Oct. 1866 to Nov. 1872. On accepting office as Colonial Secretary in the Innes Ministry on Nov. 4th, 1872, he resigned his seat in the Assembly, and was elected to the Legislative Council for the district of South Esk. He held the office of Colonial Secretary until the retirement of the Innes Ministry on August 4th, 1873. Mr. Scott died at Hobart on August 25th, 1877.

Scratchley, Major-General Sir Peter Henry, K.C.M.G., R.E., was the youngest son of the late Dr. James Scratchley, of the Royal Artillery, by his marriage with a daughter of Captain Roberts, Commandant of Colombo, and was born in Paris, where his father, having left the army, was practising as a medical man, on August 24th, 1835. Having decided to adopt a military career, General Scratchley, when not yet fifteen, was nominated by Lord Palmerston, who had been at Harrow with his father, to a cadetship at the Woolwich Academy, where he formed a friendship with General Gordon, obtaining in 1854 a commission as second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers, and being almost immediately ordered to the Crimea, where he performed good and gallant service in the trenches of Sebastopol, and took part in the final assault upon the Redan, gaining in consequence the Crimean medal with clasp for Sebastopol and the Turkish war medal. On his return from the Crimea in 1856 he was employed for twelve months on engineering works at Portsmouth; and subsequently served with distinction during the stern scenes of the Indian Mutiny. In 1860 the Government of Victoria applied to the Imperial Government for an officer of engineers to superintend the erection of defence works in that colony; and General Scratchley (then captain) was selected for the post. He thus commenced a connection with the great work of Australasian defence, which terminated only with his life. Captain Scratchley was occupied for three years and a half in devising a scheme of defence for Victoria, in the meantime taking a prominent part in the local volunteer movement, acting as honorary lieut.-colonel of the Volunteer Artillery and Engineers. Owing to a change of Ministry his scheme was not carried out in its entirety, and Captain Scratchley returned to England in 1863, carrying with him the official eulogies of Governors Barkly and Darling on his services to the colony. Subsequently, having been promoted to brevet rank as major, he was for twelve years chief inspector of the manufacturing department of the War Office. In 1874 Major Scratchley became lieut.-colonel, and in 1876 was selected by Lord Carnarvon, upon the recommendation of the Secretary for War, to act, in conjunction with Sir William Jervois, as adviser to the Australasian Governments in providing for the defence of the entire group of colonies against foreign aggression. In 1878 Sir William Jervois became Governor of South Australia, and Colonel Scratchley was appointed Commissioner of Defences for the Colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania, remaining in Australia in that capacity until 1883. In 1879 Colonel Scratchley, as he had now become, was created C.M.G.; and, despite the obstacles raised by the ever-shifting policy of the constantly changing colonial governments, did much good work in connection with the conjoint defences; In Oct. 1882 he retired from the army with the honorary rank of major-general; and on his return to England in the early part of 1883 was appointed Adviser on Defences to the colonies which he had previously served as Commissioner. He did not, however, hold this appointment long, being despatched from England, in Nov. 1884, as Special Commissioner to assume jurisdiction over the southern shore of New Guinea and the country adjacent thereto from the 141st meridian of east longitude eastward as far as East Cape, and as Deputy-Commissioner to the portions of New Guinea outside the protectorate, the intention of Germany to annex the northern portion being then somewhat in embryo, at least as far as the Australian colonies were aware. On his arrival at Albany General Scratchley first heard of the German annexation, and thus had to make his financial arrangements with the various Australian colonies for the future administration of the British protectorate under circumstances of great difficulty, as the latter were naturally indignant that Germany should have been allowed to filch away any portion of what they regarded as the natural heritage of the Australasian people. Ultimately all difficulties were smoothed over—at least temporarily—and General Scratchley arrived at Port Moresby to assume the control of the protectorate on August 28th, 1885. In November, whilst proceeding in the steamer Governor Blackall to inspect the boundary of the British territory at Mitre Rock, General Scratchley was taken ill with what proved to be New Guinea fever. As the attack seemed to be mild, he insisted on continuing his voyage to Mitre Rock, which was reached on Nov. 25th; but after remaining there for a short time he became so much worse that it was determined to return direct to Cooktown, where the Governor Blackall arrived on Dec. 1st. Early that morning he seemed better, but towards noon he became completely prostrated by the intense heat, and for some hours was scarcely conscious. All speed was therefore made to reach Townsville, en route for Sydney and cooler latitudes; but Sir Peter Scratchley gradually sank, and died at sea on the morning of Dec. 2nd, 1885. Sir Peter Scratchley (who was created K.C.M.G. in 1885) married, in 1862, Laura Lilias, daughter of Sylvester J. Browne, of co. Sligo. In 1887 a volume on "Australian Defences and New Guinea," compiled from Sir Peter Scratchley's papers, was published under the editorship of Mr. C. Kinloch Cooke, with a prefatory memoir.

Seafield, Earl of (James Grant Ogilvie), Viscount Reidhaven and Baron Ogilvy of Deskford and Cullen in Scotland, Baron Strathspey of Strathspey in the counties of Inverness and Moray in the United Kingdom, and a baronet; is the eldest son of Francis William, 10th earl, and Ann Trevor Corry, daughter of Major George Evans, and was born in Oamaru, N.Z., on April 18th, 1876. He succeeded his father in 1888.

Searle, Henry Ernest, champion sculler of the world, was born at Grafton, N.S.W., on July 14th, 1866. He won a race at Chatsworth when eighteen, but his first public performance of any importance was at Grafton in 1888, when he won a two-mile race against Hearn, of New Zealand, and Christian Neilson, of his own colony. The same year he made his first appearance on the champion course at Parramatta, N.S.W., when he defeated both Wulf and Stanbury, the latter in 19 minutes 53 seconds. He repeated his conquest of Christian Neilson over the same course in Sept. 1888; and having challenged Kemp, who had succeeded Beach as champion of the world, beat him easily on Oct. 27th of the same year in 22 minutes 44 seconds. Hanlan having declined to tempt fortune by entering the lists against him, he went to England on May 9th, 1889, and met O'Connor, the champion oarsman of America, on the Thames championship course on Sept. 9th, and vanquished him easily in 22 minutes 42 seconds. After being generally lionised, he set out on his return voyage to Sydney. On the passage he sickened of typhoid fever, and died at Williamstown, Vict., on Dec. 10th, 1889. The reception which would have been extended to him personally was given to his remains on their arrival in Sydney, his funeral being one of the largest and most influentially attended ever witnessed in the colony.

Seddon, Hon. Richard John, M.H.R., Minister of Mines, New Zealand, son of Thomas Seddon and Jane (Lindsay) his wife, was born at Eccleston, near St. Helens, Lancashire, and emigrated to Melbourne, Vict., in 1863, being married at Williamstown, in that colony, on Jan. 13th, 1869, to Miss Louisa Jane Spotswood. Having removed to New Zealand, Mr. Seddon became a member of the Westland Provincial Council, and was Chairman of Committees of that body. He was also Chairman of the Westland County Council, and first Mayor of Kumara, to which post he was re-elected for a second term. Mr. Seddon was returned to the House of Representatives for Hokitika in 1879, and represented Kumara from 1881 to 1890, when he was returned for Westland, for which he still sits. Mr. Seddon, who is a mechanical engineer by profession and an associate of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, accepted office in the Ballance Ministry in Jan. 1891 as Minister of Mines.

See, Hon. John, M.L.A., Colonial Treasurer, New South Wales, son of John See, was born at Yelling, in Huntingdonshire, in 1845, and arrived in New South Wales with his parents in 1853. He is a shipowner, and a member of the firm of John See & Co., formerly Nipper & See. In 1880 he entered the Legislative Assembly as member for Grafton, for which he still sits; and was Postmaster-General in the Dibbs Ministry from Oct. to Dec. 1885. Mr. See was married at Randwick, N.S.W., in Feb. 1875, to Miss Charlotte Mary Matthew. In Oct. 1891, on the formation of the Dibbs Ministry, Mr. See was appointed Colonial Treasurer, and in that capacity carried the Protectionist tariff of 1892.

Selby, Prideaux, Secretary of the Bank of Australasia, of the ancient family of the Selbys of Biddleston, Northumberland, through the Selbys of Beal, co. Durham, is the eldest son of George William Selby, by his marriage with Miss Penelope Earles, and was born in London, Dec. 9th, 1834. He arrived in Victoria with his parents by the ship China, May 2nd, 1840. Mr. Selby, sen., engaged in pastoral pursuits, and was one of the pioneers of the Anderson's Creek District, but removed to the Western District, whence he returned to Melbourne during the excitement which followed the gold discoveries in Victoria. Here he attained a high position in commercial and financial circles, and died at South Yarra, August 18th, 1890, at the advanced age of eighty-five years. The subject of this notice joined the service of the Bank of Australasia in 1858, was appointed manager at Dunedin, N.Z., in 1868, accountant Melbourne in 1870, Travelling Inspector in 1876, Secretary (chief officer in London) in 1879. He has contributed articles on the Theory of Taxation to the Melbourne Review, and to the Journal of the Bankers Institute, London, and is otherwise known as an independent thinker on economical subjects. Mr. Selby was married at Christchurch, South Yarra, on August 31st, 1864, to Rose Anne, daughter of John Wise.

Selfe, Henry Selfe (originally Page), was born at Rose Hill near Worcester, on Nov. 15th, 1810, and educated at Glasgow University. In 1836 he was called to the Bar, and in 1854 was appointed stipendiary magistrate in Berks. Mr. Selfe became one of the promoters of the Canterbury Association, formed to found the settlement of Canterbury, N.Z., and for some years represented that province in England. He was intimately connected with the Association till it ceased to exist, but it was not till 1868 that he paid a visit to Christchurch.

Selwyn, Alfred Richard Cecil, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., son of the Rev. Townsend Selwyn, Canon of Gloucester, was born in 1824 and educated in Switzerland. From 1845 to 1852 he was employed on the geological Survey of Great Britain, and from 1853 to 1869 was Director of the Geological Survey of Victoria. He then had a disagreement with the Government of that colony, and accepted the post of Director of the Canadian Geological and Natural History Survey and Museum, which he took up in 1870 and has held ever since. He married in 1852 Matilda Charlotte, daughter of Rev. Edward Selwyn, rector of Hemingford Abbotts, Hunts, and was created C.M.G. in 1886.

Selwyn, Right Rev. George Augustus, D.D., first and last Anglican bishop of New Zealand, was the son of William Selwyn, Q.C., the eminent jurist, who was selected to instruct Prince Albert "in the constitution and laws of his adopted country." The Bishop's mother was Letitia Frances, daughter of Roger Kynaston, of Witham, Essex, and he was born at Church Row, Hampstead, Middlesex, on April 5th, 1809. His elder brother, the Rev. William Selwyn, was, it may be here mentioned, an eminent divine, who was offered the bishopric of New Zealand prior to its being proposed to himself. Another brother, the late Lord Justice Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn, was an eminent lawyer and judge. Bishop Selwyn was primarily educated at a large private school at Ealing, where the two Newmans, cardinal and theist, received their early training. Later on he went to Eton, where Mr. Gladstone was one of his schoolfellows and personal friends. His future coadjutor Bishop Abraham was also amongst his contemporaries at Eton, where Selwyn was equally prominent as a scholar and athlete. In 1827 he left Eton for Cambridge, where he was scholar and subsequently Fellow of St. John's. In 1829 he rowed seventh in the Cambridge boat in the first inter-university boat race. In 1831 he took his degree, coming out junior optime in mathematics and second classic of his year, and after a brief visit to the Continent settled down at Eton as private tutor to the sons of Lord Powis, who were at the school In 1833 Mr. Selwyn was ordained deacon, and acted as curate to the vicar of Eton. In June 1839 he married Sarah, daughter of Sir John Richardson, one of the judges of the Court of Common Pleas, a step which compelled him to resign his Fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge. In 1841, whilst still curate of Eton, he was offered the newly constituted bishopric of New Zealand by Bishop Blomfield, of London. This he accepted in May of the same year, lodging a protest, however, against the wording of the "letters patent" appointing him to the see, in which the Queen was referred to as giving him "power to ordain." On Oct. 17th, 1841, the Bishop was consecrated at Lambeth, and on Dec. 26th he set sail from Plymouth in the Tomatin, acquiring the Maori language on the voyage out from a young New Zealander named Rupai, who had been educated in England, and was returning to his native country. On April 14th, 1842, the Tomatin cast anchor in the harbour of Sydney, N.S.W., where Bishop Selwyn spent some weeks with the Bishop of Australia, Dr. Broughton. Ultimately he left for New Zealand in a small brigantine called the Bristolian, reaching Auckland on May 30th, 1842. Here he was for a short time the guest of Captain Hobson at Government House. He soon, however, took up his permanent quarters, at the Waimate, where he remained till 1844, when he went to reside at Auckland, appointing the Rev. Henry Williams to the charge of the locale as Archdeacon of Waimate. The Bishop early undertook a visitation of his wild and almost impenetrable diocese in both islands, and founded St. John's College at Auckland for the training of Maori candidates for holy orders. He quickly acquired a strong influence over the Maoris and frequently offered his mediation in the various conflicts between the two races. In 1844 Captain Fitzroy, the then Governor of New Zealand, proposed to the Legislative Council to increase his salary and allow him expenses, but the proposal was rejected by a majority of two, in vindication of the principle of the equality of the various denominations in the eye of the State. In 1844 he convened a Church synod in New Zealand, this being the first assembly of the kind brought together under the auspices of Anglicanism since Convocation had been silenced in 1717. There were present the Bishop, three archdeacons, four priests, and two deacons, and questions of Church discipline and Church extension were discussed. But this meeting was held to be illegal by the British authorities. So in 1847 a second synod was held, when the Bishop read a correspondence between the Archbishop of Canterbury and Mr. Gladstone, then Colonial Secretary, proposing a Church constitution in which bishops, clergy, and laity should be represented. The six bishops of Australasia met at Sydney in 1850 and likewise recommended a constitution for the Australasian Church in which the laity should be united with the clergy. Two years later the laity of New Zealand, headed by the Governor, petitioned to be allowed to take part in Church legislation. And at length in 1859 the first General Synod was held, at which five bishops and a large number both of clergy and laity were present. The Church of New Zealand, thanks to the labours of Bishop Selwyn and Sir William Martin, aided not a little by Sir George Grey, was definitely founded on personal consent, and has been the most independent of external trammels of any of the Australasian Churches. Bishop Selwyn was what is called a High Churchman, and at first did not get on well with the Nonconformist missionaries labouring in New Zealand. Gradually, however, reciprocal feelings of respect sprang up; and when Bishop Selwyn left New Zealand, some of the warmest tributes paid to his high qualities emanated from Nonconformist sources. Bishop Selwyn having acquired the Maori language himself, was able consistently to render the knowledge of the native tongue a condition precedent to ordination for his missionary clergy. The Bishop was early brought into conflict with the New Zealand Company, whose resort to physical force for the acquirement of Maori lands he protested against from the first as part of his Christian duty. The company therefore ignored him in initiating the Otago and Canterbury settlements. He was not very favourable in his prognostications as to the success of the latter, and in a letter written in Dec 1848 expressed a preference for the Hawke's Bay district, the heads of the Waipu and Waikata rivers, the plain of the Thames, and the vicinity of the Wairoa, and Kaipara rivers as respectively superior sites for prosperous exploration. In 1847-8 he paid his first visit to the Polynesian islands in H.M.S. Dido. His second visit was accomplished in 1849, in the little schooner Undine. In 1850 Bishop Selwyn attended the first Pan-Australasian Synod at Sydney. Out of this assemblage sprang the Australasian Board of Missions, which found funds for a missionary vessel of a superior class, The Border Maid, in which the Bishop, accompanied by his former college friend and fellow-oarsman Bishop Tyrrell, of Newcastle, N.S.W., paid his third visit to the South Seas in 1851. On the last day of the year 1853, Bishop Selwyn sailed from New Zealand on a visit to England, and did not return to Auckland till July 5th, 1855. He was very shortly involved in the Maori war troubles, and had the mortification of seeing the major part of his native flock abjure Christianity for the degrading Hau Hau superstition. In the meantime he had brought back with him from England Mr. John Coleridge Patteson to superintend the Melanesian Mission, of which he constituted New Norfolk the future centre. In 1861 Mr. Patteson became the first Bishop of Melanesia, and was destined to have as his successor Bishop Selwyn's own son. By the year 1867, when Dr. Selwyn again left New Zealand to attend the first Pan-Anglican Synod at Lambeth, he had succeeded in his long-conceived plan of dividing his diocese, Bishop Harper being placed in charge of the Southern Island as Bishop of Christchurch. The two islands were still further subdivided by the consecration of Bishops Abraham and Williams to Wellington and Waiapu in the North, and of Bishops Hobhouse and Jenner to Nelson and Dunedin in the South Island. Thus seven sees took the place of the one over which he had had sole charge. The Church, too, had got its constitution into working order; theological training schools had been established, and a native ministry ordained both for Maori and Melanesian service. Whilst in England in 1867, he was offered by the then Premier, Lord Derby, the bishopric of Lichfield, which, however, he at first refused, on grounds thus stated by himself: "(1) Because the native race requires all the efforts of the few friends that remain to them; (2) because the organisation of the Church in New Zealand is still incomplete; (3) because I have still, so far as I can judge, health and strength for the peculiar duties which habit has made familiar to me; (4) because my bishopric is not endowed; (5) because I have personal friends to whom I am so deeply indebted that I feel bound to work with them so long as I can; (6) because a report was spread in New Zealand that I did not intend to return, to which I answered that nothing but illness or death would prevent me. I could work with all my heart in the Black Country if it were not that my heart is in New Zealand and Melanesia." Ultimately, under pressure from the Primate and from the Queen, Bishop Selwyn recalled his refusal, and at Windsor on Dec. 1st, 1867, personally intimated to her Majesty his acceptance of the Lichfield see, and on Jan. 9th, 1868, was enthroned in Lichfield Cathedral. Having got his new diocese into something like working order, he set sail on July 2nd, 1868, to pay a farewell visit to New Zealand, accompanied by his wife and his son John, the future Bishop of Melanesia. They chose the Panama route, and on the steamer reaching Wellington were transhipped into a Colonial steamer, which ran upon a rock in Cook Straits, and slipping off, went to the bottom, after giving those on board barely time to escape in the boats. On arrival at Auckland Bishop Selwyn presided for the last time at the General Synod of the Church of New Zealand on Oct. 6th. He was presented with numerous farewell addresses from both whites and natives, and finally sailed from Auckland on Oct. 20th, 1868, arriving in England on the last day of the year. The Bishop strongly opposed the disestablishment of the Irish Church in 1869, and was one of the bishops who protested against the consecration of Dr. Temple to the see of Exeter in the same year. Bishop Selwyn died at Lichfield on April 11th, 1878, and was buried in the cathedral. Almost his last intelligible words—"It is light"—were spoken to Sir William Martin in Maori. Amongst the pall-bearers at his funeral were Mr. Gladstone and Sir William Martin; his coadjutors in England and New Zealand, Bishops Abraham and Hobhouse, being also present.

Selwyn, Right Rev. John Richardson, D.D., Bishop of Melanesia, is the son of Right Rev. George Selwyn, sometime Bishop of New Zealand and subsequently Bishop of Lichfield (q.v.). He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. (third class Classical Tripos) in 1866, M.A. in 1870, and was created D.D. in 1885. He was ordained deacon in 1869 and priest in 1870, and was curate of Alrewas, Staffordshire, from 1869 to 1870, curate of St. George's, Wolverhampton, in 1871, and vicar in that and the next year. From 1875 to 1877 the Bishop was employed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel as a missionary in Melanesia, and on Feb. 18th in the latter year was consecrated at Nelson, N.Z., Missionary Bishop of Melanesia by the Metropolitan (Harper) of New Zealand and Bishops Suter of Nelson, Hadfield of Wellington, Cowie of Auckland, and Nevile of Dunedin. In 1891 he revisited England, and in Dec. resigned the bishopric on the ground of ill-health.

Senior, William, journalist and author ("Redspinner"), is the angling editor of the Field. In 1873 he published "Notable Shipwrecks," which has passed through several editions. This was followed in 1875 by "Waterside Sketches"; in 1877 by "By Stream and Sea"; in 1878 by "Anderton's Angling," a novelette; in 1880 by "Travel and Trout in the Antipodes"; in 1883 by "Angling in Great Britain," being one of the handbooks issued in connection with the Great International Fisheries Exhibition; and in 1888 by "Near and Far," a book of sport in Australasia and at home. Mr. Senior is a regular contributor to periodical literature. In 1875 he accepted an appointment from the Government of Queensland as editor of the Hansard of that colony, and proceeded thither to start an official daily report of the parliamentary debates. This publication, the first of the kind ever issued in the colonies, having been most successfully established, he returned to England, after five years' residence in Queensland, and rejoined the special correspondent staff of the Daily News.

Service, Hon. James, M.L.C., is the son of the late Robert Service, and was born at Kilwinning, in Ayrshire, in Nov. 1823. Having formed relations with the eminent Glasgow firm of Thomas Corbett & Co., Mr. Service emigrated to Australia when just thirty years old, and settling in Melbourne, ultimately started the well-known commercial house with which his name has ever since been allied. Mr. Service was first brought into prominence through his connection with the agitation for erecting Emerald Hill into a separate municipality, of which when formed he was elected the first chairman. In 1857 he was returned to the Assembly for Melbourne, as an opponent of the O'Shanassy Government, but was unsuccessful at the general election two years later, when he stood for Emerald Hill. He was, however, promptly returned for the country constituency of Ripon and Hampden, and retained the seat till 1862, when he resigned, preparatory to paying a visit to England. In the meantime he had been in office for a brief interval (Oct. 1859 to Sept. 1860) as Minister of Lands in the Nicholson Government, and in this capacity introduced the first Land Bill, involving the important principle of selection before survey. It was not, however, passed, owing to the strenuous opposition of the Upper House squatters. In connection with the contest with the Council over this bill, circumstances arose within the Cabinet which convinced Mr. Service that his personal position would be stultified were he to continue a member of the Ministry, and, to the great regret of his colleagues, he therefore resigned; Mr. Francis, with characteristic chivalrous impetuosity, electing to go out with him. Both gentlemen subsequently declined to join the Heales Ministry. As a private member Mr. Service conferred an enormous boon on the colony by carrying through the Victorian Parliament what is popularly known as the Torrens Act, for facilitating the transfer of real property. He returned from England to find the colony plunged in the throes of the conflict brought about by the protectionist tendencies of the M?Culloch tariff. Being a staunch free-trader, Mr. Service took the unpopular side; and though he contested several seats in the interim, was kept out of Parliament till 1874, when he was returned for Maiden, for which constituency he sat till 1881, when he resigned prior to paying a second visit to England. Mr. Service was thus absent from the Assembly throughout the embittered conflict with the Upper Chamber over the tariff and Darling grant tacks. Though an unswerving free-trader, advocating his views on every hustings at which he appeared, Mr, Service did not believe in the utility of constantly tilting in Parliament against a policy which the country had unmistakably approved by an overwhelming majority; and he therefore tendered his support to the administration of his old friend Mr. Francis, with whose general principles he agreed. In July 1874 Mr. Francis retired; and his Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Kerferd, who succeeded in inducing Mr. Service to become Treasurer in the new combination. During his brief tenure of office Mr. Service slightly revised the tariff, but the next year, when he boldly proposed to reduce the ad valorem duties from 20 to 15 per cent., he was less fortunate. It is usual to consider the acceptance of the first item by a fair majority as tantamount to the acceptance of the entire budget, and this was obtained; but subsequently, there being only a majority of two in favour of adding two shillings to the spirit duty, the Ministry decided to appeal to the country, and being refused a dissolution, resigned office, making way for the first cabinet of Mr. (now Sir Graham) Berry. Mr. Service sat in opposition to this Government, and to that of Sir James M?Culloch, which replaced it, and during the session of 1876 delivered a scathing indictment of the latter's financial policy. The effect on the House and the country was enormous, and the blow was repeated with, if possible, added momentum, in a speech made at Maldon during the famous electoral contest of 1877. The forces of Sir James M?Culloch were annihilated, and the Stonewall party came back from the polls with an overwhelming majority. Mr. Berry, their victorious chief, recognising the potential assistance afforded him by Mr. Service, offered him any post outside the premiership, provided he would aid the new Ministry with the weight of his great financial authority. And though Mr. Service felt obliged to decline the offer, he gave the Berry Cabinet an independent support until the Black Wednesday dismissals occasioned its withdrawal. In 1880 Mr. Service formed his first Ministry; but not succeeding in obtaining a sufficient majority to carry his Reform Bill, which, whilst popularising the franchise of the Upper House, increased its financial powers, through the Lower Chamber, he appealed to the country, and, being placed in a minority, made way for Mr. Berry's return to power. Mr. Service now revisited England, coming back to the colony just in time to take part in the general election of 1883, when he was returned to Parliament for Castlemaine as the recognised leader of the Constitutional party—as the Conservatives had been rechristened. Coalescing with Mr. Berry, who, as leader of the Liberals, had a nearly equal following, Mr. Service became Premier and Chief Secretary of the colony. Amongst the principal achievements of the new Ministry were the measures by which appointments to the Civil Service and the control of the State railways were transferred from political hands into those of permanent Commissions. The general policy of the Government, especially in regard to Western Pacific affairs, tended strongly, also, to the development of a more decidedly Australian sentiment; whilst, in regard to the question of federation, Mr. Service "took up the mantle" of Sir Thomas McIlwraith, the well-known Queensland statesman, who had temporarily retired from public life; the result being the holding of the Sydney Convention and the formation of the Federal Council of Australasia. Mr. Service resigned at the end of 1885, and shortly afterwards left on a third visit to England, being subsequently appointed one of the four representatives of Victoria at the Colonial Conference of 1887. Mr. Service believes, with Sir S. Griffith, that this Conference should be the precursor of other similar conclaves, and is strongly of opinion that if the Empire is to be saved from the provincialism both of the Colonial and the English legislatures, the nebulous feeling in favour of Imperial federation must shortly take concrete form in a superior council, in which the entire Empire will be represented, and which will have the supreme control of all purely Imperial affairs. On his return to the colony Mr. Service, who generally approved the policy of the late Gillies-Deakin Government, evinced a strong disinclination to renew his participation in active politics. He however accepted a seat in the Upper House for the Melbourne province, and occasionally interposes when questions of colonial or Imperial importance, with which he has been identified in the past, are brought on the tapis. It was a matter of general regret that Mr. Service should have been absent from the Melbourne Federation Conference of 1890, and still more that he should have felt bound to disregard the unanimous wish of the Legislative Council that he should attend as one of their representatives at the Sydney Convention in 1891. It is understood that Mr. Service has on two occasions refused the honour of knighthood.

Sewell, Hon. Henry, sometime Premier of New Zealand, was the son of a solicitor in the Isle of Wight, where he was born. He adopted his father's profession, and after practising for some years in England, settled in Canterbury, N.Z., in Feb. 1853. He was one of the leading members of the Canterbury Association, being deputy-chairman of the committee of management before leaving London. Mr. Sewell practised as a solicitor in New Zealand, and sat in the first House of Representatives as member for Christchurch in 1854. He held office in the first inchoate Ministry formed under Mr. Fitzgerald from June to August 1854, and himself became Premier in May 1856, resigning in the same month owing to the refusal of the acting Governor to concede full responsible functions to the administration. Mr. Sewell was a member of the first Stafford Ministry from June 1856 to April 1859, when he resigned, after holding the portfolios of Colonial Treasurer and Commissioner of Customs for varying periods. In the Fox Ministry which succeeded, he was Attorney-General from August 1861 to August 1862, and held the same post as a member of the Legislative Council in the Domett Government from August 1862 to Jan. 1863. In the first Weld Ministry he was again Attorney-General from Nov. 1864 to Oct. 1865. In the third Fox Government he was Minister of Justice, Commissioner of Customs, and Commissioner of Stamps for varying periods from June 1870 to Nov. 1871. For several years subsequently he resided in England, where he died in 1879. Mr. Sewell was the brother of that eminent scholar and writer the late Rev. William Sewell, B.D., Fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and Principal of St. Peter's College, Radley, which was started at his instance and on his plans. His sister, Miss Elizabeth Missing Sewell, is also the author of numerous works of High Church fiction.

Seymour, David Thompson, Commissioner of Police, Queensland, third son of Thomas Seymour, of Ballymore Castle, co. Galway, by Matilda Margaret, daughter of Walter Lawrence, was born at Ballymore Castle in 1832, and educated at Ennis College. He arrived in Queensland on Jan. 13th, 1861, bringing a detachment of the 12th Regiment, in which he held a commission as lieutenant, this being the first arrival of military after the separation of the colony from New South Wales. The same year he was appointed aide-de-camp and private secretary to the Governor, Sir George Bowen, and held the position two years. On Jan. 1st, 1863, he became Commissioner of Police for the colony, and in August 1878 a member of the Brisbane Relief Board, both of which appointments he now holds.

Shaw, Bernard, eldest son of the late Edward Carr Shaw, of Swansea, Tas. and Anne his wife, daughter of the late James Fenton, was born at Swansea, Tas., in 1836. He was appointed Deputy. Clerk of the Peace at Swansea in Sept. 1853; Justice of the Peace in Feb. 1862; Police Magistrate in 1866; Secretary of Mines in 1883; and Sheriff of Tasmania and Commissioner of Police for the colony in Feb. 1886.

Sheehan, Hon. John, M.H.R., eldest son of David Sheehan, an early Auckland settler, was born on July 5th, 1844. He studied for the law, and was admitted as a barrister and solicitor of the Supreme Court of New Zealand in 1868; was elected to the Auckland Provincial Council in 1869, and in the following year became a member of the Provincial Executive. He was elected to the House of Representatives on March 20th, 1872, being the first native-born member of the New Zealand Parliament. During the session of 1877 he was appointed one of the whips of Sir George Grey's party, when in opposition, and on the defeat of Major Atkinson on Oct. 8th Mr. Sheehan accepted the portfolio of Minister of Justice and Native Minister under Sir George, offices for which his extensive acquaintance with native matters, his knowledge of the Maori language, and his legal education eminently qualified him. After the defeat of the Grey Government in 1879, Mr. Sheehan continued an active member of the Opposition down to the time of his death, on June 13th, 1885.

Sheil, Right Rev. Lawrence* Bonaventure, D.D., Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide, was born at Wexford, Ireland, on Dec. 24th, 1815, and educated at the Franciscan Schools at Enniscorthy and at Rome. In 1837 he was elected simultaneously to the chairs of Theology and Philosophy at St. Isidore's Franciscan Convent in Rome, and undertook the duties of the latter. Two years later he returned to Ireland, where he became head of the Franciscan Order. In 1852 he accompanied the late Archbishop Goold to Melbourne, where he was for some years President of St. Patrick's College, and was appointed Archdeacon of Ballarat in 1859. In 1866 he succeeded the late Dr. Geoghegan as second Bishop of Adelaide.** He attended the Vatican Council which decreed the infallibility of the Pope, and died on March 1st, 1872. Bishop Sheil contributed greatly, during his episcopate, to the development of the Roman Catholic Church in South Australia. [* Usual spelling is Laurence. **Shell was the third bishop.]

Shelton, Edward M., was born in Huntingdonshire in 1846, and went as a child to the United States, where he graduated at the Michigan Agricultural College in 1871, and subsequently studied at the Illinois Industrial University. He afterwards superintended the establishment of the Government farm at Tokio, Japan, but returned to America and joined the Greeley Colony in Colorado. He afterwards revisited Michigan College; and in 1874 became Farm Superintendent and Professor of Agriculture at the Kansas College, but in 1889 became Instructor in Agriculture under the Queensland Government.

Shenton, Hon. George, M.L.C., Chief Secretary, Western Australia, is the eldest son of the late George Shenton, of Perth, W.A., where he was born on May 18th, 1842. He was educated at Queen's College, Taunton, and returning to Western Australia, represented Toodyay in the old Legislative Council, and was a member of the Finance Committee of that body in 1890. He was eleven times mayor of Perth, and is a governor of the High School. In Dec. 1890 he accepted office, under Mr. (now Sir John) Forrest, as Chief Secretary, in the first Ministry formed after the concession of responsible government, and was nominated to the new Legislative Council.

Sheppard, Hon. Edmund, sometime Puisne Judge of Queensland, was the fourth son of Samuel Sheppard, of Taunton, Somerset, and was born at Taunton on Nov. 1st, 1826. He was educated at Taunton and in London, was called to the bar at the Inner Temple in June 1857, and went to Sydney shortly afterwards. He married, firstly, in July 1860, Mary Grace, daughter of the late C. E. Murray, of Sydney, who died in June 1869. He practised at the bar in Sydney, and in 1866 was appointed District Court Judge of Queensland. Judge Sheppard married, secondly, in Dec. 1871, Adela, daughter of the late E. J. Murray, solicitor, of London. He became Puisne Judge of the Supreme Court of Queensland on July 17th, 1874; and died in London on Dec. 22nd, 1882.

Sheppard, Herbert Norman, B.A, fourth son of Edmund Sheppard (q.v.), sometime Puisne Judge of Queensland, was born at Brisbane in Dec. 1868, and educated at Brisbane Grammar School and at the Charterhouse School, London, where he held a scholarship.[1] Having obtained a minor scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, he entered there in Oct. 1887, and was elected to a Foundation Scholarship in Dec. 1889. He graduated B.A. in the Mathematical Tripos, in June 1890, as seventeenth wrangler.

Sheppard, William Fleetwood, B.A., second son of the Hon. Edmund Sheppard (q.v.), Puisne Judge of Queensland, was born in Sydney in Nov. 1862, and educated at Brisbane, at Charterhouse School, London, where he held a scholarship, and at Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he was Foundation Scholar April 1881. He graduated BA. in Mathematical Tripos, in June 1884, as senior wrangler; and was in the first division of the first class in Mathematical Tripos, Part III., in Jan. 1885. He lectured at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from Oct. 1885 to June 1886; and was elected Fellow of Trinity College in Oct. 1887. Mr. Sheppard was called to the Bar at the Inner Temple in Nov. 1890.

Sherbrooke, Viscount. The career of this nobleman will be found in the body of the work under "Lowe, Right Hon. Robert"(p. 280). [This biography appeared in the Supplement at the end of the book.]

Sheridan, Lieut.-Col. Richard Bingham,entered the Queensland public service in 1864, and became sub-collector of customs, retiring on a pension in 1883. He accepted office, as a member of the Executive Council without portfolio, in the first Griffith Ministry, in Nov. 1883. On Mr. Mein being promoted to the bench, in Jan. 1885, Mr. Sheridan succeeded him as Postmaster-General, but resigned in the following month. In Dec. 1884 he was appointed an hon. lieut.-colonel of the Queensland Defence Force, on the retired list. He is also a trustee and a member of the board of management of the Brisbane Botanic Gardens.

Sherwin, Amy, the well-known operatic singer, was born in Tasmania. She had but limited means to advance her musical education in her early days, her only teacher being her mother. There chanced, however, to come to Tasmania a troupe of Italian artistes, and Miss Sherwin joined them. Her d?but was made in Melbourne, Vict., in Lucia. In 1879 she went to America, and was engaged to sing in Berlioz's Faust at its initial performance. She took part in the Cincinnati Festival under Theodore Thomas in 1880-1. Then, having studied with Dr. Damrosch, Errani, and Madame Keppiani, Miss Sherwin came to Europe and placed herself under Stockhausen, Hustache, Vannuccini, and Ronconi, and made her appearance in London in 1883, winning her first success at the Promenade Concerts. Next, she connected herself with the Carl Rosa Opera Company, and sang at the Richter and Crystal Palace Concerts. In 1887 she visited Australia, and was received with great enthusiasm. She appeared in both concert and opera, and alter a year of prosperous achievement went to India, China, and Japan on a concert tour in 1888, reaching Europe in 1889; here she sang in the principal towns of Germany and Austria, and settled again in London in 1890, becoming the prima donna at Sims Reeves's farewell concerts in his provincial tour. Miss Sherwin afterwards accepted an engagement with the Carl Rosa Opera Company.

Shiels, Hon. William, M.L.A., LL.B., Premier of Victoria, is a native of Ireland, and came to Victoria with his parents when a child. He was educated at the Scotch College, Melbourne, and at the Melbourne University, where he took the degrees of LL.B. and Master of Laws, He was admitted to the Victorian Bar in 1873, and practised his profession in Melbourne. At the general election of 1877 he was returned for Normanby in the Conservative and free trade interest, and has represented the constituency uninterruptedly ever since. It is in connection with the measure for extending the rights of women in the matter of divorce that Mr. Shiels has won his principal repute. Not only did he secure the passage of the measure through the Victorian Parliament, but by his tactful conduct during his mission to London in the early part of 1890, he, in the face of much prejudiced opposition, induced the Salisbury Government to advise Her Majesty to assent to the measure, which had been reserved for the Queen's assent. In Nov. 1890, on the formation of the Munro Ministry, Mr. Shiels was appointed Attorney-General and Minister of Railways, and sat, pending the arrival of Mr. (now Sir Henry John) Wrixon, as one of the delegates at the Federal Convention of 1891. In Feb. 1892 Mr. Munro resigned the Premiership, when the Ministry was reconstructed under Mr. Shiels, who took the post of Treasurer along with the Premiership. In April of that year Sir Graham Berry, who had been pressed to join the Ministry previously, agreed to take the post of Treasurer; and it was then relinquished by Mr. Shiels, who now acts as Premier and Attorney-General. Mr. Shiels has made reform of the railway system of the colony his speciality, and in 1891 passed the amending Railway Management Bill, which reduced the powers of the permanently appointed Railway Commissioners, who in the next year were suspended by his Ministry, and finally relinquished office a few months later.

Shillinglaw, John Joseph, F.R.G.S., was born in London in 1830, emigrated to Victoria in Oct. 1852, and has been employed in the Government service at intervals ever since. In 1856 he was selected as Government Shipping Master, to administer certain of the Imperial laws relating to seamen, then just adopted in Victoria, and in this position he remained until, on a general reduction in the departments in 1869, he retired from the Civil Service with compensation. He was reappointed to the Civil Service in 1875, and successively held the appointments of Secretary to the Police Superannuation and Police Medical Boards, and the Central Board of Health. He was Secretary to the Royal Commission on Vegetable Products. In 1870 he became proprietor and editor of the Colonial Monthly magazine. He published "Arctic Discovery" in 1850, and in 1865 edited "Cast Away on the Aucklands," a book which the Times said was as interesting as "Robinson Crusoe." In 1858 he compiled a "Shipmaster's Guide," for Victorian mariners. Some early annals of the colony, which he discovered in 1878, were printed by Parliament under the title of "Historic Records of Port Phillip."

Sholl, Lionel Henry, J. P., Under-Secretary and Government Statist, South Australia, son of the late William Horatio Sholl, M.R.C.S, and Jane his wife, was born on Sept. 15th, 1844, at Perth, W.A. Having come to South Australia when five years old, he was educated in Adelaide, and entering the Civil Service as a junior clerk in the Public Works Office in July 1858, was appointed clerk in the waterworks department in Jan. 1859, clerk in the Audit Office in Sept. 1863, chief clerk in the Audit Office in Jan. 1872, chief clerk and accountant in the Treasury in July 1874, accountant and receiver of revenue in July 1876, cashier and accountant in July 1879, Under-Treasurer in July 1883, and Under-Secretary and Government Statist in May 1890. Mr. Sholl was married at Wallaroo, S.A., on Feb. 22nd, 1870, to Clara L., second daughter of H. B. Hinton, late surgeon-major her Majesty's Bengal army.

Sholl, Captain Richard Adolphus, J.P., Postmaster-General, Western Australia, son of Robert John Sholl and Mary Ann (Brockman) his wife, was born on Dec. 18th, 1846, at Bunbury, W.A. He entered the Civil Service of Western Australia as a probation clerk in the Post Office in 1863, and became Chief Clerk of the department in 1873; Chief Clerk and Accountant of the Treasury in 1879; Chief Clerk of the Post Office in 1881; and Postmaster-General in 1889. He became lieutenant in the Metropolitan Rifles in 1875, captain in 1883, and captain commandant in 1888. He was appointed a J.P. of the colony in 1891. Captain Sholl married Mary Howard, daughter of the late Lieutenant-Colonel Sanders, late 30th Regiment.

Short, Right Rev. Augustus, D.D., first Church of England Bishop of Adelaide, belonged to the family of the Shorts of Bickham, in Devonshire. His father, Charles Short, who practised as a barrister in London, resided at Woodlands, Wartlington, Hants. He was born on June 11th, 1802, and educated at Westminster School and at Christ Church, Oxford, where his cousin, Thomas Vowler Short, afterwards Bishop of Sodor and Man and of St. Asaph, was tutor. He graduated B.A. in 1823 as first class in classics, M.A. in 1826, and remained at Oxford in the capacity of a private tutor, being ordained deacon in 1826 and priest the next year, when he undertook duty as curate of Culham, near Abingdon. Two years later he resigned the curacy, on being appointed tutor and lecturer of his college, Mr. Gladstone being amongst his pupils. In 1833 he was appointed public examiner in the Classical Schools, and in the next year Sub-censor of Christ Church. In June 1835 he was presented by his college to the vicarage of Ravensthorpe, Northamptonshire, and on Dec. 10th he married Miss Millicent Phillips, of Hints Hall, Staffordshire. In 1845 Mr. Short was appointed Bampton Lecturer at his old university; and in 1847, when the sees of Melbourne, Adelaide and Newcastle (N.S.W.) were established and endowed through the liberality of Lady Burdett-Coutts, he was offered by the Archbishop of Canterbury the choice of the two latter bishoprics, and after due consideration selected Adelaide, being consecrated in Westminster Abbey along with Bishops Perry (Melbourne) and Tyrrell (Newcastle). The Bishop reached Port Adelaide on Dec. 28th, 1847, this being the eleventh anniversary of the founding of the colony of South Australia. Dr. Hall, first Archdeacon of Adelaide, and afterwards Bishop of Brisbane, and the Rev. J. P. Wilson, afterwards first head master of St. Peter's Collegiate School, Adelaide, accompanied him. Bishop Short was warmly welcomed by Governor Robe, but soon found himself face to face with the difficulties of an organisation more completely voluntary than he had been led to anticipate. The modified State aid hitherto accorded to all the denominations was abolished in 1851. Governor Gawler's apportionment, and Governor Robe's subsequent grant, of a site for an Anglican cathedral in the Victoria Square reserve of Adelaide, was disputed by the local authorities, and declared by the local courts to be invalid, on the ground that, though a governor could legally make grants of waste lands, he could not alienate public reserves. On appeal this judgment was affirmed by the Privy Council, and at a later date the last vestige of Anglican precedency was swept away by another decision of the appellate tribunal, declaring the letters patent granted by the Crown to the early colonial bishops, including the Bishop of Adelaide, to be ultra vires, and invalid in all cases where issued subsequent to the passing of the Act of 1842, which gave a representative legislature to New South Wales. The territorial and ecclesiastical jurisdiction conferred on him under the royal letters patent of June 1847 having thus vanished into thin air, Bishop Short set himself to work to create a voluntary organisation which should replace the edifice of privilege which had thus been cut away from beneath his feet. In this he was completely successful, and as his sturdy and straightforward character became understood, he gradually obtained a strong hold on the respect and regard of the people of South Australia. His action was not always popular, as in the case of his refusal to allow the Rev. Thomas Binney to preach in the Church of England churches within his diocese; whilst his co-operation with the Roman Catholics in opposing the secular system of State education was also a rock of offence. In other directions, where he considered no vital principle to be involved, he disarmed hostility by timely compromises, as in the case of the exclusive right to the private entr?e at the Governor's levees, which he had long enjoyed. When this privilege was impugned in the Assembly, Bishop Short proposed its extension to the heads of the other denominations in the colony, and thus settled a matter which Sir James Fergusson, the then Governor, was inclined to fight out, on the ground that Bishop Short's position was differentiated from that of the ministers of other sects by his possession of the Queen's letters patent. When the University of Adelaide was established, in 1872, Bishop Short was appointed the first Vice-chancellor, and in 1876 he succeeded Sir R. D. Hanson as Chancellor. Bishop Short attended the first General Synod of the bishops of Australia and Tasmania, held in Sydney in 1872, and was present at the Lambeth Conference in 1878. Having admitted the invalidity of the letters patent issued in his own favour, Bishop Short was strongly opposed to the action of Bishop Barker in claiming the primacy of Australia on the strength of the letters patent given him in 1854. At the same time he supported his recognition as Metropolitan by the common consent of the several Australian and Tasmanian dioceses. In the result the latter view triumphed. Having premonitions of heart disease, Bishop Short resigned his see in Nov. 1881, and finally left the colony in Jan. 1882. In November he assisted at the consecration of his successor. Dr. Kennion, in Westminster Abbey, and died at Eastbourne on Oct. 5th, 1883.

Shortland, Lieutenant Willoughby, R.N., sometime acting Governor of New Zealand, came of a Devonshire family, and entered the royal navy. In 1839 he accompanied Captain Hobson, the first Governor of New Zealand—on one of whose ships he had been a lieutenant—to that colony, which had not then been annexed by England. Landing at Auckland in Jan. 1840, the British sovereignty was formally proclaimed, and lieutenant Shortland appointed Colonial Secretary. In this capacity he was sent in June of the same year to Port Nicholson (Wellington) with a proclamation by the Governor dissolving the association which the settlers had formed for their mutual protection, and commanding them to recognise his own authority as the Queen's representative. The Port Nicholson settlers disclaimed all notions of disloyalty, and received Lieutenant Shortland—who does not appear to have been formally appointed Colonial Secretary till May 1841—with an effusion which dissipated all doubts in regard to their attitude. He acted for some months as police magistrate at Port Nicholson. On the death of Captain Hobson in Sept. 1842; Lieutenant Shortland assumed the reins and acted as administrator of the government of New Zealand till the arrival of Captain Fitzroy in Dec. 1843. This was an eventful period in the history of the colony, the massacre at Wairan occurring during his temporary r?gime. In his despatches home he condemned the course taken in the interest of the white claimants which led to the catastrophe, and he issued a proclamation locally warning all claimants to lands to avoid exercising acts of ownership until the rights in dispute had been adjudicated on. Lieutenant Shortland was very unpopular, and a petition was sent from Auckland in 1843 praying that he might not be appointed Governor of New Zealand, of which there seemed some fear. On Dec. 31st, 1843, immediately after the arrival of Captain Fitzroy, Captain Hobson's successor, Lieutenant Shortland, resigned the Colonial Secretaryship, and was subsequently appointed Governor of Nevis, and later on Lieutenant-Governor of Tobago, where he held office from 1854 to 1856. Lieutenant Shortland, who married in 1842 Isabella Kate Johnston, daughter of Robert A. Fitzgerald, of Geraldine, county Limerick, and Isabella (Johnston) his wife, retired to live on his property at Courtlands, Kingsbridge, Devon, where he died in 1869. His brother, Dr. Edward Shortland, who also resided in New Zealand, was the author of "The Southern Districts of New Zealand" (1851, Longmans); "Maori Traditions and Superstitions" (1854, Longmans); "Maori Religion and Mythology" (1882, Longmans).

Sillitoe, Right Rev. Acton Windeyer, D.D., Bishop of New Westminster, British Columbia, is the son of Acton Sillitoe, of Sydney, N.S.W., where he was born in 1840. He married first, in 1870, Charlotte, second daughter of Thomas Sillitoe, of Buenos Ayres (who died in 1878), and secondly, in 1878, Violet Emily, second daughter of Justinian Pelly, of Yoxford, Suffolk. He was educated at King's College School, London, and at Pembroke College, Cambridge, and was ordained in 1869. After holding various preferments, he was consecrated Bishop of New Westminster in 1879.

Simpson, Hon. George Bowen, M.L.C., Q.C., is the son of the late George Simpson, and practises at the New South Wales bar, to which he was admitted in Nov. 1858. He was nominated to the Legislative Council in Dec. 1885, and acted as Attorney-General in the last Robertson Ministry from that date till Feb. 1886. He held the same office in the fourth Parkes Government, from Feb. 1888 to Jan. 1889, when he retired with his colleagues, but was reappointed in March 1889, when Sir Henry Parkes returned to power. On the previous occasion he acted as the mouthpiece of the Ministry in the Upper House. He resigned with his colleagues in Oct. 1891.

Sinclair, Andrew, M.D., sometime Colonial Secretary of New Zealand, paid a visit to that colony in the first instance for scientific purposes, landing at Wellington in 1840. He was appointed Colonial Secretary, in succession to Lieutenant Shortland, on Jan. 6th, 1844, by Captain Fitzroy. This important office he continued to hold until the complete introduction into the colony of responsible government in May 1856. He had in early life served as a surgeon in the royal navy. He is remembered as the first collector of specimens of New Zealand natural history, botany, conchology, and entomology. Subsequently he accompanied Dr. (afterwards Sir Julius) von Haast in his first expedition to explore the sources of the rivers Rangitata and Ashburton. He attached himself to this party, mainly with the intention of assisting in the proposed botanical researches in the mountain ranges; and whilst so engaged he met with his death in an attempt to wade across one of the main branches of the Rangitata. His companions buried him in a lonely grave at the foot of the glaciers, amongst the native, shrubs and other natural objects which had formed the subject of his ill-fated researches.

Singleton, Francis Corbet, was clerk of the Legislative Council and Government Resident of the Murray district, Western Australia, from 1840 to 1847; a member of the Legislative Council of that colony nominated by the Crown, from 1844 to 1847; Auditor-General of South Australia from May 8th, 1847, to Jan. 1851; clerk of the Executive Council of South Australia from Dec. 1850 to Dec. 1851; clerk of the wholly nominated Legislative Council of South Australia from Dec. 1850 to August 1851; clerk of the partly elected Council from August 1851 to Feb. 1857; and clerk of the wholly elected Legislative Council, under the Constitution Act, from Feb. 1857 till his death on May 10th, 1887. Mr. Singleton was the third son of Francis Corbet, of Aclare, co. Meath, who assumed the additional name of Singleton in compliance with the will of his great grand-uncle, the Right Hon. Henry Singleton, sometime Master of the Rolls and Chief Justice of the Common Pleas in Ireland. Mr. Singleton, who was born on Dec 17th, 1812, was in the royal navy in early life. He married Louisa, daughter of Rev. Thomas Gore, of Mulranken, co. Wexford.

Sinnett, Frederick, journalist, was a son of Mrs. Percy Sinnett, a well-known English authoress, and was educated for the profession of civil engineer. He went to South Australia in 1849 as engineer to the Adelaide and Port Railway Company; but the scheme was never carried out. He contributed regularly to the Mining Journal, edited by George Stevenson, at that time considered the best-conducted paper in South Australia. When the Victorian gold fields were discovered in 1851 Mr. Sinnett left South Australia for Melbourne, and accepted an engagement as contributor to the Herald, of which paper he became eventually editor and part proprietor. About 1855 he severed his connection with that paper and became a contributor to the Melbourne Argus, with which journal he remained till 1859, with the exception of a short period spent in editing the Daily News at Geelong. About the time that he joined the Argus was commenced the Melbourne Punch, of which journal he was one of the founders, and to the success of which he greatly contributed. In 1859 Mr. Sinnett again returned to South Australia to take the management of the Adelaide Ice Works. During his sojourn in South Australia from 1859 to 1865 he edited the Daily Telegraph, and was Parliamentary reporter for Hansard. He returned to Melbourne in 1865, where he resumed his connection with the Argus and was retained on the literary staff of that paper as contributor and leader-writer until within a short time of his death on Nov. 23rd, 1866.

Sitwell, Hon. Robt. Sacheverell Wilmot, B.A., son of the late Robert Sacheverell Sitwell, of Morley, co. Derby, by Charlotte Anne, daughter of Francis Bradshaw, was born in Nov. 1823, and educated at Brasenose College, Oxford where he matriculated in June 1841, and graduated B.A. in 1845. He entered at the Middle Temple in April 1846, and was called to the bar in May 1849. Mr. Sitwell emigrated to Australia, and was admitted to the Victorian bar in Feb. 1853. He was Solicitor-General in the first responsible ministry formed in Victoria, from Feb. 25th to March 11th, 1857. He married, on Dec. 18th, 1861, Mary Blanch daughter of John Senior, of Birkenhead and subsequently resided in England.

Skene, Alexander John, M.A., J.P., last Surveyor-General of Victoria, son of Major Alexander Skene and Elizabeth (Anderson) his wife, was born at Aberdeen in 1820 and graduated M.A. at the University there in 1838. He arrived in Victoria in 1839, and in 1843 was appointed Surveyor to the District Council of Grant, becoming a Government Surveyor in 1848. Five years later he was placed in charge of the District Survey Office at Geelong and in 1854 was appointed Surveyor of the colony under patent. Three years afterwards Mr. Skene was specially employed to report on the nature and capability of the land of the colony, and in 1862 was transferred to Melbourne. He was appointed Acting Surveyor-General in 1868, and on the retirement of Mr. Ligar, in 1869, was promoted to the Surveyor-Generalship, in connection with which he for some years acted as Land Tax Commissioner. Mr. Skene retired from the public service in June 1886 after thirty-eight years of unbroken service, but was reappointed Land Tax Commissioner in 1887. Mr. Skene, who was married at Heidelberg, Vict., on August 31st, 1842, to Miss Catherine Williamson, was appointed a J.P. in 1865.

Sladen, Hon. Sir Charles, K.C.M.G. LL.D., sometime Premier of Victoria second son of John Baker Sladen, of Ripple Park, co. Kent, by Ethelred eldest daughter of Kingsman Baskett St. Barbe, of London, was born in 1816 and educated at Shrewsbury and at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated S.C.L. in 1837, LL.B. in 1840, and LL.D. in 1867. He emigrated to Port Phillip in 1842, and practised as a solicitor at Geelong till 1854. In December of that year he was acting Treasurer during the absence of Captain Lonsdale, and held the same post as member for Geelong under Mr. Haines, in the first Ministry formed after the inauguration of responsible government, from Nov. 1855 to March 1857. At the first general election for the Assembly held under the new constitution, in 1856, he unsuccessfully contested Geelong, and remained out of Parliament till 1864, when he was elected to the Legislative Council for the Western province. He became the acknowledged leader of the Conservative Party in the Upper House during the struggle between the M?Culloch Government, representing the majority in the Assembly, with the Council over the backing, firstly of the Tariff, and afterwards of the Darling grant, to the annual Appropriation Bill. During the heat of the crisis caused by the resignation of Sir James M?Culloch, in May 1868, he came to the aid of the Governor, and though in a hopeless minority in the popular House, formed a ministry, of which he was Premier and Chief Secretary, and which, in the teeth of adverse votes in the Assembly, held office for two months, when the crisis was terminated by the expudiation of the grant to his wife by ex-Governor Darling. Sir Charles did not seek re-election for the Western province, when, in August of the same year, his seat became vacant by effluxion of time. In 1876, however, he was again returned by his old constituents, and took a strong Conservative stand in defence of the privileges of the Council during the struggle with the Berry Government and the Assembly over payment of members, the Land Tax, and Reform of the Upper House. Sir Charles was created K.C.M.G. in 1875. He married in 1840 Harriet Amelia, daughter of William Orton, who survived him, and died at Sandhurst, Victoria, on June 12th, 1887. Sir Charles died in 1884.

Sladen, Douglas Brooke Wheelton, LL.B., a well-known Australian litt?rateur, is the eldest son of Douglas Brooke Sladen and Mary his wife, eldest daughter of John Wheelton, Sheriff of London in 1840. He was born in 1856, and took open classical scholarships at Cheltenham College and at Trinity College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. with first-class honours in modern history. In 1879 he emigrated to Melbourne, where he graduated B.A. and LL.B. at the local university. In 1882 he was appointed to the chair of history in the university of Sydney. This he resigned in 1884, and returned to England. He has published "Frithjof and Ingebjorg" (1881); "Australian Lyrics" (Melbourne, 1882; London, 1885); "Poetry of Exiles" (Sydney, 1883; London, 1886); "A Summer Christmas" (1884); "In Cornwall and across the Sea," (1885); "Edward the Black Prince" (1887); also two novels: "Dick Stalwart, an Oxonian," and "Seized by a Shadow." More recently he has edited "Australian Ballads and Rhymes," in Mr. William Sharp's Canterbury Poet Series, published in London and New York, and a larger anthology called "Australian Poets" (London, 1888). Mr. Sladen is a nephew of the late Sir Charles Sladen (q.v.).

Slattery, Hon. Thomas Michael, M.L.A., was born on Dec. 17th, 1844, and was appointed a junior clerk in the New South Wales Customs in August 1864. After serving in other departments, he was appointed chief clerk of the Supreme Court, deputy-registrar of the Divorce Court, and secretary of the Barristers' Admission Board in Sept. 1874. In July of the next year he was admitted an attorney, solicitor and proctor, passing with special credit; and in Jan. 1876 was appointed Prothonotary and Curator of Intestate Estates and Registrar of the Divorce and Vice-Admiralty Courts of New South Wales. Subsequently embracing a political career, he was returned to the Legislative Assembly for Boorowa, which he still represents. Mr. Slattery was Minister of Justice in the short-lived Dibbs Ministry, from Jan. to March 1889; and when Mr. Dibbs returned to power in Oct. 1891 was appointed Minister of Mines, a position he still holds.

Smart, Hon. Thomas Christie, J.P., was admitted L.R.C.S. Edinburgh in 1842; F.R.C.S. Edinburgh in 1875; and is Chairman of the Hobart Hospital Board. Having entered the Legislative Council of Tasmania, he was a member of the Giblin Ministry, without portfolio, from Dec. 1882 to August 1884, and was sworn of the Executive Council.

Smith, Hon. (Arthur) Bruce, M.L.A., is the fourth son of the late Captain William Howard Smith, of Melbourne, Vict., founder of the well-known ship-owning firm of Howard Smith & Sons. He was born in 1851, and in 1866 entered upon a mercantile career, which he followed until the year 1872. He then retired from commercial pursuits with a view to qualifying himself for the bar, and entered the Melbourne University, for which he had matriculated in the previous year. He remained at that university one year, after which he proceeded to London and entered as a student at the Inner Temple in Dec. 1873. being called to the bar in Jan. 1877. He returned to Victoria in 1878 where he practised at the bar for two years. In 1880 he was admitted to the New South Wales bar, and commenced practice in Sydney. Having turned his attention to politics, he was in 1884 elected to the Legislative Assembly as member for Gundagai, which constituency he represented till 1886. In 1889 he was elected for the Glebe, which he still represents in the Legislative Assembly. On Sir Henry Parkes' accession to power, in March 1889, he accepted the portfolio of Public Works, which office he retained till August 1891, when, on the retirement of Mr. M?Millan, he accepted the position of Colonial Treasurer, which he retained till the defeat of the Ministry in Oct. of that year. He is the author of a political treatise on the limit of State functions, entitled "Liberty and Liberalism."

Smith, Sir Edwin Thomas, K.C.M.G., M.P. is the son of the late Edwin Smith, of Walsall, England, where he was born in 1831,and educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School. Having emigrated to South Australia in 1853, he became a brewer in a large way of business, and was Mayor of Kensington and Norwood in 1868, 1869, 1870, 1872 and 1873, and of Adelaide in 1880, 1881, 1882, 1887 and 1888. He has been member for East Torrens in the Legislative Assembly since 1871, and was Minister of Education in Mr. (now Sir) John Bray's second Government, from March to June 1884. He was a Commissioner for South Australia to the various international and intercolonial exhibitions in which that colony took part between 1876 and 1888; and in 1887 was the principal promoter of the Adelaide Jubilee Exhibition, of which he was Vice-President. In recognition of his services in connection with the latter he was created K.C.M.G. in 1888. Sir Edwin married, first, in 1857, Florence, daughter of Robert Stock, of Clifton, who died in 1862; and, secondly, in 1869, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Spicer, of Adelaide.

Smith, Hon. Sir Francis Villeneuve, B.A., late Chief Justice of Tasmania, eldest son of the late Francis Smith, formerly of Lindfield, Sussex, and a London merchant, and latterly of Campania, Tasmania, by his wife, a daughter of M. Jean Villeneuve, was born on Oct. 3rd, 1819. He was educated at London University where he took a first prize in International Law and a second prize in English Equity, and graduated B.A. in 1840. In Nov. 1838 he entered at the Middle Temple, and was called to the Bar in May 1842, being admitted to that of Tasmania in Oct. 1844. He was appointed Solicitor-General for the colony of Tasmania in 1848, and Attorney-General in 1854, only taking office on condition of being at liberty to oppose the influx of convicts into the colony. In 1851 he was nominated to the Legislative Council and became a member of the Executive Council in 1855. Sir Francis, who had opposed the introduction of responsible government on the ground that the colony did not possess a leisured class from whom suitable ministers could be drawn, and that the system would involve constant changes of administration, was nevertheless a member of the first House of Assembly and Attorney-General in the first responsible ministry formed under Colonel Champ in Nov. 1856, and which held office till Feb. 1857. From April to May 1857 he was Attorney-General in the first Weston Ministry, and then formed a Government of his own, in which he was Premier and Attorney-General, till Nov. 1860, when he went on to the bench as a Puisne Judge, being appointed Chief Justice in 1870. This post he held till 1885, when he was succeeded by Sir W. L. Dobson. Sir Francis, who was knighted in 1862, and who now resides is England, administered the government of the colony on three occasions during interregnums in the governorship. He married, on May 4th, 1851, Sarah, daughter of the late Rev. George Giles, LL.D.

Smith, Hon. George Paton, M.L.A., sometime Attorney-General of Victoria, was born at Berwick-on-Tweed in 1829. In 1855 he emigrated to Victoria and started as a draper in Sandhurst. In 1858 he relinquished business, and took employment in Melbourne as a reporter on the Argus. The next year he became editor of the Leader, the weekly journal published in connection with the Melbourne Age; and of the latter paper was subsequently sub-editor and, for a short time, editor. Whilst engaged as a journalist, Mr. Smith was admitted to the Victorian Bar in Sept. 1861, and in 1865 was elected to the Legislative Assembly for South Bourke as a Liberal and Protectionist. From July 1868 to Sept. 1869 Mr. Smith was Attorney-General in the second M'Culloch Ministry, but at the General Election in Jan. 1871 he did not seek re-election for South Bourke. In 1874, however, he was again returned unopposed, and sat till 1877, when the constituency was divided, and Mr. Smith was returned for the Boroondara portion. He died on Dec. 9th, 1877.

Smith, James, was born at George Town, on the river Tamar, Northern Tasmania, on July 1st, 1827. For some years he followed the business of engineer and miller with Mr. Guillan, of Launceston, but this occupation did not suit his adventurous spirit, and on the discovery of gold in Australia he threw up his employment, and went to the diggings. In 1853 he returned to Tasmania, and settled on the river Forth on the north coast. Thenceforward he became an ardent searcher for minerals, his zeal for mineralogy earning for him the sobriquet of "Philosopher Smith," by which name he was long well known in Northern Tasmania. In 1859 he discovered gold in the river Forth, and silver on the beach at the Penguin in 1861. Still continuing his search for minerals, he worked his way alone through the dense scrub and forest to Mount Bischoff, where on Dec. 4th, 1871, he discovered the enormous tin deposit since become so famous. He took up two eighty-acre sections on the Mount, which are now worked by the Mount Bischoff Tin Mining Company, having proved to be the richest tin mine in the world. Mr. Smith's discovery was of the greatest importance to his native colony, not only from its intrinsic value, but also from the great impetus it gave to the mining industry, opening the way for the great development of mineral wealth in the west of Tasmania. In recognition of his services, the Parliament of Tasmania in 1879 voted him a life pension of ?200 per annum. Mr. Smith was induced in 1886 to offer himself as a candidate for the Legislative Council. He was elected without opposition for the Mersey district, but, finding politics uncongenial, he resigned his seat in 1888. He resides at Westwood, Hamilton-on-Forth.

Smith, James, the eminent Victorian journalist, was born near Maidstone, in the county of Kent, and took to literary pursuits before he was out of his teens. He contributed occasionally to the London Punch, which brought him into connection with Douglas Jerrold, with whom he was associated in the Illuminated Magazine, for which he wrote regularly. Mr. Smith was appointed at the age of twenty editor of the Herts County Press, and afterwards took the editorship of the Salisbury Journal, which he held from 1849 to 1854, and organised in that city the first provincial exhibition held in England. Mr. Smith went out to Australia at the end of 1854, and joined the staff of the Argus in 1856, as leader-writer, fine art and dramatic critic, and has been uninterruptedly connected with that journal ever since. In the first-named capacity he called public attention to the importance of forming reservoirs and introducing artificial irrigation, and also of preserving the mountain forests from destruction. He likewise advocated the institution of a National Gallery, and was one of the founders and the second editor of Melbourne Punch, also editor of the first evening paper, The Evening Mail, published in Melbourne. Mr. Smith was Librarian to the Parliament from 1863 to 1868, when the office was abolished, because his political opinions were regarded as hostile to those of the Government of the day. While there he re-modelled, catalogued, and classified the library. Mr. Smith has been a public lecturer for thirty-six years, and wrote a three-act drama, Garibaldi, successfully produced at the Prince of Wales's Theatre, Melbourne, in 1860, also a farce entitled A Broil at the Caf?, played at the Theatre Royal. Mr. Smith has published "Rural Records" (two editions), 1848; "Oracles from the British Poets," 1851; "Wilton and its Associations," 1851; "Lights and Shadows of Artist Life and Character," 1853; "From Melbourne to Melrose," 1888.

Smith, Hon. James Thornloe, M.L.C., M.Inst C.E., the son of the Rev. William Smith, Wesleyan minister, was born at at Chester in August 1825, and educated at Woodhouse Grove, near Leeds. He arrived in Victoria in 1852, and entered the Civil Service of that colony as a railway surveyor in the same year. Upon a reduction being made in the staff, he went to Queensland in Nov. 1862, and after twelve months' exploration in the interior, entered the Queensland Civil Service and surveyed the upper portion of the main range above Murphy's Creek. In 1865 Mr. Smith constructed the railway from Toowoomba to Warwick, and afterwards became chief engineering surveyor of the Railway Surveys Department, and surveyed Cooktown and the interior with a view to possible railway construction. In 1873 he was appointed by the Macalister Administration Chief Engineer of the South and West Railway system, and was Acting Chief Engineer for twelve months, during the absence of Mr. Stanley, who then held that post. He then acted as Deputy Engineer-in-chief of the South and West Railways until the abolition of the office by the Griffith Ministry in July 1884. Mr. Smith was called to the Upper House in August 1888. He married in Melbourne on Oct. 31st, 1852, Miss Pauline E. Marks.

Smith, Professor the Hon. John, C.M.G., M.L.C., M.A., M.D., LL.D., was educated at the University of Aberdeen, where he graduated M. A. and M.D. For five years he taught chemistry at Marischal College, and in 1852, when the University of Sydney was constituted, he was selected to be the first Professor of Chemistry and Experimental Physics, a position which he held for over thirty years. In 1853 he was appointed a member of the Board of National Education, and served till it was dissolved by the Public Schools Act of 1866, when he became a member of the Council of Education constituted thereunder, and was for a number of years president. In 1874 he was nominated to the Legislative Council, and strongly advocated the adoption of a protectionist policy. In 1876 the University of Aberdeen conferred on him the honorary degree of LL.D., and in 1877 he was created C.M.G. in recognition of his services in the cause of education. In May 1883 the New South Wales Government appointed him a member of the Board of Technical Education, which was abolished in 1890. He died on Oct. 12th, 1885.

Smith, Hon. John Thomas, was born in Sydney, N.S.W., in 1816, and was educated at Cape's School in that city. At the age of twenty he went to Melbourne, in what was then the Port Phillip district, as assistant teacher at the Church of England Aboriginal Station. Subsequently he became a publican, and built the Queen's Theatre, which was practically the first erected in Melbourne. In 1842 Melbourne was incorporated a city, and Mr. Smith was one of the first members of the Council, in which he continued to hold a seat till his death. He was seven times Mayor of Melbourne, and in this capacity took an active part in providing against the assault on the banks and Treasury in Melbourne which was supposed to be meditated by the Ballarat rioters in 1854. For the latter service he received the thanks of the Governor, Sir Charles Hotham. When Mayor in 1858 he was delegated by the City Council to go to England for the purpose of presenting an address of congratulation to the Queen on the occasion of the marriage of the Princess Royal to the late Emperor Frederick of Germany, then Crown Prince of Prussia. From the establishment of constitutional government in Victoria, he was a member of the Legislature, being elected to the Legislative Council, then the only chamber, for North Bourke in 1851. Two years later he resigned his seat and contested the vacancy in the representation of Melbourne caused by Mr. Westgarth's departure for Europe. His opponent was the late Mr. Lauchlan Mackinnon, one of the proprietors of the Argus, whom he defeated. When responsible government was conceded, Mr. Smith was elected to the first Legislative Assembly as one of the members for Melbourne in 1856. In 1859 he was returned for Creswick, and subsequently for West Bourke, which he represented till his death, when he was "father of the House." He was Minister of Mines in the Macpherson Government from Sept. 1869 to April 1870. He was the first Freemason initiated in Victoria, and was appointed Provincial Grand Master under the Irish constitution. Mr. Smith took an active part in the establishment of the principal charities, such as the Melbourne Hospital, the Benevolent and Orphan Asylums, and others. He was an advocate for reducing the hours of labour, and contributed to the adoption of the eight hours system. Mr. Smith died in 1878.